Given the stated sample size (150,000), why do you think there will be bias due to \\\"small sample\\\"\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 11522, \"OwnerUserId\": 11522, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Logistic regression using penalized likelihood (lasso?) in Matlab/R\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><generalized-linear-model><lasso><logit>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to use <code>logistic regression</code> in a scenario where there are very few positi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-10T22:41:47.067000\", \"AccountId\": 136255.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Maddy\", \"Location\": \"Chicago, IL\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 53714, \"PostId\": 53714, \"UserId\": 979, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@AndyW When you leave out samples within distance $h$ of the left out site (in $h$-block CV), by def\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-20T21:07:58.750000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating model error in $k$-nearest neighbours with strongly spatially autocorrelated training dat\", \"Tags\": \"<cross-validation><autocorrelation><spatial><k-nearest-neighbour>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the palaeoclimate world, palaeoecologists have used spatial training sets of say sea-surface t\"}, {\"Id\": 65691, \"PostId\": 303647, \"UserId\": 979, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There are bigger differences that arise when you pass in community data versus dissimilarities, beca\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-08T20:53:05.717000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 65691, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 303585, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It would really help if you posted some example data.</p>\\n\\n<p>It shouldn't make any difference wh\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 216293, \"OwnerUserId\": 216293, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Use vegdist function before metaMDS?\", \"Tags\": \"<ecology><diversity><vegan>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to do calculate beta-diversity of bacterial community data. I have been following num\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-09T18:53:13.030000\", \"AccountId\": 12255245.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Roelof Coertze\", \"Location\": \"Sweden\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 6273246.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rw2\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Software: R, SAS, SQL, Excel</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 20223, \"PostId\": 51677, \"UserId\": 979, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Being a Geographer doesn't absolve you when doing bone-headed things with regards to statistical met\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-24T15:13:08.970000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20223, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can I validate a logistic regression model using averaged parameter estimates?\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><cross-validation><validation><auc><out-of-sample>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let me say thanks in advance. </p>\\n\\n<p>I'm working with a set of data that contains reported coyo\", \"AccountId\": 3088584.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stuart Wine\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 47440, \"PostId\": 123408, \"UserId\": 979, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@n_mu_sigma Note that $y_i$ takes values 0 or 1, **only**. But $\\\\mu_i$ is some value, 0.5 say for a \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-13T18:04:34.333000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 47440, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 123402, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In GLM, your dependent variable is drawn from a distribution that depends on your independent var\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 55654, \"OwnerUserId\": 55654, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is $\\\\mu_i$ in a GLM / link function\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is it so that:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>$y_i$ is not a discrete value, but a range with probability density \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-19T10:22:56.447000\", \"AccountId\": 6649182.0, \"DisplayName\": \"n_mu_sigma\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3165483.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jlimahaverford\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 322801, \"PostId\": 322801, \"UserId\": 979, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Dave +1 Was just about to respond similarly\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-08T18:36:16.293000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 322787, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The predictions are on the scale of the link function, in the form of log odds. Even if you chang\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 199619, \"PostId\": 322801, \"UserId\": 199619, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@FrancescoLadogana Watch out for treating $0.5$ as the magic threshold. There are a number of posts \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-08T13:23:32.777000\", \"AccountId\": 15896855.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dave\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Links I find helpful:</p>\\n<p><strong>Binning Continuous Variables</strong></p>\\n<p><a href=\\\"https:\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 601696, \"PostId\": 322801, \"UserId\": 199619, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It would help if I included the link...\\nhttps://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/464636/proper-scor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-08T19:56:13.837000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 308024, \"PostId\": 308024, \"UserId\": 199619, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7ae8ced6-8359-4190-ad9c-8f355cbd5c48\", \"Text\": \"Among others on here, Frank Harrell is adamant about using proper scoring rules to assess classifier\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-05T13:30:18.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 199619, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 311015, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Proper scoring rule when there is a decision to make (e.g. spam vs ham email)\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification><model-evaluation><accuracy><scoring-rules>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Among others on here, Frank Harrell is adamant about using proper scoring rules to assess classif\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 107480, \"RelatedPostId\": 308024, \"PostId\": 312387, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-24T10:56:33.950000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 107480, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is this a good strategy to set a threshold on softmax probabilities in a multi-class classification \", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><conv-neural-network><threshold><softmax>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a large image dataset that was classified by a ConvNet into different classes (objects). F\", \"AccountId\": 10324725.0, \"DisplayName\": \"albren\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 236131, \"RelatedPostId\": 308024, \"PostId\": 310877, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-25T14:39:31.290000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 236131, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What are the best metrics to evaluate a multiclass classification model?\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><accuracy><multi-class><metric>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a multiclass classification problem I have 5 classes and data highly unbalnced </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n\", \"AccountId\": 10538696.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nour elhouda Khettache\", \"Location\": \"Algiers, Algérie\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 322787, \"RelatedPostId\": 308024, \"PostId\": 322787, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-08T14:57:24.463000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 244776, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 322801, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How get correct prediction in Generalized Additive Model?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><classification><prediction><generalized-additive-model><mgcv>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using the mgcv package in R. I trained a GAM, for a binary classification task, so I used bi\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1133468, \"PostId\": 322787, \"UserId\": 244776, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4723881b-cf70-473e-b476-add1c6d1aefa\", \"Text\": \"How get correct prediction in Generalized Additive Model?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-08T14:57:24.463000\"}, {\"Id\": 1133469, \"PostId\": 322787, \"UserId\": 244776, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4723881b-cf70-473e-b476-add1c6d1aefa\", \"Text\": \"<r><classification><prediction><generalized-additive-model><mgcv>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-08T14:57:24.463000\"}, {\"Id\": 1133470, \"PostId\": 322787, \"UserId\": 244776, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4723881b-cf70-473e-b476-add1c6d1aefa\", \"Text\": \"I am using the mgcv package in R. I trained a GAM, for a binary classification task, so I used binom\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-08T14:57:24.463000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 24715, \"RelatedPostId\": 210618, \"PostId\": 308024, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T21:19:06.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is accuracy not the best measure for assessing classification models?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><model-evaluation><accuracy><scoring-rules><faq>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><em>This is a general question that was asked indirectly multiple times in here, but it lacks a s\", \"AccountId\": 2242720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": \"Warsaw, Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Before I had studied Chan for thirty years, I saw mountains as\\nmountains, and rivers\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1219371, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 308024, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-28T00:00:00\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 601672, \"PostId\": 322801, \"UserId\": 244776, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Perfect, thank you very much I understand !! So, for example, it will be enough for me to associate\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-08T18:41:14.890000\"}, {\"Id\": 601710, \"PostId\": 322801, \"UserId\": 244776, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Perfect I get it, thank you very much for this tip !!\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-08T20:59:26.027000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1268137, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 322801, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-08T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1267986, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 322801, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-08T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1133535, \"PostId\": 322801, \"UserId\": 979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8ca3272f-c6da-4f92-a7b6-53f5b6adf306\", \"Text\": \"The predictions are on the scale of the link function, in the form of log odds. Even if you changes \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-08T18:36:16.293000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 214013, \"PostId\": 214013, \"UserId\": 979, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I've added something on Q2 now, which hopefully explains what those models are doing. I'll look at Q\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-11T20:13:48.443000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214010, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<h1>Q1 What's the difference between models 3 and 4?</h1>\\n\\n<p>Model 3 is a purely additive model</p>\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 86038, \"OwnerUserId\": 86038, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 214013, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Generalized additive models (GAMs), interactions, and covariates\", \"Tags\": \"<r><modeling><generalized-additive-model><mgcv>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been exploring a number of tools for forecasting, and have found Generalized Additive Models\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-09T19:23:38.477000\", \"AccountId\": 8592366.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jdobres\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://jdobr.es\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Current data scientist, former academic, and future wizened counsel.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 29308, \"PostId\": 29308, \"UserId\": 979, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This is a bit beyond me. I think all bets are off if you suppress the intercept as well. Now might b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-31T07:45:10.330000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 29292, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>What that means is that each smooth created using a <code>by</code> term will be centred at zero.\"}, {\"Id\": 6822, \"PostId\": 6822, \"UserId\": 979, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@CravingSpirit it would return the number of observations for each variable. Read `?dcast` which wou\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-21T11:09:33.423000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 6818, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are several resources on Hadley Wickham's <a href=\\\"http://had.co.nz/reshape/\\\">website</a> f\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 1993, \"OwnerUserId\": 1993, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 6822, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to change data between wide and long formats in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<data-transformation><r>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"Body\": \"<p>You can have data in wide format or in long format.\\nThis is quite an important thing, as the usea\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-10T16:31:48.330000\", \"AccountId\": 309441.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mien\", \"Location\": \"Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 276018, \"PostId\": 276018, \"UserId\": 979, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Marcel You would need to tell `gam()` about the grouping so the effect gets modelled.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-02T22:08:27.997000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 276003, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>[I'm going to assume that you are using <em>mgcv</em> as indicated by the <a href=\\\"/questions/tag\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 42061, \"OwnerUserId\": 42061, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 276018, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it possible to make this GAM even less smooth to generate a better fit?\", \"Tags\": \"<generalized-additive-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have done a logistic regression with two independent variables (x1 and x2) and a dependent bina\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-08T14:24:19.253000\", \"AccountId\": 5453511.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Marcel\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 199173, \"PostId\": 269932, \"UserId\": 979, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"That said, using `method = 'REML', select = TRUE` or `method = 'ML', select = TRUE` will give you be\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-03T19:21:47.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 199173, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Application of GAM on large dataset\", \"Tags\": \"<feature-selection><multicollinearity><generalized-additive-model><mgcv><explanatory-models>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was suggested that my questions were too broad. As I commented below, I have nearly a million d\", \"AccountId\": 9770365.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dongmei Chen\", \"Location\": \"Eugene, OR, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 451270, \"UserId\": 979, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Constituent\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-13T02:11:16.363000\"}, {\"Id\": 434119, \"UserId\": 979, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-06-19T12:32:35.727000\"}, {\"Id\": 76251, \"UserId\": 979, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-08-21T22:56:36.803000\"}, {\"Id\": 25330, \"UserId\": 979, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Civic Duty\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2012-10-09T12:55:41.057000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 48440, \"PostId\": 48440, \"UserId\": 979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f0d6d686-9d35-49a3-b388-67baf5ce3827\", \"Text\": \"Each tree in the forest is built from a bootstrap sample of the observations in your training data. \", \"Comment\": \"add an example\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-11T00:41:24.197000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 48436, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Each tree in the forest is built from a bootstrap sample of the observations in your training dat\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12111, \"OwnerUserId\": 12111, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 48440, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random forest and prediction\", \"Tags\": \"<random-forest><prediction>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to understand how Random Forest works. I have a grasp about how trees are build but c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-05T13:04:23.393000\", \"AccountId\": 1834759.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1665355\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 108307, \"PostId\": 108307, \"UserId\": 979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8be27740-08f3-4852-a456-bc22d5835c7c\", \"Text\": \"### Question 1\\r\\n\\r\\nYes, if we had three variables say (any more would be tedious to write out here) t\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-07T17:51:49.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 108301, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<h3>Question 1</h3>\\n\\n<p>Yes, if we had three variables say (any more would be tedious to write out h\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 44546, \"OwnerUserId\": 44546, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 108307, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Best Subset Selection Questions\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><linear-model><statistical-learning>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am reading Introduction to Statistical Learning and I have a question about the Best Subset Sel\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-25T18:25:55.393000\", \"AccountId\": 3470686.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cgo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 310001, \"PostId\": 310001, \"UserId\": 979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"74be77fb-2133-46ad-b890-42c42f9689c7\", \"Text\": \"This should work, in principle and it seems like there might be some bugs in `mgcv::extract.lme.cov2\", \"Comment\": \"Add a potential solution\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-20T17:27:14.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 309811, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This should work, in principle and it seems like there might be some bugs in <code>mgcv::extract.\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 163714, \"OwnerUserId\": 163714, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 310001, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"GAMM factor-smooth interaction error\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><generalized-additive-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using <code>gam</code> from the <code>mgcv</code> package to model the effects of climate on\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-27T17:03:32.400000\", \"AccountId\": 13659747.0, \"DisplayName\": \"H.Traver\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 104267, \"PostId\": 104267, \"UserId\": 979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b22e1edf-8c98-4d48-bcc1-94fbfe012a22\", \"Text\": \"Section 15.3.4 of [Elements of Statistical Learning](http://statweb.stanford.edu/~tibs/ElemStatLearn\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-01T02:01:12.003000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 104263, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Section 15.3.4 of <a href=\\\"http://web.stanford.edu/~hastie/ElemStatLearn/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 43542, \"OwnerUserId\": 43542, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should you tune 'ntree' in the Random Forest algorithm?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><machine-learning><random-forest>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the original paper, I was under the impression that the RF couldn't really overfit.</p>\\n\\n<p>Ho\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-08T20:21:29.573000\", \"AccountId\": 5597079.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 20930, \"PostId\": 53607, \"UserId\": 979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4cca5cbb-081e-4733-b89c-690bfad5084d\", \"Text\": \"I have two questions about AICc and number of parameters.\\r\\n\\r\\nI am using AICc to select the best of t\", \"Comment\": \"removed signature, added missing word\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-19T19:00:29.980000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20930, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"AIC & number of parameters\", \"Tags\": \"<aic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two questions about AICc and number of parameters.</p>\\n\\n<p>I am using AICc to select the b\", \"AccountId\": 3193909.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Brian\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 152579, \"PostId\": 222662, \"UserId\": 979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"318a0c32-5ef3-446d-b279-e40616ab63bb\", \"Text\": \"I am using the **mgcv package in R** to model the ratio of damaged culture hectares by wild boar in \", \"Comment\": \"added 57 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-04T17:19:18.217000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 152579, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random effect in GAM (mgcv package)\", \"Tags\": \"<random-effects-model><generalized-additive-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using the <strong>mgcv package in R</strong> to model the ratio of damaged culture hectares \", \"AccountId\": 13067612.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Vaniscotte A\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 137845, \"PostId\": 137845, \"UserId\": 979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1b2e2e46-ceb8-4af7-a349-c824bedae450\", \"Text\": \"I suspect the difference is in terms of what fitted values you are getting. If you look at what I wo\", \"Comment\": \"added 1016 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-22T18:46:11.067000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 137834, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I suspect the difference is in terms of what fitted values you are getting. If you look at what I\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 69536, \"OwnerUserId\": 69536, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 137845, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Two methods of adding random effects to a GAM give very different results. Why is this and which one\", \"Tags\": \"<random-effects-model><generalized-additive-model><mgcv>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/mgcv/html/random.effects.html\\\" rel=\\\"norefe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-01T15:51:51.477000\", \"AccountId\": 7753271.0, \"DisplayName\": \"linksys\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 55782, \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 55780, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Firstly, you should not use <code>summary.glm</code> on an object of class <code>\\\"negbin\\\"</code>.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-09-20T22:25:35.813000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20964, \"OwnerUserId\": 20964, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 55782, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"dispersion in summary.glm()\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model><negative-binomial-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I conducted a glm.nb by </p>\\n\\n<pre><code>glm1<-glm.nb(x~factor(group))\\n</code></pre>\\n\\n<p>with \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-20T19:17:25.707000\", \"AccountId\": 3198593.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Renoir Pulitz\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 322364, \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 322290, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><code>Model1</code> is a GAM (or a penalized GLM with smooth terms).</p>\\n<p><code>Model2</code> a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-04T16:53:51.160000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 181884, \"OwnerUserId\": 181884, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 322364, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Nonlinear multilevel modeling with GAM(M)s: Which model to choose?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><multilevel-analysis><generalized-additive-model><mgcv>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am attempting to understand the difference between three approaches for a GAM. My dataset (of w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-27T05:38:04.537000\", \"AccountId\": 13477650.0, \"DisplayName\": \"aspark2020\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2014-01-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 979, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 11592640.0, \"DisplayName\": \"adityar\", \"Location\": \"Cambridge, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Junior Statistician & Data Scientist</p>\\n\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 47585, \"PostId\": 226192, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Are you interested in [partial correlation](https://stats.stackexchange.com/search?q=partial+correla\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-16T21:05:51.647000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 47585, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multiple predictors in a correlation analysis?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><correlation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to run a correlation analysis to ask whether the concentrations of certain secondary\", \"AccountId\": 5949766.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JKO\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD student in ecology</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 32168, \"PostId\": 178732, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"non-significant p-value --> use model with smaller df; significant p-value --> use model with smalle\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-22T02:10:07.220000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 32168, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to interpret anova output for mixed model likelihood ratio test\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><interpretation><likelihood-ratio><nonlinear>\", \"Body\": \"<pre><code>library(nlme)\\nfm1 <- nlme(height ~ SSasymp(age, Asym, R0, lrc),\\n data = Lob\", \"AccountId\": 3455028.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Adrian\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 237908, \"PostId\": 312736, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"OK, then my suggestion applies.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-11T09:29:27.027000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 237908, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Data format for mixed modelling in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This isn't a question about the theoretical underpinnings of mixed modeling, it is more about how\", \"AccountId\": 18820537.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Guest\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 15827, \"PostId\": 204724, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@NickCox Of course. My comment was attempting to answer how a more satisfying residual plot should l\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T13:57:54.467000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15827, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 204716, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A Poisson family can still often be invoked so long as the sample mean is positive. Although what\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 108587, \"OwnerUserId\": 108587, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 204724, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Manipulating negative \\\"count\\\" response variable in GLM\", \"Tags\": \"<r><distributions><generalized-linear-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In an experiment, I observe changes of counts within patches. Patches were checked for individual\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-04T18:57:51.007000\", \"AccountId\": 10386183.0, \"DisplayName\": \"yenats\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 2038743.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nick Cox\", \"Location\": \"Durham, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work mostly with environmental data, secondarily with social science data. My interests include\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 35987, \"PostId\": 35987, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"14425b60-7027-4f3a-aa1d-8cea82e35c50\", \"Text\": \"I don't know what your actual research question is, but I believe that the question stated in the co\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-26T13:44:45.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 35982, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I don't know what your actual research question is, but I believe that the question stated in the\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12645, \"OwnerUserId\": 12645, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Same trend of datasets in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><hypothesis-testing><trend>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Imagine I have the following data set :</p>\\n\\n \\n\\n<pre><code>╔════╦════════════╦═════════════╗\\n║\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-26T10:08:34.640000\", \"AccountId\": 1045117.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tunc Jamgocyan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 111832, \"PostId\": 111832, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7f1733a8-c36e-4268-9f9c-6bd08ce59241\", \"Text\": \"You should make use of all information you have. \\r\\n\\r\\n 1) You have counts, i.e., your data can prob\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-11T11:46:26.443000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111821, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You should make use of all information you have. </p>\\n\\n<p>1) You have counts, i.e., your data can\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 44670, \"OwnerUserId\": 44670, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 111832, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"(Non-parametric) test for similarity between three or more vectors of observations?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multiple-comparisons><similarities>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have three vectors each of six observations. I imagine other situations will arrive in which I \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-27T13:08:53.630000\", \"AccountId\": 3674627.0, \"DisplayName\": \"SiKiHe\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematician. Run-away computer science student.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 30878, \"PostId\": 30878, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5744323e-a1c7-45d0-b55c-5cdb5929cae6\", \"Text\": \"You could do a `hexbin` plot.\\r\\n\\r\\n x <- rnorm(1200000)\\r\\n mean.x <- mean(x)\\r\\n sd.x <- sd(x)\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 42 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-28T07:52:51.763000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 30872, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You could do a <code>hexbin</code> plot.</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>x <- rnorm(1200000)\\nmean.x <- mean\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6672, \"OwnerUserId\": 6672, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 30907, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Removing extraneous points near the centre of a QQ-plot\", \"Tags\": \"<r><data-visualization><qq-plot>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to plot a QQ-plot with two data sets of about 1.2 million points, in R (using qqplot, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-07T01:02:53.447000\", \"AccountId\": 73202.0, \"DisplayName\": \"naught101\", \"Location\": \"Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.naught101.org\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Contact:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Skype: naught101</p>\\n \\n <p>XMPP/Googletalk: naught101@jabber.or\"}]}, {\"Id\": 300591, \"PostId\": 300591, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"93eb91f5-6ed4-4a50-87d6-89be5c98617c\", \"Text\": \"I like using a GAM for this but, depending on your research question, it might be useful to use segm\", \"Comment\": \"added 9 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-03T09:50:50.150000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 300550, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I like using a GAM for this but, depending on your research question, it might be useful to use s\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 226409, \"OwnerUserId\": 226409, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 300559, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Transformation of variables in non linear regression model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><data-visualization><data-transformation><nonlinear-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to build a regression model based on these variables below:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>Subscribe \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-03T01:59:33.037000\", \"AccountId\": 6788499.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Leo\", \"Location\": \"Los Angeles, CA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 125835, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 125828, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Pencil and paper is your friend for this:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>y0 <- 0.33\\nx0 <- unname(e*(-log(1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-26T12:41:35.620000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 61999, \"OwnerUserId\": 61999, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 125835, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"FInding a better method for determining y intercept in r after weibull fit\", \"Tags\": \"<r><weibull-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have included a sample code of what exactly i want to get out, this is functional, but i suspec\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-21T07:59:54.387000\", \"AccountId\": 3407199.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rDuck\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 66397, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 66365, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>It seems like you are at the model building stage. The following is just to get you started and i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-12T12:27:55.520000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 27326, \"OwnerUserId\": 27326, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 66397, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpreting random slopes equal to 0 using lmer in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have just started working with mixed models and the lme4 package and was after some advice inte\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-12T01:50:43.340000\", \"AccountId\": 3487673.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Liam B.\", \"Location\": \"Research School of Biology, Australian National University\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-01-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 599302, \"PostId\": 321582, \"UserId\": 244776, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Sisi excuse me, typing error. Thank you very much for your reply. So what you told me would be equiv\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-28T07:12:31.903000\"}, {\"Id\": 599338, \"PostId\": 321582, \"UserId\": 244776, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"okok yeah, you're right thanks a lot. But what I mean is to make these 2D visualizations, just to u\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-28T10:19:37.420000\"}, {\"Id\": 599340, \"PostId\": 321582, \"UserId\": 244776, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Okok is fine, this is because the various smoothing functions during training depend on each other. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-28T10:32:47.843000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1129130, \"PostId\": 321582, \"UserId\": 244776, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"27a665e6-52c9-41c1-9664-81903852bb41\", \"Text\": \"I would like to know which strategies are used in practice to choose the correct smoothing function \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-27T23:00:22.157000\"}, {\"Id\": 1129131, \"PostId\": 321582, \"UserId\": 244776, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"27a665e6-52c9-41c1-9664-81903852bb41\", \"Text\": \"How choose smoothing function for Generative Additive Models? (GAMs)\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-27T23:00:22.157000\"}, {\"Id\": 1129132, \"PostId\": 321582, \"UserId\": 244776, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"27a665e6-52c9-41c1-9664-81903852bb41\", \"Text\": \"<r><machine-learning><model-selection><generalized-additive-model><smoothing>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-27T23:00:22.157000\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 445328, \"UserId\": 244776, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-09-08T18:41:16.220000\"}, {\"Id\": 445726, \"UserId\": 244776, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-09-11T11:26:55.833000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 244776, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":1,"string":"1"}}},{"rowIdx":74,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"Id\": 137897, \"AccountId\": 11130221.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Abhinandan Srivastava\", \"Location\": \"Bengaluru, Karnataka, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I write code...</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:09:56.320000\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 294103, \"UserId\": 137897, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-04-12T10:30:31.777000\"}, {\"Id\": 263908, \"UserId\": 137897, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-10-27T08:32:02.057000\"}, {\"Id\": 263910, \"UserId\": 137897, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-10-27T08:41:53.727000\"}, {\"Id\": 314093, \"UserId\": 137897, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-07-25T09:00:18.747000\"}, {\"Id\": 289457, \"UserId\": 137897, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Informed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-03-21T12:16:49.063000\"}, {\"Id\": 268466, \"UserId\": 137897, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Tumbleweed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-11-21T05:49:47.210000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 208895, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 137897, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d176260f-382a-4adf-9fbc-47e0184bb475\", \"Text\": \"Stacking is done with combining all the weak learners. What will happen if we do it with strong lear\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:11:10.990000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 208896, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can we stack the strong learners?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><overfitting><ensemble-learning><stacking>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Stacking is done with combining all the weak learners. What will happen if we do it with strong l\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 20632, \"RelatedPostId\": 20632, \"PostId\": 208895, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-16T13:37:08.857000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5295, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 20706, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"tdc\", \"Title\": \"In boosting, why are the learners \\\"weak\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><mathematical-statistics><boosting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>See also <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/13597/on-the-strength-of-weak-learner\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 42689, \"RelatedPostId\": 20632, \"PostId\": 208895, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:24:50.790000\"}, {\"Id\": 32972, \"RelatedPostId\": 20632, \"PostId\": 140223, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-08T19:52:30.017000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 32972, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to tune the weak learner in boosted algorithms\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification><boosting><adaboost>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>It is commonly said that boosted algorithms (adaboost, gradient boosted trees) are composed of ma\", \"AccountId\": 3878214.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nikosd\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Scientist with increasing interest in code and such</p>\\n\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 79783, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 20632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-17T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 768616, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 20632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 124875, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 20632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-12T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 681082, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 20632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-14T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1233183, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 20632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-25T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 5295, \"PostId\": 20632, \"UserId\": 5295, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eb5b087a-03a1-4147-835f-fc80f2a0d08a\", \"Text\": \"<boosting><mathematical-statistics>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-14T10:24:52.590000\", \"AccountId\": 1029696.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tdc\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.tomdiethe.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Machine Learning Researcher</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 130713, \"RelatedPostId\": 130713, \"PostId\": 208895, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-10T15:21:02.460000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 65857, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 130721, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is this the state of art regression methodology?\", \"Tags\": \"<predictive-models><boosting><bagging><stacking><model-averaging>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been following Kaggle competitions for a long time and I come to realize that many winning s\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 70254, \"RelatedPostId\": 130713, \"PostId\": 136455, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-09T16:21:36.763000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 70254, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 136476, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Combining two estimates\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><standard-error><pooling><coefficient-of-variation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The number of participants in a particular sport in the USA in 2014 was estimated by a research g\", \"AccountId\": 7806547.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter B\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 65857, \"PostId\": 130713, \"UserId\": 65857, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@YCR I agree it's a blackbox. While at work, I built some awesome machine learning model and tried t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-10T15:07:38.370000\", \"AccountId\": 1017952.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Maxareo\", \"Location\": \"Stamford, CT, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 488309, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 130713, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-18T00:00:00\"}]}, {\"Id\": 63796, \"RelatedPostId\": 63796, \"PostId\": 208895, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-13T03:43:47.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25743, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is meant by 'weak learner'?\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><svm><terminology><adaboost><pac-learning>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can anyone tell me what is meant by the phrase 'weak learner'? Is it supposed to be a weak hypoth\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1136967, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63796, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-28T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 893199, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63796, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-07T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 25743, \"PostId\": 63796, \"UserId\": 25743, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7ab0845a-8607-435d-8fbb-6c5e7e4dc4e8\", \"Text\": \"Can any one tell me that what is mean by weak learner? weak hypothesis?\\r\\nI am confusion in weak lear\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-13T03:43:47.203000\", \"AccountId\": 3848031.0, \"DisplayName\": \"vrushali\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 87203, \"PostId\": 63796, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cdda343d-4b71-4cce-b4af-48c831d0b806\", \"Text\": \"<classification><svm><terminology><adaboost><pac-learning>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-23T14:19:18.630000\", \"AccountId\": 8479648.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ferdi\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Being a data scientist my main programming tool is R. I am enthusiastic about Machine Learning te\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 182469, \"UserId\": 87203, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you propose factor analysis, which factor analysis algorithm would be the best?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 503, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 182468, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is, I think, not a problem for cluster analysis at all. Cluster analysis is unsupervised lea\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 182468, \"OwnerUserId\": 87203, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clustering into ordered clusters\", \"Tags\": \"<r><clustering><ordinal-data><k-means>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In a research study I have a list of countries and data about them. </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>GDP</li>\\n<li>P\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-14T12:16:13.770000\"}], \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 376121, \"UserId\": 87203, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-07-19T20:05:13.677000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 8858, \"PostId\": 241802, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"934dfecc-f775-4741-bfaa-6bf1f2a32fe5\", \"Text\": \"<neural-networks><keras><euclidean>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-29T23:36:10.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8858, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"My neural network can't even learn Euclidean distance\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><neural-networks><optimization><keras><euclidean>\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I'm trying to teach myself neural networks (for regression applications, not classifying pictu\", \"AccountId\": 43003.0, \"DisplayName\": \"endolith\", \"Location\": \"New York, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://gist.github.com/endolith\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm an electronics engineer. </p>\\n\\n<p>My programming experience is limited to high-level Matlab/\"}, {\"Id\": 163171, \"PostId\": 232855, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a5fdab86-a338-464f-a11d-99f94b86fafc\", \"Text\": \"Left shows the response transformed with $\\\\frac{1}{gestation^{1/4}}$ and right shows the natural log\", \"Comment\": \"added 8 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-22T11:42:19.317000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 163171, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 232869, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Transformation between log and reciprocal powers for regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><data-transformation><heteroscedasticity><linear>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Left shows the response transformed with $\\\\frac{1}{gestation^{1/4}}$ and right shows the natural \", \"AccountId\": 13467176.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stats\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 38170, \"PostId\": 210880, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3f46a689-63dd-4910-a20b-25002ec4910d\", \"Text\": \"Having a regression model, how can I convert it into a decision tree? \\r\\n\\r\\nI am curious about a forma\", \"Comment\": \"Adding the \\\"cart\\\" tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-25T09:55:40.107000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 38170, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Logistic regression to a decision tree\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><classification><cart>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Having a regression model, how can I convert it into a decision tree? </p>\\n\\n<p>I am curious about\", \"AccountId\": 4968083.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Karel Macek\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 134427, \"PostId\": 210887, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bca54117-6736-4b91-9eba-25ca4130ba0a\", \"Text\": \"What is the name of such type of distribution/density function x which is \\r\\n\\r\\n$x=\\\\theta +u^2$ for $u\", \"Comment\": \"Changes in body and heading\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-30T05:08:14.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 134427, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 210889, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What to call the distribution of the square of a zero-mean normal variable plus a constant\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution><density-estimation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>What is the name of such type of distribution/density function x which is </p>\\n\\n<p>$x=\\\\theta +u^2\", \"AccountId\": 11886830.0, \"DisplayName\": \"none009\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 12748, \"PostId\": 36172, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d2f5970-8016-40fa-9ef5-42631a9f6c38\", \"Text\": \"-----\\r\\nEDIT NOTE: I'm mostly concerned with linear regression with unconstrained y-intercept, but re\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 12 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-29T04:44:49.613000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 12748, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 36174, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can the coefficient of determination (R-squared) for a linear regression ever be zero?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><random-generation><r-squared>\", \"Body\": \"<hr>\\n\\n<p>EDIT NOTE: I'm mostly concerned with linear regression with unconstrained y-intercept, but \", \"AccountId\": 137374.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Cashew\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 11845, \"PostId\": 241672, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"682dd8e4-ce9a-4479-8a94-577f5517bd66\", \"Text\": \"<clustering><k-means><spark-mllib>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-24T15:05:34.743000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11845, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 241765, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to visualise kmeans clustercenters\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><k-means><spark-mllib>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Asking here as I can't find a tutorial anywhere, and am new to this topic. </p>\\n\\n<p>I've run a km\", \"AccountId\": 1972203.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user124123\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 162073, \"PostId\": 162073, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ef4a92d3-05b9-490c-b962-4030a9739d16\", \"Text\": \"Alternatively we can have a look at the correlation between the predicted and the observable values\\r\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-27T10:00:10.570000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 87203, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 137174, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Alternatively we can have a look at the correlation between the predicted and the observable valu\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 70885, \"OwnerUserId\": 70885, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to get R squared/goodness of fit for Tobit model in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><goodness-of-fit><r-squared><censoring><tobit-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I do a Tobit regression to analyze censored data. To measure the goodness of fit the authors of t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-16T21:54:42.577000\", \"AccountId\": 7855354.0, \"DisplayName\": \"R.Lampe\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 723276, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f479e761-1c1b-4a88-a43b-d72d40893733\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><overfitting><ensemble-learning><stacking>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T09:52:35.660000\"}, {\"Id\": 136802, \"PostId\": 207899, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"034c6b79-065d-4303-976d-60718d3d603c\", \"Text\": \"<categorical-data><logit><probit><statsmodels>\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 12 characters in body; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-18T15:25:03.760000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 136802, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to write a logit and probit regression equation?\", \"Tags\": \"<categorical-data><logit><probit><statsmodels>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following linear equation:</p>\\n\\n<p>Dummy dependent variable = dummy main independent v\", \"AccountId\": 11734712.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 22070, \"PostId\": 234494, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ad75e844-4915-4877-bc73-6f280298f104\", \"Text\": \"When trying to learn about the differences between Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients, I \", \"Comment\": \"deleted 13 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-09-25T21:52:51.933000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22070, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 234506, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Spearman's rank correlation coefficient\", \"Tags\": \"<spearman-rho>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When trying to learn about the differences between Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients,\", \"AccountId\": 1689100.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1551817\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 139173, \"PostId\": 210336, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b2e1f1e8-8b82-49ed-8c32-2edc391839ca\", \"Text\": \"just chiming in here, but I am working with a clustering algorithm that is extremely lightweight com\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 65 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-06T22:30:17.857000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 139173, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 203776, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>just chiming in here, but I am working with a clustering algorithm that is extremely lightweight \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 68870, \"OwnerUserId\": 68870, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"is K-Means clustering suited to real time applications?\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><k-means><online-algorithms><real-time><image-segmentation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to segment a sequence of RGB images (basically it's a video) based on their colors in real\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-23T23:13:25.853000\", \"AccountId\": 3134167.0, \"DisplayName\": \"S.E.K.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>A <strong>maker</strong></p>\\n\"}], \"AccountId\": 12187888.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Grant Goris\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1485, \"PostId\": 10047, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d2944d00-c8d5-4a89-a79a-fda17b67cc8a\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><classification>\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 10 characters in body; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-12-04T05:45:06.040000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1485, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 10050, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Training multiple models for classification using the same dataset\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For my classification problem, I am trying to classify an object as Good or Bad. I have been able\", \"AccountId\": 70594.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ialm\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<h1>SOreadytohelp</h1>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 166109, \"PostId\": 235252, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8b4e458c-85b3-4ce7-bebd-cd5cdd80a437\", \"Text\": \"<regression><machine-learning><time-series><forecasting>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-20T13:14:01.370000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166109, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Computing a corrective regression forecasting factor\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><time-series><forecasting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on forecasting problem using a regression model like gradient boosting to predict th\", \"AccountId\": 13809574.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mehrdad\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 114527, \"PostId\": 186968, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0e2bddfc-badc-4285-872c-4b11ec047c2f\", \"Text\": \"<regression><least-squares><gradient-descent><supervised-learning>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-18T12:14:05.283000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114527, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 186988, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Gradient descent doesn't find solution to ordinary least squares on this dataset?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><least-squares><gradient-descent><supervised-learning>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been studying linear regression and tried it on below set {(x,y)}, where x specified the a\", \"AccountId\": 4479009.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Amber Beriwal\", \"Location\": \"Noida, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://in.linkedin.com/in/amber-beriwal-a170425b\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work as Senior Software Engineer. I seek expertise in software designing.\\nMy expertise includes\"}, {\"Id\": 142788, \"PostId\": 213412, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5cccb186-54a2-473b-8605-095063074920\", \"Text\": \"Right now I'm doing survival analysis for marketing purposes and I'm picking the covariates. \\r\\n\\r\\nOne\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 23 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-06T02:39:15.933000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 142788, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 213416, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpreting R coxph() coefficients\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><cox-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Right now I'm doing survival analysis for marketing purposes and I'm picking the covariates. </p>\", \"AccountId\": 9717510.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Negarev\", \"Location\": \"Auckland, New Zealand\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 13805, \"PostId\": 38442, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fbc7863f-bab4-4870-9209-79170d67dcc0\", \"Text\": \"Testing for heteroscedasticity I get these results:\\r\\n\\r\\nBreusch-Pagan / Cook-Weisberg test for hetero\", \"Comment\": \"Retag, Reformatting, making title more concise\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-11T09:12:39.637000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13805, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 63699, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Breusch–Pagan test for heteroscedasticity contradicts White's test?\", \"Tags\": \"<heteroscedasticity><breusch-pagan><white-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Testing for heteroscedasticity I get these results:</p>\\n<p><strong>Breusch–Pagan / Cook–Weisberg \", \"AccountId\": 2232144.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rijak\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 104430, \"PostId\": 177081, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"02aa63fe-1c9c-4ffe-b5cf-6860017ff27f\", \"Text\": \"I have constructed an ordinal logistic regression model in `R` using `lrm` or `polr` function.\\r\\nI ha\", \"Comment\": \"shortening \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-01T11:35:33.957000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 104430, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Ordinal regression validation in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><assumptions><validation><ordered-logit>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have constructed an ordinal logistic regression model in <code>R</code> using <code>lrm</code> \", \"AccountId\": 10154692.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mlin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 2097, \"PostId\": 8045, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b32de74-80a7-468c-9002-791e6e379bc8\", \"Text\": \"I am considering using Python libraries for doing my Machine Learning experiments. Thus far, I had b\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 12 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-18T00:25:39.493000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2097, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 8061, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Machine Learning using Python\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><python>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am considering using Python libraries for doing my Machine Learning experiments. Thus far, I ha\", \"AccountId\": 307214.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 88446, \"PostId\": 242758, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"85ceac3e-86c9-4360-9229-a47e712bb9dd\", \"Text\": \"<regression><time-series><forecasting>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-06T21:49:58.540000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 88446, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Forecasting new period with Regression Model\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><time-series><forecasting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Have a dataset which consists of item names (rows) and monthly values of sales (columns). My task\", \"AccountId\": 3699086.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Keithx\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 164006, \"PostId\": 164006, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e4a3ef02-c0ae-44f2-9db3-1ea792d14b1e\", \"Text\": \"<references><inference>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-13T06:36:27.263000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 87203, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Online course for inferential statistics\", \"Tags\": \"<references><inference>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Having graduated in econometrics I am now working as a Data Science Consultant. I would like to g\"}, {\"Id\": 136763, \"PostId\": 207993, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"75fd23a5-baf7-40d5-a9d6-36c1ee0c516a\", \"Text\": \"First of all, I cannot find information if one should include or exclude a constant term in the VAR(\", \"Comment\": \"Marking code as code\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-18T10:38:27.210000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 136763, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Include a constant in a VAR model or not? Which model to use? VAR(1) or VAR(2) based on diagnostic c\", \"Tags\": \"<r><model-selection><vector-autoregression><lags>\", \"Body\": \"<p>First of all, I cannot find information if one should include or exclude a constant term in the V\", \"AccountId\": 12021881.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arina Olo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 5739, \"PostId\": 5739, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"61f79477-33f4-4003-89e4-3f802caca64d\", \"Text\": \"I have a very unbalanced sample set, e.g. 99% true and 1% false. \\r\\n\\r\\nIs it reasonable to select a ba\", \"Comment\": \"Corrected spelling and fixed grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-14T15:13:26.037000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user2781\", \"Title\": \"Balanced sampling for network training?\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks><sampling><references>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a very unbalanced sample set, e.g. 99% true and 1% false. </p>\\n\\n<p>Is it reasonable to sel\"}, {\"Id\": 54293, \"PostId\": 116520, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1cf48553-2e60-4a21-b55c-a66a150ab843\", \"Text\": \"While reading [this page on time series][1] I found this sentence:\\r\\n\\r\\n> The Ljung-Box test showed th\", \"Comment\": \"Including hyperlink \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-29T08:46:57.790000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 54293, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"simple exponential smoothing - Ljung-Box test - residual\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><autocorrelation><exponential-smoothing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>While reading <a href=\\\"http://a-little-book-of-r-for-time-series.readthedocs.io/en/latest/src/tim\", \"AccountId\": 6543859.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DP78\", \"Location\": \"Italy\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistics newbie but seriously interested to learn</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 3349, \"PostId\": 11014, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8bfdc388-7687-456c-a298-96c720b21be6\", \"Text\": \"I read that in Bayes rule, the denominator of `P(params|data) = L(params)P(params)/P(data)` is calle\", \"Comment\": \"Deleting unnecessary sentence\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-06-17T06:32:30.593000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3349, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 11015, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Normalizing constant in Bayes theorem\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><bayesian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I read that in Bayes rule, the denominator $\\\\Pr(\\\\textrm{data})$ of </p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\\\Pr(\\\\text{parameter\", \"AccountId\": 146658.0, \"DisplayName\": \"amateur\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 167557, \"PostId\": 237024, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"158e6350-fbc6-4e51-94f4-9d7b0b61fea4\", \"Text\": \"<regression><time-series><forecasting><cross-validation><autocorrelation>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-05T11:12:42.653000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 167557, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 237040, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is cross-validation useful in time series (regression) problems?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><time-series><forecasting><cross-validation><autocorrelation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is cross-validation possible to use for auto-correlated regression data?</p>\\n\", \"AccountId\": 13901276.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JS22\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 233027, \"OwnerUserId\": 87203, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 233013, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You can find a quick solution <a href=\\\"http://sepwww.stanford.edu/sep/prof/pvi/rand/paper_html/no\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-30T13:39:25.643000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 163982, \"OwnerUserId\": 163982, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 233043, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are there any examples of where the central limit theorem does not hold?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mathematical-statistics><normal-distribution><central-limit-theorem>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Wikipedia says - </p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>In probability theory, the central limit theorem (CLT) e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-30T12:04:07.593000\", \"AccountId\": 8970130.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ryan McCauley\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 87203, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 9483, \"PostId\": 63796, \"UserId\": 9483, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"927ddd04-bf57-42a0-81be-4583a3daec35\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><classification><svm><terminology>\", \"Comment\": \"add term tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-02T22:18:36.513000\", \"AccountId\": 169656.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Franck Dernoncourt\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.francky.me\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://stackexchange.com/users/169656/franck-dernoncourt\\\"><img src=\\\"https://stackexchan\"}]}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 101163, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 101163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"No, stacking is typically done with strong learners. Bagging or boosting is usually done with weak \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-03T21:55:09.177000\", \"AccountId\": 7129583.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Erin LeDell\", \"Location\": \"Oakland, CA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Building H2O AutoML: <a href=\\\"http://docs.h2o.ai/h2o/latest-stable/h2o-docs/automl.html\\\" rel=\\\"nof\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 184662, \"PostId\": 184662, \"UserId\": 101163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user1157751 So you are saying that you're training your metalearner (the DNN in your case) on 90% o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-29T22:26:04.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 184535, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It sounds like you may not be generating the \\\"probabilities\\\" (aka \\\"level-one\\\" data) correctly. T\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 85326, \"OwnerUserId\": 85326, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 184662, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Model Stacking - Gives poor performance\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification><neural-networks><stacking>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying model stacking in a <a href=\\\"https://www.kaggle.com/c/two-sigma-connect-rental-listing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-01T16:31:04.310000\", \"AccountId\": 1183320.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1157751\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 198568, \"PostId\": 198568, \"UserId\": 101163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There is nothing wrong with running the model longer if it doesn't overfit, other than it produces a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-25T04:21:00.667000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 198456, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>None of your scoring history plots demonstrate overfitting. An overfit model will show validatio\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 125955, \"OwnerUserId\": 125955, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is my predicted vs observed plot worse for training than validation. Running an overfitted GBM o\", \"Tags\": \"<binomial-distribution><overfitting><bernoulli-distribution><boosting><h2o>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a binomial outcome that I am trying to predict using a gbm in h2o.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have set quit\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-19T06:58:34.017000\", \"AccountId\": 485384.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Webtopia\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.webtopia.com.au/iphone-apps\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 187811, \"PostId\": 187811, \"UserId\": 101163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Sorry, that's outside the scope of this question. You should be able to create an example of this u\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T22:36:27.757000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187805, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If you only provide H2O's GBM with a <code>training_frame</code>, then the only metrics it can pr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 2430, \"OwnerUserId\": 2430, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187811, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How the Internal H2O auc measures are calculated? Why they are so close to 1 or 1?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><boosting><h2o>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am randomly holding out 10% of data out of the whole dataset as test.data and train the GBM mod\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-03-23T19:46:20.847000\", \"AccountId\": 509826.0, \"DisplayName\": \"suprvisr\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Physician, programmer, beginner statistician and data miner, fan of Above and Beyond and Ferry Co\"}]}, {\"Id\": 50045, \"PostId\": 199754, \"UserId\": 101163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@DarrenCook AutoML will always pass a `validation_frame` to the algos (for early stopping), so if yo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-24T22:41:05.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50045, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 199752, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>According to the docs:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>leaderboard_frame: This argument allows the user to\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3728, \"OwnerUserId\": 3728, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 199754, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"With H2O AutoML is it okay to use my test set as the leaderboard?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><predictive-models><h2o>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Normally in machine learning we will split our data into train, valid and test. The valid data is\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-22T03:35:31.883000\", \"AccountId\": 447920.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Darren Cook\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm data scientist, software developer, computer book author, entrepreneur. \\nI'm director at QQ T\"}], \"AccountId\": 2660392.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matthew Drury\", \"Location\": \"Seattle, WA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Trained Pragmatist.</p>\\n\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 206656, \"UserId\": 101163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-01-03T21:56:03.643000\"}, {\"Id\": 406195, \"UserId\": 101163, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-01-03T21:55:18.420000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 210712, \"PostId\": 210712, \"UserId\": 101163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"540dab4d-c72a-4710-b8e8-1e57161f5947\", \"Text\": \"The process by which categorical variables are encoded is detailed in the [H2O documentation](http:/\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-09T19:09:42.117000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 210676, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The process by which categorical variables are encoded is detailed in the <a href=\\\"http://docs.h2\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 139495, \"OwnerUserId\": 139495, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 210712, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to map values reconstructed with a deep learning autoencoder back to categories\", \"Tags\": \"<deep-learning><autoencoders><categorical-encoding><h2o>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>My colleague and I are working on a dataset full of categorical variables using an deep learning \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-09T11:21:28.847000\", \"AccountId\": 12211631.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Daniah Banaa\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 214442, \"PostId\": 214442, \"UserId\": 101163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9086446d-27d2-4df0-948c-1921cfba7839\", \"Text\": \"H2O Stacked Ensemble requires k-fold cross-validation of the base models and what you're describing \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-15T03:42:10.297000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214355, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>H2O Stacked Ensemble requires k-fold cross-validation of the base models and what you're describi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 67847, \"OwnerUserId\": 67847, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 214442, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Use of previously set cross validation set for ensemble models in h2o\", \"Tags\": \"<python><ensemble-learning><h2o>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have time series dataset and as a requirement I prepare a 10 fold cross validation dataset. Bri\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-11T12:43:01.397000\", \"AccountId\": 3860904.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mlee_jordan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 200690, \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 196967, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What you're doing here is what I refer to as \\\"Holdout Stacking\\\" (sometimes also called Blending b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-12T01:18:39.300000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 99971, \"OwnerUserId\": 99971, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 200690, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to stack machine learning models in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><machine-learning><ensemble-learning><stacking>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am new to machine learning and R.</p>\\n\\n<p>I know that there is an R package called <a href=\\\"htt\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-20T14:11:50.650000\", \"AccountId\": 7073321.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rz.He\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 187802, \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 4, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"H2O is an in-memory platform for distributed, scalable machine learning.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T21:37:23.220000\"}, {\"Id\": 218881, \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 218692, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There are two Stacked Ensembles in H2O AutoML (v3.16), both use a GLM (with a non-negative weight\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-30T00:30:44.140000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 148306, \"OwnerUserId\": 148306, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 218881, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which algorithm is used for the H2O AutoML metalearner\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><h2o>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We know that <code>h2o.automl()</code> uses GBMs, Random Forest, DNNs, GLMs, and Extremely-Random\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-28T14:46:05.353000\", \"AccountId\": 12827295.0, \"DisplayName\": \"yupechen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 786526, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208895, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 893214, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208895, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-07T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1014165, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208895, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 849409, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208895, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-15T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 24715, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7db404af-2f58-4e9b-8bec-9ada979ccb2c\", \"Text\": \"Can we stack the strong learners?\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T21:19:06.223000\", \"AccountId\": 2242720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": \"Warsaw, Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Before I had studied Chan for thirty years, I saw mountains as\\nmountains, and rivers\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 179615, \"PostId\": 179615, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@jens0r much worse in what sense..? How did you evaluate it?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-21T14:38:03.713000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 179614, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You are considering different classifiers, but in fact this is <em>not</em> a classification prob\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 105322, \"OwnerUserId\": 105322, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 179615, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability of class in binary classification\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><probability><classification>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a binary classification task with classes 0 and 1 and \\nthe classes are unbalanced (class 1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-08T08:32:13.877000\", \"AccountId\": 10204062.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jens0r\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 158245, \"PostId\": 158245, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@drake no bad feelings\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-25T09:11:46.240000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 158238, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I had similar experience as yours with real-life data. Boruta does not give you any guarantees, y\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 87381, \"OwnerUserId\": 87381, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Features selection: why does Boruta confirms all my features as \\\"important\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><feature-selection><overfitting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to run a feature selection study to select only the most important features, before runnin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-25T08:34:14.007000\", \"AccountId\": 9073926.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Guillaume\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 209458, \"PostId\": 209458, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Hasse1987 sorry, the description in Wikipedia is unclear and didn't have time to read it carefully,\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-31T22:32:38.037000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 209449, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Hypergeometric distribution describes sampling without replacement from the urn containing $N$ ba\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 95508, \"OwnerUserId\": 95508, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"beta-binomial as conjugate to hypergeometric\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><conjugate-prior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>According to the table of conjugate distributions on <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conju\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-12T23:11:58.470000\", \"AccountId\": 9459628.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hasse1987\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 132400, \"PostId\": 132400, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@KarstenW. yes, by using weighted average if they differ in reliability. If the sources are equally \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-29T09:20:09.110000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111401, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You ask about three things: (a) how to combine several forecasts to get single forecast, (b) if B\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52884, \"OwnerUserId\": 52884, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 132400, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Combining probabilities/information from different sources\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><bayesian><pooling><model-averaging><forecast-combination>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Lets say I have three independent sources and each of them make predictions for the weather tomor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-06T22:19:44.907000\", \"AccountId\": 5530160.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Biela Diela\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 6805, \"PostId\": 81000, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Strongly related: http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/8071/how-to-choose-between-pearson-and-sp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-13T02:09:08.377000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6805, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it a reasonable rule of thumb to examine Pearson and Spearman correlations, and use the latter if\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><spearman-rho>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The data I am using is continuous, and may be somewhat skewed, but probably will not have many ou\", \"AccountId\": 1243097.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1205901 - Слава Україні\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 208896, \"PostId\": 208896, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"161f19a4-0d1a-4e73-a7c6-d212390eb327\", \"Text\": \"You [can combine any models](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/186097/is-this-the-state-of-a\", \"Comment\": \"added 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:21:11.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 208895, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/186097/is-this-the-state-of-art-regression\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1072218, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208896, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-26T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 786333, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208896, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 786527, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208896, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 849408, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208896, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-15T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 723231, \"PostId\": 208896, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3d1f6b6a-9b7e-44a8-9749-c1d92855c5a8\", \"Text\": \"You [can combine any models](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/186097/is-this-the-state-of-a\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:21:11.753000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 723248, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7db404af-2f58-4e9b-8bec-9ada979ccb2c\", \"Text\": \"<ensemble-learning><stacking>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:47:44.380000\"}, {\"Id\": 298914, \"PostId\": 298914, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e0ae63ac-77d9-47fe-96dc-826b373a3f68\", \"Text\": \"Consider trivial example $x = [0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3]$ and $y = [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]$. If you fit a decisio\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-17T11:57:50.623000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 298845, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Consider trivial example <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$x = [0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3]$</span> and <span c\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 182855, \"OwnerUserId\": 182855, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 298910, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"drop features with one class zero variance\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><feature-selection><binary-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If a feature has zero variance, then it makes sence to drop it as is it has no predictive power. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-05T14:05:55.560000\", \"AccountId\": 13426758.0, \"DisplayName\": \"saias\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 150486, \"PostId\": 150486, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2a53de99-7792-437a-a459-7bbf921388ad\", \"Text\": \"[Log-likelihood][1] is a sum of log-densities over some datapoints, given some parameter values. Rec\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 5 characters in body; deleted 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-14T15:12:03.623000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 150483, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/112451/maximum-likelihood-estimation-mle-in-la\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46784, \"OwnerUserId\": 46784, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 150486, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Strange likelihood trace from MCMC chain\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><likelihood>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've got a model that goes: <code>Single parameter -> Complex likelihood function -> Log-li\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-03T18:12:10.557000\", \"AccountId\": 2899239.0, \"DisplayName\": \"C_Z_\", \"Location\": \"Chicago, IL, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am interested in using <code>python</code> and <code>R</code> for performing data analytics and\"}]}, {\"Id\": 723283, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"b85add49-dc84-469c-be55-969ee4e60089\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"OriginalQuestionIds\\\":[23388],\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":35989,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Tim\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"101\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T10:05:57.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 578049, \"PostId\": 172522, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d03626e5-e1a8-4358-a9ca-08a4f473d7d3\", \"Text\": \"I got some questions about the Bayes regression. It would be great if you could take some time to an\", \"Comment\": \"added 35 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-20T20:42:22.713000\"}, {\"Id\": 50450, \"PostId\": 124095, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"de9f2ade-392d-4198-abe1-7d6ae21c247f\", \"Text\": \"<density-function><function><mode><shortest-half>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-01T10:49:12.370000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50450, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 124108, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to find the mode of a probability density function?\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><function><mode><shortest-half>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Inspired by my other <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/176032/if-fx-is-a-unimoda\", \"AccountId\": 3796950.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mmh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 723228, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5734d7eb-573e-41ff-a0db-d2a6b2a0dc7f\", \"Text\": \"<ensemble-learning>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:11:54.037000\"}, {\"Id\": 185814, \"PostId\": 185814, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94fcd256-9239-4b88-8f0e-9962db686657\", \"Text\": \"First of all, the notation is *not* used consistently. For example, Nelder and Wedderburn (1972) wr\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-07T10:41:00.837000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 185665, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>First of all, the notation is <em>not</em> used consistently. For example, Nelder and Wedderburn\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 185665, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 185814, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user135912\", \"Title\": \"Why is the link function a function of the mean and not the linear predictor?\", \"Tags\": \"<generalized-linear-model><link-function>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Generalized linear models are formulated so that the link function $g$ of the mean $\\\\mu$ of a ran\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-06T00:34:38.183000\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 285412, \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 285386, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/47726/what-exactly-is-sparse-representation\\\">Spa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-06T15:42:19.120000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 11085, \"OwnerUserId\": 11085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What are the benefits of sparse representations and sparse parameters?\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks><regularization><sparse>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What are their benefits? I know sparse parameters are a different story than sparse representatio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-23T14:14:44.630000\", \"AccountId\": 902489.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hossein\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>For the love of God, do not downvote new comers! help them kindly so they can feel a apart of thi\"}]}, {\"Id\": 313000, \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 312997, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>On p. 2 they write that to use this model for regression they use squared loss, so no activation \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-13T10:36:59.357000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 218782, \"OwnerUserId\": 218782, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 312999, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why isn't activation function applied to the output layer of a neural net?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><neural-networks>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Im reading this <a href=\\\"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.02157.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">paper</a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-12-05T08:30:18.353000\", \"AccountId\": 16736097.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MJimitater\", \"Location\": \"Earth\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Epistemologist and Enthusiast</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 213448, \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 213438, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In usual terminology, if we have a regression model</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\nY = \\\\beta_0 + \\\\beta_1 X_1 + \\\\beta_\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-06T12:41:38.063000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 89192, \"OwnerUserId\": 89192, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 213448, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Other name for \\\"Parameter\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<terminology>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently writing up a statistical part of a report. In the field where I am from a \\\"paramet\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-15T08:16:15.620000\", \"AccountId\": 6741245.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sorade\", \"Location\": \"UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 723225, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 137897, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d176260f-382a-4adf-9fbc-47e0184bb475\", \"Text\": \"Stacking with good learners\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:11:10.990000\"}, {\"Id\": 723226, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 137897, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d176260f-382a-4adf-9fbc-47e0184bb475\", \"Text\": \"<r><ensemble-learning>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:11:10.990000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"Id\": 137897, \"AccountId\": 11130221.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Abhinandan Srivastava\", \"Location\": \"Bengaluru, Karnataka, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I write code...</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:09:56.320000\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 294103, \"UserId\": 137897, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-04-12T10:30:31.777000\"}, {\"Id\": 263908, \"UserId\": 137897, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-10-27T08:32:02.057000\"}, {\"Id\": 263910, \"UserId\": 137897, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-10-27T08:41:53.727000\"}, {\"Id\": 314093, \"UserId\": 137897, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-07-25T09:00:18.747000\"}, {\"Id\": 289457, \"UserId\": 137897, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Informed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-03-21T12:16:49.063000\"}, {\"Id\": 268466, \"UserId\": 137897, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Tumbleweed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-11-21T05:49:47.210000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 208895, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 137897, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d176260f-382a-4adf-9fbc-47e0184bb475\", \"Text\": \"Stacking is done with combining all the weak learners. What will happen if we do it with strong lear\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:11:10.990000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 208896, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can we stack the strong learners?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><overfitting><ensemble-learning><stacking>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Stacking is done with combining all the weak learners. What will happen if we do it with strong l\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 20632, \"RelatedPostId\": 20632, \"PostId\": 208895, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-16T13:37:08.857000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5295, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 20706, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"tdc\", \"Title\": \"In boosting, why are the learners \\\"weak\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><mathematical-statistics><boosting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>See also <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/13597/on-the-strength-of-weak-learner\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 42689, \"RelatedPostId\": 20632, \"PostId\": 208895, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:24:50.790000\"}, {\"Id\": 32972, \"RelatedPostId\": 20632, \"PostId\": 140223, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-08T19:52:30.017000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 32972, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to tune the weak learner in boosted algorithms\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification><boosting><adaboost>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>It is commonly said that boosted algorithms (adaboost, gradient boosted trees) are composed of ma\", \"AccountId\": 3878214.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nikosd\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Scientist with increasing interest in code and such</p>\\n\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 79783, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 20632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-17T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 768616, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 20632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 124875, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 20632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-12T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 681082, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 20632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-14T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1233183, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 20632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-25T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 5295, \"PostId\": 20632, \"UserId\": 5295, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eb5b087a-03a1-4147-835f-fc80f2a0d08a\", \"Text\": \"<boosting><mathematical-statistics>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-14T10:24:52.590000\", \"AccountId\": 1029696.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tdc\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.tomdiethe.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Machine Learning Researcher</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 130713, \"RelatedPostId\": 130713, \"PostId\": 208895, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-10T15:21:02.460000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 65857, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 130721, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is this the state of art regression methodology?\", \"Tags\": \"<predictive-models><boosting><bagging><stacking><model-averaging>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been following Kaggle competitions for a long time and I come to realize that many winning s\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 70254, \"RelatedPostId\": 130713, \"PostId\": 136455, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-09T16:21:36.763000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 70254, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 136476, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Combining two estimates\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><standard-error><pooling><coefficient-of-variation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The number of participants in a particular sport in the USA in 2014 was estimated by a research g\", \"AccountId\": 7806547.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter B\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 65857, \"PostId\": 130713, \"UserId\": 65857, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@YCR I agree it's a blackbox. While at work, I built some awesome machine learning model and tried t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-10T15:07:38.370000\", \"AccountId\": 1017952.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Maxareo\", \"Location\": \"Stamford, CT, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 488309, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 130713, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-18T00:00:00\"}]}, {\"Id\": 63796, \"RelatedPostId\": 63796, \"PostId\": 208895, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-13T03:43:47.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25743, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is meant by 'weak learner'?\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><svm><terminology><adaboost><pac-learning>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can anyone tell me what is meant by the phrase 'weak learner'? Is it supposed to be a weak hypoth\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1136967, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63796, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-28T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 893199, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63796, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-07T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 25743, \"PostId\": 63796, \"UserId\": 25743, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7ab0845a-8607-435d-8fbb-6c5e7e4dc4e8\", \"Text\": \"Can any one tell me that what is mean by weak learner? weak hypothesis?\\r\\nI am confusion in weak lear\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-13T03:43:47.203000\", \"AccountId\": 3848031.0, \"DisplayName\": \"vrushali\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 87203, \"PostId\": 63796, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cdda343d-4b71-4cce-b4af-48c831d0b806\", \"Text\": \"<classification><svm><terminology><adaboost><pac-learning>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-23T14:19:18.630000\", \"AccountId\": 8479648.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ferdi\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Being a data scientist my main programming tool is R. I am enthusiastic about Machine Learning te\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 182469, \"UserId\": 87203, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you propose factor analysis, which factor analysis algorithm would be the best?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 503, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 182468, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is, I think, not a problem for cluster analysis at all. Cluster analysis is unsupervised lea\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 182468, \"OwnerUserId\": 87203, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clustering into ordered clusters\", \"Tags\": \"<r><clustering><ordinal-data><k-means>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In a research study I have a list of countries and data about them. </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>GDP</li>\\n<li>P\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-14T12:16:13.770000\"}], \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 376121, \"UserId\": 87203, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-07-19T20:05:13.677000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 8858, \"PostId\": 241802, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"934dfecc-f775-4741-bfaa-6bf1f2a32fe5\", \"Text\": \"<neural-networks><keras><euclidean>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-29T23:36:10.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8858, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"My neural network can't even learn Euclidean distance\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><neural-networks><optimization><keras><euclidean>\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I'm trying to teach myself neural networks (for regression applications, not classifying pictu\", \"AccountId\": 43003.0, \"DisplayName\": \"endolith\", \"Location\": \"New York, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://gist.github.com/endolith\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm an electronics engineer. </p>\\n\\n<p>My programming experience is limited to high-level Matlab/\"}, {\"Id\": 163171, \"PostId\": 232855, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a5fdab86-a338-464f-a11d-99f94b86fafc\", \"Text\": \"Left shows the response transformed with $\\\\frac{1}{gestation^{1/4}}$ and right shows the natural log\", \"Comment\": \"added 8 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-22T11:42:19.317000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 163171, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 232869, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Transformation between log and reciprocal powers for regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><data-transformation><heteroscedasticity><linear>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Left shows the response transformed with $\\\\frac{1}{gestation^{1/4}}$ and right shows the natural \", \"AccountId\": 13467176.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stats\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 38170, \"PostId\": 210880, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3f46a689-63dd-4910-a20b-25002ec4910d\", \"Text\": \"Having a regression model, how can I convert it into a decision tree? \\r\\n\\r\\nI am curious about a forma\", \"Comment\": \"Adding the \\\"cart\\\" tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-25T09:55:40.107000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 38170, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Logistic regression to a decision tree\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><classification><cart>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Having a regression model, how can I convert it into a decision tree? </p>\\n\\n<p>I am curious about\", \"AccountId\": 4968083.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Karel Macek\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 134427, \"PostId\": 210887, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bca54117-6736-4b91-9eba-25ca4130ba0a\", \"Text\": \"What is the name of such type of distribution/density function x which is \\r\\n\\r\\n$x=\\\\theta +u^2$ for $u\", \"Comment\": \"Changes in body and heading\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-30T05:08:14.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 134427, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 210889, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What to call the distribution of the square of a zero-mean normal variable plus a constant\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution><density-estimation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>What is the name of such type of distribution/density function x which is </p>\\n\\n<p>$x=\\\\theta +u^2\", \"AccountId\": 11886830.0, \"DisplayName\": \"none009\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 12748, \"PostId\": 36172, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d2f5970-8016-40fa-9ef5-42631a9f6c38\", \"Text\": \"-----\\r\\nEDIT NOTE: I'm mostly concerned with linear regression with unconstrained y-intercept, but re\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 12 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-29T04:44:49.613000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 12748, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 36174, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can the coefficient of determination (R-squared) for a linear regression ever be zero?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><random-generation><r-squared>\", \"Body\": \"<hr>\\n\\n<p>EDIT NOTE: I'm mostly concerned with linear regression with unconstrained y-intercept, but \", \"AccountId\": 137374.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Cashew\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 11845, \"PostId\": 241672, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"682dd8e4-ce9a-4479-8a94-577f5517bd66\", \"Text\": \"<clustering><k-means><spark-mllib>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-24T15:05:34.743000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11845, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 241765, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to visualise kmeans clustercenters\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><k-means><spark-mllib>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Asking here as I can't find a tutorial anywhere, and am new to this topic. </p>\\n\\n<p>I've run a km\", \"AccountId\": 1972203.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user124123\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 162073, \"PostId\": 162073, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ef4a92d3-05b9-490c-b962-4030a9739d16\", \"Text\": \"Alternatively we can have a look at the correlation between the predicted and the observable values\\r\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-27T10:00:10.570000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 87203, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 137174, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Alternatively we can have a look at the correlation between the predicted and the observable valu\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 70885, \"OwnerUserId\": 70885, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to get R squared/goodness of fit for Tobit model in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><goodness-of-fit><r-squared><censoring><tobit-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I do a Tobit regression to analyze censored data. To measure the goodness of fit the authors of t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-16T21:54:42.577000\", \"AccountId\": 7855354.0, \"DisplayName\": \"R.Lampe\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 723276, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f479e761-1c1b-4a88-a43b-d72d40893733\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><overfitting><ensemble-learning><stacking>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T09:52:35.660000\"}, {\"Id\": 136802, \"PostId\": 207899, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"034c6b79-065d-4303-976d-60718d3d603c\", \"Text\": \"<categorical-data><logit><probit><statsmodels>\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 12 characters in body; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-18T15:25:03.760000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 136802, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to write a logit and probit regression equation?\", \"Tags\": \"<categorical-data><logit><probit><statsmodels>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following linear equation:</p>\\n\\n<p>Dummy dependent variable = dummy main independent v\", \"AccountId\": 11734712.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 22070, \"PostId\": 234494, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ad75e844-4915-4877-bc73-6f280298f104\", \"Text\": \"When trying to learn about the differences between Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients, I \", \"Comment\": \"deleted 13 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-09-25T21:52:51.933000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22070, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 234506, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Spearman's rank correlation coefficient\", \"Tags\": \"<spearman-rho>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When trying to learn about the differences between Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients,\", \"AccountId\": 1689100.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1551817\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 139173, \"PostId\": 210336, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b2e1f1e8-8b82-49ed-8c32-2edc391839ca\", \"Text\": \"just chiming in here, but I am working with a clustering algorithm that is extremely lightweight com\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 65 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-06T22:30:17.857000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 139173, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 203776, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>just chiming in here, but I am working with a clustering algorithm that is extremely lightweight \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 68870, \"OwnerUserId\": 68870, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"is K-Means clustering suited to real time applications?\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><k-means><online-algorithms><real-time><image-segmentation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to segment a sequence of RGB images (basically it's a video) based on their colors in real\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-23T23:13:25.853000\", \"AccountId\": 3134167.0, \"DisplayName\": \"S.E.K.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>A <strong>maker</strong></p>\\n\"}], \"AccountId\": 12187888.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Grant Goris\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1485, \"PostId\": 10047, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d2944d00-c8d5-4a89-a79a-fda17b67cc8a\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><classification>\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 10 characters in body; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-12-04T05:45:06.040000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1485, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 10050, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Training multiple models for classification using the same dataset\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For my classification problem, I am trying to classify an object as Good or Bad. 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I seek expertise in software designing.\\nMy expertise includes\"}, {\"Id\": 142788, \"PostId\": 213412, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5cccb186-54a2-473b-8605-095063074920\", \"Text\": \"Right now I'm doing survival analysis for marketing purposes and I'm picking the covariates. \\r\\n\\r\\nOne\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 23 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-06T02:39:15.933000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 142788, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 213416, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpreting R coxph() coefficients\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><cox-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Right now I'm doing survival analysis for marketing purposes and I'm picking the covariates. </p>\", \"AccountId\": 9717510.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Negarev\", \"Location\": \"Auckland, New Zealand\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 13805, \"PostId\": 38442, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fbc7863f-bab4-4870-9209-79170d67dcc0\", \"Text\": \"Testing for heteroscedasticity I get these results:\\r\\n\\r\\nBreusch-Pagan / Cook-Weisberg test for hetero\", \"Comment\": \"Retag, Reformatting, making title more concise\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-11T09:12:39.637000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13805, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 63699, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Breusch–Pagan test for heteroscedasticity contradicts White's test?\", \"Tags\": \"<heteroscedasticity><breusch-pagan><white-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Testing for heteroscedasticity I get these results:</p>\\n<p><strong>Breusch–Pagan / Cook–Weisberg \", \"AccountId\": 2232144.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rijak\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 104430, \"PostId\": 177081, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"02aa63fe-1c9c-4ffe-b5cf-6860017ff27f\", \"Text\": \"I have constructed an ordinal logistic regression model in `R` using `lrm` or `polr` function.\\r\\nI ha\", \"Comment\": \"shortening \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-01T11:35:33.957000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 104430, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Ordinal regression validation in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><assumptions><validation><ordered-logit>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have constructed an ordinal logistic regression model in <code>R</code> using <code>lrm</code> \", \"AccountId\": 10154692.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mlin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 2097, \"PostId\": 8045, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b32de74-80a7-468c-9002-791e6e379bc8\", \"Text\": \"I am considering using Python libraries for doing my Machine Learning experiments. Thus far, I had b\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 12 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-18T00:25:39.493000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2097, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 8061, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Machine Learning using Python\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><python>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am considering using Python libraries for doing my Machine Learning experiments. Thus far, I ha\", \"AccountId\": 307214.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 88446, \"PostId\": 242758, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"85ceac3e-86c9-4360-9229-a47e712bb9dd\", \"Text\": \"<regression><time-series><forecasting>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-06T21:49:58.540000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 88446, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Forecasting new period with Regression Model\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><time-series><forecasting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Have a dataset which consists of item names (rows) and monthly values of sales (columns). My task\", \"AccountId\": 3699086.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Keithx\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 164006, \"PostId\": 164006, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e4a3ef02-c0ae-44f2-9db3-1ea792d14b1e\", \"Text\": \"<references><inference>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-13T06:36:27.263000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 87203, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Online course for inferential statistics\", \"Tags\": \"<references><inference>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Having graduated in econometrics I am now working as a Data Science Consultant. I would like to g\"}, {\"Id\": 136763, \"PostId\": 207993, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"75fd23a5-baf7-40d5-a9d6-36c1ee0c516a\", \"Text\": \"First of all, I cannot find information if one should include or exclude a constant term in the VAR(\", \"Comment\": \"Marking code as code\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-18T10:38:27.210000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 136763, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Include a constant in a VAR model or not? Which model to use? VAR(1) or VAR(2) based on diagnostic c\", \"Tags\": \"<r><model-selection><vector-autoregression><lags>\", \"Body\": \"<p>First of all, I cannot find information if one should include or exclude a constant term in the V\", \"AccountId\": 12021881.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arina Olo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 5739, \"PostId\": 5739, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"61f79477-33f4-4003-89e4-3f802caca64d\", \"Text\": \"I have a very unbalanced sample set, e.g. 99% true and 1% false. \\r\\n\\r\\nIs it reasonable to select a ba\", \"Comment\": \"Corrected spelling and fixed grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-14T15:13:26.037000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user2781\", \"Title\": \"Balanced sampling for network training?\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks><sampling><references>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a very unbalanced sample set, e.g. 99% true and 1% false. </p>\\n\\n<p>Is it reasonable to sel\"}, {\"Id\": 54293, \"PostId\": 116520, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1cf48553-2e60-4a21-b55c-a66a150ab843\", \"Text\": \"While reading [this page on time series][1] I found this sentence:\\r\\n\\r\\n> The Ljung-Box test showed th\", \"Comment\": \"Including hyperlink \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-29T08:46:57.790000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 54293, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"simple exponential smoothing - Ljung-Box test - residual\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><autocorrelation><exponential-smoothing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>While reading <a href=\\\"http://a-little-book-of-r-for-time-series.readthedocs.io/en/latest/src/tim\", \"AccountId\": 6543859.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DP78\", \"Location\": \"Italy\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistics newbie but seriously interested to learn</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 3349, \"PostId\": 11014, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8bfdc388-7687-456c-a298-96c720b21be6\", \"Text\": \"I read that in Bayes rule, the denominator of `P(params|data) = L(params)P(params)/P(data)` is calle\", \"Comment\": \"Deleting unnecessary sentence\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-06-17T06:32:30.593000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3349, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 11015, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Normalizing constant in Bayes theorem\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><bayesian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I read that in Bayes rule, the denominator $\\\\Pr(\\\\textrm{data})$ of </p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\\\Pr(\\\\text{parameter\", \"AccountId\": 146658.0, \"DisplayName\": \"amateur\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 167557, \"PostId\": 237024, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"158e6350-fbc6-4e51-94f4-9d7b0b61fea4\", \"Text\": \"<regression><time-series><forecasting><cross-validation><autocorrelation>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-05T11:12:42.653000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 167557, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 237040, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is cross-validation useful in time series (regression) problems?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><time-series><forecasting><cross-validation><autocorrelation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is cross-validation possible to use for auto-correlated regression data?</p>\\n\", \"AccountId\": 13901276.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JS22\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 233027, \"OwnerUserId\": 87203, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 233013, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You can find a quick solution <a href=\\\"http://sepwww.stanford.edu/sep/prof/pvi/rand/paper_html/no\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-30T13:39:25.643000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 163982, \"OwnerUserId\": 163982, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 233043, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are there any examples of where the central limit theorem does not hold?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mathematical-statistics><normal-distribution><central-limit-theorem>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Wikipedia says - </p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>In probability theory, the central limit theorem (CLT) e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-30T12:04:07.593000\", \"AccountId\": 8970130.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ryan McCauley\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 87203, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 9483, \"PostId\": 63796, \"UserId\": 9483, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"927ddd04-bf57-42a0-81be-4583a3daec35\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><classification><svm><terminology>\", \"Comment\": \"add term tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-02T22:18:36.513000\", \"AccountId\": 169656.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Franck Dernoncourt\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.francky.me\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://stackexchange.com/users/169656/franck-dernoncourt\\\"><img src=\\\"https://stackexchan\"}]}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 101163, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 101163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"No, stacking is typically done with strong learners. Bagging or boosting is usually done with weak \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-03T21:55:09.177000\", \"AccountId\": 7129583.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Erin LeDell\", \"Location\": \"Oakland, CA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Building H2O AutoML: <a href=\\\"http://docs.h2o.ai/h2o/latest-stable/h2o-docs/automl.html\\\" rel=\\\"nof\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 184662, \"PostId\": 184662, \"UserId\": 101163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user1157751 So you are saying that you're training your metalearner (the DNN in your case) on 90% o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-29T22:26:04.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 184535, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It sounds like you may not be generating the \\\"probabilities\\\" (aka \\\"level-one\\\" data) correctly. T\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 85326, \"OwnerUserId\": 85326, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 184662, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Model Stacking - Gives poor performance\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification><neural-networks><stacking>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying model stacking in a <a href=\\\"https://www.kaggle.com/c/two-sigma-connect-rental-listing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-01T16:31:04.310000\", \"AccountId\": 1183320.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1157751\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 198568, \"PostId\": 198568, \"UserId\": 101163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There is nothing wrong with running the model longer if it doesn't overfit, other than it produces a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-25T04:21:00.667000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 198456, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>None of your scoring history plots demonstrate overfitting. An overfit model will show validatio\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 125955, \"OwnerUserId\": 125955, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is my predicted vs observed plot worse for training than validation. Running an overfitted GBM o\", \"Tags\": \"<binomial-distribution><overfitting><bernoulli-distribution><boosting><h2o>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a binomial outcome that I am trying to predict using a gbm in h2o.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have set quit\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-19T06:58:34.017000\", \"AccountId\": 485384.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Webtopia\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.webtopia.com.au/iphone-apps\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 187811, \"PostId\": 187811, \"UserId\": 101163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Sorry, that's outside the scope of this question. You should be able to create an example of this u\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T22:36:27.757000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187805, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If you only provide H2O's GBM with a <code>training_frame</code>, then the only metrics it can pr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 2430, \"OwnerUserId\": 2430, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187811, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How the Internal H2O auc measures are calculated? Why they are so close to 1 or 1?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><boosting><h2o>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am randomly holding out 10% of data out of the whole dataset as test.data and train the GBM mod\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-03-23T19:46:20.847000\", \"AccountId\": 509826.0, \"DisplayName\": \"suprvisr\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Physician, programmer, beginner statistician and data miner, fan of Above and Beyond and Ferry Co\"}]}, {\"Id\": 50045, \"PostId\": 199754, \"UserId\": 101163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@DarrenCook AutoML will always pass a `validation_frame` to the algos (for early stopping), so if yo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-24T22:41:05.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50045, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 199752, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>According to the docs:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>leaderboard_frame: This argument allows the user to\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3728, \"OwnerUserId\": 3728, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 199754, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"With H2O AutoML is it okay to use my test set as the leaderboard?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><predictive-models><h2o>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Normally in machine learning we will split our data into train, valid and test. The valid data is\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-22T03:35:31.883000\", \"AccountId\": 447920.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Darren Cook\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm data scientist, software developer, computer book author, entrepreneur. \\nI'm director at QQ T\"}], \"AccountId\": 2660392.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matthew Drury\", \"Location\": \"Seattle, WA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Trained Pragmatist.</p>\\n\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 206656, \"UserId\": 101163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-01-03T21:56:03.643000\"}, {\"Id\": 406195, \"UserId\": 101163, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-01-03T21:55:18.420000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 210712, \"PostId\": 210712, \"UserId\": 101163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"540dab4d-c72a-4710-b8e8-1e57161f5947\", \"Text\": \"The process by which categorical variables are encoded is detailed in the [H2O documentation](http:/\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-09T19:09:42.117000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 210676, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The process by which categorical variables are encoded is detailed in the <a href=\\\"http://docs.h2\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 139495, \"OwnerUserId\": 139495, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 210712, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to map values reconstructed with a deep learning autoencoder back to categories\", \"Tags\": \"<deep-learning><autoencoders><categorical-encoding><h2o>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>My colleague and I are working on a dataset full of categorical variables using an deep learning \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-09T11:21:28.847000\", \"AccountId\": 12211631.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Daniah Banaa\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 214442, \"PostId\": 214442, \"UserId\": 101163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9086446d-27d2-4df0-948c-1921cfba7839\", \"Text\": \"H2O Stacked Ensemble requires k-fold cross-validation of the base models and what you're describing \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-15T03:42:10.297000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214355, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>H2O Stacked Ensemble requires k-fold cross-validation of the base models and what you're describi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 67847, \"OwnerUserId\": 67847, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 214442, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Use of previously set cross validation set for ensemble models in h2o\", \"Tags\": \"<python><ensemble-learning><h2o>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have time series dataset and as a requirement I prepare a 10 fold cross validation dataset. Bri\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-11T12:43:01.397000\", \"AccountId\": 3860904.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mlee_jordan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 200690, \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 196967, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What you're doing here is what I refer to as \\\"Holdout Stacking\\\" (sometimes also called Blending b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-12T01:18:39.300000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 99971, \"OwnerUserId\": 99971, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 200690, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to stack machine learning models in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><machine-learning><ensemble-learning><stacking>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am new to machine learning and R.</p>\\n\\n<p>I know that there is an R package called <a href=\\\"htt\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-20T14:11:50.650000\", \"AccountId\": 7073321.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rz.He\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 187802, \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 4, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"H2O is an in-memory platform for distributed, scalable machine learning.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T21:37:23.220000\"}, {\"Id\": 218881, \"OwnerUserId\": 101163, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 218692, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There are two Stacked Ensembles in H2O AutoML (v3.16), both use a GLM (with a non-negative weight\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-30T00:30:44.140000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 148306, \"OwnerUserId\": 148306, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 218881, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which algorithm is used for the H2O AutoML metalearner\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><h2o>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We know that <code>h2o.automl()</code> uses GBMs, Random Forest, DNNs, GLMs, and Extremely-Random\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-28T14:46:05.353000\", \"AccountId\": 12827295.0, \"DisplayName\": \"yupechen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 786526, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208895, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 893214, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208895, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-07T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1014165, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208895, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 849409, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208895, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-15T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 24715, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7db404af-2f58-4e9b-8bec-9ada979ccb2c\", \"Text\": \"Can we stack the strong learners?\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T21:19:06.223000\", \"AccountId\": 2242720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": \"Warsaw, Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Before I had studied Chan for thirty years, I saw mountains as\\nmountains, and rivers\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 179615, \"PostId\": 179615, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@jens0r much worse in what sense..? How did you evaluate it?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-21T14:38:03.713000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 179614, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You are considering different classifiers, but in fact this is <em>not</em> a classification prob\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 105322, \"OwnerUserId\": 105322, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 179615, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability of class in binary classification\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><probability><classification>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a binary classification task with classes 0 and 1 and \\nthe classes are unbalanced (class 1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-08T08:32:13.877000\", \"AccountId\": 10204062.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jens0r\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 158245, \"PostId\": 158245, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@drake no bad feelings\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-25T09:11:46.240000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 158238, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I had similar experience as yours with real-life data. Boruta does not give you any guarantees, y\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 87381, \"OwnerUserId\": 87381, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Features selection: why does Boruta confirms all my features as \\\"important\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><feature-selection><overfitting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to run a feature selection study to select only the most important features, before runnin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-25T08:34:14.007000\", \"AccountId\": 9073926.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Guillaume\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 209458, \"PostId\": 209458, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Hasse1987 sorry, the description in Wikipedia is unclear and didn't have time to read it carefully,\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-31T22:32:38.037000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 209449, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Hypergeometric distribution describes sampling without replacement from the urn containing $N$ ba\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 95508, \"OwnerUserId\": 95508, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"beta-binomial as conjugate to hypergeometric\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><conjugate-prior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>According to the table of conjugate distributions on <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conju\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-12T23:11:58.470000\", \"AccountId\": 9459628.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hasse1987\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 132400, \"PostId\": 132400, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@KarstenW. yes, by using weighted average if they differ in reliability. If the sources are equally \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-29T09:20:09.110000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111401, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You ask about three things: (a) how to combine several forecasts to get single forecast, (b) if B\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52884, \"OwnerUserId\": 52884, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 132400, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Combining probabilities/information from different sources\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><bayesian><pooling><model-averaging><forecast-combination>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Lets say I have three independent sources and each of them make predictions for the weather tomor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-06T22:19:44.907000\", \"AccountId\": 5530160.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Biela Diela\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 6805, \"PostId\": 81000, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Strongly related: http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/8071/how-to-choose-between-pearson-and-sp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-13T02:09:08.377000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6805, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it a reasonable rule of thumb to examine Pearson and Spearman correlations, and use the latter if\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><spearman-rho>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The data I am using is continuous, and may be somewhat skewed, but probably will not have many ou\", \"AccountId\": 1243097.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1205901 - Слава Україні\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 208896, \"PostId\": 208896, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"161f19a4-0d1a-4e73-a7c6-d212390eb327\", \"Text\": \"You [can combine any models](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/186097/is-this-the-state-of-a\", \"Comment\": \"added 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:21:11.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 208895, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/186097/is-this-the-state-of-art-regression\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1072218, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208896, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-26T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 786333, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208896, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 786527, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208896, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 849408, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 208896, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-15T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 723231, \"PostId\": 208896, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3d1f6b6a-9b7e-44a8-9749-c1d92855c5a8\", \"Text\": \"You [can combine any models](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/186097/is-this-the-state-of-a\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:21:11.753000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 723248, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7db404af-2f58-4e9b-8bec-9ada979ccb2c\", \"Text\": \"<ensemble-learning><stacking>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:47:44.380000\"}, {\"Id\": 298914, \"PostId\": 298914, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e0ae63ac-77d9-47fe-96dc-826b373a3f68\", \"Text\": \"Consider trivial example $x = [0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3]$ and $y = [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]$. If you fit a decisio\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-17T11:57:50.623000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 298845, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Consider trivial example <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$x = [0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3]$</span> and <span c\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 182855, \"OwnerUserId\": 182855, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 298910, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"drop features with one class zero variance\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><feature-selection><binary-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If a feature has zero variance, then it makes sence to drop it as is it has no predictive power. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-05T14:05:55.560000\", \"AccountId\": 13426758.0, \"DisplayName\": \"saias\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 150486, \"PostId\": 150486, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2a53de99-7792-437a-a459-7bbf921388ad\", \"Text\": \"[Log-likelihood][1] is a sum of log-densities over some datapoints, given some parameter values. Rec\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 5 characters in body; deleted 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-14T15:12:03.623000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 150483, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/112451/maximum-likelihood-estimation-mle-in-la\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46784, \"OwnerUserId\": 46784, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 150486, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Strange likelihood trace from MCMC chain\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><likelihood>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've got a model that goes: <code>Single parameter -> Complex likelihood function -> Log-li\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-03T18:12:10.557000\", \"AccountId\": 2899239.0, \"DisplayName\": \"C_Z_\", \"Location\": \"Chicago, IL, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am interested in using <code>python</code> and <code>R</code> for performing data analytics and\"}]}, {\"Id\": 723283, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"b85add49-dc84-469c-be55-969ee4e60089\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"OriginalQuestionIds\\\":[23388],\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":35989,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Tim\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"101\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T10:05:57.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 578049, \"PostId\": 172522, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d03626e5-e1a8-4358-a9ca-08a4f473d7d3\", \"Text\": \"I got some questions about the Bayes regression. It would be great if you could take some time to an\", \"Comment\": \"added 35 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-20T20:42:22.713000\"}, {\"Id\": 50450, \"PostId\": 124095, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"de9f2ade-392d-4198-abe1-7d6ae21c247f\", \"Text\": \"<density-function><function><mode><shortest-half>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-01T10:49:12.370000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50450, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 124108, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to find the mode of a probability density function?\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><function><mode><shortest-half>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Inspired by my other <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/176032/if-fx-is-a-unimoda\", \"AccountId\": 3796950.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mmh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 723228, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5734d7eb-573e-41ff-a0db-d2a6b2a0dc7f\", \"Text\": \"<ensemble-learning>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:11:54.037000\"}, {\"Id\": 185814, \"PostId\": 185814, \"UserId\": 24715, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94fcd256-9239-4b88-8f0e-9962db686657\", \"Text\": \"First of all, the notation is *not* used consistently. For example, Nelder and Wedderburn (1972) wr\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-07T10:41:00.837000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 185665, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>First of all, the notation is <em>not</em> used consistently. For example, Nelder and Wedderburn\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 185665, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 185814, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user135912\", \"Title\": \"Why is the link function a function of the mean and not the linear predictor?\", \"Tags\": \"<generalized-linear-model><link-function>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Generalized linear models are formulated so that the link function $g$ of the mean $\\\\mu$ of a ran\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-06T00:34:38.183000\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 285412, \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 285386, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/47726/what-exactly-is-sparse-representation\\\">Spa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-06T15:42:19.120000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 11085, \"OwnerUserId\": 11085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What are the benefits of sparse representations and sparse parameters?\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks><regularization><sparse>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What are their benefits? I know sparse parameters are a different story than sparse representatio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-23T14:14:44.630000\", \"AccountId\": 902489.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hossein\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>For the love of God, do not downvote new comers! help them kindly so they can feel a apart of thi\"}]}, {\"Id\": 313000, \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 312997, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>On p. 2 they write that to use this model for regression they use squared loss, so no activation \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-13T10:36:59.357000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 218782, \"OwnerUserId\": 218782, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 312999, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why isn't activation function applied to the output layer of a neural net?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><neural-networks>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Im reading this <a href=\\\"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.02157.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">paper</a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-12-05T08:30:18.353000\", \"AccountId\": 16736097.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MJimitater\", \"Location\": \"Earth\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Epistemologist and Enthusiast</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 213448, \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 213438, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In usual terminology, if we have a regression model</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\nY = \\\\beta_0 + \\\\beta_1 X_1 + \\\\beta_\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-06T12:41:38.063000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 89192, \"OwnerUserId\": 89192, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 213448, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Other name for \\\"Parameter\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<terminology>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently writing up a statistical part of a report. In the field where I am from a \\\"paramet\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-15T08:16:15.620000\", \"AccountId\": 6741245.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sorade\", \"Location\": \"UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 723225, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 137897, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d176260f-382a-4adf-9fbc-47e0184bb475\", \"Text\": \"Stacking with good learners\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:11:10.990000\"}, {\"Id\": 723226, \"PostId\": 208895, \"UserId\": 137897, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d176260f-382a-4adf-9fbc-47e0184bb475\", \"Text\": \"<r><ensemble-learning>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T08:11:10.990000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137897, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":75,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"Id\": 147761, \"AccountId\": 12795030.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Motumbo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-23T18:06:16.360000\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 278855, \"UserId\": 147761, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-01-23T22:19:05.740000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 218167, \"PostId\": 218167, \"UserId\": 147761, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fbe1e0dc-c4c5-4b39-9575-f3cdfee26e5f\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to use Spark MLib ALS with implicit feedback for collaborative filtering and I have two \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-23T18:06:16.360000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to model preference strength in Spark ALS with implicit feedback?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><recommender-system><spark-mllib>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to use Spark MLib ALS with implicit feedback for collaborative filtering and I have t\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 825423, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 218167, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-23T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 757853, \"PostId\": 218167, \"UserId\": 147761, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fbe1e0dc-c4c5-4b39-9575-f3cdfee26e5f\", \"Text\": \"How to model preference strength in Spark ALS with implicit feedback?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-23T18:06:16.360000\"}, {\"Id\": 757854, \"PostId\": 218167, \"UserId\": 147761, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fbe1e0dc-c4c5-4b39-9575-f3cdfee26e5f\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><recommender-system><spark-mllib>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-23T18:06:16.360000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"Id\": 147761, \"AccountId\": 12795030.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Motumbo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-23T18:06:16.360000\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 278855, \"UserId\": 147761, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-01-23T22:19:05.740000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 218167, \"PostId\": 218167, \"UserId\": 147761, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fbe1e0dc-c4c5-4b39-9575-f3cdfee26e5f\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to use Spark MLib ALS with implicit feedback for collaborative filtering and I have two \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-23T18:06:16.360000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to model preference strength in Spark ALS with implicit feedback?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><recommender-system><spark-mllib>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to use Spark MLib ALS with implicit feedback for collaborative filtering and I have t\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 825423, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 218167, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-23T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 757853, \"PostId\": 218167, \"UserId\": 147761, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fbe1e0dc-c4c5-4b39-9575-f3cdfee26e5f\", \"Text\": \"How to model preference strength in Spark ALS with implicit feedback?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-23T18:06:16.360000\"}, {\"Id\": 757854, \"PostId\": 218167, \"UserId\": 147761, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fbe1e0dc-c4c5-4b39-9575-f3cdfee26e5f\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><recommender-system><spark-mllib>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-23T18:06:16.360000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147761, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":76,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"Id\": 62052, \"AccountId\": 7162681.0, \"DisplayName\": \"qg_jinn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-21T20:58:02.727000\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 135210, \"UserId\": 62052, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-10-21T22:52:53.380000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 125412, \"PostId\": 125412, \"UserId\": 62052, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c2ba4e2a-d693-4b61-8242-997e4480d4c2\", \"Text\": \"<regression><nonparametric>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-21T21:10:26.617000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Would it work to repeat input samples to fake/approximate weights for kernel regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><nonparametric>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm a non-statistician trying to do a nonparametric kernel regression (1 input variable, 1 output\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 454474, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 125412, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-21T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 411642, \"PostId\": 125412, \"UserId\": 62052, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c2ba4e2a-d693-4b61-8242-997e4480d4c2\", \"Text\": \"I'm a non-statistician trying to do a nonparametric kernel regression (1 input variable, 1 output va\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-21T21:10:26.617000\"}, {\"Id\": 411641, \"PostId\": 125412, \"UserId\": 62052, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c2ba4e2a-d693-4b61-8242-997e4480d4c2\", \"Text\": \"Would it work to repeat input samples to fake/approximate weights for kernel regression?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-21T21:10:26.617000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 161436, \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 125412, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Yes that will work to give you an answer, but it will not help with any confidence intervals. </p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-21T19:43:43.597000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 15972, \"PostId\": 161436, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think this is probably intended as a comment on the question rather than an answer in its own righ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-19T14:13:29.520000\", \"AccountId\": 2135506.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Silverfish\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Some of my more interesing answers, not necessary most upvoted:</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"http://stats.sta\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 60448, \"PostId\": 123155, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Welcome to CV! I suggest you replace \\\"follows a normal distribution\\\" with \\\"approaches a normal distr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-29T12:35:14.067000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 60448, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 123152, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Well the sample mean $\\\\bar{X}$ approaches a normal distribution with mean $\\\\mu$ and variance $\\\\fr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 41098, \"OwnerUserId\": 41098, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 123155, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clarification on central limit theorem\", \"Tags\": \"<central-limit-theorem>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I found this definition of central limit theorem in the book: Intro to probability and statistics\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-20T21:40:11.583000\", \"AccountId\": 205758.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Victor\", \"Location\": \"Toronto, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Java developer, working on enterprise systems</p>\\n\"}], \"AccountId\": 4937424.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jacob Westman\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 86765, \"PostId\": 157434, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This question is somewhat unclear, it would be helpful to see what your graph actually looks like - \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-18T10:02:36.470000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86765, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What distribution should my data on sales follow\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><distribution-identification>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm a chain store and have many stores across the country that all sell a particular shampoo prod\", \"AccountId\": 2538636.0, \"DisplayName\": \"maths\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 58478, \"PostId\": 120136, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Tim Because there is a *pedagogical* aspect to this question (for example, one example of a \\\"good\\\" \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-31T07:47:53.370000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58478, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What are some good datasets to learn basic machine learning algorithms and why?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><dataset>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am new to machine learning and looking for some datasets through which i can compare and contr\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 223260, \"PostId\": 120136, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think questions about data sets from a pedagogical point of view are definitely on-topic here: e.g\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-31T15:01:45.647000\"}], \"AccountId\": 84460.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bunny Rabbit\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 48892, \"PostId\": 155809, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It isn't clear to me what kind of guidance or feedback you are asking for, could you clarify? You mi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-08T07:45:05.133000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 48892, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 156433, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"calculate properly statistical moments with stratified sample data\", \"Tags\": \"<survey><moments><stratification><survey-weights>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have problems of how to calculate properly the third and fourth order moments: my data is a str\", \"AccountId\": 3758670.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mmngreco\", \"Location\": \"Madrid, España\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://mmngreco.tumblr.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>An economist who learned to program.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 43683, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Glen_b If we are naming it after the form of the test statistic, rather than the null distribution,\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 43682, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Does that mean they just test the same hypothesis/are useful in the same situation\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15806, \"OwnerUserId\": 15806, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 43683, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Equivalence of Mann-Whitney U-test and t-test on ranks\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test><wilcoxon-mann-whitney-test><ranks>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What does it mean when people say that a <em>t</em>-test performed on ranked data is equivalent t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T02:06:10.923000\", \"AccountId\": 2495808.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jimj\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\"}, {\"Id\": 45129, \"PostId\": 98724, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Incidentally: The true *p*-value isn't really zero, but it rounds to 0.000 to 3 decimal places. It i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-04T12:12:31.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 45129, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to interpret zero P value\", \"Tags\": \"<p-value>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am doing a research on factors affecting job satisfaction, I got the following result with a ze\", \"AccountId\": 1632426.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dhanuka777\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 95118, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"the Latex dollars have struck again! (Nice answer by the way.)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 503, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 95112, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Expanding a little on @glen_b 's good answer: Usually the mean (as a measure of central tendency)\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9603, \"OwnerUserId\": 9603, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Standard deviation to describe variation in positively skewed data?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><standard-deviation><quantiles><skewness>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm wondering how useful the standard deviation is when applied to positively skewed data? The st\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-09T19:28:15.217000\", \"AccountId\": 1147919.0, \"DisplayName\": \"luciano\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 101623, \"OwnerUserId\": 9603, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to describe statistics in one sentence?\", \"Tags\": \"<definition>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When I first started learning statistics, procedures like the t-test, ANOVA, chi-squared and line\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-05T21:32:12.420000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 947, \"OwnerUserId\": 947, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 101623, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Statistics is the mathematical science that allows you to figure out if the difference between se\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-16T21:32:57.667000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 101638, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The hover text over the downvote arrow states \\\"this answer is not useful.\\\" I find it interesting--an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 98548, \"PostId\": 301336, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In other words, your answer is \\\"Google the answer!\\\"\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-07T15:24:50.457000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 98548, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 301330, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You are describing three random variables (<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$C_{supplier}$</span>, <s\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 23840, \"OwnerUserId\": 23840, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do you calculate the probability associated with each possible sum of the numbers expressible by\", \"Tags\": \"<probability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose you want to plot the probability distribution that you will make money manufacturing widg\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-17T16:37:37.203000\", \"AccountId\": 2611917.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hal\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 9704086.0, \"DisplayName\": \"suckrates\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 203005, \"PostId\": 274250, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Check `compute_AIC`: it's completely wrong.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-12T15:53:22.183000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203005, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Code incorrectly determines that a poor fit is a good fit\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><goodness-of-fit><nonlinear-regression><aic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to find the best polynomial fit for a set of data. It calculates the AIC for each poly\", \"AccountId\": 10631594.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sangstar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Eager to learn!</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 9374, \"PostId\": 27450, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How exactly is the \\\"intervention\\\" reflected in the data? How can one identify \\\"increases\\\" in good a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-27T05:24:04.783000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9374, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 27490, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Am I using the wrong statistical test?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance><chi-squared-test><descriptive-statistics><effect-size\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using $\\\\chi^2$ to analyze a set of data gathered over 4 time periods. The two variables are \", \"AccountId\": 1604196.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user12234\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 31979, \"PostId\": 271742, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, but replace the old in what sense? To make any inference we need a basis for comparing two suc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-18T18:50:38.893000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 31979, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to assess \\\"reliability\\\" for a non-stationary time series compared to a reference\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><correlation><inference><reliability><methodology>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two arterial pressure measurement devices, one of which is the reference. My goal is to as\", \"AccountId\": 2688671.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Raoul\", \"Location\": \"Geneva, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Currently doing some research at the University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland, I am a\"}, {\"Id\": 3147, \"PostId\": 15986, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Nobody would want to know the distribution of $T_i$ precisely because it's so nasty. That's because\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-05-31T18:44:20.667000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3147, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Standard error of sample standard deviation of proportions\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><binomial-distribution><standard-deviation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I recently started reading Gelman and Hill's, \\\"Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hier\", \"AccountId\": 122502.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Curious2learn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 52194, \"PostId\": 52194, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"JohnRos The difference between prediction and estimation lies in their targets: estimation is about \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T21:05:08.097000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 52187, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>In a typical problem of statistics it is ... a <em>class</em> of laws [which is spec\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 4948, \"OwnerUserId\": 4948, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 52194, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does \\\"Inference\\\" include estimation or only testing?\", \"Tags\": \"<inference><terminology>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does the term \\\"statistical inference\\\" include only hypothesis testing or does it also include poi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-20T14:13:02.617000\", \"AccountId\": 160072.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JohnRos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.john-ros.com\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 20260, \"PostId\": 186796, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You will need over 900 GB Ram to store the results (potentially half that if your matrix is symmetri\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-25T17:59:39.857000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20260, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pseudoinverse of large sparse matrix in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><matrix><svd><sparse>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to calculate the pseudoinverse of a large sparse matrix in R using the singular value\", \"AccountId\": 2900780.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Paul\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Computer Science PhD student at Dartmouth's Thayer School, M.Sc. in financial math from The Coura\"}, {\"Id\": 155, \"PostId\": 5317, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(+1) Good advice in light of the OP's comment to @Peter Flom's response.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-20T02:56:34.160000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 155, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 5292, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>From your follow up response to Peter Flom's question, it sounds like you might be better served \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 652, \"OwnerUserId\": 652, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 5296, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Look and you shall find (a correlation)\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><multiple-comparisons><permutation-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have several hundred measurements. Now, I am considering utilizing some kind of software to cor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-12T08:08:39.040000\", \"AccountId\": 54619.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 60581.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jeromy Anglim\", \"Location\": \"Melbourne, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://jeromyanglim.blogspot.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology at Deakin University bridging I/O psychology a\"}, {\"Id\": 129213, \"PostId\": 200986, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"See https://stats.stackexchange.com/search?tab=votes&q=normal%20quadratic%20form%20chi for various a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-15T10:37:13.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 129213, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution of $(n-2)MSres/\\\\sigma^2$ in simple linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><residuals><linear><sums-of-squares>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In simple linear regression, it was proved that $(n-2)MS_{RES}/\\\\sigma^2$ follows a $\\\\chi^2_{n-2}$\", \"AccountId\": 11087355.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sudhanshu Vashisth\", \"Location\": \"Mumbai, Maharashtra, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 37662, \"PostId\": 98330, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Aksakal Right, you got it. (Although invoking the Radon-Nikodym derivative isn't quite right, since\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-14T18:58:54.273000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 37662, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 98340, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sum of iid random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><random-variable><iid>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X_1, X_2,...,X_n$ be iid random variables. Let $Z_1, Z_2, Z_3$ be defined as $X_1, X_1+X_2, \", \"AccountId\": 2259211.0, \"DisplayName\": \"statBeginner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 239462, \"PostId\": 314522, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I have declined the flags on the comments by @Aksakal because it is difficult to read them as anythi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-26T14:24:25.927000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 239462, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 314539, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Crime Statistics Analysis: how to properly compare apples to apples?\", \"Tags\": \"<inference><predictor><endogeneity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>first this is non-partisan. Now, I have heard a lot of people in the news using certain simple st\", \"AccountId\": 15254222.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Trying ToLearn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 6162, \"PostId\": 31597, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you, Stéphane: it is now much clearer after your explanation.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-08T10:04:43.493000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6162, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence interval about a multivariate normal probability\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><normal-distribution><multivariate-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>From a given sample $x_i \\\\underset{\\\\mathrm{iid}}{\\\\sim} {\\\\cal N}(\\\\mu, \\\\sigma^2)$ it is possible to\", \"AccountId\": 1109341.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stéphane Laurent\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://laustep.github.io/stlahblog/\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 302042, \"PostId\": 161436, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think it's a fine answer but it merely reaffirms something the OP suspects. It would be much more\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-21T20:24:45.917000\"}, {\"Id\": 26845, \"PostId\": 133937, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Could you explain the distinction between \\\"number of questionnaires\\\" and \\\"sample size\\\"? Describing t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-04T20:12:24.243000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26845, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"number of questionnaires and sample size\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><anova><experiment-design><survey><descriptive-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there any correlation between number of questionnaires used in a study and the sample size in \", \"AccountId\": 3966839.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user39531\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 244230, \"PostId\": 323405, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Your question about $n-1\\\\gt p$ is asked and answered at https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/60\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-21T02:29:13.567000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 244230, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 323408, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Prove that sample covariance matrix is positive definite\", \"Tags\": \"<inference><covariance-matrix><estimators><linear-algebra><matrix-decomposition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$p \\\\times p$</span> sample covariance matrix:</p>\\n<p><s\", \"AccountId\": 19341318.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 5934, \"PostId\": 273112, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"For an actual example of that, see the statistics on top-scoring individuals in the annual [Putnam c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-21T19:02:44.330000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5934, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The distribution of the attribute vs the measuring tool?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume an attribute is normally distributed. \\nAssume we sample from the top 5% of that distributi\", \"AccountId\": 1122413.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joel W.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 28729, \"PostId\": 28729, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"User1137731, I would caution you, adding my voice to that of @Memming, not to use this as an estimat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-20T14:27:10.200000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 28704, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The <a href=\\\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_information\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer\\\">Mutual Information\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9801, \"OwnerUserId\": 9801, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Question about calculating mutual information\", \"Tags\": \"<mutual-information>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two vectors $x,y \\\\in \\\\mathbb{R}.$ Based on the count and vector length I can compute $p(x)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-19T22:49:48.497000\", \"AccountId\": 1157510.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1137731\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am interested in applied statistics and machine learning.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 2351, \"PostId\": 2351, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(1) You're right about the low power, but the problem here (it seems to me) is that there is no grad\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-09T12:57:35.380000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 2346, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>No, this is not possible, because a finite sample of size $n$ cannot reliably distinguish between\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 586, \"OwnerUserId\": 586, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 2351, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Test for finite variance?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><variance><central-limit-theorem>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is it possible to test for finiteness (or existence) of the variance of a random variable given a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-06T18:53:54.717000\", \"AccountId\": 54988.0, \"DisplayName\": \"shabbychef\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://twitter.com/shabbychef\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>matlh + stats hacker, faking it in R; father of boys; HCSSiM alum, CMU grad, postdoc survivor; fo\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 122413, \"PostId\": 122413, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dbae95b3-dd0f-4d3f-9d95-288b27316cc6\", \"Text\": \"Consider this alternative description of the same algorithm:\\r\\n\\r\\n1. Generate iid $X_1, X_2, X_3$ with\", \"Comment\": \"added 439 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-22T19:58:22.680000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 122350, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Consider this alternative description of the same algorithm:</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li><p>Generate iid $X_1, \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 59971, \"OwnerUserId\": 59971, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Generating a sample from Epanechnikov's kernel\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><kernel-smoothing><rejection-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I am really struggling with this problem and could use some help.</p>\\n\\n<p>Consider the Epanech\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-22T12:12:52.510000\", \"AccountId\": 6995521.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cga007\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 537264, \"PostId\": 161436, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 33, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"efbf80a9-78d0-422e-9c6c-663a16a4c221\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"4175\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-21T20:23:09.150000\"}, {\"Id\": 35813, \"PostId\": 136005, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 19, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9e5dc7cd-d9a1-443c-9a26-09e76feb1c71\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-05T15:03:28.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 35813, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 136076, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When (if ever) is a frequentist approach substantively better than a Bayesian?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><frequentist><philosophical>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Background</strong>: I do not have an formal training in Bayesian statistics (though I am\", \"AccountId\": 4824356.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jsakaluk\", \"Location\": \"London, ON, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.psychology.uwo.ca/people/faculty/profiles/sakaluk.html\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a social psychologist and assistant professor. Love using R for measurement modeling, meta-a\"}, {\"Id\": 109573, \"PostId\": 109573, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2cf1108a-e379-40df-a62c-752adc5602ad\", \"Text\": \"##Part 1##\\r\\n\\r\\nLet's solve this from first principles and then reflect on what the solution might tea\", \"Comment\": \"added 671 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-20T16:21:47.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 88929, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<h2>Part 1</h2>\\n\\n<p>Let's solve this from first principles and then reflect on what the solution mig\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 38974, \"OwnerUserId\": 38974, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Covariance of a compound distribution?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><conditional-probability><covariance><random-variable><independence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to find the covariance of a compound distribution.</p>\\n<p>Given <span class=\\\"math-con\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-11T22:35:15.620000\", \"AccountId\": 4861557.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joel Sinofsky\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 26630, \"PostId\": 65714, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b3d12925-b077-4874-b0c4-46d7048fedc0\", \"Text\": \"Basically, if $X$ and $Y$ are independent, then also $f(X)$ and $g(X)$ are independent if $f$ and $g\", \"Comment\": \"Spread the TeX across multiple lines for clarity.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-31T10:37:15.477000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 65710, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Basically, if $X$ and $Y$ are independent, then also $f(X)$ and $g(Y)$ are independent if $f$ and\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 26688, \"OwnerUserId\": 26688, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 65714, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the expectation of one random variable divided over another (both independent)?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><random-variable>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have $X,Y$, which are independent random variables. </p>\\n\\n<p>Why is it that $E(\\\\frac{X}\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-01T13:38:51.620000\", \"AccountId\": 3899360.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user123276\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3484957.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Paul Staab\", \"Location\": \"München, Deutschland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://paulstaab.de\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 33675, \"PostId\": 309749, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 11, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a74383f6-93d7-4018-aa39-e9d340406518\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":101426,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"mdewey\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-23T08:05:47.080000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33675, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to assess geographical representativity of a sub-area?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><multinomial-distribution><representative>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My geographical zone <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$A$</span> is subdivided in <span class=\\\"math-c\", \"AccountId\": 4583697.0, \"DisplayName\": \"iago-lito\", \"Location\": \"considering leaving SE\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://github.com/iago-lito\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>'considering leaving</p>\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://writing.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2301/sadly-\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 509540.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sympa\", \"Location\": \"United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.slideshare.net/gaetanlion\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Quantitative professional with expertise in econometrics, statistics, risk management. For past \"}]}]}], \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\"}, {\"Id\": 43778, \"PostId\": 96511, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Chen Jin: \\\"OP\\\" = original poster (i.e. you!). Apologies for the use of an abbreviation, which I acc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-13T05:33:28.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 43778, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 96533, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How well does bootstrapping approximate the sampling distribution of an estimator?\", \"Tags\": \"<bootstrap><simulation><resampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Having recently studied bootstrap, I came up with a conceptual question that still puzzles me:</p\", \"AccountId\": 2988635.0, \"DisplayName\": \"KevinKim\", \"Location\": \"USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a phd student in Operations Research. I studied measure theory and probability theory. Then \"}, {\"Id\": 74529, \"PostId\": 141999, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@ttnphns In my experience, \\\"multiple choice\\\" is generally used to mean \\\"selecting only one of the av\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-29T09:54:11.613000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 74529, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142035, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which test to use for a simple multiple-choice question?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I asked 200 people a multiple-choice question with four possible answer options and received the \", \"AccountId\": 8137254.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Remster\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20410, \"PostId\": 93857, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I like the PPS. That's important. A related word of warning: If an intervention is undertaken partly\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-31T11:19:00.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20410, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 93658, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For the purposes of hypothesis testing, I often find that the simpler approach is the best. </p>\\n\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12300, \"OwnerUserId\": 12300, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Paired t-test when each data point was repeatedly measured different number of times?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><t-test><paired-comparisons>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have an existing data set that comes from the same group of people before and after they receiv\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-13T03:21:14.810000\", \"AccountId\": 2037988.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arctic\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3117327.0, \"DisplayName\": \"amoeba\", \"Location\": \"St. Petersburg ⇨ Freiburg ⇨ London ⇨ Lisboa ⇨ Tübingen\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Born but to die, and reas'ning but to err.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 92299, \"PostId\": 164315, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There seems to be quite a big difference between what the question is asking, and what additional in\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-15T20:37:17.130000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 92299, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 164331, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Negative association in correlation and regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><self-study><correlation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>If my research study is about a negative association between risk and performance, it is expected\", \"AccountId\": 9446013.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mehtar Akbar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 82278, \"PostId\": 160931, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Do you know if the population being sampled from is normally distributed?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-25T20:22:59.443000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82278, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 163463, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Formula for calculating the confidence level of a given confidence interval\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say I have a sample size of 36 with a sample mean of 115 and sample standard deviation of 45. I'm\", \"AccountId\": 54639.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Randy Minder\", \"Location\": \"Ohio\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Azure Data Architect / Business Intelligence / Tabular Modeling / Power BI</p>\\n\\n<p>Significant ex\"}, {\"Id\": 74915, \"PostId\": 142350, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks. I thought the downvote was a bit harsh (it wasn't me) but some of the language choices in th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-01T22:07:00.920000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 74915, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 142287, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The short answer is, yes. What line goes best through the middle of all points that comprise the\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 74864, \"OwnerUserId\": 74864, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142371, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can simple linear regression be done without using plots and linear algebra?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><intuition>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm completely blind and come from a programming background.</p>\\n\\n<p>What I'm trying to do is to \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-01T12:36:16.763000\", \"AccountId\": 479626.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Parham Doustdar\", \"Location\": \"Frankrijkkade, Almere, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.parhamdoustdar.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a completely blind programmer who gets a kick out of solving problems so that people can live\"}], \"AccountId\": 8164142.0, \"DisplayName\": \"butte\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20217, \"PostId\": 92110, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A related question with more focus on why chi-squared goodness of fit test can be used to test if da\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-24T10:12:37.533000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20217, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 92117, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does a goodness of fit test use the chi square distribution rather than the hypothesised distrib\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><chi-squared-test><goodness-of-fit><chi-squared-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a homework(-like) question. I know the answer but don't understand it.</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n\", \"AccountId\": 2546312.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sulawesi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 76107, \"PostId\": 143841, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"However, I know the range of values\\\" ... Do you mean by this that you know the highest and lowest v\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-14T21:48:05.113000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 76107, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating a normal distribution from three order statistics\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><estimation><order-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am interested in predicting a normal distribution, but not sure if this is possible. </p>\\n\\n<p>I\", \"AccountId\": 3530950.0, \"DisplayName\": \"AdrianP.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 263086, \"UserId\": 15972, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Good Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-10-23T21:29:17.193000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 39400, \"PostId\": 88979, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2df35ff6-fefa-4dd9-865e-6b91950d28fa\", \"Text\": \"Pseudo R-squared of averaged model\", \"Comment\": \"better title and remove good afternoon\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-20T17:54:46.497000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 39400, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pseudo R-squared of averaged model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><model><r-squared>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on model averaging of data collected about bird species and habitat vegetation. I ha\", \"AccountId\": 5204711.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lindsay Hunt\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 93101, \"PostId\": 165314, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1d29bbe3-fda9-444f-abc0-6bfc696bd566\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><classification>\", \"Comment\": \"add classification tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-23T05:15:25.850000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 93101, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Choosing Machine Learning Algorithm for categorical variables with many levels?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification><many-categories>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The data set has around 40 variables and 50,000+ rows. Target variable is categorical with 3 lev\", \"AccountId\": 9496034.0, \"DisplayName\": \"GD_N\", \"Location\": \"United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>"Live Free Or Die Hard"</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 120626, \"PostId\": 120626, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"182418bd-ec60-404c-8195-fa4157654abe\", \"Text\": \"You might like to follow Dougherty's *Introduction to Econometrics*, perhaps considering for now tha\", \"Comment\": \"remove misleading sentence\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-04T20:36:51.583000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 120601, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You might like to follow Dougherty's <em>Introduction to Econometrics</em>, perhaps considering f\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 35995, \"OwnerUserId\": 35995, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 120608, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation between OLS estimators for intercept and slope\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><least-squares><estimators>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In a simple regression model, </p>\\n\\n<p>$$ y = \\\\beta_0 + \\\\beta_1 x + \\\\varepsilon, $$</p>\\n\\n<p>the O\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-08T10:57:13.613000\", \"AccountId\": 4441196.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Richard Hardy\", \"Location\": \"Europe\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ph.D., associate professor with work experience in finance.</p>\\n<p>Interests: financial econometr\"}]}, {\"Id\": 92932, \"PostId\": 92932, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c1c9dcdf-6104-4542-9c1e-9fd15639799b\", \"Text\": \"The line graphs would probably be easier to interpret if you took a rolling seven-day, fourteen-day \", \"Comment\": \"add graphs\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-03T10:33:56.527000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 92924, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The line graphs would probably be easier to interpret if you took a rolling seven-day, fourteen-d\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 92924, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user61997\", \"Title\": \"Displaying three pieces of information on a graph\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Note: 50 points of raw data are attached now.</p>\\n</blockquote>\\n\\n<p>I want to disp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-03T09:31:49.547000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 63795, \"PostId\": 139986, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d7b82d07-c3f6-46e7-bba0-e5a236355136\", \"Text\": \"<fisher><history>\", \"Comment\": \"add history tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-14T17:54:03.663000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 63795, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 211045, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What were the main statistical contributions of Ronald Fisher?\", \"Tags\": \"<history><ronald-fisher>\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://www.edge.org/conversation/who-is-the-greatest-biologist-of-all-time\\\" rel=\\\"norefe\", \"AccountId\": 7298804.0, \"DisplayName\": \"WCMC\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 45140, \"PostId\": 114323, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4e2a1721-cc2a-43d8-aa3a-8e120b8a4299\", \"Text\": \"How to use the Cholesky decomposition, or an alternative, for correlated data simulation\", \"Comment\": \"edit as per comment\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-04T16:00:22.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 45140, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 114327, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to use the Cholesky decomposition, or an alternative, for correlated data simulation\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><random-generation><cholesky-decomposition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I use Cholesky decomposition to simulate correlated random variables given a correlation matrix. \", \"AccountId\": 4757969.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eli Korvigo\", \"Location\": \"St. Petersburg\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>MSc in Biology. Applied Mathematics PhD student.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 107396, \"PostId\": 107396, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1919eac4-640c-4258-a3a8-bde61e4a41ca\", \"Text\": \"Judging from your attitude to a significant result, are you sure you *really* want to be performing \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-29T20:05:13.810000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 107394, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Judging from your attitude to a significant result, which you seem keen to avoid, are you sure yo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15838, \"OwnerUserId\": 15838, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Non-parametric tests in big data scenario\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><nonparametric><bootstrap><large-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have two populations A and B , with sizes $n_1$ and $n_2$ respectively, where both $n_1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T18:27:25.193000\", \"AccountId\": 1011087.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cmo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 83276, \"PostId\": 152999, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a912afd3-daf7-4e8a-be5a-d4950f644f30\", \"Text\": \"One such energy function is,\\r\\n\\r\\n> $$ E(x) = \\\\sum_{i} \\\\theta_{i}(x_i) \\\\hspace{0.5em} + \\\\hspace{0.5em}\", \"Comment\": \"formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-07T17:22:50.893000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 83276, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 125470, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>One such energy function is,</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>$$ E(x) = \\\\sum_{i} \\\\theta_{i}(x_i) \\\\hspace{0.\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 61937, \"OwnerUserId\": 61937, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 152999, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"CRF or MRF energy functions for image segmentation\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><image-processing><signal-processing><image-segmentation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently working on image segmentation for the purposes of computer vision. I have read man\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-20T08:55:29.190000\", \"AccountId\": 6963892.0, \"DisplayName\": \"RCountZero\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3538323.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kmario23\", \"Location\": \"Deutschland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://kmario23.github.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journeyman\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Journeyman</a> in <a\"}, {\"Id\": 143150, \"PostId\": 217321, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7d59048f-555a-4bc6-89aa-6f7807290a40\", \"Text\": \"I'll answer because I don't have enough points to comment.\\r\\n\\r\\n1. The benefit to partitioning. When \", \"Comment\": \"formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-09T05:00:05.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 143150, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 210134, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'll answer because I don't have enough points to comment.</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li><p>The benefit to partit\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 133541, \"OwnerUserId\": 133541, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 217321, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Explanation about resample_partition in R\", \"Tags\": \"<linear-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I hope this is the correct place to ask:</p>\\n\\n<p>I am trying to learn linear regression. When I r\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-21T18:02:36.233000\", \"AccountId\": 2570693.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bagus Trihatmaja\", \"Location\": \"Denpasar, Indonesia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://plummy.web.id\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Have an interest in Arduino, Rails, PostgreSQL, and iOS apps. I also do C# projects.</p>\\n\"}], \"AccountId\": 5880295.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Harlan Nelson\", \"Location\": \"Warren, NJ\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p></p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 123163, \"PostId\": 123163, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f42ca8af-a52b-4911-bdd8-c8bba6599d70\", \"Text\": \"There are [several different flavours of stationarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_proc\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-29T22:41:07.567000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 123159, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_process\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">se\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 60491, \"OwnerUserId\": 60491, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 123163, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can a time series be stationary if the formula for the mean level depends on $t$?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><stationarity>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I just started working on time series with the book from Brockwell and Davis. I'm still not that \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-29T21:35:36.433000\", \"AccountId\": 4093633.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alfons Ingomar\", \"Location\": \"Frankfurt, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 321615, \"PostId\": 321615, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a9816e49-1c0f-4b77-8cb7-472aaf1564e0\", \"Text\": \"Super-boring answer - normal approximation or simulation or even just crunching the exact answer num\", \"Comment\": \"way with less convolutions\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-28T09:57:18.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 321339, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The following answer is a bit boring but seems to be the only one to date that contains the genui\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 321339, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 321343, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user239903\", \"Title\": \"Probability that number of heads exceeds sum of die rolls\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><hypothesis-testing><expected-value><dice>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> denote the sum of dots we see in <span class=\\\"math-co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-25T23:08:58.840000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 43844, \"PostId\": 96622, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"beefac83-dbf0-4c6f-96f3-cbdb52b52f2f\", \"Text\": \"I'm interested in comparing two independent proportions from two samples. The formula for doing so i\", \"Comment\": \"tidy up\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-14T07:59:41.427000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 43844, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 96633, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Solving formula for confidence intervals on two proportions\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><confidence-interval><binomial-distribution><proportion>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm interested in comparing two independent proportions from two samples. The formula for doing s\", \"AccountId\": 3230353.0, \"DisplayName\": \"deschen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 179718, \"PostId\": 179718, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9a3b3640-5345-43de-a64a-86d8ca961690\", \"Text\": \"You are conflating two types of \\\"error\\\" term.\\r\\n\\r\\nIn an OLS regression, the residuals (your estimates\", \"Comment\": \"add modelling details and add DGP idea\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-22T00:31:28.810000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 179716, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You are conflating two types of \\\"error\\\" term. Wikipedia actually has an article devoted to this d\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 54566, \"OwnerUserId\": 54566, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 179718, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can the regression error term ever be correlated with the explanatory variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The first sentence of this <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogeneity_(econometrics)\\\" rel\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-02T20:36:34.667000\", \"AccountId\": 1699354.0, \"DisplayName\": \"denizen of the north\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 136450, \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 136304, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>To fit $\\\\hat y = b_1 + b_2 x$ by OLS we minimise the residual sum of squares, $RSS = \\\\sum_{i=1}^n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-09T15:59:22.357000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 70116, \"OwnerUserId\": 70116, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 136450, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does the sum of residuals equal 0 from a graphical perspective?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><least-squares><residuals><linear>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've seen the proof for why in least squares regression the sum of residuals is always equal to 0\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-08T02:15:15.500000\", \"AccountId\": 1597005.0, \"DisplayName\": \"charlieshades\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 200780, \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 200778, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You are curious about whether your value of $r$ is \\\"too high\\\" — it seems you think that, as\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-13T10:09:46.833000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 128995, \"OwnerUserId\": 128995, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pearson correlation between a variable and its square\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><linear><pearson-r>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here is my R code to get familiarised with Pearson's correlation. I generate values of $X$ from 1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-13T09:02:33.500000\", \"AccountId\": 11542204.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MonsieurPou\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2013-07-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 595039, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 161436, \"VoteTypeId\": 15, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-21T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 89804, \"PostId\": 161436, \"UserId\": 89804, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"316d5d82-db15-4cfe-8c87-c8fc785f3428\", \"Text\": \"Yes that will work to give you an answer, but it will not help with any confidence intervals. \\r\\n\\r\\nFY\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-21T19:43:43.597000\", \"AccountId\": 9235806.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user131901\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"Id\": 62052, \"AccountId\": 7162681.0, \"DisplayName\": \"qg_jinn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-21T20:58:02.727000\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 135210, \"UserId\": 62052, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-10-21T22:52:53.380000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 125412, \"PostId\": 125412, \"UserId\": 62052, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c2ba4e2a-d693-4b61-8242-997e4480d4c2\", \"Text\": \"<regression><nonparametric>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-21T21:10:26.617000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Would it work to repeat input samples to fake/approximate weights for kernel regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><nonparametric>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm a non-statistician trying to do a nonparametric kernel regression (1 input variable, 1 output\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 454474, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 125412, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-21T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 411642, \"PostId\": 125412, \"UserId\": 62052, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c2ba4e2a-d693-4b61-8242-997e4480d4c2\", \"Text\": \"I'm a non-statistician trying to do a nonparametric kernel regression (1 input variable, 1 output va\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-21T21:10:26.617000\"}, {\"Id\": 411641, \"PostId\": 125412, \"UserId\": 62052, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c2ba4e2a-d693-4b61-8242-997e4480d4c2\", \"Text\": \"Would it work to repeat input samples to fake/approximate weights for kernel regression?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-21T21:10:26.617000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 161436, \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 125412, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Yes that will work to give you an answer, but it will not help with any confidence intervals. </p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-21T19:43:43.597000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 15972, \"PostId\": 161436, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think this is probably intended as a comment on the question rather than an answer in its own righ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-19T14:13:29.520000\", \"AccountId\": 2135506.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Silverfish\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Some of my more interesing answers, not necessary most upvoted:</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"http://stats.sta\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 60448, \"PostId\": 123155, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Welcome to CV! I suggest you replace \\\"follows a normal distribution\\\" with \\\"approaches a normal distr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-29T12:35:14.067000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 60448, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 123152, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Well the sample mean $\\\\bar{X}$ approaches a normal distribution with mean $\\\\mu$ and variance $\\\\fr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 41098, \"OwnerUserId\": 41098, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 123155, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clarification on central limit theorem\", \"Tags\": \"<central-limit-theorem>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I found this definition of central limit theorem in the book: Intro to probability and statistics\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-20T21:40:11.583000\", \"AccountId\": 205758.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Victor\", \"Location\": \"Toronto, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Java developer, working on enterprise systems</p>\\n\"}], \"AccountId\": 4937424.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jacob Westman\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 86765, \"PostId\": 157434, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This question is somewhat unclear, it would be helpful to see what your graph actually looks like - \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-18T10:02:36.470000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86765, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What distribution should my data on sales follow\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><distribution-identification>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm a chain store and have many stores across the country that all sell a particular shampoo prod\", \"AccountId\": 2538636.0, \"DisplayName\": \"maths\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 58478, \"PostId\": 120136, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Tim Because there is a *pedagogical* aspect to this question (for example, one example of a \\\"good\\\" \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-31T07:47:53.370000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58478, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What are some good datasets to learn basic machine learning algorithms and why?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><dataset>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am new to machine learning and looking for some datasets through which i can compare and contr\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 223260, \"PostId\": 120136, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think questions about data sets from a pedagogical point of view are definitely on-topic here: e.g\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-31T15:01:45.647000\"}], \"AccountId\": 84460.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bunny Rabbit\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 48892, \"PostId\": 155809, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It isn't clear to me what kind of guidance or feedback you are asking for, could you clarify? You mi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-08T07:45:05.133000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 48892, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 156433, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"calculate properly statistical moments with stratified sample data\", \"Tags\": \"<survey><moments><stratification><survey-weights>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have problems of how to calculate properly the third and fourth order moments: my data is a str\", \"AccountId\": 3758670.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mmngreco\", \"Location\": \"Madrid, España\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://mmngreco.tumblr.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>An economist who learned to program.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 43683, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Glen_b If we are naming it after the form of the test statistic, rather than the null distribution,\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 43682, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Does that mean they just test the same hypothesis/are useful in the same situation\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15806, \"OwnerUserId\": 15806, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 43683, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Equivalence of Mann-Whitney U-test and t-test on ranks\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test><wilcoxon-mann-whitney-test><ranks>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What does it mean when people say that a <em>t</em>-test performed on ranked data is equivalent t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T02:06:10.923000\", \"AccountId\": 2495808.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jimj\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\"}, {\"Id\": 45129, \"PostId\": 98724, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Incidentally: The true *p*-value isn't really zero, but it rounds to 0.000 to 3 decimal places. It i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-04T12:12:31.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 45129, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to interpret zero P value\", \"Tags\": \"<p-value>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am doing a research on factors affecting job satisfaction, I got the following result with a ze\", \"AccountId\": 1632426.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dhanuka777\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 95118, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"the Latex dollars have struck again! (Nice answer by the way.)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 503, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 95112, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Expanding a little on @glen_b 's good answer: Usually the mean (as a measure of central tendency)\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9603, \"OwnerUserId\": 9603, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Standard deviation to describe variation in positively skewed data?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><standard-deviation><quantiles><skewness>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm wondering how useful the standard deviation is when applied to positively skewed data? The st\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-09T19:28:15.217000\", \"AccountId\": 1147919.0, \"DisplayName\": \"luciano\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 101623, \"OwnerUserId\": 9603, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to describe statistics in one sentence?\", \"Tags\": \"<definition>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When I first started learning statistics, procedures like the t-test, ANOVA, chi-squared and line\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-05T21:32:12.420000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 947, \"OwnerUserId\": 947, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 101623, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Statistics is the mathematical science that allows you to figure out if the difference between se\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-16T21:32:57.667000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 101638, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The hover text over the downvote arrow states \\\"this answer is not useful.\\\" I find it interesting--an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 98548, \"PostId\": 301336, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In other words, your answer is \\\"Google the answer!\\\"\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-07T15:24:50.457000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 98548, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 301330, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You are describing three random variables (<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$C_{supplier}$</span>, <s\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 23840, \"OwnerUserId\": 23840, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do you calculate the probability associated with each possible sum of the numbers expressible by\", \"Tags\": \"<probability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose you want to plot the probability distribution that you will make money manufacturing widg\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-17T16:37:37.203000\", \"AccountId\": 2611917.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hal\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 9704086.0, \"DisplayName\": \"suckrates\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 203005, \"PostId\": 274250, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Check `compute_AIC`: it's completely wrong.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-12T15:53:22.183000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203005, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Code incorrectly determines that a poor fit is a good fit\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><goodness-of-fit><nonlinear-regression><aic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to find the best polynomial fit for a set of data. It calculates the AIC for each poly\", \"AccountId\": 10631594.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sangstar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Eager to learn!</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 9374, \"PostId\": 27450, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How exactly is the \\\"intervention\\\" reflected in the data? How can one identify \\\"increases\\\" in good a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-27T05:24:04.783000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9374, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 27490, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Am I using the wrong statistical test?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance><chi-squared-test><descriptive-statistics><effect-size\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using $\\\\chi^2$ to analyze a set of data gathered over 4 time periods. The two variables are \", \"AccountId\": 1604196.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user12234\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 31979, \"PostId\": 271742, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, but replace the old in what sense? To make any inference we need a basis for comparing two suc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-18T18:50:38.893000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 31979, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to assess \\\"reliability\\\" for a non-stationary time series compared to a reference\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><correlation><inference><reliability><methodology>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two arterial pressure measurement devices, one of which is the reference. My goal is to as\", \"AccountId\": 2688671.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Raoul\", \"Location\": \"Geneva, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Currently doing some research at the University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland, I am a\"}, {\"Id\": 3147, \"PostId\": 15986, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Nobody would want to know the distribution of $T_i$ precisely because it's so nasty. That's because\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-05-31T18:44:20.667000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3147, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Standard error of sample standard deviation of proportions\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><binomial-distribution><standard-deviation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I recently started reading Gelman and Hill's, \\\"Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hier\", \"AccountId\": 122502.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Curious2learn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 52194, \"PostId\": 52194, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"JohnRos The difference between prediction and estimation lies in their targets: estimation is about \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T21:05:08.097000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 52187, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>In a typical problem of statistics it is ... a <em>class</em> of laws [which is spec\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 4948, \"OwnerUserId\": 4948, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 52194, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does \\\"Inference\\\" include estimation or only testing?\", \"Tags\": \"<inference><terminology>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does the term \\\"statistical inference\\\" include only hypothesis testing or does it also include poi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-20T14:13:02.617000\", \"AccountId\": 160072.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JohnRos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.john-ros.com\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 20260, \"PostId\": 186796, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You will need over 900 GB Ram to store the results (potentially half that if your matrix is symmetri\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-25T17:59:39.857000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20260, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pseudoinverse of large sparse matrix in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><matrix><svd><sparse>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to calculate the pseudoinverse of a large sparse matrix in R using the singular value\", \"AccountId\": 2900780.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Paul\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Computer Science PhD student at Dartmouth's Thayer School, M.Sc. in financial math from The Coura\"}, {\"Id\": 155, \"PostId\": 5317, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(+1) Good advice in light of the OP's comment to @Peter Flom's response.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-20T02:56:34.160000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 155, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 5292, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>From your follow up response to Peter Flom's question, it sounds like you might be better served \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 652, \"OwnerUserId\": 652, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 5296, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Look and you shall find (a correlation)\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><multiple-comparisons><permutation-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have several hundred measurements. Now, I am considering utilizing some kind of software to cor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-12T08:08:39.040000\", \"AccountId\": 54619.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 60581.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jeromy Anglim\", \"Location\": \"Melbourne, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://jeromyanglim.blogspot.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology at Deakin University bridging I/O psychology a\"}, {\"Id\": 129213, \"PostId\": 200986, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"See https://stats.stackexchange.com/search?tab=votes&q=normal%20quadratic%20form%20chi for various a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-15T10:37:13.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 129213, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution of $(n-2)MSres/\\\\sigma^2$ in simple linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><residuals><linear><sums-of-squares>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In simple linear regression, it was proved that $(n-2)MS_{RES}/\\\\sigma^2$ follows a $\\\\chi^2_{n-2}$\", \"AccountId\": 11087355.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sudhanshu Vashisth\", \"Location\": \"Mumbai, Maharashtra, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 37662, \"PostId\": 98330, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Aksakal Right, you got it. (Although invoking the Radon-Nikodym derivative isn't quite right, since\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-14T18:58:54.273000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 37662, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 98340, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sum of iid random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><random-variable><iid>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X_1, X_2,...,X_n$ be iid random variables. Let $Z_1, Z_2, Z_3$ be defined as $X_1, X_1+X_2, \", \"AccountId\": 2259211.0, \"DisplayName\": \"statBeginner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 239462, \"PostId\": 314522, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I have declined the flags on the comments by @Aksakal because it is difficult to read them as anythi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-26T14:24:25.927000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 239462, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 314539, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Crime Statistics Analysis: how to properly compare apples to apples?\", \"Tags\": \"<inference><predictor><endogeneity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>first this is non-partisan. Now, I have heard a lot of people in the news using certain simple st\", \"AccountId\": 15254222.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Trying ToLearn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 6162, \"PostId\": 31597, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you, Stéphane: it is now much clearer after your explanation.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-08T10:04:43.493000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6162, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence interval about a multivariate normal probability\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><normal-distribution><multivariate-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>From a given sample $x_i \\\\underset{\\\\mathrm{iid}}{\\\\sim} {\\\\cal N}(\\\\mu, \\\\sigma^2)$ it is possible to\", \"AccountId\": 1109341.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stéphane Laurent\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://laustep.github.io/stlahblog/\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 302042, \"PostId\": 161436, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think it's a fine answer but it merely reaffirms something the OP suspects. It would be much more\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-21T20:24:45.917000\"}, {\"Id\": 26845, \"PostId\": 133937, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Could you explain the distinction between \\\"number of questionnaires\\\" and \\\"sample size\\\"? Describing t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-04T20:12:24.243000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26845, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"number of questionnaires and sample size\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><anova><experiment-design><survey><descriptive-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there any correlation between number of questionnaires used in a study and the sample size in \", \"AccountId\": 3966839.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user39531\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 244230, \"PostId\": 323405, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Your question about $n-1\\\\gt p$ is asked and answered at https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/60\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-21T02:29:13.567000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 244230, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 323408, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Prove that sample covariance matrix is positive definite\", \"Tags\": \"<inference><covariance-matrix><estimators><linear-algebra><matrix-decomposition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$p \\\\times p$</span> sample covariance matrix:</p>\\n<p><s\", \"AccountId\": 19341318.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 5934, \"PostId\": 273112, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"For an actual example of that, see the statistics on top-scoring individuals in the annual [Putnam c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-21T19:02:44.330000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5934, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The distribution of the attribute vs the measuring tool?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume an attribute is normally distributed. \\nAssume we sample from the top 5% of that distributi\", \"AccountId\": 1122413.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joel W.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 28729, \"PostId\": 28729, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"User1137731, I would caution you, adding my voice to that of @Memming, not to use this as an estimat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-20T14:27:10.200000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 28704, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The <a href=\\\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_information\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer\\\">Mutual Information\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9801, \"OwnerUserId\": 9801, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Question about calculating mutual information\", \"Tags\": \"<mutual-information>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two vectors $x,y \\\\in \\\\mathbb{R}.$ Based on the count and vector length I can compute $p(x)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-19T22:49:48.497000\", \"AccountId\": 1157510.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1137731\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am interested in applied statistics and machine learning.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 2351, \"PostId\": 2351, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(1) You're right about the low power, but the problem here (it seems to me) is that there is no grad\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-09T12:57:35.380000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 2346, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>No, this is not possible, because a finite sample of size $n$ cannot reliably distinguish between\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 586, \"OwnerUserId\": 586, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 2351, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Test for finite variance?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><variance><central-limit-theorem>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is it possible to test for finiteness (or existence) of the variance of a random variable given a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-06T18:53:54.717000\", \"AccountId\": 54988.0, \"DisplayName\": \"shabbychef\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://twitter.com/shabbychef\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>matlh + stats hacker, faking it in R; father of boys; HCSSiM alum, CMU grad, postdoc survivor; fo\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 122413, \"PostId\": 122413, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dbae95b3-dd0f-4d3f-9d95-288b27316cc6\", \"Text\": \"Consider this alternative description of the same algorithm:\\r\\n\\r\\n1. Generate iid $X_1, X_2, X_3$ with\", \"Comment\": \"added 439 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-22T19:58:22.680000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 122350, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Consider this alternative description of the same algorithm:</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li><p>Generate iid $X_1, \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 59971, \"OwnerUserId\": 59971, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Generating a sample from Epanechnikov's kernel\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><kernel-smoothing><rejection-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I am really struggling with this problem and could use some help.</p>\\n\\n<p>Consider the Epanech\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-22T12:12:52.510000\", \"AccountId\": 6995521.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cga007\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 537264, \"PostId\": 161436, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 33, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"efbf80a9-78d0-422e-9c6c-663a16a4c221\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"4175\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-21T20:23:09.150000\"}, {\"Id\": 35813, \"PostId\": 136005, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 19, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9e5dc7cd-d9a1-443c-9a26-09e76feb1c71\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-05T15:03:28.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 35813, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 136076, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When (if ever) is a frequentist approach substantively better than a Bayesian?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><frequentist><philosophical>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Background</strong>: I do not have an formal training in Bayesian statistics (though I am\", \"AccountId\": 4824356.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jsakaluk\", \"Location\": \"London, ON, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.psychology.uwo.ca/people/faculty/profiles/sakaluk.html\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a social psychologist and assistant professor. Love using R for measurement modeling, meta-a\"}, {\"Id\": 109573, \"PostId\": 109573, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2cf1108a-e379-40df-a62c-752adc5602ad\", \"Text\": \"##Part 1##\\r\\n\\r\\nLet's solve this from first principles and then reflect on what the solution might tea\", \"Comment\": \"added 671 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-20T16:21:47.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 88929, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<h2>Part 1</h2>\\n\\n<p>Let's solve this from first principles and then reflect on what the solution mig\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 38974, \"OwnerUserId\": 38974, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Covariance of a compound distribution?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><conditional-probability><covariance><random-variable><independence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to find the covariance of a compound distribution.</p>\\n<p>Given <span class=\\\"math-con\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-11T22:35:15.620000\", \"AccountId\": 4861557.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joel Sinofsky\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 26630, \"PostId\": 65714, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b3d12925-b077-4874-b0c4-46d7048fedc0\", \"Text\": \"Basically, if $X$ and $Y$ are independent, then also $f(X)$ and $g(X)$ are independent if $f$ and $g\", \"Comment\": \"Spread the TeX across multiple lines for clarity.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-31T10:37:15.477000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 65710, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Basically, if $X$ and $Y$ are independent, then also $f(X)$ and $g(Y)$ are independent if $f$ and\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 26688, \"OwnerUserId\": 26688, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 65714, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the expectation of one random variable divided over another (both independent)?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><random-variable>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have $X,Y$, which are independent random variables. </p>\\n\\n<p>Why is it that $E(\\\\frac{X}\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-01T13:38:51.620000\", \"AccountId\": 3899360.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user123276\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3484957.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Paul Staab\", \"Location\": \"München, Deutschland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://paulstaab.de\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 33675, \"PostId\": 309749, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 11, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a74383f6-93d7-4018-aa39-e9d340406518\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":101426,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"mdewey\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-23T08:05:47.080000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33675, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to assess geographical representativity of a sub-area?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><multinomial-distribution><representative>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My geographical zone <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$A$</span> is subdivided in <span class=\\\"math-c\", \"AccountId\": 4583697.0, \"DisplayName\": \"iago-lito\", \"Location\": \"considering leaving SE\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://github.com/iago-lito\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>'considering leaving</p>\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://writing.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2301/sadly-\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 509540.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sympa\", \"Location\": \"United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.slideshare.net/gaetanlion\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Quantitative professional with expertise in econometrics, statistics, risk management. For past \"}]}]}], \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\"}, {\"Id\": 43778, \"PostId\": 96511, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Chen Jin: \\\"OP\\\" = original poster (i.e. you!). Apologies for the use of an abbreviation, which I acc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-13T05:33:28.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 43778, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 96533, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How well does bootstrapping approximate the sampling distribution of an estimator?\", \"Tags\": \"<bootstrap><simulation><resampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Having recently studied bootstrap, I came up with a conceptual question that still puzzles me:</p\", \"AccountId\": 2988635.0, \"DisplayName\": \"KevinKim\", \"Location\": \"USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a phd student in Operations Research. I studied measure theory and probability theory. Then \"}, {\"Id\": 74529, \"PostId\": 141999, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@ttnphns In my experience, \\\"multiple choice\\\" is generally used to mean \\\"selecting only one of the av\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-29T09:54:11.613000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 74529, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142035, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which test to use for a simple multiple-choice question?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I asked 200 people a multiple-choice question with four possible answer options and received the \", \"AccountId\": 8137254.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Remster\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20410, \"PostId\": 93857, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I like the PPS. That's important. A related word of warning: If an intervention is undertaken partly\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-31T11:19:00.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20410, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 93658, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For the purposes of hypothesis testing, I often find that the simpler approach is the best. </p>\\n\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12300, \"OwnerUserId\": 12300, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Paired t-test when each data point was repeatedly measured different number of times?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><t-test><paired-comparisons>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have an existing data set that comes from the same group of people before and after they receiv\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-13T03:21:14.810000\", \"AccountId\": 2037988.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arctic\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3117327.0, \"DisplayName\": \"amoeba\", \"Location\": \"St. Petersburg ⇨ Freiburg ⇨ London ⇨ Lisboa ⇨ Tübingen\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Born but to die, and reas'ning but to err.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 92299, \"PostId\": 164315, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There seems to be quite a big difference between what the question is asking, and what additional in\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-15T20:37:17.130000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 92299, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 164331, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Negative association in correlation and regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><self-study><correlation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>If my research study is about a negative association between risk and performance, it is expected\", \"AccountId\": 9446013.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mehtar Akbar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 82278, \"PostId\": 160931, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Do you know if the population being sampled from is normally distributed?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-25T20:22:59.443000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82278, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 163463, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Formula for calculating the confidence level of a given confidence interval\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say I have a sample size of 36 with a sample mean of 115 and sample standard deviation of 45. I'm\", \"AccountId\": 54639.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Randy Minder\", \"Location\": \"Ohio\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Azure Data Architect / Business Intelligence / Tabular Modeling / Power BI</p>\\n\\n<p>Significant ex\"}, {\"Id\": 74915, \"PostId\": 142350, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks. I thought the downvote was a bit harsh (it wasn't me) but some of the language choices in th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-01T22:07:00.920000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 74915, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 142287, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The short answer is, yes. What line goes best through the middle of all points that comprise the\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 74864, \"OwnerUserId\": 74864, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142371, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can simple linear regression be done without using plots and linear algebra?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><intuition>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm completely blind and come from a programming background.</p>\\n\\n<p>What I'm trying to do is to \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-01T12:36:16.763000\", \"AccountId\": 479626.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Parham Doustdar\", \"Location\": \"Frankrijkkade, Almere, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.parhamdoustdar.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a completely blind programmer who gets a kick out of solving problems so that people can live\"}], \"AccountId\": 8164142.0, \"DisplayName\": \"butte\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20217, \"PostId\": 92110, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A related question with more focus on why chi-squared goodness of fit test can be used to test if da\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-24T10:12:37.533000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20217, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 92117, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does a goodness of fit test use the chi square distribution rather than the hypothesised distrib\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><chi-squared-test><goodness-of-fit><chi-squared-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a homework(-like) question. I know the answer but don't understand it.</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n\", \"AccountId\": 2546312.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sulawesi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 76107, \"PostId\": 143841, \"UserId\": 15972, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"However, I know the range of values\\\" ... Do you mean by this that you know the highest and lowest v\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-14T21:48:05.113000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 76107, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating a normal distribution from three order statistics\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><estimation><order-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am interested in predicting a normal distribution, but not sure if this is possible. </p>\\n\\n<p>I\", \"AccountId\": 3530950.0, \"DisplayName\": \"AdrianP.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 263086, \"UserId\": 15972, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Good Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-10-23T21:29:17.193000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 39400, \"PostId\": 88979, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2df35ff6-fefa-4dd9-865e-6b91950d28fa\", \"Text\": \"Pseudo R-squared of averaged model\", \"Comment\": \"better title and remove good afternoon\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-20T17:54:46.497000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 39400, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pseudo R-squared of averaged model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><model><r-squared>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on model averaging of data collected about bird species and habitat vegetation. I ha\", \"AccountId\": 5204711.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lindsay Hunt\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 93101, \"PostId\": 165314, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1d29bbe3-fda9-444f-abc0-6bfc696bd566\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><classification>\", \"Comment\": \"add classification tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-23T05:15:25.850000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 93101, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Choosing Machine Learning Algorithm for categorical variables with many levels?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification><many-categories>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The data set has around 40 variables and 50,000+ rows. Target variable is categorical with 3 lev\", \"AccountId\": 9496034.0, \"DisplayName\": \"GD_N\", \"Location\": \"United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>"Live Free Or Die Hard"</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 120626, \"PostId\": 120626, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"182418bd-ec60-404c-8195-fa4157654abe\", \"Text\": \"You might like to follow Dougherty's *Introduction to Econometrics*, perhaps considering for now tha\", \"Comment\": \"remove misleading sentence\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-04T20:36:51.583000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 120601, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You might like to follow Dougherty's <em>Introduction to Econometrics</em>, perhaps considering f\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 35995, \"OwnerUserId\": 35995, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 120608, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation between OLS estimators for intercept and slope\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><least-squares><estimators>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In a simple regression model, </p>\\n\\n<p>$$ y = \\\\beta_0 + \\\\beta_1 x + \\\\varepsilon, $$</p>\\n\\n<p>the O\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-08T10:57:13.613000\", \"AccountId\": 4441196.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Richard Hardy\", \"Location\": \"Europe\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ph.D., associate professor with work experience in finance.</p>\\n<p>Interests: financial econometr\"}]}, {\"Id\": 92932, \"PostId\": 92932, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c1c9dcdf-6104-4542-9c1e-9fd15639799b\", \"Text\": \"The line graphs would probably be easier to interpret if you took a rolling seven-day, fourteen-day \", \"Comment\": \"add graphs\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-03T10:33:56.527000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 92924, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The line graphs would probably be easier to interpret if you took a rolling seven-day, fourteen-d\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 92924, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user61997\", \"Title\": \"Displaying three pieces of information on a graph\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Note: 50 points of raw data are attached now.</p>\\n</blockquote>\\n\\n<p>I want to disp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-03T09:31:49.547000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 63795, \"PostId\": 139986, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d7b82d07-c3f6-46e7-bba0-e5a236355136\", \"Text\": \"<fisher><history>\", \"Comment\": \"add history tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-14T17:54:03.663000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 63795, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 211045, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What were the main statistical contributions of Ronald Fisher?\", \"Tags\": \"<history><ronald-fisher>\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://www.edge.org/conversation/who-is-the-greatest-biologist-of-all-time\\\" rel=\\\"norefe\", \"AccountId\": 7298804.0, \"DisplayName\": \"WCMC\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 45140, \"PostId\": 114323, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4e2a1721-cc2a-43d8-aa3a-8e120b8a4299\", \"Text\": \"How to use the Cholesky decomposition, or an alternative, for correlated data simulation\", \"Comment\": \"edit as per comment\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-04T16:00:22.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 45140, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 114327, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to use the Cholesky decomposition, or an alternative, for correlated data simulation\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><random-generation><cholesky-decomposition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I use Cholesky decomposition to simulate correlated random variables given a correlation matrix. \", \"AccountId\": 4757969.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eli Korvigo\", \"Location\": \"St. Petersburg\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>MSc in Biology. Applied Mathematics PhD student.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 107396, \"PostId\": 107396, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1919eac4-640c-4258-a3a8-bde61e4a41ca\", \"Text\": \"Judging from your attitude to a significant result, are you sure you *really* want to be performing \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-29T20:05:13.810000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 107394, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Judging from your attitude to a significant result, which you seem keen to avoid, are you sure yo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15838, \"OwnerUserId\": 15838, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Non-parametric tests in big data scenario\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><nonparametric><bootstrap><large-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have two populations A and B , with sizes $n_1$ and $n_2$ respectively, where both $n_1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T18:27:25.193000\", \"AccountId\": 1011087.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cmo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 83276, \"PostId\": 152999, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a912afd3-daf7-4e8a-be5a-d4950f644f30\", \"Text\": \"One such energy function is,\\r\\n\\r\\n> $$ E(x) = \\\\sum_{i} \\\\theta_{i}(x_i) \\\\hspace{0.5em} + \\\\hspace{0.5em}\", \"Comment\": \"formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-07T17:22:50.893000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 83276, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 125470, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>One such energy function is,</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>$$ E(x) = \\\\sum_{i} \\\\theta_{i}(x_i) \\\\hspace{0.\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 61937, \"OwnerUserId\": 61937, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 152999, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"CRF or MRF energy functions for image segmentation\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><image-processing><signal-processing><image-segmentation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently working on image segmentation for the purposes of computer vision. I have read man\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-20T08:55:29.190000\", \"AccountId\": 6963892.0, \"DisplayName\": \"RCountZero\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3538323.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kmario23\", \"Location\": \"Deutschland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://kmario23.github.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journeyman\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Journeyman</a> in <a\"}, {\"Id\": 143150, \"PostId\": 217321, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7d59048f-555a-4bc6-89aa-6f7807290a40\", \"Text\": \"I'll answer because I don't have enough points to comment.\\r\\n\\r\\n1. The benefit to partitioning. When \", \"Comment\": \"formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-09T05:00:05.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 143150, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 210134, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'll answer because I don't have enough points to comment.</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li><p>The benefit to partit\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 133541, \"OwnerUserId\": 133541, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 217321, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Explanation about resample_partition in R\", \"Tags\": \"<linear-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I hope this is the correct place to ask:</p>\\n\\n<p>I am trying to learn linear regression. When I r\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-21T18:02:36.233000\", \"AccountId\": 2570693.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bagus Trihatmaja\", \"Location\": \"Denpasar, Indonesia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://plummy.web.id\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Have an interest in Arduino, Rails, PostgreSQL, and iOS apps. I also do C# projects.</p>\\n\"}], \"AccountId\": 5880295.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Harlan Nelson\", \"Location\": \"Warren, NJ\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p></p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 123163, \"PostId\": 123163, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f42ca8af-a52b-4911-bdd8-c8bba6599d70\", \"Text\": \"There are [several different flavours of stationarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_proc\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-29T22:41:07.567000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 123159, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_process\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">se\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 60491, \"OwnerUserId\": 60491, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 123163, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can a time series be stationary if the formula for the mean level depends on $t$?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><stationarity>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I just started working on time series with the book from Brockwell and Davis. I'm still not that \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-29T21:35:36.433000\", \"AccountId\": 4093633.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alfons Ingomar\", \"Location\": \"Frankfurt, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 321615, \"PostId\": 321615, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a9816e49-1c0f-4b77-8cb7-472aaf1564e0\", \"Text\": \"Super-boring answer - normal approximation or simulation or even just crunching the exact answer num\", \"Comment\": \"way with less convolutions\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-28T09:57:18.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 321339, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The following answer is a bit boring but seems to be the only one to date that contains the genui\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 321339, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 321343, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user239903\", \"Title\": \"Probability that number of heads exceeds sum of die rolls\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><hypothesis-testing><expected-value><dice>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> denote the sum of dots we see in <span class=\\\"math-co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-25T23:08:58.840000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 43844, \"PostId\": 96622, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"beefac83-dbf0-4c6f-96f3-cbdb52b52f2f\", \"Text\": \"I'm interested in comparing two independent proportions from two samples. The formula for doing so i\", \"Comment\": \"tidy up\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-14T07:59:41.427000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 43844, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 96633, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Solving formula for confidence intervals on two proportions\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><confidence-interval><binomial-distribution><proportion>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm interested in comparing two independent proportions from two samples. The formula for doing s\", \"AccountId\": 3230353.0, \"DisplayName\": \"deschen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 179718, \"PostId\": 179718, \"UserId\": 15972, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9a3b3640-5345-43de-a64a-86d8ca961690\", \"Text\": \"You are conflating two types of \\\"error\\\" term.\\r\\n\\r\\nIn an OLS regression, the residuals (your estimates\", \"Comment\": \"add modelling details and add DGP idea\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-22T00:31:28.810000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 179716, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You are conflating two types of \\\"error\\\" term. Wikipedia actually has an article devoted to this d\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 54566, \"OwnerUserId\": 54566, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 179718, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can the regression error term ever be correlated with the explanatory variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The first sentence of this <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogeneity_(econometrics)\\\" rel\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-02T20:36:34.667000\", \"AccountId\": 1699354.0, \"DisplayName\": \"denizen of the north\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 136450, \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 136304, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>To fit $\\\\hat y = b_1 + b_2 x$ by OLS we minimise the residual sum of squares, $RSS = \\\\sum_{i=1}^n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-09T15:59:22.357000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 70116, \"OwnerUserId\": 70116, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 136450, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does the sum of residuals equal 0 from a graphical perspective?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><least-squares><residuals><linear>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've seen the proof for why in least squares regression the sum of residuals is always equal to 0\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-08T02:15:15.500000\", \"AccountId\": 1597005.0, \"DisplayName\": \"charlieshades\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 200780, \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 200778, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You are curious about whether your value of $r$ is \\\"too high\\\" — it seems you think that, as\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-13T10:09:46.833000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 128995, \"OwnerUserId\": 128995, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pearson correlation between a variable and its square\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><linear><pearson-r>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here is my R code to get familiarised with Pearson's correlation. I generate values of $X$ from 1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-13T09:02:33.500000\", \"AccountId\": 11542204.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MonsieurPou\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2013-07-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15972, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 595039, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 161436, \"VoteTypeId\": 15, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-21T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 89804, \"PostId\": 161436, \"UserId\": 89804, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"316d5d82-db15-4cfe-8c87-c8fc785f3428\", \"Text\": \"Yes that will work to give you an answer, but it will not help with any confidence intervals. \\r\\n\\r\\nFY\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-21T19:43:43.597000\", \"AccountId\": 9235806.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user131901\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89804, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62052, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":77,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"Id\": 23962, \"AccountId\": 2102192.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CattusNsLuna\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:20:20.057000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 60552, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks a lot! maybe it's what I were looking for! However, I am not an expertise of R, and would you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T15:24:01.647000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 60543, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Package <code>segmented</code> could help you:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Given a linear regression m\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 23637, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"-segmented- will sort of force a breakpoint based on how many you've chosen. I'd check models (using\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-11T18:36:47.237000\", \"AccountId\": 3569641.0, \"DisplayName\": \"charles\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 60022, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"the link is to a biomedical journal article. They often use cut-points to provide clinically useful \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:23:58.757000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can I estimate optimal cut-off using linear regression-models\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><residuals><fitting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>To build two linear regression model, (dependant var : B, independant vars : A1, A2, A3) I have t\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 110642, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@JuneKang I haven't seen something like this. I'm off campus so can't access article. But as someon\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T17:22:17.200000\"}, {\"Id\": 110604, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@charles Thanks, did you saw any previous study adopted this kind of fitting to get optimal cutoff p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T13:39:08.713000\"}, {\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 503, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why do you want to do this? Categorizing variables is not usually a good idea.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 109579, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 503, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why would you do that when you have a continuous measure already? Hardly ever a good idea.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:44:16.040000\"}, {\"Id\": 109580, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 503, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It sounds like a better method might be spline regression; but that article did stuff I don't recomm\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:48:51.630000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 109574, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Dear Peter, I want to calculate the odds ratio and conduct logistic regression with the group based \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:28:57.163000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 195082, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"84c45450-2e53-4641-9e76-fea882e811d7\", \"Text\": \"To build two linear regression model, (dependant var : B, independant vars : A1, A2, A3) I have to s\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:23:58.757000\"}, {\"Id\": 195083, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"84c45450-2e53-4641-9e76-fea882e811d7\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression><residuals><fitting>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:23:58.757000\"}, {\"Id\": 195084, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"84c45450-2e53-4641-9e76-fea882e811d7\", \"Text\": \"How can I estimate optimal cut-off using linear regression-models\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:23:58.757000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 32067, \"PostId\": 85934, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"the trees in random forests are not pruned, so will you get a probability from each classifier? unle\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-20T14:19:30.050000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 32067, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 121093, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Polling vs averaging in Random Forest models\", \"Tags\": \"<random-forest><mathematical-statistics><ensemble-learning>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Why is it that for Random Forest we take the average vote from each classifier in the ensemble ra\", \"AccountId\": 381859.0, \"DisplayName\": \"andrew\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 61056, \"PostId\": 61056, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(1) you can do it by self-code: http://www.r-bloggers.com/r-for-ecologists-putting-together-a-piecew\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T14:11:27.717000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 61049, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Nothing unique to R was done for graph. From my reading they a priori decided on the cut-point, w\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 111808, \"PostId\": 61056, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@charls, Thanks, but unfortunately, it's from actual dataset. containing A,B,C,D,E. I did segmented \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T14:30:55.983000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 230616, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 61056, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-05T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 198645, \"PostId\": 61056, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"03c32d76-26f5-4cbf-8102-084579b634dd\", \"Text\": \"Nothing unique to R was done for graph. From my reading they a priori decided on the cut-point, whic\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T14:11:27.717000\"}, {\"Id\": 198649, \"PostId\": 61056, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7c7a207f-6e5e-4ebc-9622-d93959f4a119\", \"Text\": \"Nothing unique to R was done for graph. From my reading they a priori decided on the cut-point, whic\", \"Comment\": \"added 110 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T14:16:39.730000\"}, {\"Id\": 198653, \"PostId\": 61056, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5b6ac45a-884f-4156-865d-8ce018d141ea\", \"Text\": \"Nothing unique to R was done for graph. From my reading they a priori decided on the cut-point, whic\", \"Comment\": \"added 103 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T14:28:40.970000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 61049, \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 61056, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to make linear regression model while 'control' confounding variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><data-visualization><residuals>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have data from survey, and \\nTrying to build a linear regression model using R like\\nA~ B\\nhowever\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T13:31:46.130000\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 60976, \"RelatedPostId\": 61049, \"PostId\": 60976, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:24:14.097000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 60984, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimate specific y value in linear multiple regression using R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to find specific y value of fitted regression model using specific x value.</p>\\n\\n<p>f\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 15827, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 15827, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It's possible in any statistical software. Just multiply. The result will also depend on Z and W. Ot\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T13:57:54.467000\", \"AccountId\": 2038743.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nick Cox\", \"Location\": \"Durham, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work mostly with environmental data, secondarily with social science data. My interests include\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 111616, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 15827, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think you need to make the question much clearer. It's not clear what statistical question you hav\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:43:03.310000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 198357, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 15827, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d72a50d6-0298-4085-b04c-d2c2336523fe\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to find specific y value of fitted regression model using specific x value.\\r\\n\\r\\nfor examp\", \"Comment\": \"multiple not multivariate\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:31:15.623000\"}, {\"Id\": 198358, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 15827, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d72a50d6-0298-4085-b04c-d2c2336523fe\", \"Text\": \"Estimate specific y value in linear multiple regression using R\", \"Comment\": \"multiple not multivariate\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:31:15.623000\"}, {\"Id\": 198359, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 15827, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d72a50d6-0298-4085-b04c-d2c2336523fe\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression>\", \"Comment\": \"multiple not multivariate\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:31:15.623000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 111612, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@NickCox Not just seeking R code. Yes, It's silly question when I try to get Y with specific X, Z, a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:36:16.460000\"}, {\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Unless $b$ and $c$ are both zero, June, $y$ could be *anything.* You have to make some restrictive a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\"}, {\"Id\": 111615, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber Thanks. the regression line is estimated from an actual dataset. Should I simply have to put\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:42:54.563000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 198352, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94b60cb4-f7ff-4145-97b9-b1adf26d76cb\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to find specific y value of fitted regression model using specific x value.\\r\\n\\r\\nfor examp\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:24:14.097000\"}, {\"Id\": 198353, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94b60cb4-f7ff-4145-97b9-b1adf26d76cb\", \"Text\": \"Estimate specific y value in linear multivariate regression using R\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:24:14.097000\"}, {\"Id\": 198354, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94b60cb4-f7ff-4145-97b9-b1adf26d76cb\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression><multivariate-regression>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:24:14.097000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 60984, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 60976, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You have a linear model with 3 predictors:</p>\\n\\n<p>$y=a_0+a_1x_1+a_2x_2+a_3x_3$</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>#\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T16:09:03.470000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 111792, \"PostId\": 60984, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks a lot! However, What I want to do have more than 3 variables, and want to just 'control' vari\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T13:34:36.580000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 230248, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 60984, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 229770, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 60984, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 230173, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 60984, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 9047, \"PostId\": 60984, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cac9fa57-c4a4-4916-989a-c934122f4d67\", \"Text\": \"You have a linear model with 3 predictors:\\r\\n\\r\\n$y=a_0+a_1x_1+a_2x_2+a_3x_3$\\r\\n\\r\\n #example with the \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-08T08:24:26.433000\", \"AccountId\": 1509604.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Roland\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a soil ecologist and R user.</p>\\n\\n<hr>\\n\\n<p>Note that comments can be edited by moderators. T\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 283609, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The package contains functions for linear regression (`gls` to fit linear models with generalized le\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 283586, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Nonlinear mixed effects models are nonlinear in the same sense that \\\"<a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 283586, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 283609, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user217194\", \"Title\": \"How is nlme package in R \\\"non-linear\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><lme4-nlme><generalized-estimating-equations>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Why is the package nlme non-linear?\\nIs it non-linear in the sense that gee is non-linear because \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-16T23:13:10.603000\"}], \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\"}, {\"Id\": 8074, \"PostId\": 168148, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is that an `mgcv::gam` or a `gam::gam`? I'm pretty sure they use both different optimizers than `glm\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-17T14:34:53.120000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8074, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why would gam() and glm() give different results when no spline terms are included?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model><generalized-additive-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a strange issue where the results of <code>gam()</code> and <code>glm()</code> differ even\", \"AccountId\": 1235662.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Marc in the box\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://menugget.blogspot.com/\", \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 152317, \"OwnerUserId\": 8074, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 152457, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to calculate the confidence interval of the x-intercept in a linear regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><confidence-interval><bootstrap><inverse-prediction>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Since standard error of a linear regression is usually given for the response variable, I'm wonde\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-01T08:15:38.267000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 152341, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 152317, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would recommend bootstrapping the residuals:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>library(boot)\\n\\nset.seed(42)\\nsims &\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-01T12:10:33.147000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 504168, \"PostId\": 152341, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9c5b8965-6a86-4dd0-b44a-da84918af86a\", \"Text\": \"I would recommend bootstrapping the residuals:\\r\\n\\r\\n library(boot)\\r\\n \\r\\n set.seed(42)\\r\\n sim\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-01T12:10:33.147000\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 60031, \"PostId\": 148586, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"adjust the p values\\\" How did you derive the p-values? What kind of test did you conduct?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-23T06:09:35.020000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 60031, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Stuart Brown\", \"Title\": \"Multiple comparisons - adjusting p values when some variables are correlated\", \"Tags\": \"<r><false-discovery-rate>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working with 400+ variables (mostly 2D gel data) across 2 conditions for which I've calculate\", \"AccountId\": 7000010.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stuart Brown\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 133404, \"PostId\": 208864, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Where does OP say that they have a time series?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-20T17:42:53.453000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 133404, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 208860, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<ul>\\n<li>If you want to use your model for forecasting, having significant coefficients should not b\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 132323, \"OwnerUserId\": 132323, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 208864, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Linear regression to predict the dependent variable\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><prediction><r-squared><predictor>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have posted the summary of my model below. My predictor variable is significant. However, the $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-11T19:49:16.430000\", \"AccountId\": 10862986.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ychaulagain\", \"Location\": \"United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 11812339.0, \"DisplayName\": \"soheil\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 61752, \"PostId\": 125132, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you don't have more data, I would not create a graph. It would be a waste of space.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-17T10:22:15.327000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 61752, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Plotting results having only mean and standard deviation\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><standard-deviation><mean><descriptive-statistics><barplot>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to visualize an appropriate plot for the observations in this table of means and stan\", \"AccountId\": 5517474.0, \"DisplayName\": \"l..\", \"Location\": \"Tuvalu\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 74137, \"PostId\": 219251, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"Because if you check the numbers you will confirm that these lines are not calculated only based on\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-24T11:40:25.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 74137, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Effect plot with lme model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><lme4-nlme><panel-data><effects>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am building a mixed-effects model with nlme package.</p>\\n\\n<p>The output of the model is as seen\", \"AccountId\": 8108289.0, \"DisplayName\": \"GiannisZ\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 123239, \"PostId\": 235222, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A linear regression model is defined as $\\\\mathbf{y} = X\\\\boldsymbol\\\\beta + \\\\boldsymbol\\\\varepsilon$ wh\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-25T15:54:34.587000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 123239, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 235336, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can I still use Linear Regression assumptions test on a linear model with a Polynomial variable\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><multiple-regression><linear-model><nonlinear-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a multivariate linear model (y=x1+x2) which gives me the following results when using R's \", \"AccountId\": 3747420.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Riddle-Master\", \"Location\": \"Malta\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 111817, \"PostId\": 61049, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"As long as you don't define what you mean by \\\"want to just 'control' variables\\\" you won't get an ans\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T15:13:03.090000\"}, {\"Id\": 63939, \"PostId\": 63939, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I would probably report the model coefficients and their standard errors on the transformed scale an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-14T12:14:03.960000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 63931, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>When in doubt, simulate:</p>\\n<pre><code>#some data\\nset.seed(42)\\nn <- 1e4\\ny1 <- rpois(n, 10)\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 13210, \"OwnerUserId\": 13210, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 63939, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"std errors in poisson glm\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model><poisson-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>With this data:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>ds <- data.frame(y=1:10,z=rep(c(\\\"A\\\",\\\"B\\\"),each=5))\\n</code></pre\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-12-15T23:55:07.347000\", \"AccountId\": 1391584.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1322296\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 13958, \"PostId\": 60179, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The population covariance is your `C` divided by n.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-16T16:57:15.680000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13958, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 60181, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating correlation coefficient\", \"Tags\": \"<r><correlation><covariance>\", \"Body\": \"<pre><code>a <- c(10,11)\\nb <- c(2,3)\\n</code></pre>\\n\\n<p>The covariance (<code>C</code>) between\", \"AccountId\": 1389252.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1320502\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 120805, \"PostId\": 193072, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is this time series data? If you have a control treatment you probably should just fit a generalized\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-06T02:43:44.520000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 120805, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Help with accuracy of measurements (maybe normalisation?)\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><correlation><generalized-linear-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I have a large data set regarding honeybees. I have three measurements, activity count, intern\", \"AccountId\": 11053713.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matt\", \"Location\": \"New Zealand\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 188335, \"PostId\": 188335, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"1. I find your plot strange. Consider plotting `ggplot(dfOne, aes(x = one, y = three)) +\\n geom_poin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-28T11:50:48.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58121, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 188372, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fitting splines using mgcv\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><generalized-additive-model><splines><mgcv>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following example, where I fit a spline to a simple data set using the <code>mgcv</cod\"}, {\"Id\": 180014, \"PostId\": 250278, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When fitting a model, you are interested in the distribution of your DV conditional on the regressor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-09T14:07:28.603000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 180014, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fitting a uniform distributed dependent variable with glmer in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><lme4-nlme>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have an experimental design with a continous dependent variable (DV), and two factors A and B, \", \"AccountId\": 13601686.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Gian Marco \", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 176012, \"PostId\": 326350, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't speak tidyverse. What's wrong with good old package boot? `library(boot); \\nset.seed(872); \\nm\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-02T03:05:58.620000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 176012, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 326362, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating a statistic via linear regression for a bootstrap procedure in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><bootstrap>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am interested in finding the interval estimate of the mean of my response variable when the pre\", \"AccountId\": 14458643.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user222266\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 158747, \"PostId\": 227863, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What is your goal? If you don't know anything about the processes generating these variables you sho\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-17T07:20:41.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 158747, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 227922, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variable Transformation to find Regression Parameters\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><data-transformation><nonlinear-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to solve a nonlinear regression model $y=\\\\alpha*\\\\exp(\\\\beta)$ using a linear regression mod\", \"AccountId\": 11893655.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Phi Lipp\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 237038, \"PostId\": 311652, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The t-tests and the F-tests don't test the same hypotheses ... I suggest you write down the tested h\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-02T22:29:26.150000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 237038, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Non-Significant T-tests but significant F-Test, even though my VIF is generally low\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><anova><multiple-regression><t-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For my linear regression, I have response variable and two predictors. My second predictor is an \", \"AccountId\": 15352999.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dav\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 34910, \"PostId\": 90450, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This is common in analytical chemistry (where known values of the standards are used as x-values and\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-17T23:15:12.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 34910, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why inverse of 'predict' function in R can not be used for dependent variable prediction in linear m\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><predictive-models><inverse-prediction>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When a regression is calculated with a simple linear model that returns intercept and slope for a\", \"AccountId\": 4758740.0, \"DisplayName\": \"USER_1\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data scientist and computational biologist.</p>\\n\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 310786, \"UserId\": 9047, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Announcer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-07-06T12:19:45.487000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 196911, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f3b314e6-3de8-4b43-a0c1-c8f5ae638a09\", \"Text\": \"Package `segmented` could help you:\\r\\n\\r\\n> Given a linear regression model (of class \\\"lm\\\" or \\\"glm\\\"), s\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T15:24:01.647000\"}, {\"Id\": 196912, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1f38e7c1-6705-4a63-8a54-dca4fcec1bdd\", \"Text\": \"Package `segmented` could help you:\\r\\n\\r\\n> Given a linear regression model (of class \\\"lm\\\" or \\\"glm\\\"), s\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T15:29:15.637000\"}, {\"Id\": 66919, \"PostId\": 66919, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2944b58f-f254-4b44-89bf-b45a0428d5e0\", \"Text\": \"You should use a model framework that allows you to model the different variation in males and femal\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-18T10:15:14.520000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 66884, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You should use a model framework that allows you to model the different variation in males and fe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 25971, \"OwnerUserId\": 25971, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 66919, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Linearly Regressing Pooled Data\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to regress some simple pooled data. My data has 60 observations and three columns: Wei\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-19T16:36:14.970000\", \"AccountId\": 2667745.0, \"DisplayName\": \"N4v\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 174441, \"PostId\": 174441, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5decd8d9-db79-4e72-a1e9-04d80c0576c9\", \"Text\": \"`kruskal.test` applies a correction for ties as described [in this Wikipedia article](https://en.wik\", \"Comment\": \"added 210 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-09T14:46:39.653000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 174438, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><code>kruskal.test</code> applies a correction for ties as described <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 101730, \"OwnerUserId\": 101730, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 174441, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Slight inconsistency between the Kruskal-Wallis built-in R function and manual calculation\", \"Tags\": \"<r><kruskal-wallis-test><ties>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm confused by the following, and I haven't been able to dig up the answer elsewhere. </p>\\n\\n<p>I\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-09T13:48:58.327000\", \"AccountId\": 9753884.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MSR\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 85738, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 85716, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Just put everything in one model:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>library(reshape2)\\ndat1 <- melt(dat, id.vars=\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-12T13:52:50.803000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 37459, \"OwnerUserId\": 37459, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Compare linear regression models (same and different response variable)\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><linear-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>How can I (1) compare two linear models between years and (2) Can I compare 2 models with differe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-10T09:28:10.733000\", \"AccountId\": 4469939.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sarah Brown\", \"Location\": \"Leeds, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 68351, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 68340, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>lmerTest basically offers a bunch of convenience functions on top of lme4. The actual important s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-05T16:06:14.010000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 27281, \"OwnerUserId\": 27281, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 68351, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Do I have to cite 'lme4' when using 'lmerTest'?\", \"Tags\": \"<r>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using <code>lmerTest</code> to run linear mixed models (LMM) to get the p-values. However, i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-11T12:45:34.717000\", \"AccountId\": 3988366.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3288202\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 26656, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 26650, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Sounds to me like you should use a mixed effects model. Function <code>lmer()</code> in package <\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-12T07:44:55.260000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7919, \"OwnerUserId\": 7919, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 26656, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to nest in a generalized linear model in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model><nested-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 108 counts taken from 36 field points. I took three counts from each point at different ti\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-10T02:06:19.843000\", \"AccountId\": 1392596.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Juan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a biology student that have a lot to learn about statistics.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 57691, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 58379, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Construct confidence interval of the mean for auto-correlated data\", \"Tags\": \"<r><confidence-interval><mean><autocorrelation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I feel like I'm missing something obvious, but here we go. I have auto-correlated data measured i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-17T07:52:01.927000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2013-04-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 230083, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 61049, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 230054, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 61049, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 198628, \"PostId\": 61049, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"77bd2440-d72c-4415-a3d6-57d8580d0fd8\", \"Text\": \"I have data from survey, and \\r\\nTrying to build a linear regression model using R like\\r\\nA~ B\\r\\nhowever\", \"Comment\": \"added 413 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T13:38:20.203000\"}, {\"Id\": 198623, \"PostId\": 61049, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4f5fe966-74fb-4690-a504-eafb225788da\", \"Text\": \"I have data from survey, and \\r\\nTrying to build a linear regression model using R like\\r\\nA~ B\\r\\nhowever\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T13:31:46.130000\"}, {\"Id\": 198624, \"PostId\": 61049, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4f5fe966-74fb-4690-a504-eafb225788da\", \"Text\": \"How to make linear regression model while 'control' confounding variables?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T13:31:46.130000\"}, {\"Id\": 198625, \"PostId\": 61049, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4f5fe966-74fb-4690-a504-eafb225788da\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression><data-visualization><residuals>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T13:31:46.130000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 23484, \"PostId\": 61067, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16419238/splitting-rules-in-mvpart-vs-rpart\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-07T17:44:32.547000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23484, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R mvpart - splitting index\", \"Tags\": \"<r><references><cart>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need to understand what <code>mvpart</code> is doing. Which index does it use as a splitting cr\", \"AccountId\": 3551139.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Clementina\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24880, \"PostId\": 61892, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't use R. I assume model2 = intercept through the origin. Why would you do this? I'm sure there\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-14T19:48:21.900000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24880, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpreting intercepts in mixed effect model with categorical predictors\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><categorical-data><interpretation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Trying to fit a linear mixed effects model with 2 categorical predictors (group & worker) whe\", \"AccountId\": 365462.0, \"DisplayName\": \"andy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24752, \"PostId\": 61641, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(1) the matrix notation is cut-and-past from textbook definition of regression. It doesn't convey an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-11T15:18:33.523000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24752, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 61853, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Weighted least squares for energy data\", \"Tags\": \"<least-squares><weighted-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to do a weighted multiple least squares regression on utility data.\\nBasically I have \", \"AccountId\": 2993255.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Julien Marrec\", \"Location\": \"Lorient, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.effibem.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Energy engineer/Building Energy Modeling (BEM) professional, Founder of <a href=\\\"http://www.effib\"}, {\"Id\": 110823, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think it is the exact same as the univariate model. You create the multivariate model (m.model=lm(\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-28T18:36:06.710000\"}, {\"Id\": 19626, \"PostId\": 68725, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(1) not sure I have great ideas (2) would consider modeling as change from baseline. Recode readings\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-06T11:56:36.970000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19626, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"lagged covariate or time series for analyzing change over time in Hgb (limited observations) in the \", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><time-varying-covariate>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to test whether changes in Hemoglobin (Hgb) levels over time can help diagnose Myelodyspla\", \"AccountId\": 2773490.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2387584\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 26643, \"PostId\": 82927, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"a good answer might be very long. I'll just add (1) ROC curves are used in practice. Good to be awar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-31T15:10:04.337000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26643, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Unbalanced dataset - ROC curve to compare classifiers?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification><roc><weka><model-evaluation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I use the machine learning software <code>WEKA</code> for data mining on biological data. I would\", \"AccountId\": 3164845.0, \"DisplayName\": \"aldorado\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 59430, \"PostId\": 59430, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A. training and feature selection happen on the same test. Feature selection is conceptually thought\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-12T18:04:24.743000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 59410, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are a few issues. Hopefully something will be useful. I should say these are opinions, and \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 22631, \"OwnerUserId\": 22631, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 59431, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to divide feature set for selection and training\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><svm><feature-selection><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have training data with 260 observations that have a total of 7 classes. Each observation has 1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-12T10:23:19.300000\", \"AccountId\": 2143607.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sohaib I\", \"Location\": \"Munich, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://in.linkedin.com/in/sohaibiftikhar\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 30778, \"PostId\": 86154, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I would add: Steyerberg *Clinical Predication Models* has an excellent - and very readable/non-techn\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-22T15:44:33.497000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 86147, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I would recommend <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/124979/investigating-interac\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 37833, \"OwnerUserId\": 37833, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Backward selection for Cox model using R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><cox-model><stepwise-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to perform an exploratory Cox regression analysis of medical data using R. I am practicing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-17T21:25:55.193000\", \"AccountId\": 5046209.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Gurkenhals\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3771174.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alexis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alexisdinno.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>Alexis Dinno</strong> is a social epidemiologist at the Oregon Health & Science Unive\"}, {\"Id\": 18447, \"PostId\": 59631, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"yes. -rpart- and -party- are the two packages I've used for CART (http://cran.r-project.org/web/pack\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-29T19:19:38.213000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18447, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Procedure for finding boundaries\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><threshold>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a data set of two variables as class and test score. Where class is a classification made \", \"AccountId\": 2788815.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Amin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a PhD student in Educational Measurement and use Mathematica and R for programming. My main a\"}, {\"Id\": 110730, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There a few examples on the web: http://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews/Rnews_2008-1.pdf and http:\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-28T04:22:01.930000\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 138188, \"UserId\": 23637, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-11-11T18:44:49.573000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 59394, \"PostId\": 59394, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9be1fd80-8b5d-486c-9fb4-c7137c27a8cc\", \"Text\": \"This should be a comment, but I'm still trying to work out how to do that on this site.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you've\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-12T04:30:21.920000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 59390, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This should be a comment, but I'm still trying to work out how to do that on this site.</p>\\n\\n<p>I\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 18207, \"OwnerUserId\": 18207, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"finding an optimal subgroup of binary indicators\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><feature-selection>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>My dependent variable is continuous variable that measures the (potential) success of a person in\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-22T19:48:31.437000\", \"AccountId\": 2082880.0, \"DisplayName\": \"amit\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 272263, \"PostId\": 272263, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7e993804-491a-4e40-8133-629443f9d31d\", \"Text\": \"A recent [paper][1] used OPTICS reachability plot prior to clustering to determine the clustering me\", \"Comment\": \"added 470 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-25T21:14:03.280000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 272288, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"OPTICS reachability plot and clustering method\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A recent <a href=\\\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2733996)\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noref\"}, {\"Id\": 48256, \"PostId\": 103881, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b24a34fc-2672-4bb0-a095-25b913ac126d\", \"Text\": \"<classification><binary><unbalanced-classes><boosting><ensemble-learning>\", \"Comment\": \"improved tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-28T01:11:16.450000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 48256, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 103889, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Skewed Classification Problem\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><unbalanced-classes><boosting><ensemble-learning>\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I've read around and seen this is a problem. I have a classification problem and 12 variables \", \"AccountId\": 4428419.0, \"DisplayName\": \"koala_man_fan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 61064, \"PostId\": 61064, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"df50934a-f9ed-4333-80fa-692e08dbc3ae\", \"Text\": \"Lots could be said here. gung had the best most concise answer. But to add... \\r\\n(1) `If the cu\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T16:32:33.987000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 61062, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Lots could be said here. gung had the best most concise answer. But to add...<br>\\n(1) <code>If th\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20572, \"OwnerUserId\": 20572, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 61066, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Methods / approach to improve the predictive accuracy of a logistic regression model\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><predictive-models><references><scoring-rules>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>The situation:</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>I have a logistic model that should predict a defect (<co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-06T12:24:36.237000\", \"AccountId\": 1016437.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Frank\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>B.Sc. Business Informatics</p>\\n\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 74603, \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 9822, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>(1) You're right the weighting function doesn't work and not sure if it has ever been fixed.</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-12T02:16:04.260000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 1485, \"OwnerUserId\": 1485, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 10576, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"For classification with Random Forests in R, how should one adjust for imbalanced class sizes?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><machine-learning><random-forest>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am exploring different classification methods for a project I am working on, and am interested \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-12-04T05:45:06.040000\", \"AccountId\": 70594.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ialm\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<h1>SOreadytohelp</h1>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 59396, \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 59384, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Some thoughts. Hopefully something here is useful, but feel you've thought of all of this already\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-12T05:10:27.573000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 14111, \"OwnerUserId\": 14111, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Logistic Regression and how to judge model fit and parameter influence\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><multicollinearity>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to show statistical significant impact of about 15 different independent variable on a bin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-22T14:36:47.713000\", \"AccountId\": 1325158.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 59955, \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 59833, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I think there are a few approaches. I haven't looked at them all and not sure which is the best:<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T03:02:45.903000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16665, \"OwnerUserId\": 16665, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 59955, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Robust regression inference and Sandwich estimators\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><lm><sandwich>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can you give me an example of the use of sandwich estimators in order to perform robust regressio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-09T11:06:49.033000\", \"AccountId\": 2339529.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Remi.b\", \"Location\": \"Lausanne, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 67515, \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 67493, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Still don't have a good grasp of what you're looking for. But if you're comparing binary classifi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-25T14:22:04.467000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9074, \"OwnerUserId\": 9074, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing predictions from models\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><prediction><binary-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm wondering how to compare the predictions of three different models - a logit, a probit and a \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T13:06:49.613000\", \"AccountId\": 1554733.0, \"DisplayName\": \"abaumann\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Civil servant at the City of Copenhagen.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 69965, \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 69852, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I don't think categorical variables are an issue. This is fairly easily handled by most statistic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-23T18:25:44.677000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 29236, \"OwnerUserId\": 29236, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 76143, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predicting based upon categorical data and one numeric datatype\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><logistic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to determine what variables from this sample data would be best predictors for CallH\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-21T19:48:11.210000\", \"AccountId\": 3069654.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2600629\", \"Location\": \"Milwaukee, WI, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 110817, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@charles Thanks so much again. However, what I want to do is adopting this to multivariate regressio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-28T17:17:09.310000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 230116, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 60552, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 228296, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 60552, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 228332, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 60552, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 60543, \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 60552, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding optimal cutoff point with two linear regression models\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><multiple-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to get an optimal cut-off value dividing group with minimum sums of squares of residu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T13:38:06.443000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 10060, \"PostId\": 60543, \"UserId\": 10060, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think the article says it pretty clearly. One may write a syntax to name a cut point, run the two \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-02T18:48:06.957000\", \"AccountId\": 1643640.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Penguin_Knight\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hello! When I'm not catching fishies I love to hack into the Antarctic research base's wifi, chec\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 196885, \"PostId\": 60543, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"152829bc-e1c1-4413-a839-335499fc1f69\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to get an optimal cut-off value dividing group with minimum sums of squares of residuals\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T13:38:06.443000\"}, {\"Id\": 196886, \"PostId\": 60543, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"152829bc-e1c1-4413-a839-335499fc1f69\", \"Text\": \"Finding optimal cutoff point with two linear regression models\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T13:38:06.443000\"}, {\"Id\": 196887, \"PostId\": 60543, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC 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\"22aab26d-bc67-44d6-a585-815b1e664b85\", \"Text\": \"<mixed-model><spss><effect-size><power>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-17T09:38:20.757000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is there any possible method to calculate effect size in mixed models?\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><multilevel-analysis><effect-size>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I run MIXED command for mixed model analysis of repeated measured data.\\nHowever, there is no opti\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 427880, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 94426, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-10T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 94426, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"f43db43e-f672-4189-9da2-07b5727fc876\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\"}, {\"Id\": 12544, \"PostId\": 94426, \"UserId\": 12544, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a1bb302a-e666-4a52-9516-d0742b40db00\", \"Text\": \"I run MIXED command for mixed model analysis of repeated measured data.\\r\\nHowever, there is no option\", \"Comment\": \"Removed SPSS reference, this is a general mixed model problem.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-21T21:55:31.517000\", \"AccountId\": 980225.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jeremy Miles\", \"Location\": \"Los Angeles, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://jeremymiles.co.uk\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Opinions and errors stated here are mine, not my employer's.</p>\\n<p>Sometimes I know what I'm tal\"}, {\"Id\": 307236, \"PostId\": 94426, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"22aab26d-bc67-44d6-a585-815b1e664b85\", \"Text\": \"I run MIXED command for mixed model analysis of repeated measured data.\\r\\nHowever, there is no option\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-17T09:38:20.757000\"}, {\"Id\": 307237, \"PostId\": 94426, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"22aab26d-bc67-44d6-a585-815b1e664b85\", \"Text\": \"Is there any possible method to calculate effect size in SPSS mixed model?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-17T09:38:20.757000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 99045, \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 94426, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I found myself two options.\\nOne is calculation based on correlation, based on the book of Rosenth\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-08T05:08:50.307000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 605574, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 99045, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-12T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 495473, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 99045, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-04T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 322779, \"PostId\": 99045, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dd580045-0593-4e7a-b147-1a6d2e38af2a\", \"Text\": \"I found myself two options.\\r\\nOne is calculation based on correlation, based on the book of Rosenthal\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-08T05:08:50.307000\"}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": 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{\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-01-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"Id\": 23962, \"AccountId\": 2102192.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CattusNsLuna\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:20:20.057000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 60552, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks a lot! maybe it's what I were looking for! However, I am not an expertise of R, and would you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T15:24:01.647000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 60543, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Package <code>segmented</code> could help you:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Given a linear regression m\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 23637, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"-segmented- will sort of force a breakpoint based on how many you've chosen. I'd check models (using\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-11T18:36:47.237000\", \"AccountId\": 3569641.0, \"DisplayName\": \"charles\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 60022, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"the link is to a biomedical journal article. They often use cut-points to provide clinically useful \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:23:58.757000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can I estimate optimal cut-off using linear regression-models\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><residuals><fitting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>To build two linear regression model, (dependant var : B, independant vars : A1, A2, A3) I have t\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 110642, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@JuneKang I haven't seen something like this. I'm off campus so can't access article. But as someon\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T17:22:17.200000\"}, {\"Id\": 110604, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@charles Thanks, did you saw any previous study adopted this kind of fitting to get optimal cutoff p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T13:39:08.713000\"}, {\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 503, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why do you want to do this? Categorizing variables is not usually a good idea.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 109579, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 503, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why would you do that when you have a continuous measure already? Hardly ever a good idea.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:44:16.040000\"}, {\"Id\": 109580, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 503, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It sounds like a better method might be spline regression; but that article did stuff I don't recomm\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:48:51.630000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 109574, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Dear Peter, I want to calculate the odds ratio and conduct logistic regression with the group based \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:28:57.163000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 195082, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"84c45450-2e53-4641-9e76-fea882e811d7\", \"Text\": \"To build two linear regression model, (dependant var : B, independant vars : A1, A2, A3) I have to s\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:23:58.757000\"}, {\"Id\": 195083, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"84c45450-2e53-4641-9e76-fea882e811d7\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression><residuals><fitting>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:23:58.757000\"}, {\"Id\": 195084, \"PostId\": 60022, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"84c45450-2e53-4641-9e76-fea882e811d7\", \"Text\": \"How can I estimate optimal cut-off using linear regression-models\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T17:23:58.757000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 32067, \"PostId\": 85934, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"the trees in random forests are not pruned, so will you get a probability from each classifier? unle\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-20T14:19:30.050000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 32067, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 121093, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Polling vs averaging in Random Forest models\", \"Tags\": \"<random-forest><mathematical-statistics><ensemble-learning>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Why is it that for Random Forest we take the average vote from each classifier in the ensemble ra\", \"AccountId\": 381859.0, \"DisplayName\": \"andrew\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 61056, \"PostId\": 61056, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(1) you can do it by self-code: http://www.r-bloggers.com/r-for-ecologists-putting-together-a-piecew\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T14:11:27.717000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 61049, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Nothing unique to R was done for graph. From my reading they a priori decided on the cut-point, w\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 111808, \"PostId\": 61056, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@charls, Thanks, but unfortunately, it's from actual dataset. containing A,B,C,D,E. I did segmented \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T14:30:55.983000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 230616, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 61056, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-05T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 198645, \"PostId\": 61056, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"03c32d76-26f5-4cbf-8102-084579b634dd\", \"Text\": \"Nothing unique to R was done for graph. From my reading they a priori decided on the cut-point, whic\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T14:11:27.717000\"}, {\"Id\": 198649, \"PostId\": 61056, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7c7a207f-6e5e-4ebc-9622-d93959f4a119\", \"Text\": \"Nothing unique to R was done for graph. From my reading they a priori decided on the cut-point, whic\", \"Comment\": \"added 110 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T14:16:39.730000\"}, {\"Id\": 198653, \"PostId\": 61056, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5b6ac45a-884f-4156-865d-8ce018d141ea\", \"Text\": \"Nothing unique to R was done for graph. From my reading they a priori decided on the cut-point, whic\", \"Comment\": \"added 103 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T14:28:40.970000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 61049, \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 61056, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to make linear regression model while 'control' confounding variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><data-visualization><residuals>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have data from survey, and \\nTrying to build a linear regression model using R like\\nA~ B\\nhowever\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T13:31:46.130000\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 60976, \"RelatedPostId\": 61049, \"PostId\": 60976, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:24:14.097000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 60984, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimate specific y value in linear multiple regression using R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to find specific y value of fitted regression model using specific x value.</p>\\n\\n<p>f\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 15827, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 15827, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It's possible in any statistical software. Just multiply. The result will also depend on Z and W. Ot\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T13:57:54.467000\", \"AccountId\": 2038743.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nick Cox\", \"Location\": \"Durham, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work mostly with environmental data, secondarily with social science data. My interests include\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 111616, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 15827, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think you need to make the question much clearer. It's not clear what statistical question you hav\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:43:03.310000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 198357, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 15827, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d72a50d6-0298-4085-b04c-d2c2336523fe\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to find specific y value of fitted regression model using specific x value.\\r\\n\\r\\nfor examp\", \"Comment\": \"multiple not multivariate\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:31:15.623000\"}, {\"Id\": 198358, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 15827, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d72a50d6-0298-4085-b04c-d2c2336523fe\", \"Text\": \"Estimate specific y value in linear multiple regression using R\", \"Comment\": \"multiple not multivariate\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:31:15.623000\"}, {\"Id\": 198359, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 15827, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d72a50d6-0298-4085-b04c-d2c2336523fe\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression>\", \"Comment\": \"multiple not multivariate\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:31:15.623000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 111612, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@NickCox Not just seeking R code. Yes, It's silly question when I try to get Y with specific X, Z, a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:36:16.460000\"}, {\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Unless $b$ and $c$ are both zero, June, $y$ could be *anything.* You have to make some restrictive a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\"}, {\"Id\": 111615, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber Thanks. the regression line is estimated from an actual dataset. Should I simply have to put\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:42:54.563000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 198352, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94b60cb4-f7ff-4145-97b9-b1adf26d76cb\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to find specific y value of fitted regression model using specific x value.\\r\\n\\r\\nfor examp\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:24:14.097000\"}, {\"Id\": 198353, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94b60cb4-f7ff-4145-97b9-b1adf26d76cb\", \"Text\": \"Estimate specific y value in linear multivariate regression using R\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:24:14.097000\"}, {\"Id\": 198354, \"PostId\": 60976, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94b60cb4-f7ff-4145-97b9-b1adf26d76cb\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression><multivariate-regression>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T14:24:14.097000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 60984, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 60976, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You have a linear model with 3 predictors:</p>\\n\\n<p>$y=a_0+a_1x_1+a_2x_2+a_3x_3$</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>#\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T16:09:03.470000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 111792, \"PostId\": 60984, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks a lot! However, What I want to do have more than 3 variables, and want to just 'control' vari\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T13:34:36.580000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 230248, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 60984, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 229770, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 60984, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 230173, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 60984, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 9047, \"PostId\": 60984, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cac9fa57-c4a4-4916-989a-c934122f4d67\", \"Text\": \"You have a linear model with 3 predictors:\\r\\n\\r\\n$y=a_0+a_1x_1+a_2x_2+a_3x_3$\\r\\n\\r\\n #example with the \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-08T08:24:26.433000\", \"AccountId\": 1509604.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Roland\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a soil ecologist and R user.</p>\\n\\n<hr>\\n\\n<p>Note that comments can be edited by moderators. T\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 283609, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The package contains functions for linear regression (`gls` to fit linear models with generalized le\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 283586, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Nonlinear mixed effects models are nonlinear in the same sense that \\\"<a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 283586, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 283609, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user217194\", \"Title\": \"How is nlme package in R \\\"non-linear\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><lme4-nlme><generalized-estimating-equations>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Why is the package nlme non-linear?\\nIs it non-linear in the sense that gee is non-linear because \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-16T23:13:10.603000\"}], \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\"}, {\"Id\": 8074, \"PostId\": 168148, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is that an `mgcv::gam` or a `gam::gam`? I'm pretty sure they use both different optimizers than `glm\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-17T14:34:53.120000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8074, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why would gam() and glm() give different results when no spline terms are included?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model><generalized-additive-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a strange issue where the results of <code>gam()</code> and <code>glm()</code> differ even\", \"AccountId\": 1235662.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Marc in the box\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://menugget.blogspot.com/\", \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 152317, \"OwnerUserId\": 8074, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 152457, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to calculate the confidence interval of the x-intercept in a linear regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><confidence-interval><bootstrap><inverse-prediction>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Since standard error of a linear regression is usually given for the response variable, I'm wonde\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-01T08:15:38.267000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 152341, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 152317, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would recommend bootstrapping the residuals:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>library(boot)\\n\\nset.seed(42)\\nsims &\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-01T12:10:33.147000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 504168, \"PostId\": 152341, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9c5b8965-6a86-4dd0-b44a-da84918af86a\", \"Text\": \"I would recommend bootstrapping the residuals:\\r\\n\\r\\n library(boot)\\r\\n \\r\\n set.seed(42)\\r\\n sim\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-01T12:10:33.147000\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 60031, \"PostId\": 148586, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"adjust the p values\\\" How did you derive the p-values? What kind of test did you conduct?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-23T06:09:35.020000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 60031, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Stuart Brown\", \"Title\": \"Multiple comparisons - adjusting p values when some variables are correlated\", \"Tags\": \"<r><false-discovery-rate>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working with 400+ variables (mostly 2D gel data) across 2 conditions for which I've calculate\", \"AccountId\": 7000010.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stuart Brown\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 133404, \"PostId\": 208864, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Where does OP say that they have a time series?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-20T17:42:53.453000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 133404, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 208860, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<ul>\\n<li>If you want to use your model for forecasting, having significant coefficients should not b\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 132323, \"OwnerUserId\": 132323, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 208864, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Linear regression to predict the dependent variable\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><prediction><r-squared><predictor>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have posted the summary of my model below. My predictor variable is significant. However, the $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-11T19:49:16.430000\", \"AccountId\": 10862986.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ychaulagain\", \"Location\": \"United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 11812339.0, \"DisplayName\": \"soheil\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 61752, \"PostId\": 125132, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you don't have more data, I would not create a graph. It would be a waste of space.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-17T10:22:15.327000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 61752, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Plotting results having only mean and standard deviation\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><standard-deviation><mean><descriptive-statistics><barplot>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to visualize an appropriate plot for the observations in this table of means and stan\", \"AccountId\": 5517474.0, \"DisplayName\": \"l..\", \"Location\": \"Tuvalu\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 74137, \"PostId\": 219251, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"Because if you check the numbers you will confirm that these lines are not calculated only based on\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-24T11:40:25.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 74137, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Effect plot with lme model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><lme4-nlme><panel-data><effects>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am building a mixed-effects model with nlme package.</p>\\n\\n<p>The output of the model is as seen\", \"AccountId\": 8108289.0, \"DisplayName\": \"GiannisZ\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 123239, \"PostId\": 235222, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A linear regression model is defined as $\\\\mathbf{y} = X\\\\boldsymbol\\\\beta + \\\\boldsymbol\\\\varepsilon$ wh\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-25T15:54:34.587000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 123239, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 235336, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can I still use Linear Regression assumptions test on a linear model with a Polynomial variable\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><multiple-regression><linear-model><nonlinear-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a multivariate linear model (y=x1+x2) which gives me the following results when using R's \", \"AccountId\": 3747420.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Riddle-Master\", \"Location\": \"Malta\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 111817, \"PostId\": 61049, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"As long as you don't define what you mean by \\\"want to just 'control' variables\\\" you won't get an ans\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T15:13:03.090000\"}, {\"Id\": 63939, \"PostId\": 63939, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I would probably report the model coefficients and their standard errors on the transformed scale an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-14T12:14:03.960000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 63931, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>When in doubt, simulate:</p>\\n<pre><code>#some data\\nset.seed(42)\\nn <- 1e4\\ny1 <- rpois(n, 10)\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 13210, \"OwnerUserId\": 13210, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 63939, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"std errors in poisson glm\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model><poisson-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>With this data:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>ds <- data.frame(y=1:10,z=rep(c(\\\"A\\\",\\\"B\\\"),each=5))\\n</code></pre\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-12-15T23:55:07.347000\", \"AccountId\": 1391584.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1322296\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 13958, \"PostId\": 60179, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The population covariance is your `C` divided by n.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-16T16:57:15.680000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13958, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 60181, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating correlation coefficient\", \"Tags\": \"<r><correlation><covariance>\", \"Body\": \"<pre><code>a <- c(10,11)\\nb <- c(2,3)\\n</code></pre>\\n\\n<p>The covariance (<code>C</code>) between\", \"AccountId\": 1389252.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1320502\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 120805, \"PostId\": 193072, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is this time series data? If you have a control treatment you probably should just fit a generalized\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-06T02:43:44.520000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 120805, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Help with accuracy of measurements (maybe normalisation?)\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><correlation><generalized-linear-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I have a large data set regarding honeybees. I have three measurements, activity count, intern\", \"AccountId\": 11053713.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matt\", \"Location\": \"New Zealand\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 188335, \"PostId\": 188335, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"1. I find your plot strange. Consider plotting `ggplot(dfOne, aes(x = one, y = three)) +\\n geom_poin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-28T11:50:48.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58121, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 188372, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fitting splines using mgcv\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><generalized-additive-model><splines><mgcv>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following example, where I fit a spline to a simple data set using the <code>mgcv</cod\"}, {\"Id\": 180014, \"PostId\": 250278, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When fitting a model, you are interested in the distribution of your DV conditional on the regressor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-09T14:07:28.603000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 180014, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fitting a uniform distributed dependent variable with glmer in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><lme4-nlme>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have an experimental design with a continous dependent variable (DV), and two factors A and B, \", \"AccountId\": 13601686.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Gian Marco \", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 176012, \"PostId\": 326350, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't speak tidyverse. What's wrong with good old package boot? `library(boot); \\nset.seed(872); \\nm\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-02T03:05:58.620000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 176012, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 326362, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating a statistic via linear regression for a bootstrap procedure in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><bootstrap>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am interested in finding the interval estimate of the mean of my response variable when the pre\", \"AccountId\": 14458643.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user222266\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 158747, \"PostId\": 227863, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What is your goal? If you don't know anything about the processes generating these variables you sho\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-17T07:20:41.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 158747, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 227922, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variable Transformation to find Regression Parameters\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><data-transformation><nonlinear-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to solve a nonlinear regression model $y=\\\\alpha*\\\\exp(\\\\beta)$ using a linear regression mod\", \"AccountId\": 11893655.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Phi Lipp\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 237038, \"PostId\": 311652, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The t-tests and the F-tests don't test the same hypotheses ... I suggest you write down the tested h\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-02T22:29:26.150000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 237038, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Non-Significant T-tests but significant F-Test, even though my VIF is generally low\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><anova><multiple-regression><t-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For my linear regression, I have response variable and two predictors. My second predictor is an \", \"AccountId\": 15352999.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dav\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 34910, \"PostId\": 90450, \"UserId\": 9047, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This is common in analytical chemistry (where known values of the standards are used as x-values and\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-17T23:15:12.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 34910, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why inverse of 'predict' function in R can not be used for dependent variable prediction in linear m\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><predictive-models><inverse-prediction>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When a regression is calculated with a simple linear model that returns intercept and slope for a\", \"AccountId\": 4758740.0, \"DisplayName\": \"USER_1\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data scientist and computational biologist.</p>\\n\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 310786, \"UserId\": 9047, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Announcer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-07-06T12:19:45.487000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 196911, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f3b314e6-3de8-4b43-a0c1-c8f5ae638a09\", \"Text\": \"Package `segmented` could help you:\\r\\n\\r\\n> Given a linear regression model (of class \\\"lm\\\" or \\\"glm\\\"), s\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T15:24:01.647000\"}, {\"Id\": 196912, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1f38e7c1-6705-4a63-8a54-dca4fcec1bdd\", \"Text\": \"Package `segmented` could help you:\\r\\n\\r\\n> Given a linear regression model (of class \\\"lm\\\" or \\\"glm\\\"), s\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T15:29:15.637000\"}, {\"Id\": 66919, \"PostId\": 66919, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2944b58f-f254-4b44-89bf-b45a0428d5e0\", \"Text\": \"You should use a model framework that allows you to model the different variation in males and femal\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-18T10:15:14.520000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 66884, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You should use a model framework that allows you to model the different variation in males and fe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 25971, \"OwnerUserId\": 25971, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 66919, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Linearly Regressing Pooled Data\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to regress some simple pooled data. My data has 60 observations and three columns: Wei\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-19T16:36:14.970000\", \"AccountId\": 2667745.0, \"DisplayName\": \"N4v\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 174441, \"PostId\": 174441, \"UserId\": 9047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5decd8d9-db79-4e72-a1e9-04d80c0576c9\", \"Text\": \"`kruskal.test` applies a correction for ties as described [in this Wikipedia article](https://en.wik\", \"Comment\": \"added 210 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-09T14:46:39.653000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 174438, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><code>kruskal.test</code> applies a correction for ties as described <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 101730, \"OwnerUserId\": 101730, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 174441, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Slight inconsistency between the Kruskal-Wallis built-in R function and manual calculation\", \"Tags\": \"<r><kruskal-wallis-test><ties>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm confused by the following, and I haven't been able to dig up the answer elsewhere. </p>\\n\\n<p>I\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-09T13:48:58.327000\", \"AccountId\": 9753884.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MSR\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 85738, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 85716, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Just put everything in one model:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>library(reshape2)\\ndat1 <- melt(dat, id.vars=\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-12T13:52:50.803000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 37459, \"OwnerUserId\": 37459, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Compare linear regression models (same and different response variable)\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><linear-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>How can I (1) compare two linear models between years and (2) Can I compare 2 models with differe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-10T09:28:10.733000\", \"AccountId\": 4469939.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sarah Brown\", \"Location\": \"Leeds, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 68351, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 68340, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>lmerTest basically offers a bunch of convenience functions on top of lme4. The actual important s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-05T16:06:14.010000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 27281, \"OwnerUserId\": 27281, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 68351, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Do I have to cite 'lme4' when using 'lmerTest'?\", \"Tags\": \"<r>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using <code>lmerTest</code> to run linear mixed models (LMM) to get the p-values. However, i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-11T12:45:34.717000\", \"AccountId\": 3988366.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3288202\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 26656, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 26650, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Sounds to me like you should use a mixed effects model. Function <code>lmer()</code> in package <\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-12T07:44:55.260000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7919, \"OwnerUserId\": 7919, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 26656, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to nest in a generalized linear model in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model><nested-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 108 counts taken from 36 field points. I took three counts from each point at different ti\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-10T02:06:19.843000\", \"AccountId\": 1392596.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Juan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a biology student that have a lot to learn about statistics.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 57691, \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 58379, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Construct confidence interval of the mean for auto-correlated data\", \"Tags\": \"<r><confidence-interval><mean><autocorrelation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I feel like I'm missing something obvious, but here we go. I have auto-correlated data measured i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-17T07:52:01.927000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2013-04-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9047, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 230083, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 61049, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 230054, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 61049, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 198628, \"PostId\": 61049, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"77bd2440-d72c-4415-a3d6-57d8580d0fd8\", \"Text\": \"I have data from survey, and \\r\\nTrying to build a linear regression model using R like\\r\\nA~ B\\r\\nhowever\", \"Comment\": \"added 413 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T13:38:20.203000\"}, {\"Id\": 198623, \"PostId\": 61049, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4f5fe966-74fb-4690-a504-eafb225788da\", \"Text\": \"I have data from survey, and \\r\\nTrying to build a linear regression model using R like\\r\\nA~ B\\r\\nhowever\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T13:31:46.130000\"}, {\"Id\": 198624, \"PostId\": 61049, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4f5fe966-74fb-4690-a504-eafb225788da\", \"Text\": \"How to make linear regression model while 'control' confounding variables?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T13:31:46.130000\"}, {\"Id\": 198625, \"PostId\": 61049, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4f5fe966-74fb-4690-a504-eafb225788da\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression><data-visualization><residuals>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T13:31:46.130000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 23484, \"PostId\": 61067, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16419238/splitting-rules-in-mvpart-vs-rpart\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-07T17:44:32.547000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23484, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R mvpart - splitting index\", \"Tags\": \"<r><references><cart>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need to understand what <code>mvpart</code> is doing. Which index does it use as a splitting cr\", \"AccountId\": 3551139.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Clementina\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24880, \"PostId\": 61892, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't use R. I assume model2 = intercept through the origin. Why would you do this? I'm sure there\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-14T19:48:21.900000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24880, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpreting intercepts in mixed effect model with categorical predictors\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><categorical-data><interpretation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Trying to fit a linear mixed effects model with 2 categorical predictors (group & worker) whe\", \"AccountId\": 365462.0, \"DisplayName\": \"andy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24752, \"PostId\": 61641, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(1) the matrix notation is cut-and-past from textbook definition of regression. It doesn't convey an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-11T15:18:33.523000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24752, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 61853, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Weighted least squares for energy data\", \"Tags\": \"<least-squares><weighted-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to do a weighted multiple least squares regression on utility data.\\nBasically I have \", \"AccountId\": 2993255.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Julien Marrec\", \"Location\": \"Lorient, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.effibem.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Energy engineer/Building Energy Modeling (BEM) professional, Founder of <a href=\\\"http://www.effib\"}, {\"Id\": 110823, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think it is the exact same as the univariate model. You create the multivariate model (m.model=lm(\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-28T18:36:06.710000\"}, {\"Id\": 19626, \"PostId\": 68725, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(1) not sure I have great ideas (2) would consider modeling as change from baseline. Recode readings\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-06T11:56:36.970000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19626, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"lagged covariate or time series for analyzing change over time in Hgb (limited observations) in the \", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><time-varying-covariate>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to test whether changes in Hemoglobin (Hgb) levels over time can help diagnose Myelodyspla\", \"AccountId\": 2773490.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2387584\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 26643, \"PostId\": 82927, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"a good answer might be very long. I'll just add (1) ROC curves are used in practice. Good to be awar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-31T15:10:04.337000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26643, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Unbalanced dataset - ROC curve to compare classifiers?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification><roc><weka><model-evaluation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I use the machine learning software <code>WEKA</code> for data mining on biological data. I would\", \"AccountId\": 3164845.0, \"DisplayName\": \"aldorado\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 59430, \"PostId\": 59430, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A. training and feature selection happen on the same test. Feature selection is conceptually thought\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-12T18:04:24.743000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 59410, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are a few issues. Hopefully something will be useful. I should say these are opinions, and \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 22631, \"OwnerUserId\": 22631, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 59431, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to divide feature set for selection and training\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><svm><feature-selection><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have training data with 260 observations that have a total of 7 classes. Each observation has 1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-12T10:23:19.300000\", \"AccountId\": 2143607.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sohaib I\", \"Location\": \"Munich, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://in.linkedin.com/in/sohaibiftikhar\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 30778, \"PostId\": 86154, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I would add: Steyerberg *Clinical Predication Models* has an excellent - and very readable/non-techn\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-22T15:44:33.497000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 86147, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I would recommend <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/124979/investigating-interac\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 37833, \"OwnerUserId\": 37833, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Backward selection for Cox model using R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><cox-model><stepwise-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to perform an exploratory Cox regression analysis of medical data using R. I am practicing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-17T21:25:55.193000\", \"AccountId\": 5046209.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Gurkenhals\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3771174.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alexis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alexisdinno.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>Alexis Dinno</strong> is a social epidemiologist at the Oregon Health & Science Unive\"}, {\"Id\": 18447, \"PostId\": 59631, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"yes. -rpart- and -party- are the two packages I've used for CART (http://cran.r-project.org/web/pack\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-29T19:19:38.213000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18447, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Procedure for finding boundaries\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><threshold>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a data set of two variables as class and test score. Where class is a classification made \", \"AccountId\": 2788815.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Amin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a PhD student in Educational Measurement and use Mathematica and R for programming. My main a\"}, {\"Id\": 110730, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There a few examples on the web: http://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews/Rnews_2008-1.pdf and http:\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-28T04:22:01.930000\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 138188, \"UserId\": 23637, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-11-11T18:44:49.573000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 59394, \"PostId\": 59394, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9be1fd80-8b5d-486c-9fb4-c7137c27a8cc\", \"Text\": \"This should be a comment, but I'm still trying to work out how to do that on this site.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you've\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-12T04:30:21.920000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 59390, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This should be a comment, but I'm still trying to work out how to do that on this site.</p>\\n\\n<p>I\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 18207, \"OwnerUserId\": 18207, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"finding an optimal subgroup of binary indicators\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><feature-selection>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>My dependent variable is continuous variable that measures the (potential) success of a person in\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-22T19:48:31.437000\", \"AccountId\": 2082880.0, \"DisplayName\": \"amit\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 272263, \"PostId\": 272263, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7e993804-491a-4e40-8133-629443f9d31d\", \"Text\": \"A recent [paper][1] used OPTICS reachability plot prior to clustering to determine the clustering me\", \"Comment\": \"added 470 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-25T21:14:03.280000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 272288, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"OPTICS reachability plot and clustering method\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A recent <a href=\\\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2733996)\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noref\"}, {\"Id\": 48256, \"PostId\": 103881, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b24a34fc-2672-4bb0-a095-25b913ac126d\", \"Text\": \"<classification><binary><unbalanced-classes><boosting><ensemble-learning>\", \"Comment\": \"improved tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-28T01:11:16.450000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 48256, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 103889, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Skewed Classification Problem\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><unbalanced-classes><boosting><ensemble-learning>\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I've read around and seen this is a problem. I have a classification problem and 12 variables \", \"AccountId\": 4428419.0, \"DisplayName\": \"koala_man_fan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 61064, \"PostId\": 61064, \"UserId\": 23637, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"df50934a-f9ed-4333-80fa-692e08dbc3ae\", \"Text\": \"Lots could be said here. gung had the best most concise answer. But to add... \\r\\n(1) `If the cu\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T16:32:33.987000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 61062, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Lots could be said here. gung had the best most concise answer. But to add...<br>\\n(1) <code>If th\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20572, \"OwnerUserId\": 20572, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 61066, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Methods / approach to improve the predictive accuracy of a logistic regression model\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><predictive-models><references><scoring-rules>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>The situation:</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>I have a logistic model that should predict a defect (<co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-06T12:24:36.237000\", \"AccountId\": 1016437.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Frank\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>B.Sc. Business Informatics</p>\\n\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 74603, \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 9822, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>(1) You're right the weighting function doesn't work and not sure if it has ever been fixed.</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-12T02:16:04.260000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 1485, \"OwnerUserId\": 1485, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 10576, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"For classification with Random Forests in R, how should one adjust for imbalanced class sizes?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><machine-learning><random-forest>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am exploring different classification methods for a project I am working on, and am interested \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-12-04T05:45:06.040000\", \"AccountId\": 70594.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ialm\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<h1>SOreadytohelp</h1>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 59396, \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 59384, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Some thoughts. Hopefully something here is useful, but feel you've thought of all of this already\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-12T05:10:27.573000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 14111, \"OwnerUserId\": 14111, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Logistic Regression and how to judge model fit and parameter influence\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><multicollinearity>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to show statistical significant impact of about 15 different independent variable on a bin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-22T14:36:47.713000\", \"AccountId\": 1325158.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 59955, \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 59833, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I think there are a few approaches. I haven't looked at them all and not sure which is the best:<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T03:02:45.903000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16665, \"OwnerUserId\": 16665, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 59955, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Robust regression inference and Sandwich estimators\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><lm><sandwich>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can you give me an example of the use of sandwich estimators in order to perform robust regressio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-09T11:06:49.033000\", \"AccountId\": 2339529.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Remi.b\", \"Location\": \"Lausanne, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 67515, \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 67493, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Still don't have a good grasp of what you're looking for. But if you're comparing binary classifi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-25T14:22:04.467000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9074, \"OwnerUserId\": 9074, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing predictions from models\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><prediction><binary-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm wondering how to compare the predictions of three different models - a logit, a probit and a \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T13:06:49.613000\", \"AccountId\": 1554733.0, \"DisplayName\": \"abaumann\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Civil servant at the City of Copenhagen.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 69965, \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 69852, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I don't think categorical variables are an issue. This is fairly easily handled by most statistic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-23T18:25:44.677000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 29236, \"OwnerUserId\": 29236, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 76143, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predicting based upon categorical data and one numeric datatype\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><logistic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to determine what variables from this sample data would be best predictors for CallH\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-21T19:48:11.210000\", \"AccountId\": 3069654.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2600629\", \"Location\": \"Milwaukee, WI, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23637, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 110817, \"PostId\": 60552, \"UserId\": 23962, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@charles Thanks so much again. However, what I want to do is adopting this to multivariate regressio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-28T17:17:09.310000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 230116, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 60552, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-04T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 228296, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 60552, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 228332, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 60552, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 60543, \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 60552, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding optimal cutoff point with two linear regression models\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><multiple-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to get an optimal cut-off value dividing group with minimum sums of squares of residu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T13:38:06.443000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 10060, \"PostId\": 60543, \"UserId\": 10060, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think the article says it pretty clearly. One may write a syntax to name a cut point, run the two \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-02T18:48:06.957000\", \"AccountId\": 1643640.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Penguin_Knight\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hello! When I'm not catching fishies I love to hack into the Antarctic research base's wifi, chec\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 196885, \"PostId\": 60543, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"152829bc-e1c1-4413-a839-335499fc1f69\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to get an optimal cut-off value dividing group with minimum sums of squares of residuals\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T13:38:06.443000\"}, {\"Id\": 196886, \"PostId\": 60543, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"152829bc-e1c1-4413-a839-335499fc1f69\", \"Text\": \"Finding optimal cutoff point with two linear regression models\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T13:38:06.443000\"}, {\"Id\": 196887, \"PostId\": 60543, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC 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\"22aab26d-bc67-44d6-a585-815b1e664b85\", \"Text\": \"<mixed-model><spss><effect-size><power>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-17T09:38:20.757000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is there any possible method to calculate effect size in mixed models?\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><multilevel-analysis><effect-size>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I run MIXED command for mixed model analysis of repeated measured data.\\nHowever, there is no opti\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 427880, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 94426, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-10T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 94426, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"f43db43e-f672-4189-9da2-07b5727fc876\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\"}, {\"Id\": 12544, \"PostId\": 94426, \"UserId\": 12544, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a1bb302a-e666-4a52-9516-d0742b40db00\", \"Text\": \"I run MIXED command for mixed model analysis of repeated measured data.\\r\\nHowever, there is no option\", \"Comment\": \"Removed SPSS reference, this is a general mixed model problem.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-21T21:55:31.517000\", \"AccountId\": 980225.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jeremy Miles\", \"Location\": \"Los Angeles, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://jeremymiles.co.uk\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Opinions and errors stated here are mine, not my employer's.</p>\\n<p>Sometimes I know what I'm tal\"}, {\"Id\": 307236, \"PostId\": 94426, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"22aab26d-bc67-44d6-a585-815b1e664b85\", \"Text\": \"I run MIXED command for mixed model analysis of repeated measured data.\\r\\nHowever, there is no option\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-17T09:38:20.757000\"}, {\"Id\": 307237, \"PostId\": 94426, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"22aab26d-bc67-44d6-a585-815b1e664b85\", \"Text\": \"Is there any possible method to calculate effect size in SPSS mixed model?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-17T09:38:20.757000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 99045, \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 94426, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I found myself two options.\\nOne is calculation based on correlation, based on the book of Rosenth\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-08T05:08:50.307000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 605574, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 99045, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-12T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 495473, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 99045, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-04T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 322779, \"PostId\": 99045, \"UserId\": 23962, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dd580045-0593-4e7a-b147-1a6d2e38af2a\", \"Text\": \"I found myself two options.\\r\\nOne is calculation based on correlation, based on the book of Rosenthal\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-08T05:08:50.307000\"}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-07-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, 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\"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23962, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":78,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 222930, \"Id\": 222930, \"AccountId\": 17621134.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user271931\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T19:06:26.140000\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 409766, \"UserId\": 222930, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-01-27T02:05:14.190000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 296544, \"PostId\": 296544, \"UserId\": 222930, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7fda7673-110b-4058-9676-28ab66cc04e7\", \"Text\": \" In making scatterplot for correlations between two continuous variables, can we use the choice cubi\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T19:06:26.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 222930, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In making scatterplot for correlations between two continuous variables, can we use the choice cubic\", \"Tags\": \"<spss><linear><scatterplot><cubic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In making scatterplot for correlations between two continuous variables, can we use the choice cu\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 49444, \"RelatedPostId\": 113794, \"PostId\": 296544, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T14:00:13.097000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49444, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Errors-in-variables multivariate polynomial regression (R)\", \"Tags\": \"<r><standard-deviation><polynomial><multivariate-regression><errors-in-variables>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>(<strong>EDIT</strong>: the question has been modified just a little bit to be more specific) </p\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 528481, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 113794, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-21T00:00:00\"}], \"AccountId\": 3617128.0, \"DisplayName\": \"LRD\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 137892, \"PostId\": 296544, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It seems that your SPSS plot shows a regression, not a correlation. As you know, (ordinary) regressi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T06:50:15.590000\", \"AccountId\": 12100552.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Carsten\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 279712, \"PostId\": 279712, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user158565: Right you are! I edited the answer (code and the note in the first parentheses). Thanks\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-07T15:58:42.443000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 279617, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><code>rbind</code> your two data sets (i.e. put them under each other), add your two types as new\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 71380, \"OwnerUserId\": 71380, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Testing the difference between two independent regression coefficients\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><hypothesis-testing><regression-coefficients>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to test the difference between two independent regression coefficients. David C. How\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-22T15:39:23.820000\", \"AccountId\": 7894806.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Maria\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 219901, \"PostId\": 292861, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"AFAIK \\\"residual regression\\\" leads to biased estimates: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-12-17T15:20:37.073000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 219901, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using residuals from one regression as the dependent variable in a second regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><residuals>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm not sure if this technique has a name.</p>\\n\\n<p>I've recently learned that some people perform\", \"AccountId\": 17329785.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user268859\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 95202, \"PostId\": 299717, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Did you search for \\\"outlier\\\" on CV? I found several questions (and answers) that look very similar t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-10T11:14:22.680000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 95202, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to decide which technique to use to treat outliers?\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><generalized-linear-model><dataset><outliers><continuous-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In my mind, there are multiple ways to treat dataset outliers</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>-> Delete data\\n-\", \"AccountId\": 5696646.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hyeri\", \"Location\": \"Lahore, Pakistan\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 214216, \"PostId\": 288730, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I second \\\"Student\\\"'s comment. This is often a legacy approach from the times before GLM (1980s and b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-18T22:02:32.857000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 214216, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"when should I normalize with $\\\\log(1+x)$ instead of with $\\\\log$?\", \"Tags\": \"<logarithm><rms>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've seen people log-normalize data by using the <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\log(1+x)$</span> \", \"AccountId\": 21680.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Aviad Rozenhek\", \"Location\": \"Israel\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.facebook.com/aviadr1\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 226345, \"PostId\": 300492, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Please reference or cite the context of \\\"parameter space\\\". At present you leave us guessing. Also ha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-02T15:22:02.573000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 226345, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 300522, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does it mean \\\"they differ in parameter space\\\" regarding the compound symmetry and random interc\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><modeling><sphericity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I read discussions on how the random intercept model is not equivalent to the compound symmetry. \", \"AccountId\": 17886833.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dasivalana\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 198136, \"PostId\": 303722, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I fail to understand how giving an arbitrary value to an unobserved event can be valid. There are pl\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-24T01:23:25.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 198136, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do you code missing values if 0 is meaningful?\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks><dataset><missing-data><feature-engineering><exploratory-data-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Per this deep learning book I am reading:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>In general, with neural networks\", \"AccountId\": 4371294.0, \"DisplayName\": \"confused\", \"Location\": \"USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://statistics-reference.github.io/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Always confused but do enjoy learning and hopefully eventually teaching.</p>\\n<p>Building a potent\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 279192, \"PostId\": 279192, \"UserId\": 137892, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"805e1737-cb32-40aa-b84e-7d923f9cb181\", \"Text\": \"Part 1: Why does the size of the coefficients increase? \\r\\n\\r\\nYou do not specify what you mean exactly\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-02T14:52:14.420000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 279187, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Part 1: Why does the size of the coefficients increase? </p>\\n\\n<p>You do not specify what you mean\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 119975, \"OwnerUserId\": 119975, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 279192, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Relation between size of parameters and complexity of model with overfitting\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><overfitting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm reading the book Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning by Bishop, specifically the intro w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-30T10:54:38.450000\", \"AccountId\": 10879266.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Shirish Kulhari\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 280894, \"PostId\": 280894, \"UserId\": 137892, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1374495e-5ec7-4400-828a-8c638d694179\", \"Text\": \"Multicollinearity cannot, logically, be \\\"solved\\\". Rather, it indicates that you cannot readily tease\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-19T10:43:36.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 280842, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Multicollinearity cannot, logically, be \\\"solved\\\". Rather, it indicates that you cannot readily te\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 190267, \"OwnerUserId\": 190267, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 280853, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are feature selection methods prone to multicollinearity?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><feature-selection><multicollinearity>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using R and I wonder whether I should first remove highly correlated variables via <code>vif(\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-14T22:34:12.820000\", \"AccountId\": 13559219.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Textime\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 298449, \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 298433, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a linear regression you <em>assume</em> that the data come from a normal distribution, whose \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-13T07:52:05.813000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 127125, \"OwnerUserId\": 127125, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The random error term is assumed to follow the normal distribution with a mean of 0 in linear regres\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><linear-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>while going through <a href=\\\"http://reliawiki.org/index.php/Simple_Linear_Regression_Analysis\\\" re\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-28T07:08:01.337000\", \"AccountId\": 2889041.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2478236\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 288818, \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 288816, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the wikipedia-definition of the <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\chi^2$</span>-distribution (<a \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-08T18:47:25.517000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 216215, \"OwnerUserId\": 216215, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"anova.gam, significant test and 0 deviance?\", \"Tags\": \"<generalized-additive-model><degrees-of-freedom><mgcv><deviance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have fitted a series of GAMs of increasing complexity, and compared with anova.gam. I get a sig\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-08T18:25:49.707000\", \"AccountId\": 17061462.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alistair Senior\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 303730, \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 303724, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Don't. </p>\\n\\n<p>A hypothesis test aims to test an hypothesis, or rather the null hypothesis (this\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-03T11:57:51.407000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 226970, \"OwnerUserId\": 226970, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to compare two or more mean AUC\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><p-value><auc>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have different machine learning models and for each of them after a 10-fold cross validation I\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-08T16:06:20.087000\", \"AccountId\": 17930956.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zorro\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 298745, \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 298708, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_machine_learning\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Online \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-15T22:04:16.803000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 298708, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 298745, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user271077\", \"Title\": \"What’s the difference between online machine learning and software that updates the model automatica\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><online-algorithms>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is online machine learning basically a software that updates the model automatically every time t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-15T14:50:12.830000\"}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1162805, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 296544, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-27T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 296544, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"49bc5813-7a89-4f1c-92d4-e87a803b9bc3\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"103\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 54660, \"PostId\": 114218, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Every single bullet in the description of \\\"discrete data\\\" is wrong and misleading.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-04T12:39:56.760000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 54660, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is nominal, ordinal, & binary for quantitative data, qualitative data, or both?\", \"Tags\": \"<categorical-data><dataset><ordinal-data><binary-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm getting wrapped around data types and I need some help:</p>\\n\\n<p><img src=\\\"https://i.stack.img\", \"AccountId\": 6573268.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Leaning\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 31109, \"PostId\": 73365, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How were the numbers of measurements chosen? This might bear on your choice of statistical analysis.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-29T18:27:59.200000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 31109, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 73403, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to compare two sides of patients with multiple measures per patient?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say we have $n$ patients and we did $l_i$ measures of some parameter at the left side of th\", \"AccountId\": 4400775.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alexg\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 3653, \"PostId\": 210126, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You call this \\\"logistic regression,\\\" yet you fit responses that are non-integral and you quote formu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-15T19:24:17.707000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3653, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"estimation of standard errors after logistic regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><regression-coefficients>\", \"Body\": \"<p>i have following data</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>Pass Hours\\n0 0.5\\n0 0.75\\n0 1\\n0 1.25\\n0 1.5\\n0 1\", \"AccountId\": 213183.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dato datuashvili\", \"Location\": \"Tbilisi, Georgia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am PHD student in international black sea university,city Tbilisi,capital of georgia,my interes\"}, {\"Id\": 190552, \"PostId\": 260893, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Statistics are not \\\"parametric\\\" *per se.* What, then, would be the context in which you see correla\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-17T20:18:19.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 190552, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 260907, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pearson correlation coefficient: Gaussian data expected?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><normality-assumption>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The Pearson correlation coefficient is sometimes referred to as a parametric statistic. Does this\", \"AccountId\": 6101180.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mommermi\", \"Location\": \"Flagstaff, AZ, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://michaelmommert.wordpress.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a Solar System Astronomer working at <a href=\\\"https://lowell.edu/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"\"}, {\"Id\": 34836, \"PostId\": 80501, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user159813 Although it may seem like a triviality, failing to make that distinction explicit is the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-16T21:11:59.773000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 34836, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 80483, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>notice that since this continous you want to find CDF so going off what you had we have \\n$$P(V_{m\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 29553, \"OwnerUserId\": 29553, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 80505, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution function of maximum of n iid standard uniform random variables where n is poisson distr\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><self-study><convergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am studying probability theory on my own and am trying to work the following problem in the boo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-29T18:22:57.977000\", \"AccountId\": 4248547.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user42754\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 4758786.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user52220\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 296548, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Pending clarification from the OP, I cannot tell whether your idea answers the question they intende\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T19:51:53.943000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 296544, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes and no, <em>mostly no</em>. Correlation asks for how strong the linear relationship is betwee\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 67002, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber BTW see http://wmueller.com/precalculus/newfunc/invpoly.html re inverse cubic.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-29T07:53:53.147000\", \"AccountId\": 7541642.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Carl\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a nuclear physician, and a scientist. My interest in statistics is for writing journal artic\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 160085, \"PostId\": 160085, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Good point. I'll add it in later.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-10T04:47:16.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 160084, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Tikhonov regularizarization is a larger set than ridge regression. Here is my attempt to spell ou\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 160084, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 160085, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is Tikhonov regularization the same as Ridge Regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><terminology><regularization><ridge-regression><tikhonov-regularization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Tikhonov regularization and ridge regression are terms often used as if they were identical. Is i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-10T04:44:58.657000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 188032, \"PostId\": 258365, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber Yes (negative) integration is appropriate. No, it isn't Gaussian, see my answer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T04:40:34.397000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188032, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 259122, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should I use a paired sample t-test to compare two methods of measuring absorption lines?\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test><paired-data><astronomy>\", \"Body\": \"<h3>Background</h3>\\n\\n<p>I'm doing a research project in astronomy and measuring equivalent widths of\", \"AccountId\": 112690.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Evgenii\", \"Location\": \"St Kilda, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://evgenii.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I was born in Russia and have been working as a programmer since 1998. In 2012 my wife and I immi\"}, {\"Id\": 203727, \"PostId\": 274767, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_time_warping helps. *Least cost* refers to a loss function, al\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-20T04:48:33.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203727, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Dynamic Time Warping - building a distance matrix with any distance that we want?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><algorithms><dynamic-time-warping>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am new to Dynamic Time Warping. I understand that we build a distance matrix and then try to fi\", \"AccountId\": 9233981.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Zeruno\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24014, \"PostId\": 160876, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"As you know, the term [deviance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviance_(statistics)) when applied t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-21T17:48:03.710000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24014, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 149054, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong><em>AIC</strong> is an estimate of twice the model-driven additive term to the expected K\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 67976, \"OwnerUserId\": 67976, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) score of a model mean?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><model-selection><aic><entropy><information-theory>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have seen some questions here about what it means in layman terms, but these are too layman for\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-12T20:30:43.360000\", \"AccountId\": 7623782.0, \"DisplayName\": \"caveman\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://cave.mn\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I love internet points. I come here to collect them. In fact I think Internet points are worth mo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 170483, \"OwnerUserId\": 67976, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 170500, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How many decimal places should be used for which purposes?\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say that $x$ is some statistic that represents your measurement of something in nature, suc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-05T03:48:54.320000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 170500, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 170483, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When I record data for analysis, I use all of the available data and do not truncate, indeed I ze\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-05T06:18:26.773000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 570620, \"PostId\": 170500, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94932536-59f8-4fd5-8bdd-0692fe57b4f3\", \"Text\": \"When I record data for analysis, I use all of the available data and do not truncate. That is becaus\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-05T06:18:26.773000\"}]}]}]}], \"AccountId\": 2020003.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ben Ogorek\", \"Location\": \"Raleigh, NC\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD, Statistics from NC State</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 6672, \"PostId\": 100700, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"1) Precision is independent from accuracy. Most times, precision of an inaccurate result is much mor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-07T01:02:53.447000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6672, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are Lyapovov exponents related to statistical precision?\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><climate><lyapunov-exponent><precision><numerical-models>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In my understanding, Lyapunov exponents measure the average rate of separation of near-identical \", \"AccountId\": 73202.0, \"DisplayName\": \"naught101\", \"Location\": \"Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.naught101.org\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Contact:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Skype: naught101</p>\\n \\n <p>XMPP/Googletalk: naught101@jabber.or\"}, {\"Id\": 66116, \"PostId\": 167881, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Not sure. Try survival function ratio limits to check.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-14T04:52:36.600000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 66116, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 167884, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is Gaussian Copula's Tail Dependence Zero?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><normal-distribution><copula><multivariate-normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know that the Gaussian copula has a zero tail dependence (tail independence) due to the exponen\", \"AccountId\": 6627128.0, \"DisplayName\": \"NicTam\", \"Location\": \"Hong Kong / Waterloo, ON\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 552387, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber No offense intended, apologies. I liked it *because* it was simple. What I was trying to poi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-29T04:19:49.400000\"}, {\"Id\": 552393, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber That may be an answer to the question. So, I thought I should run it by you. Again, apologie\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-29T04:57:16.703000\"}, {\"Id\": 552009, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber If a cubic is better at explaining data than a linear equation, then there is probably a dat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-27T07:04:18.053000\"}, {\"Id\": 142779, \"PostId\": 216848, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Further exploration continued from [link](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/322181/which-ban\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-05T23:43:48.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 142779, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Quantile curves (strange results at 0.975 quantile)\", \"Tags\": \"<splines><quantile-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to calculate the quantile curves (0.025,0.25,0.5,0.75,0.975). The distribution of age is <\", \"AccountId\": 12440649.0, \"DisplayName\": \"shosho\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 552160, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber This version any better? Why did you close the question? It is a creative question of the t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-28T00:22:37.940000\"}, {\"Id\": 552163, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber OK, thanks anyway. I may be reading too much into it, and it probably would be going too far\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-28T00:28:02.480000\"}, {\"Id\": 89399, \"PostId\": 178442, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The X-axis in the plot is approximately scaled beta distributed. Not only is there a random X, but a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-17T16:45:03.987000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89399, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 178288, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>When you have multiple predictors in your model (as it sounds like you do), then you need to plot\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 105692, \"OwnerUserId\": 105692, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regression- How to deal with this kind of non-constant variance?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><variance><residuals>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a residual vs. predictor plot for my regression problem. All the other residual plots don\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-10T15:52:00.333000\", \"AccountId\": 8612317.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hooyeh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 9179443.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rose Hartman\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 191979, \"PostId\": 332889, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The lecture note link is not available to me when I follow the link. It may be that you have privile\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-01T06:43:48.600000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 191979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 331984, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I am mentioning here one term for integral of CDF used by <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 331984, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 332889, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What should the integral of a CDF be called?\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><terminology><cumulative-distribution-function><partial-moments>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>This is strictly a nomenclature question.</strong> I have no particular problem finding d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-10T07:51:24.477000\"}], \"AccountId\": 6600416.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dayne\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD candidate in Economics.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 132392, \"PostId\": 132392, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@PeterWestfall Semi-infinite support is often assumed, for example, as $0\\\\leq t< \\\\infty$ for drug co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-29T07:53:53.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 66474, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Although kurtosis is a related to the heaviness of tails, it would contribute more to the notion \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 594, \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 66537, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which has the heavier tail, lognormal or gamma?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><gamma-distribution><lognormal-distribution><heavy-tailed>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>(This is based on a question that just came to me via email; I've added some context from a previ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\"}]}, {\"Id\": 552062, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber You are correct that $x$ on [1,2] is a more linear portion of $x^2$ than [-1,1]. The point I\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-27T15:25:45.997000\"}, {\"Id\": 551947, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber It is not the answer that makes no sense, it is the question. I am trying to explain why the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T21:12:51.893000\"}, {\"Id\": 551939, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I would be happy to, however, I do not see exactly what you are asking. I will take a guess, if the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T20:39:55.490000\"}, {\"Id\": 551941, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber.... for example, if the linear term cannot be discarded, and is negative, but the cubic term\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T20:46:55.257000\"}, {\"Id\": 551946, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber I did not even consider adding or removing terms from a poly regression, that is yet another\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T21:01:38.650000\"}, {\"Id\": 551950, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber If you do not like my answer, answer it yourself. So I put it to you, \\\"Why not use a cubic t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T21:29:30.440000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1037739, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c152695f-393c-4dd8-a338-615e6e166f7d\", \"Text\": \"Yes and no. For example, for a cubic under the conditions of relative monotonicity the linear term (\", \"Comment\": \"added 391 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T21:01:58.793000\"}, {\"Id\": 197471, \"PostId\": 197471, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0585912a-7fe8-4f98-b77e-cc2fcedcd939\", \"Text\": \"As per the comments above, the question is unclear. Let us assume we have a 2D point, which is the l\", \"Comment\": \"added 80 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-14T03:36:41.160000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 197424, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>As per the comments above, the question is unclear. Unless there is strong evidence that the mode\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 125384, \"OwnerUserId\": 125384, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Anchoring a linear regression to a specific data point in r\", \"Tags\": \"<r><lm><change-point>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is different, follow up question to someone else's question <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexch\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-13T19:53:55.497000\", \"AccountId\": 11205480.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ian S\", \"Location\": \"State College, PA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 1037749, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b24d6501-7792-41b5-b86f-6c47cc75f46e\", \"Text\": \"Yes and no, *mostly no*. For example, for a cubic under the conditions of relative monotonicity the \", \"Comment\": \"added 13 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T21:33:28.643000\"}, {\"Id\": 216663, \"PostId\": 216663, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ace6aabe-78ba-4186-8e95-fb862b45758e\", \"Text\": \"Assuming the 95% CI is from a Student's distribution difference then the [dependent paired-t test st\", \"Comment\": \"added 271 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-09T23:17:03.657000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 216647, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Assuming the 95% CI is from a Student's distribution difference then the <a href=\\\"https://en.wiki\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 146153, \"OwnerUserId\": 146153, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating t if only the mean difference, N, and 95%CI are available\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm looking to calculate a repeated measures t-test for a study that only reported the mean diffe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-09T19:17:33.683000\", \"AccountId\": 12132931.0, \"DisplayName\": \"confusedpsych\", \"Location\": \"England, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 1037785, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b4604ec6-89be-4b5b-91f8-b0ce5029a362\", \"Text\": \"Yes and no, *mostly no*. Correlation asks for how strong the linear relationship is between two vari\", \"Comment\": \"added 297 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-27T01:16:21.030000\"}, {\"Id\": 169118, \"PostId\": 169118, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b015d634-fdd8-4947-8044-f3ef2e3047e5\", \"Text\": \"This is too long for a comment. It contains material implicating proper treatment of physical system\", \"Comment\": \"added 214 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-23T19:53:43.523000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 157602, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is more than one question being asked. The most narrow one is asking for an example of when\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 1556, \"OwnerUserId\": 1556, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Howlers caused by using stepwise regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><stepwise-regression><history>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am well aware of the problems of stepwise/forward/backward selection in regression models. The\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-12-15T12:27:20.707000\", \"AccountId\": 509616.0, \"DisplayName\": \"probabilityislogic\", \"Location\": \"Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistics tragic, most definitely an objective Bayesian style statistician. I find myself quite\"}]}, {\"Id\": 165721, \"PostId\": 165721, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3bc8bc23-82bd-4fb9-8d5a-32710bd16da5\", \"Text\": \"In order for the overlap to have meaning, it would have to be relevant to some hypothesis or questio\", \"Comment\": \"added 243 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-26T01:23:39.740000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 165708, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In order for the overlap to have meaning, it would have to be relevant to some hypothesis or ques\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 93438, \"OwnerUserId\": 93438, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 165721, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What can be said about the overlap of two probability distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution><confidence-interval>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have information about the following two normal distributions:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>Red { \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-25T22:36:58.680000\", \"AccountId\": 7525792.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mark Johnson\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 25000, \"PostId\": 249600, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f2314189-ae5c-480f-ae20-367a355b71f3\", \"Text\": \"The following is taken literally from Wikipedia's [mean squared error in the mean subheading](https:\", \"Comment\": \"added 73 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-17T22:49:58.330000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25000, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"question about MSE mean square error\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><distributions><mathematical-statistics><inference><mse>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The following is taken literally from Wikipedia's <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_squ\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 249682, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 249600, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Note firstly that MSE, unlike the related measurement; variance (Var), is a <a href=\\\"https://en.w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-04T01:34:16.407000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 870257, \"PostId\": 249682, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"57a737ed-2d65-414f-b5cf-e57183f50895\", \"Text\": \"Note firstly that MSE, unlike the related measurement; variance (Var), is a [baised](https://en.wiki\", \"Comment\": \"added 82 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-04T22:07:47.217000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 2494512.0, \"DisplayName\": \"john_w\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 157692, \"PostId\": 157692, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b21d7d71-a375-49d7-a446-95928aaedd30\", \"Text\": \" **It is well-known that a linear combination of 2 random normal variables is also a random normal v\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-20T02:59:33.080000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 105229, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>It is well-known that a linear combination of 2 random normal variables is also a random \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19172, \"OwnerUserId\": 19172, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Linear combination of two random non-normals that is still a member of same family\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><linear>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>It is well-known that a linear combination of 2 random normal variables is also a random \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-21T14:39:59.677000\", \"AccountId\": 2928552.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anthony\", \"Location\": \"United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Psychology professor. Interested in statistical cognition, applied statistics, memory, and judgm\"}]}, {\"Id\": 86967, \"PostId\": 166584, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"278e8a56-0ab3-4eb9-9e09-c5b6a51e3321\", \"Text\": \"The simplest possible sampling of a function in the region [0,1] for the purpose of finding the area\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-20T14:46:26.633000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86967, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Simplest possible (uniform) sampling of the interval [0,1] with n points\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><terminology><uniform-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The simplest possible sampling of a function in the region [0,1] for the purpose of finding the a\", \"AccountId\": 8343274.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Little Alien\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>They do not let me to have a profile here because I tend to tell the truth about the people but t\"}, {\"Id\": 1037701, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"204c6f39-29b1-45e7-92ec-178c264b249f\", \"Text\": \"Yes and no. For example, for a cubic the linear term (proportional to $x$) and cubic term (proportio\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T19:51:53.943000\"}, {\"Id\": 1038085, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7533922b-1ddd-4f07-834d-f74a4e699521\", \"Text\": \"Yes and no, *mostly no*. Correlation asks for how strong the linear relationship is between two vari\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 318 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-28T00:11:53.793000\"}, {\"Id\": 245551, \"PostId\": 245551, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"80d6daae-8653-4774-b042-eaf486e9d816\", \"Text\": \"Discrete distribution most frequently refers to a distribution that only achieves integer values, an\", \"Comment\": \"added 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-27T01:09:29.480000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 245548, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Discrete distribution most frequently refers to a distribution that only achieves integer values,\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 85727, \"OwnerUserId\": 85727, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"ELI5: What is a Discrete Distribution with finite support?\", \"Tags\": \"<terminology><discrete-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A list of discrete event distributions are labeled as either with or without finite support.</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-05T19:18:20.760000\", \"AccountId\": 497450.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gatorback\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 145470, \"PostId\": 215966, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"29db7f83-eec3-46ee-8b60-33b812edc0bd\", \"Text\": \"<correlation><partial-correlation>\", \"Comment\": \"tag change\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-03T00:00:20.480000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145470, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical significance test between 2 partial correlations\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><correlation><partial-correlation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>does anyone know of an appropriate analysis for testing for a significant difference between two \", \"AccountId\": 12604461.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user190279\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 160502, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 160498, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>No, you should not. Once the distribution is standardized, it has a mean of zero and a standard d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-14T04:29:22.767000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 89063, \"OwnerUserId\": 89063, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 160502, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can I perform two-sample t-test on z-scores?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><mean><group-differences><standardization><z-score>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to test for a difference in means between two sets of data. The data is standardized using\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-14T03:05:18.533000\", \"AccountId\": 7071699.0, \"DisplayName\": \"msmazh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 147779, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 149426, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How freqently are the information conditons for proper Akaike information criterion application actu\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><goodness-of-fit><aic><ridge-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Question: what is assumed for AIC, when is this correct, and how do we know it is ever co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-20T18:27:38.550000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 552385, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Carl, most mathematical professionals would find it offensive to be directed, without comment, to a \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-29T03:51:17.293000\"}, {\"Id\": 552161, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Because our conversation showed we could not find a common intelligible interpretation of the questi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-28T00:24:22.087000\"}, {\"Id\": 552050, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Taking \\\"correlation\\\" in a general sense as some kind of association, I still struggle to understand \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-27T14:41:51.360000\"}, {\"Id\": 551936, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Could you please explain what you mean by a term in a regression being \\\"related to correlation\\\"?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T20:23:32.400000\"}, {\"Id\": 551943, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Because your replies make no sense to me, let me try again. I understand \\\"correlation\\\" to refer to \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T20:49:28.637000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 52872, \"PostId\": 167739, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I believe that additional \\\"freedom\\\" may be illusory, because you do not have $n^2$ independent obser\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-06T14:32:56.593000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52872, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability of random variable being lesser than the other\", \"Tags\": \"<random-variable><independence><bounds>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say there are two <em>independent</em> random variables, $X$ and $Y$, and we have samples $\\\\{x_1,\", \"AccountId\": 4312833.0, \"DisplayName\": \"AvidLearner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Quality of thoughts = quality of life.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 27645, \"PostId\": 151590, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It they are not correct, then please point that out in the previous threads rather than starting a n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-18T00:15:14.787000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 27645, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 151617, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multicollinearity with highly safe t-statistics but VIF of 13\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><regression-coefficients><multicollinearity><variance-inflation-factor>\", \"Body\": \"<p>If all of my coefficients in my logsitic model have really perfect t-statistics that all show suf\", \"AccountId\": 4010335.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eric\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 92888, \"PostId\": 165049, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You will greatly increase your chances of getting a specific response by (1) using standard terminol\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-20T18:19:14.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 92888, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Least Square Curve Fitting, finding the initial start values in lsqcurvefit function in MATLAB\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><matlab><least-squares>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My question is regarding MATLAB and nonlinear Least Squares curve fitting in MATLAB - in both I a\", \"AccountId\": 9481978.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Parmenides\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 152823, \"PostId\": 250799, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This is not true. When \\\"all derivatives exist\\\" at the point of the power series expansion, the powe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-06T14:38:17.467000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 152823, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 114790, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The approximation will converge if the function f(x) admits to power series expansion i.e. all de\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 33607, \"OwnerUserId\": 33607, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 281390, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When do Taylor series approximations to expectations of (entire) functions converge?\", \"Tags\": \"<expected-value><approximation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Take an expectation of the form $E(f(X))$ for some univariate random variable $X$ and an entire f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-20T18:03:22.860000\", \"AccountId\": 3089317.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jlperla\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Assistant Professor of Economics.</p>\\n<p>Thanks to all for the help</p>\\n\"}], \"AccountId\": 7513034.0, \"DisplayName\": \"E. Mehrban\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 11323, \"PostId\": 285881, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, thank you. All you need to do is observe $X_{11}$ is the smallest and $X_{mn}$ the largest of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-03T13:33:00.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11323, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"ie86\", \"Title\": \"Distribution of the minimum and maximum order statistics under a partial ordering\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><order-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">${\\\\bf{x}} = (x_{11},x_{12}, x_{13},\\\\ldots,x_{nm})$</span> and <s\", \"AccountId\": 1901464.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ie86\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20473, \"PostId\": 80880, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"That's true Alecos, but I don't think it's worth bothering about because it does not invalidate any \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-02T14:24:21.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20473, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 80865, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Assume that the processes $\\\\{X\\\\}$ and $\\\\{Y\\\\}$ are ergodic/stationary with finite moments, and ind\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 35017, \"OwnerUserId\": 35017, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 80877, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"If two time series $X$ and $Z$ follow $0 \\\\leq Z \\\\leq X$, can we say that $\\\\text{var}(Z) \\\\leq \\\\text{v\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><variance><bounds>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Now I see it can't hold. Thank you for the counter examples... You guys rule!</strong></p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-21T04:25:25.900000\", \"AccountId\": 4776238.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dabaso\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3083068.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alecos Papadopoulos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alecospapadopoulos.wordpress.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD in Economics with a heavy dose of, and a not-so-secret love for, Econometrics and Statistics.\"}, {\"Id\": 42239, \"PostId\": 236561, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The short answer is \\\"yes.\\\" Better answers will point out that your selected model is inappropriate \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-11T13:43:03.780000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 42239, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probabilities of different forecasts from linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><probability><confidence-interval><forecasting><prediction-interval>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's suppose for the sake of simplicity that we have the following linear regression:</p>\\n\\n<pre>\", \"AccountId\": 5094187.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Noob_Strider\", \"Location\": \"Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Adept at:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>SPSS</li>\\n<li>Excel</li>\\n</ul>\\n\\n<p>Beginner at:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>SAS</li>\\n<l\"}, {\"Id\": 162017, \"PostId\": 234791, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Please stop making trivial edits to this post--that's just gaming the system.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-12T14:48:49.977000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 162017, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 234789, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In case of missing data ,the most famous method or we can say algorithm is the <strong>sample clu\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 96326, \"OwnerUserId\": 96326, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do you deal with missing column data for 98% of rows?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><sampling><random-forest><missing-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a case where I have only 2.7% of the rows having value for a particular column?</p>\\n\\n<p>Wh\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-19T16:44:58.497000\", \"AccountId\": 9435591.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rafael\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 11219816.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ironman\", \"Location\": \"India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Enthusiast</strong>\\n<a href=\\\"https://i.stack\"}, {\"Id\": 111766, \"PostId\": 190427, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"One reason why an explanation in words is so important is to check that the code is doing what you t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-28T11:26:44.933000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 111766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 190518, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predicting a fair coin flip outcome with logistic regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><probability><logistic><python>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to better understand the results of logistic regression models and I wanted to apply \", \"AccountId\": 2027460.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Konrad\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.insideelectronicpipo.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a social science student from Paris and amateur programmer.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 34552, \"PostId\": 99954, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Could you provide an example of your data?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-10T18:51:13.427000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 34552, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to remove spatial autocorrelation in my ordinal regression data\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><bootstrap><ordinal-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to deal with complete separation and spatial autocorrelation in an ordinal regression\", \"AccountId\": 3416619.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nova\", \"Location\": \"Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm an analytical biologist working in the terrestrial ecology field, mainly with large mammals. \"}, {\"Id\": 180620, \"PostId\": 251714, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Those remarks are not quite correct. $X_n/Y_n$ may have *zero* probability of being infinite even w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-15T03:47:24.327000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 180620, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 251733, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does $X_{n}=o_{p}\\\\left(Y_{n}\\\\right)$ imply that $P\\\\left(Y_{n}=0\\\\right)=0$ for all $n$?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><convergence>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_{n}=o_{p}\\\\left(Y_{n}\\\\right)$</span>. Does this imply\", \"AccountId\": 13579971.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Emp Proc\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 201524, \"PostId\": 272388, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Some people (typically in engineering fields) do not subtract the means in their definition, often b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-27T14:37:13.760000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201524, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does cross-correlation function ccf in R have nonzero values?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><cross-correlation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When I try to compute the cross-correlation function between two vectors c(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0) and \", \"AccountId\": 8883983.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bastak\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 461302, \"UserId\": 668, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Guru\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-12-14T09:34:46.363000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 102459, \"PostId\": 177147, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eaaab87b-300b-4191-947b-0cf3580fc5a8\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"OriginalQuestionIds\\\":[88880],\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"101\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-16T19:09:59.990000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 102459, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 177168, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does pca() function in Matlab fix the sign of principal components?\", \"Tags\": \"<pca><matlab>\", \"Body\": \"<p>PCA gives me loadings with different signs. I understand that I may simply revert them (<a href=\\\"\", \"AccountId\": 9872577.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zlon\", \"Location\": \"Moscow, Russia - Magdeburg, Deutschland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 12660, \"PostId\": 12660, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4f272e71-857c-4969-b5d7-e1e192ac18c4\", \"Text\": \"**Yes.**\\r\\n\\r\\nAll hypothesis tests have two [salient properties][1]: their *size* (or \\\"significance le\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-08-08T13:08:49.890000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 12658, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Yes.</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>All hypothesis tests have two <a href=\\\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 2263, \"OwnerUserId\": 2263, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 12660, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it meaningful to test for normality with a very small sample size (e.g., n = 6)?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><normality-assumption><kolmogorov-smirnov-test><statistical-power>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a sample size of 6. \\nIn such a case, does it make sense to test for normality using the Ko\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-03-07T05:26:01.097000\", \"AccountId\": 65575.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BB01\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 22036, \"PostId\": 22036, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 8, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"664913ba-9a90-4b47-8bc3-60aa62422dc4\", \"Text\": \"I would prefer to use formal rules for transforming-modelling the data.\\r\\n\\r\\n1. [Box-Cox](http://en.wi\", \"Comment\": \"Rollback to [96e8b3db-09e5-404d-81b5-d3fd97e8d074]\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-16T09:16:14.913000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 22035, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user9410\", \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I would prefer to use formal rules for transforming-modelling the data.</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li><p><a href=\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 5429, \"OwnerUserId\": 5429, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Transformation by subtraction (for continuous data arbitrarily limited in the experiment)\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><data-transformation><normality-assumption>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider a study looking at the relationship of chili-pepper plant height to number of chilies pr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-22T14:27:39.750000\", \"AccountId\": 1057603.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Trees4theForest\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 152272, \"PostId\": 152272, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4f254cb3-5015-493b-ba25-770e86ff43eb\", \"Text\": \"How would you demonstrate an event \\\"eventually happens\\\"? You would conduct a thought experiment wit\", \"Comment\": \"added 1321 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-30T20:37:49.963000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 152268, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>How would you demonstrate an event \\\"eventually happens\\\"? You would conduct a thought experiment \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 55602, \"OwnerUserId\": 55602, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 152272, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does it mean to say that an event \\\"happens eventually\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><terminology><stochastic-processes><randomness><random-walk>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider a 1 dimensional random walk on the integers $\\\\mathbb{Z}$ with initial state $x\\\\in\\\\mathbb\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-17T22:51:25.820000\", \"AccountId\": 6639165.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ye Tian\", \"Location\": \"Chicago\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2011-07-14T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 1037692, \"PostId\": 296544, \"UserId\": 222930, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7fda7673-110b-4058-9676-28ab66cc04e7\", \"Text\": \"In making scatterplot for correlations between two continuous variables, can we use the choice cubic\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T19:06:26.140000\"}, {\"Id\": 1037693, \"PostId\": 296544, \"UserId\": 222930, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7fda7673-110b-4058-9676-28ab66cc04e7\", \"Text\": \"<spss><linear><scatterplot><cubic>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T19:06:26.140000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 222930, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 222930, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 222930, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 222930, \"Id\": 222930, \"AccountId\": 17621134.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user271931\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T19:06:26.140000\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 409766, \"UserId\": 222930, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-01-27T02:05:14.190000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 296544, \"PostId\": 296544, \"UserId\": 222930, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7fda7673-110b-4058-9676-28ab66cc04e7\", \"Text\": \" In making scatterplot for correlations between two continuous variables, can we use the choice cubi\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T19:06:26.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 222930, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In making scatterplot for correlations between two continuous variables, can we use the choice cubic\", \"Tags\": \"<spss><linear><scatterplot><cubic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In making scatterplot for correlations between two continuous variables, can we use the choice cu\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 49444, \"RelatedPostId\": 113794, \"PostId\": 296544, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T14:00:13.097000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49444, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Errors-in-variables multivariate polynomial regression (R)\", \"Tags\": \"<r><standard-deviation><polynomial><multivariate-regression><errors-in-variables>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>(<strong>EDIT</strong>: the question has been modified just a little bit to be more specific) </p\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 528481, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 113794, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-21T00:00:00\"}], \"AccountId\": 3617128.0, \"DisplayName\": \"LRD\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 137892, \"PostId\": 296544, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It seems that your SPSS plot shows a regression, not a correlation. As you know, (ordinary) regressi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T06:50:15.590000\", \"AccountId\": 12100552.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Carsten\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 279712, \"PostId\": 279712, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user158565: Right you are! I edited the answer (code and the note in the first parentheses). Thanks\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-07T15:58:42.443000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 279617, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><code>rbind</code> your two data sets (i.e. put them under each other), add your two types as new\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 71380, \"OwnerUserId\": 71380, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Testing the difference between two independent regression coefficients\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><hypothesis-testing><regression-coefficients>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to test the difference between two independent regression coefficients. David C. How\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-22T15:39:23.820000\", \"AccountId\": 7894806.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Maria\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 219901, \"PostId\": 292861, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"AFAIK \\\"residual regression\\\" leads to biased estimates: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-12-17T15:20:37.073000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 219901, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using residuals from one regression as the dependent variable in a second regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><residuals>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm not sure if this technique has a name.</p>\\n\\n<p>I've recently learned that some people perform\", \"AccountId\": 17329785.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user268859\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 95202, \"PostId\": 299717, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Did you search for \\\"outlier\\\" on CV? I found several questions (and answers) that look very similar t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-10T11:14:22.680000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 95202, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to decide which technique to use to treat outliers?\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><generalized-linear-model><dataset><outliers><continuous-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In my mind, there are multiple ways to treat dataset outliers</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>-> Delete data\\n-\", \"AccountId\": 5696646.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hyeri\", \"Location\": \"Lahore, Pakistan\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 214216, \"PostId\": 288730, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I second \\\"Student\\\"'s comment. This is often a legacy approach from the times before GLM (1980s and b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-18T22:02:32.857000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 214216, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"when should I normalize with $\\\\log(1+x)$ instead of with $\\\\log$?\", \"Tags\": \"<logarithm><rms>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've seen people log-normalize data by using the <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\log(1+x)$</span> \", \"AccountId\": 21680.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Aviad Rozenhek\", \"Location\": \"Israel\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.facebook.com/aviadr1\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 226345, \"PostId\": 300492, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Please reference or cite the context of \\\"parameter space\\\". At present you leave us guessing. Also ha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-02T15:22:02.573000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 226345, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 300522, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does it mean \\\"they differ in parameter space\\\" regarding the compound symmetry and random interc\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><modeling><sphericity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I read discussions on how the random intercept model is not equivalent to the compound symmetry. \", \"AccountId\": 17886833.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dasivalana\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 198136, \"PostId\": 303722, \"UserId\": 137892, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I fail to understand how giving an arbitrary value to an unobserved event can be valid. There are pl\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-24T01:23:25.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 198136, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do you code missing values if 0 is meaningful?\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks><dataset><missing-data><feature-engineering><exploratory-data-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Per this deep learning book I am reading:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>In general, with neural networks\", \"AccountId\": 4371294.0, \"DisplayName\": \"confused\", \"Location\": \"USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://statistics-reference.github.io/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Always confused but do enjoy learning and hopefully eventually teaching.</p>\\n<p>Building a potent\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 279192, \"PostId\": 279192, \"UserId\": 137892, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"805e1737-cb32-40aa-b84e-7d923f9cb181\", \"Text\": \"Part 1: Why does the size of the coefficients increase? \\r\\n\\r\\nYou do not specify what you mean exactly\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-02T14:52:14.420000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 279187, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Part 1: Why does the size of the coefficients increase? </p>\\n\\n<p>You do not specify what you mean\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 119975, \"OwnerUserId\": 119975, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 279192, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Relation between size of parameters and complexity of model with overfitting\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><overfitting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm reading the book Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning by Bishop, specifically the intro w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-30T10:54:38.450000\", \"AccountId\": 10879266.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Shirish Kulhari\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 280894, \"PostId\": 280894, \"UserId\": 137892, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1374495e-5ec7-4400-828a-8c638d694179\", \"Text\": \"Multicollinearity cannot, logically, be \\\"solved\\\". Rather, it indicates that you cannot readily tease\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-19T10:43:36.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 280842, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Multicollinearity cannot, logically, be \\\"solved\\\". Rather, it indicates that you cannot readily te\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 190267, \"OwnerUserId\": 190267, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 280853, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are feature selection methods prone to multicollinearity?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><feature-selection><multicollinearity>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using R and I wonder whether I should first remove highly correlated variables via <code>vif(\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-14T22:34:12.820000\", \"AccountId\": 13559219.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Textime\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 298449, \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 298433, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a linear regression you <em>assume</em> that the data come from a normal distribution, whose \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-13T07:52:05.813000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 127125, \"OwnerUserId\": 127125, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The random error term is assumed to follow the normal distribution with a mean of 0 in linear regres\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><linear-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>while going through <a href=\\\"http://reliawiki.org/index.php/Simple_Linear_Regression_Analysis\\\" re\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-28T07:08:01.337000\", \"AccountId\": 2889041.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2478236\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 288818, \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 288816, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the wikipedia-definition of the <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\chi^2$</span>-distribution (<a \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-08T18:47:25.517000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 216215, \"OwnerUserId\": 216215, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"anova.gam, significant test and 0 deviance?\", \"Tags\": \"<generalized-additive-model><degrees-of-freedom><mgcv><deviance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have fitted a series of GAMs of increasing complexity, and compared with anova.gam. I get a sig\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-08T18:25:49.707000\", \"AccountId\": 17061462.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alistair Senior\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 303730, \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 303724, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Don't. </p>\\n\\n<p>A hypothesis test aims to test an hypothesis, or rather the null hypothesis (this\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-03T11:57:51.407000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 226970, \"OwnerUserId\": 226970, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to compare two or more mean AUC\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><p-value><auc>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have different machine learning models and for each of them after a 10-fold cross validation I\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-08T16:06:20.087000\", \"AccountId\": 17930956.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zorro\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 298745, \"OwnerUserId\": 137892, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 298708, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_machine_learning\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Online \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-15T22:04:16.803000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 298708, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 298745, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user271077\", \"Title\": \"What’s the difference between online machine learning and software that updates the model automatica\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><online-algorithms>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is online machine learning basically a software that updates the model automatically every time t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-15T14:50:12.830000\"}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1162805, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 296544, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-27T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 296544, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"49bc5813-7a89-4f1c-92d4-e87a803b9bc3\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"103\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 54660, \"PostId\": 114218, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Every single bullet in the description of \\\"discrete data\\\" is wrong and misleading.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-04T12:39:56.760000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 54660, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is nominal, ordinal, & binary for quantitative data, qualitative data, or both?\", \"Tags\": \"<categorical-data><dataset><ordinal-data><binary-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm getting wrapped around data types and I need some help:</p>\\n\\n<p><img src=\\\"https://i.stack.img\", \"AccountId\": 6573268.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Leaning\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 31109, \"PostId\": 73365, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How were the numbers of measurements chosen? This might bear on your choice of statistical analysis.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-29T18:27:59.200000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 31109, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 73403, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to compare two sides of patients with multiple measures per patient?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say we have $n$ patients and we did $l_i$ measures of some parameter at the left side of th\", \"AccountId\": 4400775.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alexg\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 3653, \"PostId\": 210126, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You call this \\\"logistic regression,\\\" yet you fit responses that are non-integral and you quote formu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-15T19:24:17.707000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3653, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"estimation of standard errors after logistic regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><regression-coefficients>\", \"Body\": \"<p>i have following data</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>Pass Hours\\n0 0.5\\n0 0.75\\n0 1\\n0 1.25\\n0 1.5\\n0 1\", \"AccountId\": 213183.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dato datuashvili\", \"Location\": \"Tbilisi, Georgia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am PHD student in international black sea university,city Tbilisi,capital of georgia,my interes\"}, {\"Id\": 190552, \"PostId\": 260893, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Statistics are not \\\"parametric\\\" *per se.* What, then, would be the context in which you see correla\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-17T20:18:19.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 190552, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 260907, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pearson correlation coefficient: Gaussian data expected?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><normality-assumption>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The Pearson correlation coefficient is sometimes referred to as a parametric statistic. Does this\", \"AccountId\": 6101180.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mommermi\", \"Location\": \"Flagstaff, AZ, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://michaelmommert.wordpress.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a Solar System Astronomer working at <a href=\\\"https://lowell.edu/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"\"}, {\"Id\": 34836, \"PostId\": 80501, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user159813 Although it may seem like a triviality, failing to make that distinction explicit is the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-16T21:11:59.773000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 34836, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 80483, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>notice that since this continous you want to find CDF so going off what you had we have \\n$$P(V_{m\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 29553, \"OwnerUserId\": 29553, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 80505, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution function of maximum of n iid standard uniform random variables where n is poisson distr\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><self-study><convergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am studying probability theory on my own and am trying to work the following problem in the boo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-29T18:22:57.977000\", \"AccountId\": 4248547.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user42754\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 4758786.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user52220\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 296548, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Pending clarification from the OP, I cannot tell whether your idea answers the question they intende\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T19:51:53.943000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 296544, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes and no, <em>mostly no</em>. Correlation asks for how strong the linear relationship is betwee\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 67002, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber BTW see http://wmueller.com/precalculus/newfunc/invpoly.html re inverse cubic.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-29T07:53:53.147000\", \"AccountId\": 7541642.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Carl\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a nuclear physician, and a scientist. My interest in statistics is for writing journal artic\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 160085, \"PostId\": 160085, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Good point. I'll add it in later.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-10T04:47:16.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 160084, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Tikhonov regularizarization is a larger set than ridge regression. Here is my attempt to spell ou\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 160084, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 160085, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is Tikhonov regularization the same as Ridge Regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><terminology><regularization><ridge-regression><tikhonov-regularization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Tikhonov regularization and ridge regression are terms often used as if they were identical. Is i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-10T04:44:58.657000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 188032, \"PostId\": 258365, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber Yes (negative) integration is appropriate. No, it isn't Gaussian, see my answer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T04:40:34.397000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188032, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 259122, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should I use a paired sample t-test to compare two methods of measuring absorption lines?\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test><paired-data><astronomy>\", \"Body\": \"<h3>Background</h3>\\n\\n<p>I'm doing a research project in astronomy and measuring equivalent widths of\", \"AccountId\": 112690.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Evgenii\", \"Location\": \"St Kilda, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://evgenii.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I was born in Russia and have been working as a programmer since 1998. In 2012 my wife and I immi\"}, {\"Id\": 203727, \"PostId\": 274767, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_time_warping helps. *Least cost* refers to a loss function, al\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-20T04:48:33.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203727, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Dynamic Time Warping - building a distance matrix with any distance that we want?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><algorithms><dynamic-time-warping>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am new to Dynamic Time Warping. I understand that we build a distance matrix and then try to fi\", \"AccountId\": 9233981.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Zeruno\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24014, \"PostId\": 160876, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"As you know, the term [deviance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviance_(statistics)) when applied t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-21T17:48:03.710000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24014, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 149054, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong><em>AIC</strong> is an estimate of twice the model-driven additive term to the expected K\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 67976, \"OwnerUserId\": 67976, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) score of a model mean?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><model-selection><aic><entropy><information-theory>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have seen some questions here about what it means in layman terms, but these are too layman for\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-12T20:30:43.360000\", \"AccountId\": 7623782.0, \"DisplayName\": \"caveman\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://cave.mn\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I love internet points. I come here to collect them. In fact I think Internet points are worth mo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 170483, \"OwnerUserId\": 67976, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 170500, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How many decimal places should be used for which purposes?\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say that $x$ is some statistic that represents your measurement of something in nature, suc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-05T03:48:54.320000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 170500, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 170483, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When I record data for analysis, I use all of the available data and do not truncate, indeed I ze\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-05T06:18:26.773000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 570620, \"PostId\": 170500, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94932536-59f8-4fd5-8bdd-0692fe57b4f3\", \"Text\": \"When I record data for analysis, I use all of the available data and do not truncate. That is becaus\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-05T06:18:26.773000\"}]}]}]}], \"AccountId\": 2020003.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ben Ogorek\", \"Location\": \"Raleigh, NC\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD, Statistics from NC State</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 6672, \"PostId\": 100700, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"1) Precision is independent from accuracy. Most times, precision of an inaccurate result is much mor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-07T01:02:53.447000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6672, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are Lyapovov exponents related to statistical precision?\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><climate><lyapunov-exponent><precision><numerical-models>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In my understanding, Lyapunov exponents measure the average rate of separation of near-identical \", \"AccountId\": 73202.0, \"DisplayName\": \"naught101\", \"Location\": \"Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.naught101.org\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Contact:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Skype: naught101</p>\\n \\n <p>XMPP/Googletalk: naught101@jabber.or\"}, {\"Id\": 66116, \"PostId\": 167881, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Not sure. Try survival function ratio limits to check.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-14T04:52:36.600000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 66116, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 167884, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is Gaussian Copula's Tail Dependence Zero?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><normal-distribution><copula><multivariate-normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know that the Gaussian copula has a zero tail dependence (tail independence) due to the exponen\", \"AccountId\": 6627128.0, \"DisplayName\": \"NicTam\", \"Location\": \"Hong Kong / Waterloo, ON\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 552387, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber No offense intended, apologies. I liked it *because* it was simple. What I was trying to poi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-29T04:19:49.400000\"}, {\"Id\": 552393, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber That may be an answer to the question. So, I thought I should run it by you. Again, apologie\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-29T04:57:16.703000\"}, {\"Id\": 552009, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber If a cubic is better at explaining data than a linear equation, then there is probably a dat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-27T07:04:18.053000\"}, {\"Id\": 142779, \"PostId\": 216848, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Further exploration continued from [link](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/322181/which-ban\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-05T23:43:48.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 142779, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Quantile curves (strange results at 0.975 quantile)\", \"Tags\": \"<splines><quantile-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to calculate the quantile curves (0.025,0.25,0.5,0.75,0.975). The distribution of age is <\", \"AccountId\": 12440649.0, \"DisplayName\": \"shosho\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 552160, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber This version any better? Why did you close the question? It is a creative question of the t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-28T00:22:37.940000\"}, {\"Id\": 552163, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber OK, thanks anyway. I may be reading too much into it, and it probably would be going too far\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-28T00:28:02.480000\"}, {\"Id\": 89399, \"PostId\": 178442, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The X-axis in the plot is approximately scaled beta distributed. Not only is there a random X, but a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-17T16:45:03.987000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89399, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 178288, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>When you have multiple predictors in your model (as it sounds like you do), then you need to plot\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 105692, \"OwnerUserId\": 105692, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regression- How to deal with this kind of non-constant variance?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><variance><residuals>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a residual vs. predictor plot for my regression problem. All the other residual plots don\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-10T15:52:00.333000\", \"AccountId\": 8612317.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hooyeh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 9179443.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rose Hartman\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 191979, \"PostId\": 332889, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The lecture note link is not available to me when I follow the link. It may be that you have privile\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-01T06:43:48.600000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 191979, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 331984, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I am mentioning here one term for integral of CDF used by <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 331984, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 332889, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What should the integral of a CDF be called?\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><terminology><cumulative-distribution-function><partial-moments>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>This is strictly a nomenclature question.</strong> I have no particular problem finding d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-10T07:51:24.477000\"}], \"AccountId\": 6600416.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dayne\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD candidate in Economics.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 132392, \"PostId\": 132392, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@PeterWestfall Semi-infinite support is often assumed, for example, as $0\\\\leq t< \\\\infty$ for drug co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-29T07:53:53.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 66474, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Although kurtosis is a related to the heaviness of tails, it would contribute more to the notion \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 594, \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 66537, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which has the heavier tail, lognormal or gamma?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><gamma-distribution><lognormal-distribution><heavy-tailed>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>(This is based on a question that just came to me via email; I've added some context from a previ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\"}]}, {\"Id\": 552062, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber You are correct that $x$ on [1,2] is a more linear portion of $x^2$ than [-1,1]. The point I\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-27T15:25:45.997000\"}, {\"Id\": 551947, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber It is not the answer that makes no sense, it is the question. I am trying to explain why the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T21:12:51.893000\"}, {\"Id\": 551939, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I would be happy to, however, I do not see exactly what you are asking. I will take a guess, if the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T20:39:55.490000\"}, {\"Id\": 551941, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber.... for example, if the linear term cannot be discarded, and is negative, but the cubic term\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T20:46:55.257000\"}, {\"Id\": 551946, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber I did not even consider adding or removing terms from a poly regression, that is yet another\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T21:01:38.650000\"}, {\"Id\": 551950, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber If you do not like my answer, answer it yourself. So I put it to you, \\\"Why not use a cubic t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T21:29:30.440000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1037739, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c152695f-393c-4dd8-a338-615e6e166f7d\", \"Text\": \"Yes and no. For example, for a cubic under the conditions of relative monotonicity the linear term (\", \"Comment\": \"added 391 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T21:01:58.793000\"}, {\"Id\": 197471, \"PostId\": 197471, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0585912a-7fe8-4f98-b77e-cc2fcedcd939\", \"Text\": \"As per the comments above, the question is unclear. Let us assume we have a 2D point, which is the l\", \"Comment\": \"added 80 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-14T03:36:41.160000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 197424, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>As per the comments above, the question is unclear. Unless there is strong evidence that the mode\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 125384, \"OwnerUserId\": 125384, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Anchoring a linear regression to a specific data point in r\", \"Tags\": \"<r><lm><change-point>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is different, follow up question to someone else's question <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexch\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-13T19:53:55.497000\", \"AccountId\": 11205480.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ian S\", \"Location\": \"State College, PA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 1037749, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b24d6501-7792-41b5-b86f-6c47cc75f46e\", \"Text\": \"Yes and no, *mostly no*. For example, for a cubic under the conditions of relative monotonicity the \", \"Comment\": \"added 13 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T21:33:28.643000\"}, {\"Id\": 216663, \"PostId\": 216663, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ace6aabe-78ba-4186-8e95-fb862b45758e\", \"Text\": \"Assuming the 95% CI is from a Student's distribution difference then the [dependent paired-t test st\", \"Comment\": \"added 271 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-09T23:17:03.657000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 216647, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Assuming the 95% CI is from a Student's distribution difference then the <a href=\\\"https://en.wiki\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 146153, \"OwnerUserId\": 146153, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating t if only the mean difference, N, and 95%CI are available\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm looking to calculate a repeated measures t-test for a study that only reported the mean diffe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-09T19:17:33.683000\", \"AccountId\": 12132931.0, \"DisplayName\": \"confusedpsych\", \"Location\": \"England, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 1037785, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b4604ec6-89be-4b5b-91f8-b0ce5029a362\", \"Text\": \"Yes and no, *mostly no*. Correlation asks for how strong the linear relationship is between two vari\", \"Comment\": \"added 297 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-27T01:16:21.030000\"}, {\"Id\": 169118, \"PostId\": 169118, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b015d634-fdd8-4947-8044-f3ef2e3047e5\", \"Text\": \"This is too long for a comment. It contains material implicating proper treatment of physical system\", \"Comment\": \"added 214 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-23T19:53:43.523000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 157602, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is more than one question being asked. The most narrow one is asking for an example of when\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 1556, \"OwnerUserId\": 1556, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Howlers caused by using stepwise regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><stepwise-regression><history>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am well aware of the problems of stepwise/forward/backward selection in regression models. The\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-12-15T12:27:20.707000\", \"AccountId\": 509616.0, \"DisplayName\": \"probabilityislogic\", \"Location\": \"Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistics tragic, most definitely an objective Bayesian style statistician. I find myself quite\"}]}, {\"Id\": 165721, \"PostId\": 165721, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3bc8bc23-82bd-4fb9-8d5a-32710bd16da5\", \"Text\": \"In order for the overlap to have meaning, it would have to be relevant to some hypothesis or questio\", \"Comment\": \"added 243 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-26T01:23:39.740000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 165708, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In order for the overlap to have meaning, it would have to be relevant to some hypothesis or ques\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 93438, \"OwnerUserId\": 93438, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 165721, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What can be said about the overlap of two probability distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution><confidence-interval>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have information about the following two normal distributions:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>Red { \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-25T22:36:58.680000\", \"AccountId\": 7525792.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mark Johnson\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 25000, \"PostId\": 249600, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f2314189-ae5c-480f-ae20-367a355b71f3\", \"Text\": \"The following is taken literally from Wikipedia's [mean squared error in the mean subheading](https:\", \"Comment\": \"added 73 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-17T22:49:58.330000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25000, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"question about MSE mean square error\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><distributions><mathematical-statistics><inference><mse>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The following is taken literally from Wikipedia's <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_squ\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 249682, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 249600, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Note firstly that MSE, unlike the related measurement; variance (Var), is a <a href=\\\"https://en.w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-04T01:34:16.407000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 870257, \"PostId\": 249682, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"57a737ed-2d65-414f-b5cf-e57183f50895\", \"Text\": \"Note firstly that MSE, unlike the related measurement; variance (Var), is a [baised](https://en.wiki\", \"Comment\": \"added 82 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-04T22:07:47.217000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 2494512.0, \"DisplayName\": \"john_w\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 157692, \"PostId\": 157692, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b21d7d71-a375-49d7-a446-95928aaedd30\", \"Text\": \" **It is well-known that a linear combination of 2 random normal variables is also a random normal v\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-20T02:59:33.080000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 105229, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>It is well-known that a linear combination of 2 random normal variables is also a random \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19172, \"OwnerUserId\": 19172, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Linear combination of two random non-normals that is still a member of same family\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><linear>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>It is well-known that a linear combination of 2 random normal variables is also a random \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-21T14:39:59.677000\", \"AccountId\": 2928552.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anthony\", \"Location\": \"United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Psychology professor. Interested in statistical cognition, applied statistics, memory, and judgm\"}]}, {\"Id\": 86967, \"PostId\": 166584, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"278e8a56-0ab3-4eb9-9e09-c5b6a51e3321\", \"Text\": \"The simplest possible sampling of a function in the region [0,1] for the purpose of finding the area\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-20T14:46:26.633000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86967, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Simplest possible (uniform) sampling of the interval [0,1] with n points\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><terminology><uniform-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The simplest possible sampling of a function in the region [0,1] for the purpose of finding the a\", \"AccountId\": 8343274.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Little Alien\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>They do not let me to have a profile here because I tend to tell the truth about the people but t\"}, {\"Id\": 1037701, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"204c6f39-29b1-45e7-92ec-178c264b249f\", \"Text\": \"Yes and no. For example, for a cubic the linear term (proportional to $x$) and cubic term (proportio\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T19:51:53.943000\"}, {\"Id\": 1038085, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7533922b-1ddd-4f07-834d-f74a4e699521\", \"Text\": \"Yes and no, *mostly no*. Correlation asks for how strong the linear relationship is between two vari\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 318 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-28T00:11:53.793000\"}, {\"Id\": 245551, \"PostId\": 245551, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"80d6daae-8653-4774-b042-eaf486e9d816\", \"Text\": \"Discrete distribution most frequently refers to a distribution that only achieves integer values, an\", \"Comment\": \"added 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-27T01:09:29.480000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 245548, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Discrete distribution most frequently refers to a distribution that only achieves integer values,\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 85727, \"OwnerUserId\": 85727, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"ELI5: What is a Discrete Distribution with finite support?\", \"Tags\": \"<terminology><discrete-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A list of discrete event distributions are labeled as either with or without finite support.</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-05T19:18:20.760000\", \"AccountId\": 497450.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gatorback\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 145470, \"PostId\": 215966, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"29db7f83-eec3-46ee-8b60-33b812edc0bd\", \"Text\": \"<correlation><partial-correlation>\", \"Comment\": \"tag change\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-03T00:00:20.480000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145470, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical significance test between 2 partial correlations\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><correlation><partial-correlation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>does anyone know of an appropriate analysis for testing for a significant difference between two \", \"AccountId\": 12604461.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user190279\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 160502, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 160498, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>No, you should not. Once the distribution is standardized, it has a mean of zero and a standard d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-14T04:29:22.767000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 89063, \"OwnerUserId\": 89063, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 160502, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can I perform two-sample t-test on z-scores?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><mean><group-differences><standardization><z-score>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to test for a difference in means between two sets of data. The data is standardized using\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-14T03:05:18.533000\", \"AccountId\": 7071699.0, \"DisplayName\": \"msmazh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 147779, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 149426, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How freqently are the information conditons for proper Akaike information criterion application actu\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><goodness-of-fit><aic><ridge-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Question: what is assumed for AIC, when is this correct, and how do we know it is ever co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-20T18:27:38.550000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 552385, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Carl, most mathematical professionals would find it offensive to be directed, without comment, to a \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-29T03:51:17.293000\"}, {\"Id\": 552161, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Because our conversation showed we could not find a common intelligible interpretation of the questi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-28T00:24:22.087000\"}, {\"Id\": 552050, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Taking \\\"correlation\\\" in a general sense as some kind of association, I still struggle to understand \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-27T14:41:51.360000\"}, {\"Id\": 551936, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Could you please explain what you mean by a term in a regression being \\\"related to correlation\\\"?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T20:23:32.400000\"}, {\"Id\": 551943, \"PostId\": 296548, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Because your replies make no sense to me, let me try again. I understand \\\"correlation\\\" to refer to \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T20:49:28.637000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 52872, \"PostId\": 167739, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I believe that additional \\\"freedom\\\" may be illusory, because you do not have $n^2$ independent obser\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-06T14:32:56.593000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52872, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability of random variable being lesser than the other\", \"Tags\": \"<random-variable><independence><bounds>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say there are two <em>independent</em> random variables, $X$ and $Y$, and we have samples $\\\\{x_1,\", \"AccountId\": 4312833.0, \"DisplayName\": \"AvidLearner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Quality of thoughts = quality of life.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 27645, \"PostId\": 151590, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It they are not correct, then please point that out in the previous threads rather than starting a n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-18T00:15:14.787000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 27645, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 151617, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multicollinearity with highly safe t-statistics but VIF of 13\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><regression-coefficients><multicollinearity><variance-inflation-factor>\", \"Body\": \"<p>If all of my coefficients in my logsitic model have really perfect t-statistics that all show suf\", \"AccountId\": 4010335.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eric\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 92888, \"PostId\": 165049, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You will greatly increase your chances of getting a specific response by (1) using standard terminol\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-20T18:19:14.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 92888, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Least Square Curve Fitting, finding the initial start values in lsqcurvefit function in MATLAB\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><matlab><least-squares>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My question is regarding MATLAB and nonlinear Least Squares curve fitting in MATLAB - in both I a\", \"AccountId\": 9481978.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Parmenides\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 152823, \"PostId\": 250799, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This is not true. When \\\"all derivatives exist\\\" at the point of the power series expansion, the powe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-06T14:38:17.467000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 152823, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 114790, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The approximation will converge if the function f(x) admits to power series expansion i.e. all de\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 33607, \"OwnerUserId\": 33607, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 281390, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When do Taylor series approximations to expectations of (entire) functions converge?\", \"Tags\": \"<expected-value><approximation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Take an expectation of the form $E(f(X))$ for some univariate random variable $X$ and an entire f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-20T18:03:22.860000\", \"AccountId\": 3089317.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jlperla\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Assistant Professor of Economics.</p>\\n<p>Thanks to all for the help</p>\\n\"}], \"AccountId\": 7513034.0, \"DisplayName\": \"E. Mehrban\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 11323, \"PostId\": 285881, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, thank you. All you need to do is observe $X_{11}$ is the smallest and $X_{mn}$ the largest of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-03T13:33:00.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11323, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"ie86\", \"Title\": \"Distribution of the minimum and maximum order statistics under a partial ordering\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><order-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">${\\\\bf{x}} = (x_{11},x_{12}, x_{13},\\\\ldots,x_{nm})$</span> and <s\", \"AccountId\": 1901464.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ie86\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20473, \"PostId\": 80880, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"That's true Alecos, but I don't think it's worth bothering about because it does not invalidate any \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-02T14:24:21.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20473, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 80865, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Assume that the processes $\\\\{X\\\\}$ and $\\\\{Y\\\\}$ are ergodic/stationary with finite moments, and ind\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 35017, \"OwnerUserId\": 35017, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 80877, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"If two time series $X$ and $Z$ follow $0 \\\\leq Z \\\\leq X$, can we say that $\\\\text{var}(Z) \\\\leq \\\\text{v\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><variance><bounds>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Now I see it can't hold. Thank you for the counter examples... You guys rule!</strong></p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-21T04:25:25.900000\", \"AccountId\": 4776238.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dabaso\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3083068.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alecos Papadopoulos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alecospapadopoulos.wordpress.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD in Economics with a heavy dose of, and a not-so-secret love for, Econometrics and Statistics.\"}, {\"Id\": 42239, \"PostId\": 236561, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The short answer is \\\"yes.\\\" Better answers will point out that your selected model is inappropriate \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-11T13:43:03.780000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 42239, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probabilities of different forecasts from linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><probability><confidence-interval><forecasting><prediction-interval>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's suppose for the sake of simplicity that we have the following linear regression:</p>\\n\\n<pre>\", \"AccountId\": 5094187.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Noob_Strider\", \"Location\": \"Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Adept at:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>SPSS</li>\\n<li>Excel</li>\\n</ul>\\n\\n<p>Beginner at:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>SAS</li>\\n<l\"}, {\"Id\": 162017, \"PostId\": 234791, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Please stop making trivial edits to this post--that's just gaming the system.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-12T14:48:49.977000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 162017, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 234789, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In case of missing data ,the most famous method or we can say algorithm is the <strong>sample clu\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 96326, \"OwnerUserId\": 96326, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do you deal with missing column data for 98% of rows?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><sampling><random-forest><missing-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a case where I have only 2.7% of the rows having value for a particular column?</p>\\n\\n<p>Wh\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-19T16:44:58.497000\", \"AccountId\": 9435591.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rafael\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 11219816.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ironman\", \"Location\": \"India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Enthusiast</strong>\\n<a href=\\\"https://i.stack\"}, {\"Id\": 111766, \"PostId\": 190427, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"One reason why an explanation in words is so important is to check that the code is doing what you t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-28T11:26:44.933000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 111766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 190518, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predicting a fair coin flip outcome with logistic regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><probability><logistic><python>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to better understand the results of logistic regression models and I wanted to apply \", \"AccountId\": 2027460.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Konrad\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.insideelectronicpipo.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a social science student from Paris and amateur programmer.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 34552, \"PostId\": 99954, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Could you provide an example of your data?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-10T18:51:13.427000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 34552, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to remove spatial autocorrelation in my ordinal regression data\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><bootstrap><ordinal-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to deal with complete separation and spatial autocorrelation in an ordinal regression\", \"AccountId\": 3416619.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nova\", \"Location\": \"Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm an analytical biologist working in the terrestrial ecology field, mainly with large mammals. \"}, {\"Id\": 180620, \"PostId\": 251714, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Those remarks are not quite correct. $X_n/Y_n$ may have *zero* probability of being infinite even w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-15T03:47:24.327000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 180620, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 251733, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does $X_{n}=o_{p}\\\\left(Y_{n}\\\\right)$ imply that $P\\\\left(Y_{n}=0\\\\right)=0$ for all $n$?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><convergence>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_{n}=o_{p}\\\\left(Y_{n}\\\\right)$</span>. Does this imply\", \"AccountId\": 13579971.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Emp Proc\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 201524, \"PostId\": 272388, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Some people (typically in engineering fields) do not subtract the means in their definition, often b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-27T14:37:13.760000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201524, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does cross-correlation function ccf in R have nonzero values?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><cross-correlation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When I try to compute the cross-correlation function between two vectors c(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0) and \", \"AccountId\": 8883983.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bastak\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 461302, \"UserId\": 668, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Guru\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-12-14T09:34:46.363000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 102459, \"PostId\": 177147, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eaaab87b-300b-4191-947b-0cf3580fc5a8\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"OriginalQuestionIds\\\":[88880],\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"101\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-16T19:09:59.990000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 102459, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 177168, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does pca() function in Matlab fix the sign of principal components?\", \"Tags\": \"<pca><matlab>\", \"Body\": \"<p>PCA gives me loadings with different signs. I understand that I may simply revert them (<a href=\\\"\", \"AccountId\": 9872577.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zlon\", \"Location\": \"Moscow, Russia - Magdeburg, Deutschland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 12660, \"PostId\": 12660, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4f272e71-857c-4969-b5d7-e1e192ac18c4\", \"Text\": \"**Yes.**\\r\\n\\r\\nAll hypothesis tests have two [salient properties][1]: their *size* (or \\\"significance le\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-08-08T13:08:49.890000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 12658, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Yes.</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>All hypothesis tests have two <a href=\\\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 2263, \"OwnerUserId\": 2263, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 12660, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it meaningful to test for normality with a very small sample size (e.g., n = 6)?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><normality-assumption><kolmogorov-smirnov-test><statistical-power>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a sample size of 6. \\nIn such a case, does it make sense to test for normality using the Ko\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-03-07T05:26:01.097000\", \"AccountId\": 65575.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BB01\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 22036, \"PostId\": 22036, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 8, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"664913ba-9a90-4b47-8bc3-60aa62422dc4\", \"Text\": \"I would prefer to use formal rules for transforming-modelling the data.\\r\\n\\r\\n1. [Box-Cox](http://en.wi\", \"Comment\": \"Rollback to [96e8b3db-09e5-404d-81b5-d3fd97e8d074]\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-16T09:16:14.913000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 22035, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user9410\", \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I would prefer to use formal rules for transforming-modelling the data.</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li><p><a href=\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 5429, \"OwnerUserId\": 5429, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Transformation by subtraction (for continuous data arbitrarily limited in the experiment)\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><data-transformation><normality-assumption>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider a study looking at the relationship of chili-pepper plant height to number of chilies pr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-22T14:27:39.750000\", \"AccountId\": 1057603.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Trees4theForest\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 152272, \"PostId\": 152272, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4f254cb3-5015-493b-ba25-770e86ff43eb\", \"Text\": \"How would you demonstrate an event \\\"eventually happens\\\"? You would conduct a thought experiment wit\", \"Comment\": \"added 1321 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-30T20:37:49.963000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 152268, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>How would you demonstrate an event \\\"eventually happens\\\"? You would conduct a thought experiment \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 55602, \"OwnerUserId\": 55602, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 152272, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does it mean to say that an event \\\"happens eventually\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><terminology><stochastic-processes><randomness><random-walk>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider a 1 dimensional random walk on the integers $\\\\mathbb{Z}$ with initial state $x\\\\in\\\\mathbb\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-17T22:51:25.820000\", \"AccountId\": 6639165.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ye Tian\", \"Location\": \"Chicago\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2011-07-14T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 1037692, \"PostId\": 296544, \"UserId\": 222930, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7fda7673-110b-4058-9676-28ab66cc04e7\", \"Text\": \"In making scatterplot for correlations between two continuous variables, can we use the choice cubic\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T19:06:26.140000\"}, {\"Id\": 1037693, \"PostId\": 296544, \"UserId\": 222930, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7fda7673-110b-4058-9676-28ab66cc04e7\", \"Text\": \"<spss><linear><scatterplot><cubic>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T19:06:26.140000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 222930, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 222930, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 222930, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":79,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"Id\": 188043, \"AccountId\": 14658285.0, \"DisplayName\": \"IamKnull\", \"Location\": \"Primordial void\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T10:56:23.320000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 326826, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 188043, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I have already looked into Methods of Multivariate Analysis by Alvin C. Rencher, William F. Christen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T14:42:46.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"A good book for regression analysis for pure mathematicians\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><generalized-linear-model><references>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking for a good book for regression that is mainly focused on mathematical stuff instead \", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 73, \"RelatedPostId\": 405, \"PostId\": 326826, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T19:35:55.090000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 73, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 429, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Introduction to statistics for mathematicians\", \"Tags\": \"<references>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"Body\": \"<p>What is a good introduction to statistics for a mathematician who is already well-versed in proba\", \"AccountId\": 509458.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mark Meckes\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 11176, \"RelatedPostId\": 32407, \"PostId\": 326826, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-27T05:15:13.803000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11176, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 32409, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Frequentist statistics references for someone well versed in modern probability theory\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><references><intuition><frequentist>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Coming from a rigorous background in analysis and modern probability theory, I find Bayesian stat\", \"AccountId\": 224841.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nick Alger\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Researcher at the Oden Institute (UT Austin) working on numerical methods for PDE-constrained opt\"}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Some related posts: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/38082/frequentist-statistics-reference\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 326828, \"PostId\": 326828, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94256d0c-57ed-4f5b-819e-b5a7cb7294d9\", \"Text\": \"I would recommend [Seber & Lee](https://www.bookdepository.com/Linear-Regression-Analysis-George-F-S\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T15:12:48.607000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 326826, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I would recommend <a href=\\\"https://www.bookdepository.com/Linear-Regression-Analysis-George-F-Seb\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1286879, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326828, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 199619, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 199619, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You don’t exactly need to work with categories of schemes to understand those topics. Most any gradu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-08T13:23:32.777000\", \"AccountId\": 15896855.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dave\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Links I find helpful:</p>\\n<p><strong>Binning Continuous Variables</strong></p>\\n<p><a href=\\\"https:\"}, {\"Id\": 42651, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 42651, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi: This isn't going to hit every topic you mentioned but it's pretty hardcore as far as theorem pro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-18T15:06:52.460000\", \"AccountId\": 514228.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mlofton\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>focus is statistical time series but trying to learn about DSP.</p>\\n\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1287170, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326826, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-20T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286727, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326826, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286668, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326826, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286098, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326826, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286939, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326826, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1148597, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e241586d-2045-4e85-a5a8-7e5a3ed3cc14\", \"Text\": \"I am looking for a good book for regression that is mainly focused on mathematical stuff instead of \", \"Comment\": \"added 158 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T15:27:27.147000\"}, {\"Id\": 1148728, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 52, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"c7aa40a4-ac20-42ac-a9db-0f5e54c7ca53\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T22:44:26.327000\"}, {\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 16, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"01406d0f-1a54-4a61-a71f-23ed1de04442\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\"}, {\"Id\": 1148582, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"131b05bb-3e36-401b-b93e-e7374b388511\", \"Text\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><generalized-linear-model><references>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T14:42:46.403000\"}, {\"Id\": 1148583, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"131b05bb-3e36-401b-b93e-e7374b388511\", \"Text\": \"A good book for regression analysis for pure mathematicians\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T14:42:46.403000\"}, {\"Id\": 1148584, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"131b05bb-3e36-401b-b93e-e7374b388511\", \"Text\": \"I am looking for a good book for regression that is mainly focused on mathematical stuff instead of \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T14:42:46.403000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 326827, \"OwnerUserId\": 59485, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 326826, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I think that you might be interested in\\n<a href=\\\"https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/primer-econometri\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T15:07:56.247000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1286800, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326827, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 59485, \"PostId\": 326827, \"UserId\": 59485, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"da57ac0a-8abb-4337-b9fb-309bc5b84f18\", \"Text\": \"I think that you might be interested in \\n[Stachurski (2016) A Primer in Econometric Theory][1].\\n\\nThe\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 94 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-15T07:39:35.447000\", \"AccountId\": 5825010.0, \"DisplayName\": \"1muflon1\", \"Location\": \"Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>On the Internet, nobody knows you're a 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I have MSc\"}]}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 453244, \"UserId\": 188043, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Informed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-19T06:29:29.987000\"}, {\"Id\": 345879, \"UserId\": 188043, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-01-27T11:00:10.107000\"}, {\"Id\": 435875, \"UserId\": 188043, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-07-01T15:57:26.883000\"}, {\"Id\": 453161, \"UserId\": 188043, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-18T15:32:51.003000\"}, {\"Id\": 453163, \"UserId\": 188043, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-18T15:51:11.500000\"}, {\"Id\": 453428, \"UserId\": 188043, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Critic\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-20T02:36:25.633000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 326887, \"PostId\": 326887, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"53acd98e-ee13-4c42-ac60-6aacd3ef1cac\", \"Text\": \"<regression><hypothesis-testing><t-test><regression-coefficients><likelihood>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T06:23:38.130000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$t$-test and likelihood ratio test for testing the regression coefficient\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><hypothesis-testing><t-test><regression-coefficients><likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am studying hypothesis testing for the regression coefficient, it is given that</p>\\n<p>The hypo\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 728, \"RelatedPostId\": 15276, \"PostId\": 326887, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-19T15:31:09.537000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 728, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 15284, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Difference between t-test and ANOVA in linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><anova><t-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wonder what differences are between t-test and ANOVA in linear regression?</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>Is a t\", \"AccountId\": 52354.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Elitists are oppressive, anti-intellectual, ultra-conservative, and cancerous to the society, env\"}, {\"Id\": 15027, \"RelatedPostId\": 326556, \"PostId\": 326887, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-20T08:48:36.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15027, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 326589, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence interval for the difference of two fitted values from a linear regression model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><multiple-regression><confidence-interval><standard-error>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume that we have a linear regression model of the form <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$y=\\\\beta_0\", \"AccountId\": 2390441.0, \"DisplayName\": \"COOLSerdash\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1286757, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326887, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286709, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326887, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286740, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326887, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1148828, \"PostId\": 326887, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"53acd98e-ee13-4c42-ac60-6aacd3ef1cac\", \"Text\": \"I am studying hypothesis testing for the regression coefficient, it is given that\\r\\n\\r\\nThe hypotheses \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T06:23:38.130000\"}, {\"Id\": 1148829, \"PostId\": 326887, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"53acd98e-ee13-4c42-ac60-6aacd3ef1cac\", \"Text\": \"$t$-test and likelihood ratio test for testing the regression coefficient\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T06:23:38.130000\"}, {\"Id\": 1148899, \"PostId\": 326887, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 25, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"11bcd335-361d-4774-81a1-61288192126c\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"https://twitter.com/StackStats/status/1318114695400820737\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T09:00:07.397000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 326898, \"OwnerUserId\": 120720, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 326887, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For linear regression a t-test and F-test are the same: <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T07:23:04.137000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 120720, \"PostId\": 326898, \"UserId\": 120720, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f3c3b345-95d1-4f7c-b725-018e1779e4aa\", \"Text\": \"For linear regression a t-test and F-test are the same: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/1\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-05T10:39:01.763000\", \"AccountId\": 7195484.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sextus Empiricus\", \"Location\": \"Sion, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/martijn-weterings-7035609a/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/lShkO.jpg\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 258380, \"PostId\": 258380, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"15a46efd-fa65-49da-a142-d2a829c4e523\", \"Text\": \"I am solving this question and I am stuck after few steps, Please help in understanding and proceedi\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T11:21:27.197000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing generated observation from binomial distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<r><distributions><binomial-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am solving this question and I am stuck after few steps, Please help in understanding and proce\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 901533, \"PostId\": 258380, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"15a46efd-fa65-49da-a142-d2a829c4e523\", \"Text\": \"Comparing generated observation from binomial distribution\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T11:21:27.197000\"}, {\"Id\": 901534, \"PostId\": 258380, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"15a46efd-fa65-49da-a142-d2a829c4e523\", \"Text\": \"<r><distributions><binomial-distribution>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T11:21:27.197000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 258388, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 258380, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The R code in the question produces a Monte Carlo approximation \\nof a 10-sample of B(100,p), whic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T14:00:22.247000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1002046, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 258388, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1287119, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 258388, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-20T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 5179, \"PostId\": 258388, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eb07de92-f028-4efd-93ec-ac5df4692dd1\", \"Text\": \"The R code in the question produces a Monte Carlo approximation \\r\\nof a 10-sample of B(100,p), which \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-05T07:56:15.903000\", \"AccountId\": 844516.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Xi'an\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://xianblog.wordpress.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a professor of Statistics at Université Paris Dauphine (PSL), Paris, France, since 2000, and\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 85978, \"PostId\": 217174, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"With no further constraint there is no unique solution. The fact is that the constant estimator $\\\\ha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-09T10:00:54.637000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85978, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can we pinpoint a unique frequentist estimator based on a loss function?\", \"Tags\": \"<estimation><loss-functions>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/127096/user56834\\\">this post</a>, I stated that \", \"AccountId\": 8538887.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user56834\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 73746, \"PostId\": 140768, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This question is unclear at least for Cross Validated since it does not even mention which language \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-20T05:11:30.423000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 73746, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using gamm4 for generalized additive models with random effects. Use the fitted values from the `mer\", \"Tags\": \"<lme4-nlme><generalized-additive-model><mgcv>\", \"Body\": \"<p>As the title indicates, I am using the R package gamm4 for generalized additive modeling with ran\", \"AccountId\": 8078494.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gammer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 117307, \"PostId\": 117307, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"As indicated in my reply, the notation $\\\\int_{x_{i-1}}^{x_{i+1}}f$ is abusive. The correct presentat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-02T08:31:04.367000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 117224, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Since$$f_{X_{(1)},\\\\ldots,X_{(n)}}(x_1,\\\\ldots,x_n)=n!\\\\prod_{i=1}^n f_X(x_i)\\\\mathbb{I}_{x_1\\\\le x_2\\\\\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 37792, \"OwnerUserId\": 37792, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 117307, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"joint probability distribution of $k \\\\le n$ order statistics\", \"Tags\": \"<joint-distribution><order-statistics><extreme-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For $X_i \\\\sim$ iid random variables:</p>\\n\\n<p>For $1\\\\le r_1 < ..<r_k \\\\le n$ integers, I am t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-17T10:04:35.410000\", \"AccountId\": 4486844.0, \"DisplayName\": \"WeakLearner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 79383, \"PostId\": 227035, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If the sum of the parameters is equal to one, you should remove one parameter from the set of parame\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-22T22:46:37.763000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 79383, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using constrained regression model to get closer to the true posterior when doing Approximate Bayesi\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><posterior><approximate-bayesian-computation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using rejection sampling algorithm to generate a reference table ($\\\\theta$,SS). Where $\\\\theta\", \"AccountId\": 6001442.0, \"DisplayName\": \"SimonLL\", \"Location\": \"Montreal, QC, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 101497, \"PostId\": 174205, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This prior should not be used because the posterior is not defined when $X=n$, which has a positive \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-06T15:55:00.510000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 101497, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 174256, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimate Posterior with: Binomial Likelihood with 1/θ Prior\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><binomial-distribution><prior><posterior><beta-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to estimate the posterior distribution using Bayes theorem. The following information\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 326484, \"PostId\": 174205, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If this is an assignement, you should have included the `self-study` tag.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-07T14:20:31.050000\"}], \"AccountId\": 6357441.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Artur\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 310567, \"PostId\": 310567, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I though it was clearly different: this double expectation is meant under the marginal distributions\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-25T07:10:11.283000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 310555, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Rewrite <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\widehat{\\\\beta}$</span> as\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">\\\\be\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 178289, \"OwnerUserId\": 178289, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 310567, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What's the relationship between $\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum_{i=1}f(X_{1i},X_{2i})$ and $\\\\frac{1}{n^2}\\\\sum_{i}\\\\s\", \"Tags\": \"<mean><asymptotics><central-limit-theorem>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$(X_1,X_2)$</span> is a bivariate random vector following di\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T22:20:50.537000\", \"AccountId\": 14606027.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ExcitedSnail\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 225320, \"PostId\": 316084, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The event$$x_{(k)} \\\\leq x , x_{(k+1)}>x, ....x_{(n)}>x$$is not the event$$x_{(k)} \\\\leq x$$associated\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-20T19:01:02.387000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 225320, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 316116, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"calculating CDF of kth order statistic\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><mathematical-statistics><cumulative-distribution-function><order-statis\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have recently started probability and statistics on my own. Pls help in understanding below.</p\", \"AccountId\": 15440393.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nascimento de Cos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 6921, \"PostId\": 21020, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You are interpreting $X$ and $X_n$ as deterministic quantities, not as random variables. So the sent\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-18T21:46:27.670000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6921, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Convergence in distribution, probability, and 2nd mean\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><convergence>\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Let $\\\\mathbb P(X=1) = \\\\mathbb P(X=-1) = 1/2$. Define </p>\\n \\n <p>$$X_n = \\\\begin {\", \"AccountId\": 1259900.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John Smith\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 107367, \"PostId\": 248992, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Even with the update in the question, it remains unclear what is observed and what is unobserved bet\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-23T14:45:34.697000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 107367, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 249116, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximum likelihood estimator for Bernoulli parameter based on standard normal\", \"Tags\": \"<estimation><maximum-likelihood><bernoulli-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_i \\\\sim Normal(\\\\psi,1), \\\\ \\\\ i = 1, ..., n$</span></p>\\n\\n<p><span cl\", \"AccountId\": 10317957.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MSE\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 45003, \"PostId\": 98530, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you run Gibbs sampling, you should simulate $\\\\theta$ from $p(\\\\theta)\\\\times\\\\varphi(X;\\\\mu(\\\\theta),\\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-02T15:03:47.913000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 45003, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to reduce dimension of the sampling procedure?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><sampling><pca><dimensionality-reduction><gaussian-process>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am stuck with this problem for a long time, hopefully I can get help here!</p>\\n\\n<p>Basically, I\", \"AccountId\": 5722417.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eridk Poliruyt\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20363, \"PostId\": 20363, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"[McKay's distribution](http://rss.acs.unt.edu/Rdoc/library/VGAM/html/mckaygamma2.html) is a differen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-13T13:53:37.013000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 20362, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can create whole families of joint distributions on $(X,Y)$ such that $X\\\\sim \\\\Gamma(a_1,\\\\alph\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6811, \"OwnerUserId\": 6811, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 20363, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"McKay's bivariate Gamma distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><gamma-distribution><bivariate><joint-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given the variables $X$ and $Y$, which are correlated, $X\\\\ge0$, $Y\\\\ge0$ and each follow a gamma d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-13T12:17:01.343000\", \"AccountId\": 1051537.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Remy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 10913, \"PostId\": 229646, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A software like Stan is supposed to take an arbitrary distribution as input and run an HMC as output\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-14T20:08:17.960000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 10913, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"MCMC software to sample from posteriors of unusual probability distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sampling><markov-chain-montecarlo><prior><posterior>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a library, or package---preferably in (but not restricted to) python or R---that let you\", \"AccountId\": 154319.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rano\", \"Location\": \"Manchester, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://i231.photobucket.com/albums/ee218/yellerKat/smileys/27yomlc1.gif\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>nabla\\n.....nabla</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 228804, \"PostId\": 302964, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This [paper](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcmsi/10/2/10_110/_pdf) may help but is not partic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-27T15:24:53.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 228804, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating the probability that a bivariate normal variable falls into a given region of the plane\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><normal-distribution><multivariate-normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a bivariate normal distribution, where <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> has mean <s\", \"AccountId\": 7182457.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bjornhattan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 153241, \"PostId\": 305745, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The way you describe the problem the data sounds multinomial and posterior is a Dirichlet distributi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-09T14:10:07.420000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 153241, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Updating discrete probability distribution: Bayesian or something else?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><bayesian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a discrete probability distribution which I want to update as new evidence comes in. I tho\", \"AccountId\": 12896925.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BarkingCat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 62110, \"PostId\": 136391, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What about providing the reference for the textbook you quote?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-22T15:30:52.687000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62110, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 136393, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why do we estimate mean using MLE when we already know that mean is average of the data?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><normal-distribution><maximum-likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have come across a problem in textbook to estimate mean. \\nThe textbook problem is as follows:</\", \"AccountId\": 6390566.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Niranjan Kotha\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 63018, \"PostId\": 207995, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"We derive this marginal in our textbook [Bayesian Essentials with R](http://amzn.to/2kxP1vO). With t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-04T13:05:13.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 63018, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 208035, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Marginal likelihood derivation for normal likelihood and prior\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><bayesian><normal-distribution><marginal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a normal likelihood\\n$$\\nP(\\\\mathbf{y}|\\\\mathbf{b}) = \\\\mathcal{N}(\\\\mathbf{Gb}, \\\\mathbf{\\\\Sigma}_y)\", \"AccountId\": 2115987.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CBowman\", \"Location\": \"York Plasma Institute\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Plasma physics researcher focusing on the use of probability theory in fusion data analysis.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 111812, \"PostId\": 269151, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This statement from Bishop is incorrect in that the Ga$(a,1)$ density is finite on its support $(0,\\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-28T17:03:40.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 111812, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 269155, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When a probability density function is defined to be finite?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><density-function><gamma-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In \\\"Pattern recognition and machine learning\\\" by Cristopher Bishop, Chapter 2.3.6 (pag. 100) says\", \"AccountId\": 1904855.0, \"DisplayName\": \"robertspierre\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 16474, \"PostId\": 50328, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Fair enough!, but we also wrote an [introduction to Monte Carlo methods with R](http://www.amazon.co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-03T10:24:26.900000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16474, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50327, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The short answer is: An MCMC is a MC, but not all MCs are MCMC. </p>\\n\\n<p>The slightly longer answ\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17437, \"OwnerUserId\": 17437, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50328, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the difference between the Monte Carlo (MC) and Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) method?\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><uncertainty><law-of-large-numbers>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The goal of both methods seems to be to derive an estimate of a posterior/target distribution. If\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-30T06:15:00.857000\", \"AccountId\": 421303.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bdoering\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://doering.io\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 2583847.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Maarten Buis\", \"Location\": \"Konstanz, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.maartenbuis.nl\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Sociologist and Stata user. I have mainly worked on variations on logistic regression, interactio\"}, {\"Id\": 23085, \"PostId\": 314757, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Another situation I can think of is when the parameter space $\\\\Theta$ is defined by a series of comp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-28T02:13:22.950000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 314783, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Examples of intractable prior distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><intractable-likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am curious if there are some known examples of Bayesian models where the <em>prior</em> distrib\", \"AccountId\": 3499397.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Greenparker\", \"Location\": \"Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://dvats.github.io/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Generally interested most in problems on MCMC and Bayesian computation. Also interested in all ot\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 198435, \"UserId\": 5179, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"random-generation\", \"TagBased\": true, \"Date\": \"2016-11-18T04:00:30.013000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 168525, \"PostId\": 168525, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"749636f1-fa53-4b70-b1fc-021196fb9fb4\", \"Text\": \"A [lottery scheme in Ontario][1] used poorly designed random generation, which was spotted by a stat\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-17T21:20:02.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 137772, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A <a href=\\\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128264.900-lottery-wins-come-easy-if-you-can-\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 69052, \"OwnerUserId\": 69052, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Real life examples of an inefficient Random Number Generator\", \"Tags\": \"<random-generation><history>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We all know that Random Number Generators in computers don't generate true random numbers, but in\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-26T13:42:35.203000\", \"AccountId\": 7713279.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fairly Nerdy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 42996, \"PostId\": 95201, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"741ef2f5-ba70-45d1-a714-e219817f8b99\", \"Text\": \"I came across this problem:\\r\\n\\r\\n**Problem**\\r\\n\\r\\nIf I have $X_1, X_2, ..., X_n$ $n$ iid random variable\", \"Comment\": \"added 60 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-27T13:28:10.630000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 42996, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 95204, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Convergence from Gamma to Normal Distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><gamma-distribution><convergence><central-limit-theorem>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I came across this problem:</p>\\n\\n<p><strong>Problem</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>If I have $X_1, X_2, ..., X_\", \"AccountId\": 260263.0, \"DisplayName\": \"iTurki\", \"Location\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 170678, \"PostId\": 170678, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b39c4964-63a0-4461-a326-552b32c9d63f\", \"Text\": \"Given a two-dimensional parameter $(\\\\theta_1,\\\\theta_2)$ and a target density $\\\\pi(\\\\theta_1,\\\\theta_2)\", \"Comment\": \"added 6 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-06T12:36:35.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 170486, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Given a two-dimensional parameter $(\\\\theta_1,\\\\theta_2)$ and a target density $\\\\pi(\\\\theta_1,\\\\theta\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 97886, \"OwnerUserId\": 97886, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to sample posterior of two parameters using Metropolis Hastings?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><sampling><prior><posterior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have n <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$(n=100)$</span> data. <span class=\\\"math-container\\\"\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-02T07:25:36.583000\", \"AccountId\": 4643432.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stackname\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 183902, \"PostId\": 254073, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"29d3455b-bd8a-499c-8709-e965121a957e\", \"Text\": \"I have developed Bayesian methods for many distributions, but one exception is the geometric distrib\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 55 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-14T21:58:54.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 183902, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bayesian posterior for Geometric Distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><bayesian><geometric-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following homework problem I am trying to solve for but am stuck with the posterior pa\", \"AccountId\": 1901735.0, \"DisplayName\": \"D. Henry\", \"Location\": \"Los Angeles, CA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 107341, \"PostId\": 107341, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f52651fc-2366-425c-b075-c02ac7a81839\", \"Text\": \"Sufficiency is an essential if rare property: if $S(X)$ is sufficient for model $f_\\\\theta$, consider\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-29T12:33:47.267000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 107271, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Sufficiency is an essential if rare property: if <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$S(X)$</span> is su\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50275, \"OwnerUserId\": 50275, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Understanding the relationship between a 'sufficient statistic' and an 'unbiased estimator'\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><unbiased-estimator><sufficient-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can anyone give an explanation in laymen's terms of what the relationship is, if any, between a s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-28T20:35:43.777000\", \"AccountId\": 6225276.0, \"DisplayName\": \"statshelp\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 262115, \"PostId\": 262115, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fb5d79d5-8e11-4025-a530-220d733ee6c4\", \"Text\": \"The posterior predictive is approximated by the average of the sampling densities over the MCMC samp\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-28T05:37:25.713000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 262062, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The posterior predictive is approximated by the average of the sampling densities over the MCMC s\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 72967, \"OwnerUserId\": 72967, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 262115, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In a Bayesian MCMC model, if we plug the average of posterior draws back into the Likelihood, would \", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><posterior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we have a Bayesian model with data <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$y$</span> and a paramete\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-10T14:45:28.010000\", \"AccountId\": 8014735.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user321627\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 178945, \"OwnerUserId\": 72967, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 178951, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the deeper intuition behind the symmetric proposal distribution in the Metropolis-Hastings A\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><metropolis-hastings>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm, one usually considers a symmetric proposal distribution:</p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-16T05:57:00.420000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 178951, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 178945, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>1) the Normal and Uniform are symmetric probability density functions\\n themselves\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-16T06:31:26.033000\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 136337, \"PostId\": 207424, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a3356a59-8b7c-482e-a41e-c8021134d5f9\", \"Text\": \"<probability><self-study><least-squares><sample><unbiased-estimator>\", \"Comment\": \"added 40 characters in body; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-14T15:06:16.353000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 136337, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why isn’t mean of errors in the PRF = 0?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><least-squares><sample><unbiased-estimator>\", \"Body\": \"<p><img src=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/1gjws.jpg\\\" alt=\\\"enter image description here\\\"></p>\\n\\n<p>The im\", \"AccountId\": 11994121.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Manasvi Sharma\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 173669, \"PostId\": 173669, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0954890c-85e8-42e1-9455-adc03f11517e\", \"Text\": \"Since $$\\\\mathbb{E}[X|Y]=\\\\mathbb{E}[\\\\mathbb{E}[X|Y_1]|Y_2]$$is a projection of $\\\\mathbb{E}[X|Y_1]$ th\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-02T14:05:44.600000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 173644, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Since $$\\\\mathbb{E}[X|Y_1]=\\\\mathbb{E}[\\\\mathbb{E}[X|Y]|Y_1]$$is a projection of $\\\\mathbb{E}[X|Y]$ t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 78554, \"OwnerUserId\": 78554, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 173669, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variance of expectation conditional on marginal distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><conditional-probability><joint-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $Y=(Y_1,Y_2)$ be a joint distribution with marginal distributions $Y_1$ and $Y_2$.</p>\\n\\n<p>Le\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-13T01:32:14.350000\", \"AccountId\": 5264418.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Helmut\", \"Location\": \"Canberra, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ph.D. student in genomics at the Australian National University.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 36774, \"PostId\": 168925, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"293b7a06-8b34-4924-87c3-b0847329c733\", \"Text\": \"Every department at our university teaches students that if their data doesn't look normal, they sho\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 39 characters in body; edited tags; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-25T14:35:06.107000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 36774, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187515, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In what situation would Wilcoxon's Signed-Rank Test be preferable to either t-Test or Sign Test?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><t-test><paired-data><wilcoxon-signed-rank><sign-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p><em>After some discussion (below), I now have a clearer picture of a focused question, so here is\", \"AccountId\": 4938226.0, \"DisplayName\": \"justme\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 303473, \"PostId\": 303473, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bfd16ab6-9a13-42ca-a1fe-8eb9797d6557\", \"Text\": \"The joint density\\r\\n$$\\\\pi(\\\\boldsymbol{x})=\\\\overbrace{\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\alpha}{2}\\\\right)^n}^{\\\\substack{ \\\\t\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-01T10:10:38.930000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 303387, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The joint density\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$\\\\pi(\\\\boldsymbol{x})=\\\\overbrace{\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\alph\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 228259, \"OwnerUserId\": 228259, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 303473, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to sample a total variation prior?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sampling><prior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am interested in drawing samples from a total variation prior:\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$\\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-22T20:36:36.930000\", \"AccountId\": 9841282.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Felipe\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 90089, \"PostId\": 161789, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"83a5521c-e004-4a24-ae70-0a73a1eded26\", \"Text\": \"This question is Exercise 3.15 in [Statistical Inference by Casella and Berger][1]. It asks to prove\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-24T18:38:46.380000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 90089, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 161796, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Negative Binomial MGF converges to Poisson MGF\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><poisson-distribution><convergence><negative-binomial-distribution><moment-generating-fu\", \"Body\": \"<p>This question is Exercise 3.15 in <a href=\\\"http://amzn.to/2cVB1P4\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">Statistical Inf\", \"AccountId\": 6749043.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dwvldg\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 210615, \"PostId\": 210615, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"86d6d405-34cf-44b4-a799-068dec9f2438\", \"Text\": \"Once the event $Y<z/X$ is integrated in $Y$, there is no further constraint on $X$: since the densit\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-09T06:23:48.020000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 210611, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Once the event $Y<z/X$ is integrated in $Y$, there is no further constraint on $X$: since the \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 132343, \"OwnerUserId\": 132343, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 210615, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bivariate transformation using cdf method\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><distributions><mathematical-statistics><transform>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given $f_{X,Y}(x,y) = 1, 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 1$ and $Z = XY$ I wanted to try to get th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-12T00:28:17.623000\", \"AccountId\": 4656831.0, \"DisplayName\": \"m0meni\", \"Location\": \"127.0.0.1\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://aria.ai\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>On a scale of one to my account, this is my account.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 91593, \"PostId\": 91593, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d7296ba3-5b6c-458c-a3fa-f6bad91ee38e\", \"Text\": \"Great question for a newcomer!!!\\r\\n\\r\\nYour ABC algorithm provides you with a sample $\\\\theta_1,\\\\ldots,\\\\\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-18T20:43:33.897000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 91576, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Great question for a newcomer!!!</p>\\n\\n<p>Your ABC algorithm provides you with a sample $\\\\theta_1,\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 40961, \"OwnerUserId\": 40961, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 91593, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Posterior predictive check following ABC inference for multiple parameters\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><posterior><approximate-bayesian-computation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am relatively new to Bayesian statistics so please be gentle.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have just performed App\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-18T17:50:29.497000\", \"AccountId\": 5353222.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 94969, \"PostId\": 94969, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e3c52c1-b1e8-49e3-8d1e-b9a94d90e146\", \"Text\": \"A *statistical model* is given by a family of probability distributions. When the model is parametri\", \"Comment\": \"added 212 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-23T18:30:52.843000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 94916, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A <em>statistical model</em> is given by a family of probability distributions. When the model is\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20673, \"OwnerUserId\": 20673, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does Bayesian Hypothesis Testing mean in the framework of inference and decision theory?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>My background is mainly in machine learning and I was trying to learn what Bayesian Hypothesis te\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-09T19:20:37.540000\", \"AccountId\": 1589784.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Charlie Parker\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>CS and Maths are awesome!</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 301582, \"PostId\": 301582, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7f5c6cf5-9da8-4b47-95b5-c9c28a4d2c7e\", \"Text\": \"The accepted $X$ can be written as\\r\\n$$X=Y_1\\\\mathbb I_{U_1\\\\le f_X(Y_1)/c f_Y(Y_1)}+Y_2\\\\mathbb I_{U_1>\", \"Comment\": \"added 285 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-12T18:42:00.363000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 301562, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The accepted <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> can be written as\\n<span class=\\\"math-containe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 207311, \"OwnerUserId\": 207311, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 301582, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"generating process of acceptance-rejection algorithm\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><marginal-distribution><conditioning><accept-reject><stopping-time>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The acceptance-rejection algorithm is described as follows:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>suppose you have RVs <s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-29T16:36:06.833000\", \"AccountId\": 4484167.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user6703592\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 95062, \"PostId\": 95062, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8cef8236-1b9a-419f-962c-29376527c55f\", \"Text\": \"Following Dilip's reformulation of your question, the issue is to find the pdf of the transform $$\\\\f\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-25T10:19:12.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 41234, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Following Dilip's reformulation of your question, the issue is to find the pdf of the transform $\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3894, \"OwnerUserId\": 3894, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The distribution of Gaussian density at a fixed point given random mean\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have random variable $\\\\mu \\\\sim N(0, \\\\xi^2)$. Is there anything useful known about the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-08-05T09:31:14.967000\", \"AccountId\": 510162.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hr0nix\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 68547, \"PostId\": 139911, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b822b47d-8cc0-49cc-9c7c-650f6bb20afe\", \"Text\": \"<probability><self-study><distributions><normal-distribution><projection>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-20T10:15:46.533000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68547, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Proof: Ratio of same normals is uniform?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><distributions><normal-distribution><projection>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently working through a proof that uses (without reference) the following result. I cann\", \"AccountId\": 7641920.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jeremias K\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 118306, \"PostId\": 299160, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cc9e4fed-1e3a-4a98-b531-479baba0b510\", \"Text\": \"Let$$X=(X_1,\\\\cdots,X_k)\\\\sim Dir(\\\\alpha_1,\\\\cdots,\\\\alpha_k)$$ \\r\\n\\r\\nAccording to\\r\\n[this reference][1], t\", \"Comment\": \"added 12 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-16T13:27:47.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 118306, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 299195, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Normalized subvectors of Dirichlet, mutually independent?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><independence><dirichlet-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$X=(X_1,\\\\cdots,X_k)\\\\sim Dir(\\\\alpha_1,\\\\cdots,\\\\alpha_k)$$</span> <\", \"AccountId\": 10754037.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andeanlll\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 145299, \"PostId\": 145299, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ae45998a-db42-4f22-a896-65b68d663316\", \"Text\": \"Here is a picture of several cdfs of Student's $t$-distributions:[![enter image description here][1]\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-28T09:03:20.803000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 145292, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><em>Since the non-centrality parameter is irrelevant for this question, I take $a=0$.</em></p>\\n\\n<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 63472, \"OwnerUserId\": 63472, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 145299, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Non-central t-distributions with different degrees of freedom\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><quantiles><t-distribution><non-central>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two non-central t distributions with CDF given by $t_{n,a}$ and $t_{m,a}$ with $n>m$ de\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-10T18:10:23.717000\", \"AccountId\": 4616093.0, \"DisplayName\": \"xanz\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 6965, \"PostId\": 84384, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5ddb336a-26ff-4ff7-9b6b-5a21bb78aeb0\", \"Text\": \"<bayesian><hierarchical><fisher-information><uninformative-prior>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-21T08:34:53.940000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6965, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 95471, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fisher information metric for hierarchical Bayesian model is negative-definite?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><hierarchical-bayesian><fisher-information><uninformative-prior>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm strugling with the computation of the Fisher information matrix for the hierarchical Bayesian\", \"AccountId\": 1265507.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tomas\", \"Location\": \"Lithuania\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 38578, \"PostId\": 219182, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"40bca627-cf36-4559-ba90-b8dfe1eb6b9b\", \"Text\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><markov-process><stationarity><metropolis-hastings>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-04T03:45:49.897000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 38578, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 219201, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Question on Detailed Balance and Bayes' Rule\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><markov-process><stationarity><metropolis-hastings>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I think I am confused due to the lax notation typically used when dealing with probabilities and \", \"AccountId\": 2141851.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user52932\", \"Location\": \"India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 4910, \"PostId\": 93502, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a9185b0-930e-43fe-8216-8de91e4b793c\", \"Text\": \"[Approximate Bayesian computation][1] is a really cool technique for fitting basically any stochasti\", \"Comment\": \"added 131 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-18T19:09:06.503000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4910, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 93571, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What would be an example of a really simple model with an intractable likelihood?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><simulation><model><likelihood><approximate-bayesian-computation>\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximate_Bayesian_computation\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer\\\">Approxim\", \"AccountId\": 982452.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rasmus Bååth\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.sumsar.net\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PHD student. Not in statistics. Trying to run a statistics blog anyway... Check it out at <a href\"}, {\"Id\": 245851, \"PostId\": 245851, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"69aabbe1-0b50-4bdc-a6b2-bb67f332ca5e\", \"Text\": \"<probability><median><moments><extreme-value>\", \"Comment\": \"added 42 characters in body; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-29T12:45:59.083000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 168556, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 245853, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$\\\\mathbb{E}[\\\\min (X_{1:n}) + \\\\max(X_{1:n})]/2 = \\\\mathbb{E}[\\\\text{median}(X_{1:n})]$?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><median><moments><extreme-value>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> is continuous random variable, and we have <span clas\"}, {\"Id\": 255777, \"PostId\": 255777, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"306b08fd-dcd5-4641-bdb6-1d5302a80589\", \"Text\": \"Note that\\r\\n\\\\begin{align*}\\\\text{Cov}(\\\\frac{1}{n} \\\\sum I\\\\{ X_i \\\\le x\\\\},\\\\frac{1}{n} \\\\sum I\\\\{ X_i \\\\le y\\\\\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-04T08:59:04.030000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 255765, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Note that\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">\\\\begin{align*}\\\\text{Cov}(\\\\frac{1}{n} \\\\sum I\\\\{ X_i \\\\le x\\\\},\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 180806, \"OwnerUserId\": 180806, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 255777, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Covariance of An Empirical Distribution Function Evaluated at Different Points\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><nonparametric><covariance><estimators><empirical-cumulative-distr-fn>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The problem is extracted from <a href=\\\"https://amzn.to/2C037AV\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer\\\">All of Statistic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-16T18:34:04.513000\", \"AccountId\": 14658563.0, \"DisplayName\": \"yalex314\", \"Location\": \"Hong Kong\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 311035, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 310948, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There may be confusion between <em>inverse (cdf) sampling</em> which means simulating from a dist\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-28T16:32:44.927000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 219605, \"OwnerUserId\": 219605, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 310950, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Importance sampling - approximation of an integral in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><bayesian><sampling><monte-carlo><importance-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I am given this integral <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$\\\\mathrm{I}=\\\\int_{38}^{\\\\infty} \\\\mathrm{\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-12-13T15:16:31.103000\", \"AccountId\": 14407536.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Thanos Pantos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 194328, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 193728, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The Bayes factor is not a likelihood ratio and not even a weighted likelihood ratio except in the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-16T08:33:58.017000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 97418, \"OwnerUserId\": 97418, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 194328, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does weighting the Likelihood Ratios by a prior give the Likelihood ratios any Bayesian property?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><maximum-likelihood><likelihood><likelihood-ratio>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a question regarding Bayesian Hypothesis testing using \\\"Bayes Factors\\\".</p>\\n\\n<p>Does weigh\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-29T04:18:14.033000\", \"AccountId\": 9742296.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rnorouzian\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 181682, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 181680, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Take the sum of two variance one normals, centred at $\\\\bar{x}_1=0$ and $\\\\bar{x}_2=4$. Then you ge\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-08T17:40:24.153000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24968, \"OwnerUserId\": 24968, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 181755, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is the likelihood of the sum of unimodal likelihoods also unimodal?\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><multimodality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $p$ be a probability distribution and let $\\\\mathcal{D}_1$, $\\\\mathcal{D}_2$ be two sets of obs\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-17T11:57:55.943000\", \"AccountId\": 1261551.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alberto\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Machine Learning Applied Researcher.</p>\\n\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2012-04-12T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-01-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-07-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"Id\": 188043, \"AccountId\": 14658285.0, \"DisplayName\": \"IamKnull\", \"Location\": \"Primordial void\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T10:56:23.320000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 326826, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 188043, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I have already looked into Methods of Multivariate Analysis by Alvin C. Rencher, William F. Christen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T14:42:46.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"A good book for regression analysis for pure mathematicians\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><generalized-linear-model><references>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking for a good book for regression that is mainly focused on mathematical stuff instead \", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 73, \"RelatedPostId\": 405, \"PostId\": 326826, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T19:35:55.090000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 73, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 429, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Introduction to statistics for mathematicians\", \"Tags\": \"<references>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"Body\": \"<p>What is a good introduction to statistics for a mathematician who is already well-versed in proba\", \"AccountId\": 509458.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mark Meckes\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 11176, \"RelatedPostId\": 32407, \"PostId\": 326826, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-27T05:15:13.803000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11176, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 32409, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Frequentist statistics references for someone well versed in modern probability theory\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><references><intuition><frequentist>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Coming from a rigorous background in analysis and modern probability theory, I find Bayesian stat\", \"AccountId\": 224841.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nick Alger\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Researcher at the Oden Institute (UT Austin) working on numerical methods for PDE-constrained opt\"}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Some related posts: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/38082/frequentist-statistics-reference\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 326828, \"PostId\": 326828, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94256d0c-57ed-4f5b-819e-b5a7cb7294d9\", \"Text\": \"I would recommend [Seber & Lee](https://www.bookdepository.com/Linear-Regression-Analysis-George-F-S\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T15:12:48.607000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 326826, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I would recommend <a href=\\\"https://www.bookdepository.com/Linear-Regression-Analysis-George-F-Seb\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1286879, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326828, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 199619, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 199619, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You don’t exactly need to work with categories of schemes to understand those topics. Most any gradu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-08T13:23:32.777000\", \"AccountId\": 15896855.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dave\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Links I find helpful:</p>\\n<p><strong>Binning Continuous Variables</strong></p>\\n<p><a href=\\\"https:\"}, {\"Id\": 42651, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 42651, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi: This isn't going to hit every topic you mentioned but it's pretty hardcore as far as theorem pro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-18T15:06:52.460000\", \"AccountId\": 514228.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mlofton\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>focus is statistical time series but trying to learn about DSP.</p>\\n\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1287170, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326826, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-20T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286727, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326826, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286668, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326826, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286098, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326826, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286939, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326826, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1148597, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e241586d-2045-4e85-a5a8-7e5a3ed3cc14\", \"Text\": \"I am looking for a good book for regression that is mainly focused on mathematical stuff instead of \", \"Comment\": \"added 158 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T15:27:27.147000\"}, {\"Id\": 1148728, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 52, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"c7aa40a4-ac20-42ac-a9db-0f5e54c7ca53\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T22:44:26.327000\"}, {\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 16, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"01406d0f-1a54-4a61-a71f-23ed1de04442\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\"}, {\"Id\": 1148582, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"131b05bb-3e36-401b-b93e-e7374b388511\", \"Text\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><generalized-linear-model><references>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T14:42:46.403000\"}, {\"Id\": 1148583, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"131b05bb-3e36-401b-b93e-e7374b388511\", \"Text\": \"A good book for regression analysis for pure mathematicians\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T14:42:46.403000\"}, {\"Id\": 1148584, \"PostId\": 326826, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"131b05bb-3e36-401b-b93e-e7374b388511\", \"Text\": \"I am looking for a good book for regression that is mainly focused on mathematical stuff instead of \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T14:42:46.403000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 326827, \"OwnerUserId\": 59485, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 326826, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I think that you might be interested in\\n<a href=\\\"https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/primer-econometri\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-18T15:07:56.247000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1286800, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326827, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 59485, \"PostId\": 326827, \"UserId\": 59485, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"da57ac0a-8abb-4337-b9fb-309bc5b84f18\", \"Text\": \"I think that you might be interested in \\n[Stachurski (2016) A Primer in Econometric Theory][1].\\n\\nThe\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 94 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-15T07:39:35.447000\", \"AccountId\": 5825010.0, \"DisplayName\": \"1muflon1\", \"Location\": \"Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog.</p>\\n<p>I am graduate student of Economics. I have MSc\"}]}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 453244, \"UserId\": 188043, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Informed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-19T06:29:29.987000\"}, {\"Id\": 345879, \"UserId\": 188043, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-01-27T11:00:10.107000\"}, {\"Id\": 435875, \"UserId\": 188043, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-07-01T15:57:26.883000\"}, {\"Id\": 453161, \"UserId\": 188043, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-18T15:32:51.003000\"}, {\"Id\": 453163, \"UserId\": 188043, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-18T15:51:11.500000\"}, {\"Id\": 453428, \"UserId\": 188043, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Critic\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-20T02:36:25.633000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 326887, \"PostId\": 326887, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"53acd98e-ee13-4c42-ac60-6aacd3ef1cac\", \"Text\": \"<regression><hypothesis-testing><t-test><regression-coefficients><likelihood>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T06:23:38.130000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$t$-test and likelihood ratio test for testing the regression coefficient\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><hypothesis-testing><t-test><regression-coefficients><likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am studying hypothesis testing for the regression coefficient, it is given that</p>\\n<p>The hypo\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 728, \"RelatedPostId\": 15276, \"PostId\": 326887, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-19T15:31:09.537000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 728, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 15284, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Difference between t-test and ANOVA in linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><anova><t-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wonder what differences are between t-test and ANOVA in linear regression?</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>Is a t\", \"AccountId\": 52354.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Elitists are oppressive, anti-intellectual, ultra-conservative, and cancerous to the society, env\"}, {\"Id\": 15027, \"RelatedPostId\": 326556, \"PostId\": 326887, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-20T08:48:36.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15027, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 326589, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence interval for the difference of two fitted values from a linear regression model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><multiple-regression><confidence-interval><standard-error>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume that we have a linear regression model of the form <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$y=\\\\beta_0\", \"AccountId\": 2390441.0, \"DisplayName\": \"COOLSerdash\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1286757, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326887, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286709, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326887, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286740, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 326887, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1148828, \"PostId\": 326887, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"53acd98e-ee13-4c42-ac60-6aacd3ef1cac\", \"Text\": \"I am studying hypothesis testing for the regression coefficient, it is given that\\r\\n\\r\\nThe hypotheses \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T06:23:38.130000\"}, {\"Id\": 1148829, \"PostId\": 326887, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"53acd98e-ee13-4c42-ac60-6aacd3ef1cac\", \"Text\": \"$t$-test and likelihood ratio test for testing the regression coefficient\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T06:23:38.130000\"}, {\"Id\": 1148899, \"PostId\": 326887, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 25, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"11bcd335-361d-4774-81a1-61288192126c\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"https://twitter.com/StackStats/status/1318114695400820737\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T09:00:07.397000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 326898, \"OwnerUserId\": 120720, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 326887, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For linear regression a t-test and F-test are the same: <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T07:23:04.137000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 120720, \"PostId\": 326898, \"UserId\": 120720, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f3c3b345-95d1-4f7c-b725-018e1779e4aa\", \"Text\": \"For linear regression a t-test and F-test are the same: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/1\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-05T10:39:01.763000\", \"AccountId\": 7195484.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sextus Empiricus\", \"Location\": \"Sion, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/martijn-weterings-7035609a/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/lShkO.jpg\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 258380, \"PostId\": 258380, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"15a46efd-fa65-49da-a142-d2a829c4e523\", \"Text\": \"I am solving this question and I am stuck after few steps, Please help in understanding and proceedi\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T11:21:27.197000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing generated observation from binomial distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<r><distributions><binomial-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am solving this question and I am stuck after few steps, Please help in understanding and proce\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 901533, \"PostId\": 258380, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"15a46efd-fa65-49da-a142-d2a829c4e523\", \"Text\": \"Comparing generated observation from binomial distribution\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T11:21:27.197000\"}, {\"Id\": 901534, \"PostId\": 258380, \"UserId\": 188043, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"15a46efd-fa65-49da-a142-d2a829c4e523\", \"Text\": \"<r><distributions><binomial-distribution>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T11:21:27.197000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 258388, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 258380, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The R code in the question produces a Monte Carlo approximation \\nof a 10-sample of B(100,p), whic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T14:00:22.247000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1002046, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 258388, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-27T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1287119, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 258388, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-20T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 5179, \"PostId\": 258388, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eb07de92-f028-4efd-93ec-ac5df4692dd1\", \"Text\": \"The R code in the question produces a Monte Carlo approximation \\r\\nof a 10-sample of B(100,p), which \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-05T07:56:15.903000\", \"AccountId\": 844516.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Xi'an\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://xianblog.wordpress.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a professor of Statistics at Université Paris Dauphine (PSL), Paris, France, since 2000, and\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 85978, \"PostId\": 217174, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"With no further constraint there is no unique solution. The fact is that the constant estimator $\\\\ha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-09T10:00:54.637000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85978, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can we pinpoint a unique frequentist estimator based on a loss function?\", \"Tags\": \"<estimation><loss-functions>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/127096/user56834\\\">this post</a>, I stated that \", \"AccountId\": 8538887.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user56834\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 73746, \"PostId\": 140768, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This question is unclear at least for Cross Validated since it does not even mention which language \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-20T05:11:30.423000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 73746, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using gamm4 for generalized additive models with random effects. Use the fitted values from the `mer\", \"Tags\": \"<lme4-nlme><generalized-additive-model><mgcv>\", \"Body\": \"<p>As the title indicates, I am using the R package gamm4 for generalized additive modeling with ran\", \"AccountId\": 8078494.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gammer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 117307, \"PostId\": 117307, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"As indicated in my reply, the notation $\\\\int_{x_{i-1}}^{x_{i+1}}f$ is abusive. The correct presentat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-02T08:31:04.367000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 117224, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Since$$f_{X_{(1)},\\\\ldots,X_{(n)}}(x_1,\\\\ldots,x_n)=n!\\\\prod_{i=1}^n f_X(x_i)\\\\mathbb{I}_{x_1\\\\le x_2\\\\\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 37792, \"OwnerUserId\": 37792, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 117307, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"joint probability distribution of $k \\\\le n$ order statistics\", \"Tags\": \"<joint-distribution><order-statistics><extreme-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For $X_i \\\\sim$ iid random variables:</p>\\n\\n<p>For $1\\\\le r_1 < ..<r_k \\\\le n$ integers, I am t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-17T10:04:35.410000\", \"AccountId\": 4486844.0, \"DisplayName\": \"WeakLearner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 79383, \"PostId\": 227035, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If the sum of the parameters is equal to one, you should remove one parameter from the set of parame\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-22T22:46:37.763000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 79383, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using constrained regression model to get closer to the true posterior when doing Approximate Bayesi\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><posterior><approximate-bayesian-computation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using rejection sampling algorithm to generate a reference table ($\\\\theta$,SS). Where $\\\\theta\", \"AccountId\": 6001442.0, \"DisplayName\": \"SimonLL\", \"Location\": \"Montreal, QC, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 101497, \"PostId\": 174205, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This prior should not be used because the posterior is not defined when $X=n$, which has a positive \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-06T15:55:00.510000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 101497, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 174256, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimate Posterior with: Binomial Likelihood with 1/θ Prior\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><binomial-distribution><prior><posterior><beta-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to estimate the posterior distribution using Bayes theorem. The following information\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 326484, \"PostId\": 174205, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If this is an assignement, you should have included the `self-study` tag.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-07T14:20:31.050000\"}], \"AccountId\": 6357441.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Artur\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 310567, \"PostId\": 310567, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I though it was clearly different: this double expectation is meant under the marginal distributions\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-25T07:10:11.283000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 310555, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Rewrite <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\widehat{\\\\beta}$</span> as\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">\\\\be\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 178289, \"OwnerUserId\": 178289, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 310567, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What's the relationship between $\\\\frac{1}{n}\\\\sum_{i=1}f(X_{1i},X_{2i})$ and $\\\\frac{1}{n^2}\\\\sum_{i}\\\\s\", \"Tags\": \"<mean><asymptotics><central-limit-theorem>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$(X_1,X_2)$</span> is a bivariate random vector following di\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T22:20:50.537000\", \"AccountId\": 14606027.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ExcitedSnail\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 225320, \"PostId\": 316084, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The event$$x_{(k)} \\\\leq x , x_{(k+1)}>x, ....x_{(n)}>x$$is not the event$$x_{(k)} \\\\leq x$$associated\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-20T19:01:02.387000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 225320, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 316116, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"calculating CDF of kth order statistic\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><mathematical-statistics><cumulative-distribution-function><order-statis\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have recently started probability and statistics on my own. Pls help in understanding below.</p\", \"AccountId\": 15440393.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nascimento de Cos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 6921, \"PostId\": 21020, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You are interpreting $X$ and $X_n$ as deterministic quantities, not as random variables. So the sent\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-18T21:46:27.670000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6921, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Convergence in distribution, probability, and 2nd mean\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><convergence>\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Let $\\\\mathbb P(X=1) = \\\\mathbb P(X=-1) = 1/2$. Define </p>\\n \\n <p>$$X_n = \\\\begin {\", \"AccountId\": 1259900.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John Smith\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 107367, \"PostId\": 248992, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Even with the update in the question, it remains unclear what is observed and what is unobserved bet\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-23T14:45:34.697000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 107367, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 249116, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximum likelihood estimator for Bernoulli parameter based on standard normal\", \"Tags\": \"<estimation><maximum-likelihood><bernoulli-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_i \\\\sim Normal(\\\\psi,1), \\\\ \\\\ i = 1, ..., n$</span></p>\\n\\n<p><span cl\", \"AccountId\": 10317957.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MSE\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 45003, \"PostId\": 98530, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you run Gibbs sampling, you should simulate $\\\\theta$ from $p(\\\\theta)\\\\times\\\\varphi(X;\\\\mu(\\\\theta),\\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-02T15:03:47.913000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 45003, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to reduce dimension of the sampling procedure?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><sampling><pca><dimensionality-reduction><gaussian-process>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am stuck with this problem for a long time, hopefully I can get help here!</p>\\n\\n<p>Basically, I\", \"AccountId\": 5722417.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eridk Poliruyt\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20363, \"PostId\": 20363, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"[McKay's distribution](http://rss.acs.unt.edu/Rdoc/library/VGAM/html/mckaygamma2.html) is a differen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-13T13:53:37.013000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 20362, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can create whole families of joint distributions on $(X,Y)$ such that $X\\\\sim \\\\Gamma(a_1,\\\\alph\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6811, \"OwnerUserId\": 6811, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 20363, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"McKay's bivariate Gamma distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><gamma-distribution><bivariate><joint-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given the variables $X$ and $Y$, which are correlated, $X\\\\ge0$, $Y\\\\ge0$ and each follow a gamma d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-13T12:17:01.343000\", \"AccountId\": 1051537.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Remy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 10913, \"PostId\": 229646, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A software like Stan is supposed to take an arbitrary distribution as input and run an HMC as output\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-14T20:08:17.960000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 10913, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"MCMC software to sample from posteriors of unusual probability distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sampling><markov-chain-montecarlo><prior><posterior>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a library, or package---preferably in (but not restricted to) python or R---that let you\", \"AccountId\": 154319.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rano\", \"Location\": \"Manchester, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://i231.photobucket.com/albums/ee218/yellerKat/smileys/27yomlc1.gif\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>nabla\\n.....nabla</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 228804, \"PostId\": 302964, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This [paper](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcmsi/10/2/10_110/_pdf) may help but is not partic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-27T15:24:53.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 228804, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating the probability that a bivariate normal variable falls into a given region of the plane\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><normal-distribution><multivariate-normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a bivariate normal distribution, where <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> has mean <s\", \"AccountId\": 7182457.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bjornhattan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 153241, \"PostId\": 305745, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The way you describe the problem the data sounds multinomial and posterior is a Dirichlet distributi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-09T14:10:07.420000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 153241, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Updating discrete probability distribution: Bayesian or something else?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><bayesian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a discrete probability distribution which I want to update as new evidence comes in. I tho\", \"AccountId\": 12896925.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BarkingCat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 62110, \"PostId\": 136391, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What about providing the reference for the textbook you quote?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-22T15:30:52.687000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62110, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 136393, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why do we estimate mean using MLE when we already know that mean is average of the data?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><normal-distribution><maximum-likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have come across a problem in textbook to estimate mean. \\nThe textbook problem is as follows:</\", \"AccountId\": 6390566.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Niranjan Kotha\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 63018, \"PostId\": 207995, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"We derive this marginal in our textbook [Bayesian Essentials with R](http://amzn.to/2kxP1vO). With t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-04T13:05:13.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 63018, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 208035, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Marginal likelihood derivation for normal likelihood and prior\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><bayesian><normal-distribution><marginal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a normal likelihood\\n$$\\nP(\\\\mathbf{y}|\\\\mathbf{b}) = \\\\mathcal{N}(\\\\mathbf{Gb}, \\\\mathbf{\\\\Sigma}_y)\", \"AccountId\": 2115987.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CBowman\", \"Location\": \"York Plasma Institute\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Plasma physics researcher focusing on the use of probability theory in fusion data analysis.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 111812, \"PostId\": 269151, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This statement from Bishop is incorrect in that the Ga$(a,1)$ density is finite on its support $(0,\\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-28T17:03:40.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 111812, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 269155, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When a probability density function is defined to be finite?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><density-function><gamma-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In \\\"Pattern recognition and machine learning\\\" by Cristopher Bishop, Chapter 2.3.6 (pag. 100) says\", \"AccountId\": 1904855.0, \"DisplayName\": \"robertspierre\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 16474, \"PostId\": 50328, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Fair enough!, but we also wrote an [introduction to Monte Carlo methods with R](http://www.amazon.co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-03T10:24:26.900000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16474, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50327, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The short answer is: An MCMC is a MC, but not all MCs are MCMC. </p>\\n\\n<p>The slightly longer answ\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17437, \"OwnerUserId\": 17437, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50328, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the difference between the Monte Carlo (MC) and Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) method?\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><uncertainty><law-of-large-numbers>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The goal of both methods seems to be to derive an estimate of a posterior/target distribution. If\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-30T06:15:00.857000\", \"AccountId\": 421303.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bdoering\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://doering.io\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 2583847.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Maarten Buis\", \"Location\": \"Konstanz, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.maartenbuis.nl\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Sociologist and Stata user. I have mainly worked on variations on logistic regression, interactio\"}, {\"Id\": 23085, \"PostId\": 314757, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Another situation I can think of is when the parameter space $\\\\Theta$ is defined by a series of comp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-28T02:13:22.950000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 314783, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Examples of intractable prior distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><intractable-likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am curious if there are some known examples of Bayesian models where the <em>prior</em> distrib\", \"AccountId\": 3499397.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Greenparker\", \"Location\": \"Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://dvats.github.io/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Generally interested most in problems on MCMC and Bayesian computation. Also interested in all ot\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 198435, \"UserId\": 5179, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"random-generation\", \"TagBased\": true, \"Date\": \"2016-11-18T04:00:30.013000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 168525, \"PostId\": 168525, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"749636f1-fa53-4b70-b1fc-021196fb9fb4\", \"Text\": \"A [lottery scheme in Ontario][1] used poorly designed random generation, which was spotted by a stat\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-17T21:20:02.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 137772, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A <a href=\\\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128264.900-lottery-wins-come-easy-if-you-can-\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 69052, \"OwnerUserId\": 69052, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Real life examples of an inefficient Random Number Generator\", \"Tags\": \"<random-generation><history>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We all know that Random Number Generators in computers don't generate true random numbers, but in\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-26T13:42:35.203000\", \"AccountId\": 7713279.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fairly Nerdy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 42996, \"PostId\": 95201, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"741ef2f5-ba70-45d1-a714-e219817f8b99\", \"Text\": \"I came across this problem:\\r\\n\\r\\n**Problem**\\r\\n\\r\\nIf I have $X_1, X_2, ..., X_n$ $n$ iid random variable\", \"Comment\": \"added 60 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-27T13:28:10.630000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 42996, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 95204, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Convergence from Gamma to Normal Distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><gamma-distribution><convergence><central-limit-theorem>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I came across this problem:</p>\\n\\n<p><strong>Problem</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>If I have $X_1, X_2, ..., X_\", \"AccountId\": 260263.0, \"DisplayName\": \"iTurki\", \"Location\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 170678, \"PostId\": 170678, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b39c4964-63a0-4461-a326-552b32c9d63f\", \"Text\": \"Given a two-dimensional parameter $(\\\\theta_1,\\\\theta_2)$ and a target density $\\\\pi(\\\\theta_1,\\\\theta_2)\", \"Comment\": \"added 6 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-06T12:36:35.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 170486, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Given a two-dimensional parameter $(\\\\theta_1,\\\\theta_2)$ and a target density $\\\\pi(\\\\theta_1,\\\\theta\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 97886, \"OwnerUserId\": 97886, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to sample posterior of two parameters using Metropolis Hastings?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><sampling><prior><posterior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have n <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$(n=100)$</span> data. <span class=\\\"math-container\\\"\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-02T07:25:36.583000\", \"AccountId\": 4643432.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stackname\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 183902, \"PostId\": 254073, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"29d3455b-bd8a-499c-8709-e965121a957e\", \"Text\": \"I have developed Bayesian methods for many distributions, but one exception is the geometric distrib\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 55 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-14T21:58:54.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 183902, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bayesian posterior for Geometric Distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><bayesian><geometric-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following homework problem I am trying to solve for but am stuck with the posterior pa\", \"AccountId\": 1901735.0, \"DisplayName\": \"D. Henry\", \"Location\": \"Los Angeles, CA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 107341, \"PostId\": 107341, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f52651fc-2366-425c-b075-c02ac7a81839\", \"Text\": \"Sufficiency is an essential if rare property: if $S(X)$ is sufficient for model $f_\\\\theta$, consider\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-29T12:33:47.267000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 107271, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Sufficiency is an essential if rare property: if <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$S(X)$</span> is su\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50275, \"OwnerUserId\": 50275, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Understanding the relationship between a 'sufficient statistic' and an 'unbiased estimator'\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><unbiased-estimator><sufficient-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can anyone give an explanation in laymen's terms of what the relationship is, if any, between a s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-28T20:35:43.777000\", \"AccountId\": 6225276.0, \"DisplayName\": \"statshelp\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 262115, \"PostId\": 262115, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fb5d79d5-8e11-4025-a530-220d733ee6c4\", \"Text\": \"The posterior predictive is approximated by the average of the sampling densities over the MCMC samp\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-28T05:37:25.713000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 262062, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The posterior predictive is approximated by the average of the sampling densities over the MCMC s\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 72967, \"OwnerUserId\": 72967, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 262115, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In a Bayesian MCMC model, if we plug the average of posterior draws back into the Likelihood, would \", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><posterior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we have a Bayesian model with data <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$y$</span> and a paramete\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-10T14:45:28.010000\", \"AccountId\": 8014735.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user321627\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 178945, \"OwnerUserId\": 72967, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 178951, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the deeper intuition behind the symmetric proposal distribution in the Metropolis-Hastings A\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><metropolis-hastings>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm, one usually considers a symmetric proposal distribution:</p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-16T05:57:00.420000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 178951, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 178945, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>1) the Normal and Uniform are symmetric probability density functions\\n themselves\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-16T06:31:26.033000\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 136337, \"PostId\": 207424, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a3356a59-8b7c-482e-a41e-c8021134d5f9\", \"Text\": \"<probability><self-study><least-squares><sample><unbiased-estimator>\", \"Comment\": \"added 40 characters in body; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-14T15:06:16.353000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 136337, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why isn’t mean of errors in the PRF = 0?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><least-squares><sample><unbiased-estimator>\", \"Body\": \"<p><img src=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/1gjws.jpg\\\" alt=\\\"enter image description here\\\"></p>\\n\\n<p>The im\", \"AccountId\": 11994121.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Manasvi Sharma\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 173669, \"PostId\": 173669, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0954890c-85e8-42e1-9455-adc03f11517e\", \"Text\": \"Since $$\\\\mathbb{E}[X|Y]=\\\\mathbb{E}[\\\\mathbb{E}[X|Y_1]|Y_2]$$is a projection of $\\\\mathbb{E}[X|Y_1]$ th\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-02T14:05:44.600000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 173644, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Since $$\\\\mathbb{E}[X|Y_1]=\\\\mathbb{E}[\\\\mathbb{E}[X|Y]|Y_1]$$is a projection of $\\\\mathbb{E}[X|Y]$ t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 78554, \"OwnerUserId\": 78554, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 173669, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variance of expectation conditional on marginal distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><conditional-probability><joint-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $Y=(Y_1,Y_2)$ be a joint distribution with marginal distributions $Y_1$ and $Y_2$.</p>\\n\\n<p>Le\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-13T01:32:14.350000\", \"AccountId\": 5264418.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Helmut\", \"Location\": \"Canberra, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ph.D. student in genomics at the Australian National University.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 36774, \"PostId\": 168925, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"293b7a06-8b34-4924-87c3-b0847329c733\", \"Text\": \"Every department at our university teaches students that if their data doesn't look normal, they sho\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 39 characters in body; edited tags; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-25T14:35:06.107000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 36774, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187515, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In what situation would Wilcoxon's Signed-Rank Test be preferable to either t-Test or Sign Test?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><t-test><paired-data><wilcoxon-signed-rank><sign-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p><em>After some discussion (below), I now have a clearer picture of a focused question, so here is\", \"AccountId\": 4938226.0, \"DisplayName\": \"justme\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 303473, \"PostId\": 303473, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bfd16ab6-9a13-42ca-a1fe-8eb9797d6557\", \"Text\": \"The joint density\\r\\n$$\\\\pi(\\\\boldsymbol{x})=\\\\overbrace{\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\alpha}{2}\\\\right)^n}^{\\\\substack{ \\\\t\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-01T10:10:38.930000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 303387, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The joint density\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$\\\\pi(\\\\boldsymbol{x})=\\\\overbrace{\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\alph\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 228259, \"OwnerUserId\": 228259, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 303473, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to sample a total variation prior?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sampling><prior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am interested in drawing samples from a total variation prior:\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$\\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-22T20:36:36.930000\", \"AccountId\": 9841282.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Felipe\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 90089, \"PostId\": 161789, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"83a5521c-e004-4a24-ae70-0a73a1eded26\", \"Text\": \"This question is Exercise 3.15 in [Statistical Inference by Casella and Berger][1]. It asks to prove\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-24T18:38:46.380000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 90089, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 161796, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Negative Binomial MGF converges to Poisson MGF\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><poisson-distribution><convergence><negative-binomial-distribution><moment-generating-fu\", \"Body\": \"<p>This question is Exercise 3.15 in <a href=\\\"http://amzn.to/2cVB1P4\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">Statistical Inf\", \"AccountId\": 6749043.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dwvldg\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 210615, \"PostId\": 210615, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"86d6d405-34cf-44b4-a799-068dec9f2438\", \"Text\": \"Once the event $Y<z/X$ is integrated in $Y$, there is no further constraint on $X$: since the densit\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-09T06:23:48.020000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 210611, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Once the event $Y<z/X$ is integrated in $Y$, there is no further constraint on $X$: since the \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 132343, \"OwnerUserId\": 132343, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 210615, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bivariate transformation using cdf method\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><distributions><mathematical-statistics><transform>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given $f_{X,Y}(x,y) = 1, 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 1$ and $Z = XY$ I wanted to try to get th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-12T00:28:17.623000\", \"AccountId\": 4656831.0, \"DisplayName\": \"m0meni\", \"Location\": \"127.0.0.1\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://aria.ai\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>On a scale of one to my account, this is my account.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 91593, \"PostId\": 91593, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d7296ba3-5b6c-458c-a3fa-f6bad91ee38e\", \"Text\": \"Great question for a newcomer!!!\\r\\n\\r\\nYour ABC algorithm provides you with a sample $\\\\theta_1,\\\\ldots,\\\\\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-18T20:43:33.897000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 91576, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Great question for a newcomer!!!</p>\\n\\n<p>Your ABC algorithm provides you with a sample $\\\\theta_1,\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 40961, \"OwnerUserId\": 40961, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 91593, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Posterior predictive check following ABC inference for multiple parameters\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><posterior><approximate-bayesian-computation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am relatively new to Bayesian statistics so please be gentle.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have just performed App\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-18T17:50:29.497000\", \"AccountId\": 5353222.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 94969, \"PostId\": 94969, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e3c52c1-b1e8-49e3-8d1e-b9a94d90e146\", \"Text\": \"A *statistical model* is given by a family of probability distributions. When the model is parametri\", \"Comment\": \"added 212 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-23T18:30:52.843000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 94916, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A <em>statistical model</em> is given by a family of probability distributions. When the model is\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20673, \"OwnerUserId\": 20673, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does Bayesian Hypothesis Testing mean in the framework of inference and decision theory?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>My background is mainly in machine learning and I was trying to learn what Bayesian Hypothesis te\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-09T19:20:37.540000\", \"AccountId\": 1589784.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Charlie Parker\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>CS and Maths are awesome!</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 301582, \"PostId\": 301582, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7f5c6cf5-9da8-4b47-95b5-c9c28a4d2c7e\", \"Text\": \"The accepted $X$ can be written as\\r\\n$$X=Y_1\\\\mathbb I_{U_1\\\\le f_X(Y_1)/c f_Y(Y_1)}+Y_2\\\\mathbb I_{U_1>\", \"Comment\": \"added 285 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-12T18:42:00.363000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 301562, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The accepted <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> can be written as\\n<span class=\\\"math-containe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 207311, \"OwnerUserId\": 207311, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 301582, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"generating process of acceptance-rejection algorithm\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><marginal-distribution><conditioning><accept-reject><stopping-time>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The acceptance-rejection algorithm is described as follows:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>suppose you have RVs <s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-29T16:36:06.833000\", \"AccountId\": 4484167.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user6703592\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 95062, \"PostId\": 95062, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8cef8236-1b9a-419f-962c-29376527c55f\", \"Text\": \"Following Dilip's reformulation of your question, the issue is to find the pdf of the transform $$\\\\f\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-25T10:19:12.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 41234, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Following Dilip's reformulation of your question, the issue is to find the pdf of the transform $\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3894, \"OwnerUserId\": 3894, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The distribution of Gaussian density at a fixed point given random mean\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have random variable $\\\\mu \\\\sim N(0, \\\\xi^2)$. Is there anything useful known about the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-08-05T09:31:14.967000\", \"AccountId\": 510162.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hr0nix\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 68547, \"PostId\": 139911, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b822b47d-8cc0-49cc-9c7c-650f6bb20afe\", \"Text\": \"<probability><self-study><distributions><normal-distribution><projection>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-20T10:15:46.533000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68547, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Proof: Ratio of same normals is uniform?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><distributions><normal-distribution><projection>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently working through a proof that uses (without reference) the following result. I cann\", \"AccountId\": 7641920.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jeremias K\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 118306, \"PostId\": 299160, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cc9e4fed-1e3a-4a98-b531-479baba0b510\", \"Text\": \"Let$$X=(X_1,\\\\cdots,X_k)\\\\sim Dir(\\\\alpha_1,\\\\cdots,\\\\alpha_k)$$ \\r\\n\\r\\nAccording to\\r\\n[this reference][1], t\", \"Comment\": \"added 12 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-16T13:27:47.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 118306, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 299195, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Normalized subvectors of Dirichlet, mutually independent?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><independence><dirichlet-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$X=(X_1,\\\\cdots,X_k)\\\\sim Dir(\\\\alpha_1,\\\\cdots,\\\\alpha_k)$$</span> <\", \"AccountId\": 10754037.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andeanlll\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 145299, \"PostId\": 145299, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ae45998a-db42-4f22-a896-65b68d663316\", \"Text\": \"Here is a picture of several cdfs of Student's $t$-distributions:[![enter image description here][1]\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-28T09:03:20.803000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 145292, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><em>Since the non-centrality parameter is irrelevant for this question, I take $a=0$.</em></p>\\n\\n<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 63472, \"OwnerUserId\": 63472, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 145299, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Non-central t-distributions with different degrees of freedom\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><quantiles><t-distribution><non-central>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two non-central t distributions with CDF given by $t_{n,a}$ and $t_{m,a}$ with $n>m$ de\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-10T18:10:23.717000\", \"AccountId\": 4616093.0, \"DisplayName\": \"xanz\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 6965, \"PostId\": 84384, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5ddb336a-26ff-4ff7-9b6b-5a21bb78aeb0\", \"Text\": \"<bayesian><hierarchical><fisher-information><uninformative-prior>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-21T08:34:53.940000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6965, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 95471, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fisher information metric for hierarchical Bayesian model is negative-definite?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><hierarchical-bayesian><fisher-information><uninformative-prior>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm strugling with the computation of the Fisher information matrix for the hierarchical Bayesian\", \"AccountId\": 1265507.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tomas\", \"Location\": \"Lithuania\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 38578, \"PostId\": 219182, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"40bca627-cf36-4559-ba90-b8dfe1eb6b9b\", \"Text\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><markov-process><stationarity><metropolis-hastings>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-04T03:45:49.897000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 38578, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 219201, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Question on Detailed Balance and Bayes' Rule\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><markov-process><stationarity><metropolis-hastings>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I think I am confused due to the lax notation typically used when dealing with probabilities and \", \"AccountId\": 2141851.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user52932\", \"Location\": \"India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 4910, \"PostId\": 93502, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a9185b0-930e-43fe-8216-8de91e4b793c\", \"Text\": \"[Approximate Bayesian computation][1] is a really cool technique for fitting basically any stochasti\", \"Comment\": \"added 131 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-18T19:09:06.503000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4910, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 93571, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What would be an example of a really simple model with an intractable likelihood?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><simulation><model><likelihood><approximate-bayesian-computation>\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximate_Bayesian_computation\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer\\\">Approxim\", \"AccountId\": 982452.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rasmus Bååth\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.sumsar.net\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PHD student. Not in statistics. Trying to run a statistics blog anyway... Check it out at <a href\"}, {\"Id\": 245851, \"PostId\": 245851, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"69aabbe1-0b50-4bdc-a6b2-bb67f332ca5e\", \"Text\": \"<probability><median><moments><extreme-value>\", \"Comment\": \"added 42 characters in body; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-29T12:45:59.083000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 168556, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 245853, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$\\\\mathbb{E}[\\\\min (X_{1:n}) + \\\\max(X_{1:n})]/2 = \\\\mathbb{E}[\\\\text{median}(X_{1:n})]$?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><median><moments><extreme-value>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> is continuous random variable, and we have <span clas\"}, {\"Id\": 255777, \"PostId\": 255777, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"306b08fd-dcd5-4641-bdb6-1d5302a80589\", \"Text\": \"Note that\\r\\n\\\\begin{align*}\\\\text{Cov}(\\\\frac{1}{n} \\\\sum I\\\\{ X_i \\\\le x\\\\},\\\\frac{1}{n} \\\\sum I\\\\{ X_i \\\\le y\\\\\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-04T08:59:04.030000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 255765, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Note that\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">\\\\begin{align*}\\\\text{Cov}(\\\\frac{1}{n} \\\\sum I\\\\{ X_i \\\\le x\\\\},\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 180806, \"OwnerUserId\": 180806, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 255777, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Covariance of An Empirical Distribution Function Evaluated at Different Points\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><nonparametric><covariance><estimators><empirical-cumulative-distr-fn>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The problem is extracted from <a href=\\\"https://amzn.to/2C037AV\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer\\\">All of Statistic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-16T18:34:04.513000\", \"AccountId\": 14658563.0, \"DisplayName\": \"yalex314\", \"Location\": \"Hong Kong\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 311035, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 310948, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There may be confusion between <em>inverse (cdf) sampling</em> which means simulating from a dist\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-28T16:32:44.927000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 219605, \"OwnerUserId\": 219605, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 310950, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Importance sampling - approximation of an integral in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><bayesian><sampling><monte-carlo><importance-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I am given this integral <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$\\\\mathrm{I}=\\\\int_{38}^{\\\\infty} \\\\mathrm{\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-12-13T15:16:31.103000\", \"AccountId\": 14407536.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Thanos Pantos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 194328, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 193728, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The Bayes factor is not a likelihood ratio and not even a weighted likelihood ratio except in the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-16T08:33:58.017000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 97418, \"OwnerUserId\": 97418, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 194328, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does weighting the Likelihood Ratios by a prior give the Likelihood ratios any Bayesian property?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><maximum-likelihood><likelihood><likelihood-ratio>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a question regarding Bayesian Hypothesis testing using \\\"Bayes Factors\\\".</p>\\n\\n<p>Does weigh\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-29T04:18:14.033000\", \"AccountId\": 9742296.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rnorouzian\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 181682, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 181680, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Take the sum of two variance one normals, centred at $\\\\bar{x}_1=0$ and $\\\\bar{x}_2=4$. Then you ge\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-08T17:40:24.153000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24968, \"OwnerUserId\": 24968, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 181755, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is the likelihood of the sum of unimodal likelihoods also unimodal?\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><multimodality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $p$ be a probability distribution and let $\\\\mathcal{D}_1$, $\\\\mathcal{D}_2$ be two sets of obs\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-17T11:57:55.943000\", \"AccountId\": 1261551.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alberto\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Machine Learning Applied Researcher.</p>\\n\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2012-04-12T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-01-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-07-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188043, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":80,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156979, \"Id\": 156979, \"AccountId\": 8617869.0, \"DisplayName\": \"can't stop me now\", \"Location\": \"Somewhere behind you\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/~hwolkowi/matrixcookbook.pdf\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Nothing</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-04T12:16:18.730000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 272814, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 156979, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You might want to have a look at this paper >>> https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.10219 Didn't read more th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-31T06:55:08.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Relation Between Wasserstein Distance and KL-Divergence (Relative Entropy)\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><distance><entropy><kullback-leibler><wasserstein>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the Wasserstein metric of order one <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$W_1$</span> (a.k.a. th\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 121749, \"RelatedPostId\": 272814, \"PostId\": 199458, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-13T10:39:11.220000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121749, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 234411, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the advantages of Wasserstein metric compared to Kullback-Leibler divergence?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><kullback-leibler><metric><wasserstein>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What is the practical difference between <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstein_metri\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1034089, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-31T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1298538, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286570, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1269455, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-10T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1179922, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-04T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1299412, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1005436, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1258593, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-18T00:00:00\"}], \"AccountId\": 1166134.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Thomas Fauskanger\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 4934, \"RelatedPostId\": 15610, \"PostId\": 272814, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-20T02:34:02.990000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4934, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 15623, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Hypothesis testing and total variation distance vs. Kullback-Leibler divergence\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><mathematical-statistics><kullback-leibler><information-theory><bounds>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In my research I have run into the following general problem: I have two distributions $P$ and $Q\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 1872, \"RelatedPostId\": 15610, \"PostId\": 34817, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-26T02:01:42.207000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1872, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The product distribution: how fast does dissimilarity increase as a function of number of samples?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distance><approximation><bounds>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If $\\\\mathcal{D}$ is a distribution, let $\\\\mathcal{D}^n$ denote the $n$-fold Cartesian product of \", \"AccountId\": 410094.0, \"DisplayName\": \"D.W.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 15610, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"91ba828c-29f5-4888-9001-c698471a73e4\", \"Text\": \"In my research I have run into the following general problem: I have two distributions $P$ and $Q$ o\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://math.stackexchange.com/ with https://math.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\"}, {\"Id\": 46420, \"PostId\": 15610, \"UserId\": 190, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f43deb48-f02e-4123-bae9-31a26512c034\", \"Text\": \"<hypothesis-testing><mathematical-statistics><kullback-leibler><information-theory><bounds>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-24T06:29:17.640000\"}], \"AccountId\": 899715.0, \"DisplayName\": \"M.B.M.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 40312, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 40312, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I am looking for inequalities relating W_p to KL (ideally in the direction opposite to yours), so if\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-06T17:06:20.837000\", \"AccountId\": 2357629.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Coca\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 166, \"PostId\": 47373, \"UserId\": 40312, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Continued: if there are relatively high correlations you may fit a GLMM, and the way to check whethe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-20T05:57:22.890000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 45190, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The \\\"correlation of fixed effects\\\" output doesn't have the intuitive meaning that most would ascr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17275, \"OwnerUserId\": 17275, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do I interpret the 'correlations of fixed effects' in my glmer output?\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><poisson-distribution><lme4-nlme>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following output: </p>\\n\\n<pre><code>Generalized linear mixed model fit by the Laplace a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-25T15:46:10.870000\", \"AccountId\": 2686136.0, \"DisplayName\": \"susie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 56451.0, \"DisplayName\": \"russellpierce\", \"Location\": \"Dallas, TX, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Engineering Leader, Applied Scientist, Researcher, Data Scientist, Data Engineer</p>\\n\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 370149, \"UserId\": 40312, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-06-07T18:55:06.027000\"}, {\"Id\": 415571, \"UserId\": 40312, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-03-02T12:40:09.127000\"}, {\"Id\": 281148, \"UserId\": 40312, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-02-05T10:02:10.867000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 90471, \"PostId\": 90471, \"UserId\": 40312, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1c27da9b-63b3-4a25-a735-7d53240c71f4\", \"Text\": \"If we start with a set of data $(X,Y)$, apply LASSO to it and obtain a solution $\\\\beta^L$, we can ap\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-06T17:50:02.323000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40312, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 97471, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is \\\"relaxed lasso\\\" different from standard lasso?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><optimization><lasso><regularization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>If we start with a set of data $(X,Y)$, apply Lasso to it and obtain a solution $\\\\beta^L$, we can\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40312, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40312, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40312, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40312, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1279110, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 272814, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1299440, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 272814, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1279121, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 272814, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1067319, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 272814, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-14T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1061757, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 272814, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 201871, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 201871, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8b4e9e93-0978-4484-90c7-6b0dba502945\", \"Text\": \"Relation Between Wasserstein Distance and Relative Entropy\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-31T06:42:12.247000\", \"AccountId\": 15927073.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JohnS\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 368917, \"UserId\": 201871, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-05-31T07:01:12.033000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 952037, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 201871, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8b4e9e93-0978-4484-90c7-6b0dba502945\", \"Text\": \"Consider the Wasserstein metric of order one $W_1$ (aka the Earth Movers Distance). I would like to \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-31T06:55:08.007000\"}, {\"Id\": 952039, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 201871, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8b4e9e93-0978-4484-90c7-6b0dba502945\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><distance><entropy><kullback-leibler><wasserstein>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-31T06:55:08.007000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 203009, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f8668f8-4210-40ad-b9a7-bfaf1c5c37db\", \"Text\": \"Relation Between Wasserstein Distance and KL-Divergence (Relative Entropy)\", \"Comment\": \"annunciated terms\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-12T16:04:18.613000\", \"AccountId\": 16121030.0, \"DisplayName\": \"develarist\", \"Location\": \"South Carolina, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 16159, \"PostId\": 316131, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A separate question about GMM: in the sklearn example in the following link, someone starts with a d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-24T16:01:45.153000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16159, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 315983, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is a vignette on Gaussian Mixtures in R:<br />\\n<a href=\\\"https://cran.r-project.org/web/packa\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 315983, \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 316131, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can a Gaussian Mixture model be fit with a continuous response variable?\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><continuous-data><unsupervised-learning><gaussian-mixture-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does the Gaussian Mixture model require binary and multiclass response/target variable (classific\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-09T12:07:41.263000\"}], \"AccountId\": 2538419.0, \"DisplayName\": \"EngrStudent\", \"Location\": \"Midwest USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://mathbaby.blogspot.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Christian.</p>\\n<p>Dad of daughters (14yr, 10yr, 4yr, 3yr)</p>\\n<p>Husband. (20.7 years) Married to\"}, {\"Id\": 195960, \"PostId\": 324374, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"information theoretic feature selection might be useful http://proceedings.mlr.press/v5/brown09a/bro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-04T09:05:35.193000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 195960, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In feature selection, what is the reason for considering removing low variance features?\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><predictive-models><feature-selection>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've overheard a few times that when doing feature selection, one should look at features with lo\", \"AccountId\": 13852947.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stochasticmrfox\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 161774, \"PostId\": 230750, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why does the answer only talk about Wasserstein-2, but not Wasserstein-1? Is one preferred here over\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-10T13:55:52.560000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 161774, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 190872, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The Kullback-Leibler divergence is <strong>not</strong> a distance: it is not even symmetric, and\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 85256, \"OwnerUserId\": 85256, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Kullback-Leibler distance for comparing two distribution from sample points\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><sample><distance><kullback-leibler><wasserstein>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two data samples of a value and I want to compute some distance which would represent the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-31T17:58:30.487000\", \"AccountId\": 2934756.0, \"DisplayName\": \"blehblehbleh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 5986095.0, \"DisplayName\": \"me47\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 320708, \"PostId\": 320708, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"ok give me some time to change the question to focus on the Gaussian first\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-19T17:11:11.383000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are some statistical moments harder to estimate than others?\", \"Tags\": \"<sample><estimators><moments>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Statistical moments include the mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, etc. Since we hardly ever hav\"}, {\"Id\": 175959, \"PostId\": 323219, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Does this answer your question? [How can we explain the fact that \\\"Bagging reduces the variance whil\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-01T14:01:48.833000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 175959, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does bagging reduce variance?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><ensemble-learning><bias-variance-tradeoff><bagging>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I read <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/380023/how-can-we-explain-the-fact-that\", \"AccountId\": 8726586.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Debbie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 246420, \"PostId\": 323826, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'll get back to this since my answer is incomplete\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-18T19:06:11.573000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 246420, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 323839, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Getting the variance of $X$ from $Var(\\\\ln(X))$\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><mathematical-statistics><variance><logarithm>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've a multiplicative model for which <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$Y = X*Z$</span>, for which <s\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1137334, \"PostId\": 323826, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6697f9e5-e1ed-48b1-b1fa-1fa683930233\", \"Text\": \"<self-study><mathematical-statistics><variance><logarithm>\", \"Comment\": \"math syntax\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-18T19:07:20.423000\"}], \"AccountId\": 19545658.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Srick\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 221514, \"PostId\": 323486, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"show the `getattr()` function you wrote and the class it is applied to, and what would be the next s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-10T02:57:25.720000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 221514, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 323891, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to make a johnson unbounded transformation to make my data more gaussian like? in python\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><python><data-transformation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am a novice in stats and I would like to transform my data (house prices) using a johnson unbou\", \"AccountId\": 1168977.0, \"DisplayName\": \"João Vitor Gomes\", \"Location\": \"São Paulo, Brasil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I try to understand and explain things.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 16043, \"PostId\": 332160, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@gunes It couldn't find the function you recommended `AttributeError: module 'scipy' has no attribut\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-20T23:59:56.610000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16043, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 332159, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is a case of reasoning from a false premise.</p>\\n<ol>\\n<li><p>The <a href=\\\"https://en.wikiped\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 332159, \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 332160, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why doesn't $(e^{A})^{-1} = e^{-A}$ hold for a symmetric matrix in Python?\", \"Tags\": \"<python><matrix><exponential-distribution><matrix-inverse><symmetry>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$e^A$</span> is just the <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$A$</span> mat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-11T18:53:36.827000\"}], \"AccountId\": 2523286.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sycorax\", \"Location\": \"Washington, DC, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20473, \"PostId\": 330681, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"thanks for the review of what copulas are, but the question is about Archimedeans vs elliptical copu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-02T14:24:21.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20473, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 330674, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Copulas are distribution functions with marginals having support in <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 330674, \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 330681, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why do elliptical copula densities contain $x_1$ and $x_2$, but Archimedean copula densities contain\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><independence><copula><marginal-distribution><bivariate>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$c\\\\left(u_{1}, u_{2}\\\\right)=\\\\frac{1}{\\\\sqrt{1-\\\\rho_{12}^{2}}} \\\\exp \\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-26T10:54:11.447000\"}], \"AccountId\": 3083068.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alecos Papadopoulos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alecospapadopoulos.wordpress.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD in Economics with a heavy dose of, and a not-so-secret love for, Econometrics and Statistics.\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 455137, \"UserId\": 203009, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Good Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-31T04:04:59.913000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 322721, \"PostId\": 322721, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ea02a074-17b8-49bf-889a-9d82a2fee3ae\", \"Text\": \"**Differential entropy**, \\r\\n\\r\\n$$H(X) = -\\\\int_{-\\\\infty}^{\\\\infty} p(x) \\\\ln p(x) dx,$$\\r\\nordinarily is p\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-08T04:29:58.307000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How come differential entropy can be negative but mutual information can't?\", \"Tags\": \"<entropy><information-theory><mutual-information>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Differential entropy</strong>,</p>\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$H(X) = -\\\\int_{-\\\\inft\"}, {\"Id\": 323724, \"PostId\": 323724, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3168b7e9-48ea-43f4-a386-8279d37a3cfe\", \"Text\": \"<covariance-matrix><large-data><high-dimensional><condition-number>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-17T17:33:08.717000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 323731, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does the condition number of the covariance matrix explode as number of variables increases?\", \"Tags\": \"<covariance-matrix><large-data><high-dimensional><condition-number>\", \"Body\": \"<p>From asset returns of <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$N$</span> stocks, the symmetric covariance ma\"}, {\"Id\": 323863, \"PostId\": 323863, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"82ff3763-b221-461f-873b-101701d3f459\", \"Text\": \"[This][1] paper says multivariate Jensen-Shannon divergence is\\r\\n\\r\\n$$JS(\\\\mathbf{p}_1,\\\\dots,\\\\mathbf{p}\", \"Comment\": \"added 395 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-19T06:47:55.110000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 323870, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multivariate Jensen-Shannon divergence\", \"Tags\": \"<multivariate-analysis><information-theory><kullback-leibler><tsne><manifold-learning>\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/vip/study/publications_files/submitted_1.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\"}, {\"Id\": 25505, \"PostId\": 117137, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"92e49650-6685-4706-99e9-69d7358d5f00\", \"Text\": \"Does correlation imply mutual information?\", \"Comment\": \"title typo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-07T00:13:37.770000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25505, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does correlation imply mutual information?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><entropy><information-theory><mutual-information>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am skeptical about the notion that if <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_information\", \"AccountId\": 3003621.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kaka\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 321907, \"PostId\": 321907, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"78043caa-a99a-491f-be25-de5a9ebb2c07\", \"Text\": \"What is the loss function for regression using artificial neural network?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-31T11:44:54.737000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 321930, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the loss function for regression using artificial neural network?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><neural-networks><loss-functions><cross-entropy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For classification, one of the most common loss functions for artificial neural networks (ANN) is\"}, {\"Id\": 333619, \"PostId\": 333619, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"58374d39-dfc3-49ce-958c-7515ec1592a4\", \"Text\": \"The Johnson SU distribution has 4 shape parameters ($\\\\delta,\\\\gamma,\\\\lambda,\\\\beta$). Below shows the \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-28T15:49:16.773000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Moments table for Johnson SU distribution reference request\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><references><moments><parameterization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The Johnson SU distribution has 4 shape parameters (<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\delta,\\\\gamma,\\\\\"}, {\"Id\": 274339, \"PostId\": 274339, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"93491316-0a91-44fc-9e50-cb1fb3cdfe61\", \"Text\": \"No matter the shape of the population distribution, the **Central Limit Theorem** holds that the sam\", \"Comment\": \"added 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-16T01:21:18.913000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 274336, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>No matter the shape of the population distribution, the <strong>Central Limit Theorem</strong> ho\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 203333, \"OwnerUserId\": 203333, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is the population standard deviation approximated as the sample standard deviation?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><distributions><p-value><standard-deviation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This question addresses calculating a p value from the mean and standard deviation statistics of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-15T23:46:44.607000\", \"AccountId\": 7749741.0, \"DisplayName\": \"lamplamp\", \"Location\": \"California\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Science enthusiast</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 321733, \"PostId\": 321733, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cf24f82c-2a07-46dd-8efd-247ec049a791\", \"Text\": \"If $X$ and $Y$ are two random variables, the univariate pdf of $X$ is the marginal distribution of $\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-29T09:29:06.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 321732, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> and <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$Y$</span> are two ra\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 191724, \"OwnerUserId\": 191724, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What are the differences between \\\"Marginal Probability Distribution\\\" and \\\"Conditional Probability Di\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><conditional-probability><marginal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>While studying probability, I am kind of having difficulties in understanding marginal probabilit\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-27T09:30:18.547000\", \"AccountId\": 15419848.0, \"DisplayName\": \"oceanus\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 321769, \"PostId\": 321769, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f566e1b0-2d57-453e-89a5-34455a1a33c9\", \"Text\": \"i can see why your source is confusing so I would recommend using other textbooks to corroborate wha\", \"Comment\": \"added 15 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-29T17:33:34.673000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 321768, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>i can see why your source is confusing so I would recommend using other textbooks to corroborate \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 218367, \"OwnerUserId\": 218367, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 321769, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In Gradient Boosting over Decision Trees what does it mean to reconstruct the residual\", \"Tags\": \"<gradient-descent><boosting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/FtbBy.png\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-30T23:11:22.277000\", \"AccountId\": 12612027.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fernando Varela\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 55815, \"PostId\": 158550, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b18afc68-d2a6-4b62-a7fc-fb124249c5bb\", \"Text\": \"How could stochastic gradient descent save time compared to standard gradient descent?\", \"Comment\": \"edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-21T16:10:54.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 55815, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 158552, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How could stochastic gradient descent save time compared to standard gradient descent?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><optimization><gradient-descent><computational-statistics><stochastic-gradient-des\", \"Body\": \"<p>Standard Gradient Descent would compute gradient for the entire training dataset.</p>\\n\\n<pre><code\", \"AccountId\": 279438.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alina\", \"Location\": \"Washington, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1141999, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f8668f8-4210-40ad-b9a7-bfaf1c5c37db\", \"Text\": \"Consider the Wasserstein metric of order one $W_1$ (a.k.a. the Earth Movers Distance). I would like \", \"Comment\": \"annunciated terms\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-02T00:32:17.230000\"}, {\"Id\": 324510, \"PostId\": 324510, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"61230643-5974-4fc9-b997-af55ae243c2f\", \"Text\": \"It is a general rule that for multivariate data $\\\\boldsymbol{X}$ and a matrix $\\\\boldsymbol{A}$, thei\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-25T20:44:01.023000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the entropy of multivariate data multiplied by a vector?\", \"Tags\": \"<entropy><information-theory><multivariate-distribution><random-vector><vector>\", \"Body\": \"<p>It is a general rule that for multivariate data <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\boldsymbol{X}$</sp\"}, {\"Id\": 321786, \"PostId\": 321786, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f42056f5-5147-4cda-ae83-afe8c912ccb7\", \"Text\": \"<probability><copula><marginal-distribution><mathematical-statistics>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-29T20:42:19.840000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 321803, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Derivation of Sklar's theorem for copula\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><copula><marginal-distribution><mathematical-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The joint probability distribution, or bivariate CDF, of two random variables <span class=\\\"math-c\"}, {\"Id\": 322531, \"PostId\": 322531, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"88f65664-3450-4b4a-8423-119a8ee42305\", \"Text\": \"The probability density function (pdf) is the first derivative of the cumulative distribution (cdf) \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-06T14:37:08.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 322540, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why do we use parametric distributions instead of empirical distributions?\", \"Tags\": \"<modeling><density-function><cumulative-distribution-function><approximation><density-estimation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The probability density function (pdf) is the first derivative of the cumulative distribution (cd\"}, {\"Id\": 321411, \"PostId\": 321411, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5ce2be8d-9882-4c19-91d7-078145e20fc7\", \"Text\": \"Entropy regularization versus L2 norm regularization?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-26T12:14:54.013000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Entropy regularization versus L2 norm regularization?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><regularization><entropy><tikhonov-regularization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In multiple regression problems, the decision variable, coefficients <span class=\\\"math-container\\\"\"}, {\"Id\": 322061, \"PostId\": 322061, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2fb36465-8156-4c41-a592-2adf57c36cb1\", \"Text\": \"<optimization><convex><non-convex><concavity>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-02T00:08:44.483000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is this objective function convex?\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><convex><non-convex><concavity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given that <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$F(x)$</span> is the cumulative distribution function (CD\"}, {\"Id\": 322534, \"PostId\": 322534, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"07e480e9-8fe9-43a4-a6ce-5ac8d45f710c\", \"Text\": \"<correlation><copula><kurtosis><extremal-dependence>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-06T14:57:39.980000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 322541, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Connection between copula tail dependence and kurtosis?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><copula><kurtosis><extremal-dependence>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Tail dependence</strong> in the pseudo-observations of bivariate copula imply that extrem\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 323314, \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical distance between two matrices\", \"Tags\": \"<matrix><distance><random-matrix><divergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<ul>\\n<li>The statistical distance between two <strong>probability distributions</strong> can be\\nmeas\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-14T03:35:38.527000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 328607, \"OwnerUserId\": 102929, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 323314, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The natural matrix analogue for histograms or probabilty distributions are density matrices, i.e.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-04T20:34:21.823000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 102929, \"PostId\": 328607, \"UserId\": 102929, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"No, you were asking for 'statistical distances'. And such a priori are only defined for probability-\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-19T21:08:50.137000\", \"AccountId\": 7623805.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tobsn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 205503, \"PostId\": 302624, \"UserId\": 102929, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Think of the real line. Are 1 and 5 close?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-10T14:50:31.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 205503, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 310435, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"what does the Wasserstein distance between two distributions quantify\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><mathematical-statistics><python><computational-statistics><scipy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to understand what exactly the distance between two distributions using Wasserstein d\", \"AccountId\": 5918359.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Steve\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1895, \"PostId\": 21718, \"UserId\": 102929, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I would prefer to write that as a comment, but I'm not allowed to, at the moment. So this is basical\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-29T21:42:27.863000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1895, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 21703, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><em>Unfortunately, the quoted statement in the question is a muddled version of the one I origina\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 21703, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 21718, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user9711\", \"Title\": \"Convergence in probability and $L_2$ for normal random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><normal-distribution><convergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In an answer here: <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/21847/convergence-of-identi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-09T01:45:49.180000\"}], \"AccountId\": 329305.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cardinal\", \"Location\": \"Not from around here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://none\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 328411, \"PostId\": 328411, \"UserId\": 102929, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6ac46e40-5d2c-4d06-b92c-936e5e9731ec\", \"Text\": \"As was pointed out in the previous post this inequality is not true in general. However, there has b\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-02T20:53:57.780000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 102929, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 272814, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>As was pointed out in the previous post this inequality is not true in general. However, there ha\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1293159, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 328411, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-02T00:00:00\"}]}, {\"Id\": 328392, \"PostId\": 328392, \"UserId\": 102929, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5d553daf-25cf-4041-afdd-0cbed55c276e\", \"Text\": \"\\\"When we say a random variable is i.i.d\\\". No! 'We' don't say that. iid never refers to a single rand\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 10 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-02T18:34:12.820000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 102929, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 318875, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>"When we say a random variable is i.i.d". No! 'We' don't say that. iid never refers to \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 318875, \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does i.i.d. mean for multivariate case?\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><cumulative-distribution-function><iid><multivariate-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When we say a random variable is i.i.d., it's often used to describe the dependency between the o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-03T04:26:54.307000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 102929, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 326286, \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does Wasserstein distance require the source and target distributions to have the same mass?\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><distance><wasserstein>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If we minimize the Wasserstein loss,</p>\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$W_1 (P_S, P_T) = \\\\unde\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-13T14:53:12.613000\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 325093, \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 272814, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/17300/hypothesis-testing-and-total-variation-d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-02T00:58:26.983000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1279109, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 325093, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1293131, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 325093, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1283737, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 325093, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1283706, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 325093, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-13T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 201452, \"PostId\": 325093, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"515c277d-29c1-464a-8eb8-e96e9d3084d6\", \"Text\": \"[This post][1] gives inequalities for a bunch of distances, including total variation\\r\\n$$\\\\frac{1}{2}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-26T21:58:47.913000\", \"AccountId\": 16016794.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Thomas Lumley\", \"Location\": \"New Zealand\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://notstatschat.rbind.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I do statistics and write software for it.</p>\\n<p>If you want my credentials, Google for them.</p\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 324698, \"PostId\": 324698, \"UserId\": 201452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You need to do more than *check*: testing isn't powerful enough. You need to have good reasons why\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-28T05:56:26.933000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 324691, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>No, you should select SNPs that are correlated with <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> (stri\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 188668, \"OwnerUserId\": 188668, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 324698, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Instrument variables in Mendelian Randomization (MR)\", \"Tags\": \"<instrumental-variables><mendelianrandomization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>As I know, in Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis, many researchers will select SNPs which are \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-01T02:44:46.193000\", \"AccountId\": 12292625.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Amy Chang\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 310984, \"PostId\": 310984, \"UserId\": 201452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@CamilleGontier Yes. Or apparent error and actual error\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-28T07:03:49.723000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 310980, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$w'$</span> is the optimal <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$w$<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 233533, \"OwnerUserId\": 233533, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does decreasing regularisation parameter always decrease loss\", \"Tags\": \"<regularization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a training problem with some loss function <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$L(w) = \\\\frac{1}{N}\\\\s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-02T20:51:58.803000\", \"AccountId\": 16051515.0, \"DisplayName\": \"steven-seagull\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 24931, \"PostId\": 313089, \"UserId\": 201452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is $W_0$ a constant or could it be a non-degenerate random variable?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-16T13:17:17.290000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24931, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 313104, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Convergence Question\", \"Tags\": \"<asymptotics><central-limit-theorem><slutsky-theorem>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_m \\\\in \\\\mathbb{R}^d$</span> and <span class=\\\"math-con\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 313104, \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 313089, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<ol>\\n<li><p>Yes.</p>\\n</li>\\n<li><p>No. You don't say why <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\sqrt{m}(W_m-W\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-14T07:05:10.563000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1099002, \"PostId\": 313104, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e7dc69cc-5cd8-4c27-9999-227d3c62cc53\", \"Text\": \"1. Yes.\\r\\n\\r\\n2. No. You don't say why $\\\\sqrt{m}(W_m-W_0)X_0$ would be $o_p(1)$, and it's not true in g\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-14T07:05:10.563000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 1305905.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kumar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 315808, \"PostId\": 315808, \"UserId\": 201452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"*Subsampling* by Dimitris N. Politis, Joseph P. Romano, and Michael Wolf\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-07T21:51:12.773000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 315802, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I would argue that it's not so much that the <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$m$</span> of <span cla\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 240332, \"OwnerUserId\": 240332, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 315808, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Intuition behind m-out-of-n bootstrap\", \"Tags\": \"<bootstrap><intuition><subsampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to get some intuition on why m-out-of-n bootstrap works but haven't been able to find\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-06T14:56:44.160000\", \"AccountId\": 9609251.0, \"DisplayName\": \"RevealedPreference\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 446576, \"UserId\": 201452, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Revival\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-09-17T18:46:12.843000\"}, {\"Id\": 454004, \"UserId\": 201452, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-23T11:43:01.887000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 313310, \"PostId\": 313310, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bc4c6d33-a942-4a69-bbf3-10a854ba352d\", \"Text\": \"This is very much underdetermined. First, as @jld says in comments, you can shift $C$ by even multi\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-16T00:01:42.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 313286, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is very much underdetermined. First, as @jld says in comments, you can shift <span class=\\\"m\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 108148, \"OwnerUserId\": 108148, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to fit a sine regression curve of the form $f(x)=A\\\\sin(Bx+C)$ to three data points?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><regression-coefficients><nonlinear-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider a sine function of the form: <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$f(x)=A\\\\sin(Bx+C)$$</span></p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-01T14:18:32.430000\", \"AccountId\": 3527521.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kantura\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 238212, \"PostId\": 313135, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25157fda-7e95-4091-b59a-8560ac8ae8a1\", \"Text\": \"I repropose a question I have had no answer on \\r\\n\\r\\nI am trying to calculate $∇_wMSE=0$ and $∇_mMSE=0\", \"Comment\": \"math formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-14T15:13:09.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 238212, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Gradient of MSE with two sets of parameters\", \"Tags\": \"<mse><gradient>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I repropose a question I have had no answer on</p>\\n<p>I am trying to calculate <span class=\\\"math-\", \"AccountId\": 5230329.0, \"DisplayName\": \"learner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 314698, \"PostId\": 314698, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ed6c6c72-f51f-49cc-a637-c81b0c80f927\", \"Text\": \"If you only have exposure and no other covariates it makes no difference. The Cox partial likelihoo\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-28T06:39:23.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 102059, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If you only have exposure and no other covariates it makes no difference. The Cox partial likeli\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 47235, \"OwnerUserId\": 47235, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Cox model with different follow-up times in groups\", \"Tags\": \"<cox-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We have a dataset where the non-exposed group has follow up to 5 years but the exposed group has \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-10T21:23:43.160000\", \"AccountId\": 5917622.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 317244, \"PostId\": 317244, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a4468d7d-cdae-44c3-b3f2-d21038ef234d\", \"Text\": \"Yes, scaling the weights to sum to the sample size will mitigate the problems caused by ignoring the\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-20T23:44:37.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 317235, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes, scaling the weights to sum to the sample size will mitigate the problems caused by ignoring \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6497, \"OwnerUserId\": 6497, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 317244, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Two sample test of independent proportions with weighted data?\", \"Tags\": \"<chi-squared-test><contingency-tables><fishers-exact-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In analysis of survey data, response data may often be weighted to reflect the sampling procedure\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-28T14:24:24.653000\", \"AccountId\": 324877.0, \"DisplayName\": \"prototype\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 324996, \"PostId\": 324996, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"52514948-a4da-4eaa-8381-3e65ecce0bfb\", \"Text\": \"The log-likelihood is substantially higher for the `lmer()` result, which would suggest it's closer \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-01T07:33:14.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 32781, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The log-likelihood is substantially higher for the <code>lmer()</code> result, which would sugges\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3733, \"OwnerUserId\": 3733, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Completely different results from lmer() and lme()\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I got completely different results from lmer() and lme()! Just look at the coefficients' std.erro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-22T16:01:45.850000\", \"AccountId\": 349130.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tomas\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 310570, \"PostId\": 310570, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d86cc754-e1b9-40c4-878b-fa71a7a100c2\", \"Text\": \"That formula (often attributed to Šidak) is exact if the tests are independent, and it is *conservat\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-25T08:19:54.030000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 310552, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>That formula (often attributed to Šidak) is exact if the tests are independent, and it is <em>con\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 165654, \"OwnerUserId\": 165654, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 310570, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why do we calculate the family-wise Type-I error rate by assuming statistical independence of pair-w\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><statistical-significance><inference><conditional-probability><familywise-error>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$FWER = 1-\\\\big(1-\\\\alpha\\\\big)^m$</span></p>\\n\\n<p>The above formula is \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-15T12:09:34.153000\", \"AccountId\": 13743449.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tsvetoslav Ivanov\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 315157, \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 315137, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For <em>any</em> set <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$T$</span>, the reason\\n<span class=\\\"math-contai\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-02T03:52:57.503000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 161988, \"OwnerUserId\": 161988, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 315157, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Lemma KL-Divergence (Differential Privacy)\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mathematical-statistics><kullback-leibler><differential-privacy><divergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am studying differential privacy and I got stuck again in proof of a lemma. Which is:</p>\\n<p>&q\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-12T05:46:28.567000\", \"AccountId\": 10079680.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Miguel Gutierrez\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I had a bachelor's in economics. I am actually a student in Applied Math & Computer Science. \"}]}, {\"Id\": 327840, \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 327837, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>As a concrete example of @angryavian's point, with <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$n=2$</span></p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-28T04:17:55.603000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 249743, \"OwnerUserId\": 249743, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 327838, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Given $n$ random variables of variance 1 with pairwise correlation $-1/(n-1)$ and the value of $n-1$\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><conditional-probability><covariance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_i$</span> be <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$i=1$</span> to <sp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-28T03:02:51.250000\", \"AccountId\": 19840076.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user5134908\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 333364, \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333350, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I looked at a version of this problem back in April, to see what we could say about Covid elimina\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T23:05:46.177000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 32084, \"OwnerUserId\": 32084, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How many must you sample with no negatives to conclude there is no negatives in the population?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><binomial-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If I have 1000 widgets made in my factory and I want to know that none of them are defective, how\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-20T18:25:14.690000\", \"AccountId\": 4483871.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Keith\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>delete merge</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 315957, \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 315881, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Looking at the code for <code>kendall.ci</code>, it seems to be using a U-statistic formula for t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-09T07:02:43.667000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 240526, \"OwnerUserId\": 240526, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 315957, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why don't my confidence interval and p-value match for Kendall's Tau?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><confidence-interval><p-value><kendall-tau>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to examine the relationship between two samples of ordinal scale values, by computing \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-08T14:34:55.710000\", \"AccountId\": 6808056.0, \"DisplayName\": \"manishma\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}]}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 443064, \"UserId\": 156979, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-08-22T08:04:47.757000\"}, {\"Id\": 443033, \"UserId\": 156979, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-08-22T01:18:38.167000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 320977, \"PostId\": 320977, \"UserId\": 156979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d79d7eb8-ea58-44d5-96f1-63b96e606d5d\", \"Text\": \"Solving a system of nonlinear equations involving only products of unknowns\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T01:13:56.507000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156979, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 320983, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Solving a system of nonlinear equations involving only products of unknowns\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><nonlinear-regression><nonlinear>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to find the solution of a system of equations of the form:</p>\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1260639, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 320977, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1126783, \"PostId\": 320977, \"UserId\": 156979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d79d7eb8-ea58-44d5-96f1-63b96e606d5d\", \"Text\": \"I would like to find the solution of a system of equations of the form:\\r\\n\\r\\n$A = w_1 F(x_k) + w_2 F(x\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T01:13:56.507000\"}, {\"Id\": 1126782, \"PostId\": 320977, \"UserId\": 156979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d79d7eb8-ea58-44d5-96f1-63b96e606d5d\", \"Text\": \"<optimization><nonlinear-regression><nonlinear>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T01:13:56.507000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 320983, \"OwnerUserId\": 67602, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 320977, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The equation described here looks familiar to many machine learning approaches.</p>\\n<p>It appears\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T04:07:08.687000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1260430, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 320983, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 67602, \"PostId\": 320983, \"UserId\": 67602, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f0c857fa-284d-4803-ad5d-0d14ed928bf4\", \"Text\": \"The equation described here looks familiar to many machine learning approaches. \\r\\n\\r\\nIt appears to f\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-08T00:15:12.050000\", \"AccountId\": 4831801.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jeffalltogether\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Scientist in biomedical research.</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 156613, \"PostId\": 320266, \"UserId\": 67602, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How are all the distances related in the study area? For example, if the study area is a gird of 1 \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-02T02:50:15.587000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156613, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Appropiate test for comparing integer distance distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<r><distributions><chi-squared-test><kolmogorov-smirnov-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to determine if wildfires occur closer to forests or not. For this, I have two matric\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 597961, \"PostId\": 320266, \"UserId\": 67602, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"We deal with this in image data. Neighboring pixels from the same image are not independent. There\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T16:07:56.397000\"}], \"AccountId\": 9624238.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Marcelo Villa-Piñeros\", \"Location\": \"Bogotá, Colombia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 164341, \"PostId\": 321005, \"UserId\": 67602, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the feedback. My main concern is data leakage. That maybe the second feature selection i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T00:12:53.707000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 164341, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 320981, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It will have the desired out of reducing your feature space, but why not just use the output from\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 320981, \"OwnerUserId\": 67602, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"L1 feature selection followed by exhaustive search\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><feature-selection><sparse>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working with a group on an ML project and one of the team members has proposed using L1 to re\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T03:10:40.533000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1126800, \"PostId\": 320981, \"UserId\": 67602, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"24e4cb05-e7a7-4edf-b8cd-544513a07400\", \"Text\": \"<feature-selection>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T03:10:40.533000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 10119683.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tylerr\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://medium.com/@tylerblume\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 350758, \"UserId\": 67602, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-02-21T04:40:16.260000\"}, {\"Id\": 443046, \"UserId\": 67602, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-08-22T04:36:15.520000\"}, {\"Id\": 167481, \"UserId\": 67602, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-05-19T18:52:38.880000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 253153, \"PostId\": 253153, \"UserId\": 67602, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bbbb1f15-2fd6-4639-b643-bdf167507b8a\", \"Text\": \"You have 30 total variables, making the possibility of generating all possible linear models nearly \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-06T20:38:10.017000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67602, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 253145, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have 30 total variables, making the possibility of generating all possible linear models near\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 183018, \"OwnerUserId\": 183018, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can I use linear/logistic regression for inference with colinear variables and a smallish datase\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><cross-validation><inference><multicollinearity><variance-inflation-factor>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset of around 120 observations, with 30 calculated variables and I am trying to pred\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-06T18:55:16.537000\", \"AccountId\": 1753680.0, \"DisplayName\": \"max\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 255244, \"PostId\": 255244, \"UserId\": 67602, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"605dd272-5886-40a4-9cf8-c01e83dc510a\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><image-processing><computer-vision><segmentation><conditional-random-field>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-28T18:34:56.653000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67602, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 255246, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Introduction to Conditional random fields\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><image-processing><computer-vision><image-segmentation><conditional-random-field>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I came across the application of a conditional random field (CRF) to the output from a convolutio\"}]}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156979, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156979, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156979, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156979, \"Id\": 156979, \"AccountId\": 8617869.0, \"DisplayName\": \"can't stop me now\", \"Location\": \"Somewhere behind you\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/~hwolkowi/matrixcookbook.pdf\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Nothing</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-04T12:16:18.730000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 272814, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 156979, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You might want to have a look at this paper >>> https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.10219 Didn't read more th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-31T06:55:08.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Relation Between Wasserstein Distance and KL-Divergence (Relative Entropy)\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><distance><entropy><kullback-leibler><wasserstein>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the Wasserstein metric of order one <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$W_1$</span> (a.k.a. th\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 121749, \"RelatedPostId\": 272814, \"PostId\": 199458, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-13T10:39:11.220000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121749, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 234411, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the advantages of Wasserstein metric compared to Kullback-Leibler divergence?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><kullback-leibler><metric><wasserstein>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What is the practical difference between <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstein_metri\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1034089, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-31T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1298538, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1286570, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1269455, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-10T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1179922, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-04T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1299412, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1005436, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1258593, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 199458, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-18T00:00:00\"}], \"AccountId\": 1166134.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Thomas Fauskanger\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 4934, \"RelatedPostId\": 15610, \"PostId\": 272814, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-20T02:34:02.990000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4934, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 15623, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Hypothesis testing and total variation distance vs. Kullback-Leibler divergence\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><mathematical-statistics><kullback-leibler><information-theory><bounds>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In my research I have run into the following general problem: I have two distributions $P$ and $Q\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 1872, \"RelatedPostId\": 15610, \"PostId\": 34817, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-26T02:01:42.207000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1872, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The product distribution: how fast does dissimilarity increase as a function of number of samples?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distance><approximation><bounds>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If $\\\\mathcal{D}$ is a distribution, let $\\\\mathcal{D}^n$ denote the $n$-fold Cartesian product of \", \"AccountId\": 410094.0, \"DisplayName\": \"D.W.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 15610, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"91ba828c-29f5-4888-9001-c698471a73e4\", \"Text\": \"In my research I have run into the following general problem: I have two distributions $P$ and $Q$ o\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://math.stackexchange.com/ with https://math.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\"}, {\"Id\": 46420, \"PostId\": 15610, \"UserId\": 190, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f43deb48-f02e-4123-bae9-31a26512c034\", \"Text\": \"<hypothesis-testing><mathematical-statistics><kullback-leibler><information-theory><bounds>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-24T06:29:17.640000\"}], \"AccountId\": 899715.0, \"DisplayName\": \"M.B.M.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 40312, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 40312, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I am looking for inequalities relating W_p to KL (ideally in the direction opposite to yours), so if\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-06T17:06:20.837000\", \"AccountId\": 2357629.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Coca\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 166, \"PostId\": 47373, \"UserId\": 40312, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Continued: if there are relatively high correlations you may fit a GLMM, and the way to check whethe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-20T05:57:22.890000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 45190, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The \\\"correlation of fixed effects\\\" output doesn't have the intuitive meaning that most would ascr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17275, \"OwnerUserId\": 17275, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do I interpret the 'correlations of fixed effects' in my glmer output?\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><poisson-distribution><lme4-nlme>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following output: </p>\\n\\n<pre><code>Generalized linear mixed model fit by the Laplace a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-25T15:46:10.870000\", \"AccountId\": 2686136.0, \"DisplayName\": \"susie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 56451.0, \"DisplayName\": \"russellpierce\", \"Location\": \"Dallas, TX, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Engineering Leader, Applied Scientist, Researcher, Data Scientist, Data Engineer</p>\\n\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 370149, \"UserId\": 40312, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-06-07T18:55:06.027000\"}, {\"Id\": 415571, \"UserId\": 40312, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-03-02T12:40:09.127000\"}, {\"Id\": 281148, \"UserId\": 40312, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-02-05T10:02:10.867000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 90471, \"PostId\": 90471, \"UserId\": 40312, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1c27da9b-63b3-4a25-a735-7d53240c71f4\", \"Text\": \"If we start with a set of data $(X,Y)$, apply LASSO to it and obtain a solution $\\\\beta^L$, we can ap\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-06T17:50:02.323000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40312, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 97471, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is \\\"relaxed lasso\\\" different from standard lasso?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><optimization><lasso><regularization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>If we start with a set of data $(X,Y)$, apply Lasso to it and obtain a solution $\\\\beta^L$, we can\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40312, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40312, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40312, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40312, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1279110, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 272814, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1299440, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 272814, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1279121, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 272814, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1067319, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 272814, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-14T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1061757, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 272814, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 201871, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 201871, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8b4e9e93-0978-4484-90c7-6b0dba502945\", \"Text\": \"Relation Between Wasserstein Distance and Relative Entropy\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-31T06:42:12.247000\", \"AccountId\": 15927073.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JohnS\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 368917, \"UserId\": 201871, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-05-31T07:01:12.033000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 952037, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 201871, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8b4e9e93-0978-4484-90c7-6b0dba502945\", \"Text\": \"Consider the Wasserstein metric of order one $W_1$ (aka the Earth Movers Distance). I would like to \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-31T06:55:08.007000\"}, {\"Id\": 952039, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 201871, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8b4e9e93-0978-4484-90c7-6b0dba502945\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><distance><entropy><kullback-leibler><wasserstein>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-31T06:55:08.007000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201871, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 203009, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f8668f8-4210-40ad-b9a7-bfaf1c5c37db\", \"Text\": \"Relation Between Wasserstein Distance and KL-Divergence (Relative Entropy)\", \"Comment\": \"annunciated terms\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-12T16:04:18.613000\", \"AccountId\": 16121030.0, \"DisplayName\": \"develarist\", \"Location\": \"South Carolina, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 16159, \"PostId\": 316131, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A separate question about GMM: in the sklearn example in the following link, someone starts with a d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-24T16:01:45.153000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16159, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 315983, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is a vignette on Gaussian Mixtures in R:<br />\\n<a href=\\\"https://cran.r-project.org/web/packa\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 315983, \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 316131, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can a Gaussian Mixture model be fit with a continuous response variable?\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><continuous-data><unsupervised-learning><gaussian-mixture-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does the Gaussian Mixture model require binary and multiclass response/target variable (classific\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-09T12:07:41.263000\"}], \"AccountId\": 2538419.0, \"DisplayName\": \"EngrStudent\", \"Location\": \"Midwest USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://mathbaby.blogspot.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Christian.</p>\\n<p>Dad of daughters (14yr, 10yr, 4yr, 3yr)</p>\\n<p>Husband. (20.7 years) Married to\"}, {\"Id\": 195960, \"PostId\": 324374, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"information theoretic feature selection might be useful http://proceedings.mlr.press/v5/brown09a/bro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-04T09:05:35.193000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 195960, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In feature selection, what is the reason for considering removing low variance features?\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><predictive-models><feature-selection>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've overheard a few times that when doing feature selection, one should look at features with lo\", \"AccountId\": 13852947.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stochasticmrfox\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 161774, \"PostId\": 230750, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why does the answer only talk about Wasserstein-2, but not Wasserstein-1? Is one preferred here over\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-10T13:55:52.560000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 161774, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 190872, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The Kullback-Leibler divergence is <strong>not</strong> a distance: it is not even symmetric, and\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 85256, \"OwnerUserId\": 85256, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Kullback-Leibler distance for comparing two distribution from sample points\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><sample><distance><kullback-leibler><wasserstein>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two data samples of a value and I want to compute some distance which would represent the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-31T17:58:30.487000\", \"AccountId\": 2934756.0, \"DisplayName\": \"blehblehbleh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 5986095.0, \"DisplayName\": \"me47\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 320708, \"PostId\": 320708, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"ok give me some time to change the question to focus on the Gaussian first\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-19T17:11:11.383000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are some statistical moments harder to estimate than others?\", \"Tags\": \"<sample><estimators><moments>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Statistical moments include the mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, etc. Since we hardly ever hav\"}, {\"Id\": 175959, \"PostId\": 323219, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Does this answer your question? [How can we explain the fact that \\\"Bagging reduces the variance whil\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-01T14:01:48.833000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 175959, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does bagging reduce variance?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><ensemble-learning><bias-variance-tradeoff><bagging>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I read <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/380023/how-can-we-explain-the-fact-that\", \"AccountId\": 8726586.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Debbie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 246420, \"PostId\": 323826, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'll get back to this since my answer is incomplete\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-18T19:06:11.573000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 246420, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 323839, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Getting the variance of $X$ from $Var(\\\\ln(X))$\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><mathematical-statistics><variance><logarithm>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've a multiplicative model for which <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$Y = X*Z$</span>, for which <s\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1137334, \"PostId\": 323826, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6697f9e5-e1ed-48b1-b1fa-1fa683930233\", \"Text\": \"<self-study><mathematical-statistics><variance><logarithm>\", \"Comment\": \"math syntax\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-18T19:07:20.423000\"}], \"AccountId\": 19545658.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Srick\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 221514, \"PostId\": 323486, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"show the `getattr()` function you wrote and the class it is applied to, and what would be the next s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-10T02:57:25.720000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 221514, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 323891, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to make a johnson unbounded transformation to make my data more gaussian like? in python\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><python><data-transformation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am a novice in stats and I would like to transform my data (house prices) using a johnson unbou\", \"AccountId\": 1168977.0, \"DisplayName\": \"João Vitor Gomes\", \"Location\": \"São Paulo, Brasil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I try to understand and explain things.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 16043, \"PostId\": 332160, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@gunes It couldn't find the function you recommended `AttributeError: module 'scipy' has no attribut\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-20T23:59:56.610000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16043, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 332159, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is a case of reasoning from a false premise.</p>\\n<ol>\\n<li><p>The <a href=\\\"https://en.wikiped\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 332159, \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 332160, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why doesn't $(e^{A})^{-1} = e^{-A}$ hold for a symmetric matrix in Python?\", \"Tags\": \"<python><matrix><exponential-distribution><matrix-inverse><symmetry>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$e^A$</span> is just the <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$A$</span> mat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-11T18:53:36.827000\"}], \"AccountId\": 2523286.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sycorax\", \"Location\": \"Washington, DC, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20473, \"PostId\": 330681, \"UserId\": 203009, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"thanks for the review of what copulas are, but the question is about Archimedeans vs elliptical copu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-02T14:24:21.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20473, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 330674, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Copulas are distribution functions with marginals having support in <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 330674, \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 330681, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why do elliptical copula densities contain $x_1$ and $x_2$, but Archimedean copula densities contain\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><independence><copula><marginal-distribution><bivariate>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$c\\\\left(u_{1}, u_{2}\\\\right)=\\\\frac{1}{\\\\sqrt{1-\\\\rho_{12}^{2}}} \\\\exp \\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-26T10:54:11.447000\"}], \"AccountId\": 3083068.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alecos Papadopoulos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alecospapadopoulos.wordpress.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD in Economics with a heavy dose of, and a not-so-secret love for, Econometrics and Statistics.\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 455137, \"UserId\": 203009, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Good Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-31T04:04:59.913000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 322721, \"PostId\": 322721, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ea02a074-17b8-49bf-889a-9d82a2fee3ae\", \"Text\": \"**Differential entropy**, \\r\\n\\r\\n$$H(X) = -\\\\int_{-\\\\infty}^{\\\\infty} p(x) \\\\ln p(x) dx,$$\\r\\nordinarily is p\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-08T04:29:58.307000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How come differential entropy can be negative but mutual information can't?\", \"Tags\": \"<entropy><information-theory><mutual-information>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Differential entropy</strong>,</p>\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$H(X) = -\\\\int_{-\\\\inft\"}, {\"Id\": 323724, \"PostId\": 323724, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3168b7e9-48ea-43f4-a386-8279d37a3cfe\", \"Text\": \"<covariance-matrix><large-data><high-dimensional><condition-number>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-17T17:33:08.717000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 323731, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does the condition number of the covariance matrix explode as number of variables increases?\", \"Tags\": \"<covariance-matrix><large-data><high-dimensional><condition-number>\", \"Body\": \"<p>From asset returns of <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$N$</span> stocks, the symmetric covariance ma\"}, {\"Id\": 323863, \"PostId\": 323863, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"82ff3763-b221-461f-873b-101701d3f459\", \"Text\": \"[This][1] paper says multivariate Jensen-Shannon divergence is\\r\\n\\r\\n$$JS(\\\\mathbf{p}_1,\\\\dots,\\\\mathbf{p}\", \"Comment\": \"added 395 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-19T06:47:55.110000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 323870, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multivariate Jensen-Shannon divergence\", \"Tags\": \"<multivariate-analysis><information-theory><kullback-leibler><tsne><manifold-learning>\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/vip/study/publications_files/submitted_1.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\"}, {\"Id\": 25505, \"PostId\": 117137, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"92e49650-6685-4706-99e9-69d7358d5f00\", \"Text\": \"Does correlation imply mutual information?\", \"Comment\": \"title typo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-07T00:13:37.770000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25505, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does correlation imply mutual information?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><entropy><information-theory><mutual-information>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am skeptical about the notion that if <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_information\", \"AccountId\": 3003621.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kaka\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 321907, \"PostId\": 321907, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"78043caa-a99a-491f-be25-de5a9ebb2c07\", \"Text\": \"What is the loss function for regression using artificial neural network?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-31T11:44:54.737000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 321930, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the loss function for regression using artificial neural network?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><neural-networks><loss-functions><cross-entropy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For classification, one of the most common loss functions for artificial neural networks (ANN) is\"}, {\"Id\": 333619, \"PostId\": 333619, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"58374d39-dfc3-49ce-958c-7515ec1592a4\", \"Text\": \"The Johnson SU distribution has 4 shape parameters ($\\\\delta,\\\\gamma,\\\\lambda,\\\\beta$). Below shows the \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-28T15:49:16.773000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Moments table for Johnson SU distribution reference request\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><references><moments><parameterization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The Johnson SU distribution has 4 shape parameters (<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\delta,\\\\gamma,\\\\\"}, {\"Id\": 274339, \"PostId\": 274339, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"93491316-0a91-44fc-9e50-cb1fb3cdfe61\", \"Text\": \"No matter the shape of the population distribution, the **Central Limit Theorem** holds that the sam\", \"Comment\": \"added 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-16T01:21:18.913000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 274336, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>No matter the shape of the population distribution, the <strong>Central Limit Theorem</strong> ho\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 203333, \"OwnerUserId\": 203333, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is the population standard deviation approximated as the sample standard deviation?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><distributions><p-value><standard-deviation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This question addresses calculating a p value from the mean and standard deviation statistics of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-15T23:46:44.607000\", \"AccountId\": 7749741.0, \"DisplayName\": \"lamplamp\", \"Location\": \"California\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Science enthusiast</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 321733, \"PostId\": 321733, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cf24f82c-2a07-46dd-8efd-247ec049a791\", \"Text\": \"If $X$ and $Y$ are two random variables, the univariate pdf of $X$ is the marginal distribution of $\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-29T09:29:06.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 321732, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> and <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$Y$</span> are two ra\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 191724, \"OwnerUserId\": 191724, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What are the differences between \\\"Marginal Probability Distribution\\\" and \\\"Conditional Probability Di\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><conditional-probability><marginal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>While studying probability, I am kind of having difficulties in understanding marginal probabilit\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-27T09:30:18.547000\", \"AccountId\": 15419848.0, \"DisplayName\": \"oceanus\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 321769, \"PostId\": 321769, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f566e1b0-2d57-453e-89a5-34455a1a33c9\", \"Text\": \"i can see why your source is confusing so I would recommend using other textbooks to corroborate wha\", \"Comment\": \"added 15 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-29T17:33:34.673000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 321768, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>i can see why your source is confusing so I would recommend using other textbooks to corroborate \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 218367, \"OwnerUserId\": 218367, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 321769, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In Gradient Boosting over Decision Trees what does it mean to reconstruct the residual\", \"Tags\": \"<gradient-descent><boosting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/FtbBy.png\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-30T23:11:22.277000\", \"AccountId\": 12612027.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fernando Varela\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 55815, \"PostId\": 158550, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b18afc68-d2a6-4b62-a7fc-fb124249c5bb\", \"Text\": \"How could stochastic gradient descent save time compared to standard gradient descent?\", \"Comment\": \"edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-21T16:10:54.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 55815, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 158552, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How could stochastic gradient descent save time compared to standard gradient descent?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><optimization><gradient-descent><computational-statistics><stochastic-gradient-des\", \"Body\": \"<p>Standard Gradient Descent would compute gradient for the entire training dataset.</p>\\n\\n<pre><code\", \"AccountId\": 279438.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alina\", \"Location\": \"Washington, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1141999, \"PostId\": 272814, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f8668f8-4210-40ad-b9a7-bfaf1c5c37db\", \"Text\": \"Consider the Wasserstein metric of order one $W_1$ (a.k.a. the Earth Movers Distance). I would like \", \"Comment\": \"annunciated terms\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-02T00:32:17.230000\"}, {\"Id\": 324510, \"PostId\": 324510, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"61230643-5974-4fc9-b997-af55ae243c2f\", \"Text\": \"It is a general rule that for multivariate data $\\\\boldsymbol{X}$ and a matrix $\\\\boldsymbol{A}$, thei\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-25T20:44:01.023000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the entropy of multivariate data multiplied by a vector?\", \"Tags\": \"<entropy><information-theory><multivariate-distribution><random-vector><vector>\", \"Body\": \"<p>It is a general rule that for multivariate data <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\boldsymbol{X}$</sp\"}, {\"Id\": 321786, \"PostId\": 321786, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f42056f5-5147-4cda-ae83-afe8c912ccb7\", \"Text\": \"<probability><copula><marginal-distribution><mathematical-statistics>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-29T20:42:19.840000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 321803, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Derivation of Sklar's theorem for copula\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><copula><marginal-distribution><mathematical-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The joint probability distribution, or bivariate CDF, of two random variables <span class=\\\"math-c\"}, {\"Id\": 322531, \"PostId\": 322531, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"88f65664-3450-4b4a-8423-119a8ee42305\", \"Text\": \"The probability density function (pdf) is the first derivative of the cumulative distribution (cdf) \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-06T14:37:08.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 322540, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why do we use parametric distributions instead of empirical distributions?\", \"Tags\": \"<modeling><density-function><cumulative-distribution-function><approximation><density-estimation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The probability density function (pdf) is the first derivative of the cumulative distribution (cd\"}, {\"Id\": 321411, \"PostId\": 321411, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5ce2be8d-9882-4c19-91d7-078145e20fc7\", \"Text\": \"Entropy regularization versus L2 norm regularization?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-26T12:14:54.013000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Entropy regularization versus L2 norm regularization?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><regularization><entropy><tikhonov-regularization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In multiple regression problems, the decision variable, coefficients <span class=\\\"math-container\\\"\"}, {\"Id\": 322061, \"PostId\": 322061, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2fb36465-8156-4c41-a592-2adf57c36cb1\", \"Text\": \"<optimization><convex><non-convex><concavity>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-02T00:08:44.483000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is this objective function convex?\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><convex><non-convex><concavity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given that <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$F(x)$</span> is the cumulative distribution function (CD\"}, {\"Id\": 322534, \"PostId\": 322534, \"UserId\": 203009, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"07e480e9-8fe9-43a4-a6ce-5ac8d45f710c\", \"Text\": \"<correlation><copula><kurtosis><extremal-dependence>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-06T14:57:39.980000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 322541, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Connection between copula tail dependence and kurtosis?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><copula><kurtosis><extremal-dependence>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Tail dependence</strong> in the pseudo-observations of bivariate copula imply that extrem\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 323314, \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical distance between two matrices\", \"Tags\": \"<matrix><distance><random-matrix><divergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<ul>\\n<li>The statistical distance between two <strong>probability distributions</strong> can be\\nmeas\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-14T03:35:38.527000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 328607, \"OwnerUserId\": 102929, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 323314, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The natural matrix analogue for histograms or probabilty distributions are density matrices, i.e.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-04T20:34:21.823000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 102929, \"PostId\": 328607, \"UserId\": 102929, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"No, you were asking for 'statistical distances'. And such a priori are only defined for probability-\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-19T21:08:50.137000\", \"AccountId\": 7623805.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tobsn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 205503, \"PostId\": 302624, \"UserId\": 102929, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Think of the real line. Are 1 and 5 close?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-10T14:50:31.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 205503, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 310435, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"what does the Wasserstein distance between two distributions quantify\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><mathematical-statistics><python><computational-statistics><scipy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to understand what exactly the distance between two distributions using Wasserstein d\", \"AccountId\": 5918359.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Steve\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1895, \"PostId\": 21718, \"UserId\": 102929, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I would prefer to write that as a comment, but I'm not allowed to, at the moment. So this is basical\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-29T21:42:27.863000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1895, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 21703, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><em>Unfortunately, the quoted statement in the question is a muddled version of the one I origina\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 21703, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 21718, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user9711\", \"Title\": \"Convergence in probability and $L_2$ for normal random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><normal-distribution><convergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In an answer here: <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/21847/convergence-of-identi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-09T01:45:49.180000\"}], \"AccountId\": 329305.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cardinal\", \"Location\": \"Not from around here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://none\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 328411, \"PostId\": 328411, \"UserId\": 102929, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6ac46e40-5d2c-4d06-b92c-936e5e9731ec\", \"Text\": \"As was pointed out in the previous post this inequality is not true in general. However, there has b\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-02T20:53:57.780000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 102929, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 272814, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>As was pointed out in the previous post this inequality is not true in general. However, there ha\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1293159, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 328411, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-02T00:00:00\"}]}, {\"Id\": 328392, \"PostId\": 328392, \"UserId\": 102929, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5d553daf-25cf-4041-afdd-0cbed55c276e\", \"Text\": \"\\\"When we say a random variable is i.i.d\\\". No! 'We' don't say that. iid never refers to a single rand\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 10 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-02T18:34:12.820000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 102929, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 318875, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>"When we say a random variable is i.i.d". No! 'We' don't say that. iid never refers to \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 318875, \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does i.i.d. mean for multivariate case?\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><cumulative-distribution-function><iid><multivariate-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When we say a random variable is i.i.d., it's often used to describe the dependency between the o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-03T04:26:54.307000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 102929, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 326286, \"OwnerUserId\": 203009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does Wasserstein distance require the source and target distributions to have the same mass?\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><distance><wasserstein>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If we minimize the Wasserstein loss,</p>\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$W_1 (P_S, P_T) = \\\\unde\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-13T14:53:12.613000\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 325093, \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 272814, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/17300/hypothesis-testing-and-total-variation-d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-02T00:58:26.983000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1279109, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 325093, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1293131, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 325093, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1283737, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 325093, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1283706, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 325093, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-13T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 201452, \"PostId\": 325093, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"515c277d-29c1-464a-8eb8-e96e9d3084d6\", \"Text\": \"[This post][1] gives inequalities for a bunch of distances, including total variation\\r\\n$$\\\\frac{1}{2}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-26T21:58:47.913000\", \"AccountId\": 16016794.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Thomas Lumley\", \"Location\": \"New Zealand\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://notstatschat.rbind.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I do statistics and write software for it.</p>\\n<p>If you want my credentials, Google for them.</p\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 324698, \"PostId\": 324698, \"UserId\": 201452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You need to do more than *check*: testing isn't powerful enough. You need to have good reasons why\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-28T05:56:26.933000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 324691, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>No, you should select SNPs that are correlated with <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> (stri\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 188668, \"OwnerUserId\": 188668, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 324698, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Instrument variables in Mendelian Randomization (MR)\", \"Tags\": \"<instrumental-variables><mendelianrandomization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>As I know, in Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis, many researchers will select SNPs which are \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-01T02:44:46.193000\", \"AccountId\": 12292625.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Amy Chang\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 310984, \"PostId\": 310984, \"UserId\": 201452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@CamilleGontier Yes. Or apparent error and actual error\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-28T07:03:49.723000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 310980, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$w'$</span> is the optimal <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$w$<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 233533, \"OwnerUserId\": 233533, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does decreasing regularisation parameter always decrease loss\", \"Tags\": \"<regularization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a training problem with some loss function <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$L(w) = \\\\frac{1}{N}\\\\s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-02T20:51:58.803000\", \"AccountId\": 16051515.0, \"DisplayName\": \"steven-seagull\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 24931, \"PostId\": 313089, \"UserId\": 201452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is $W_0$ a constant or could it be a non-degenerate random variable?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-16T13:17:17.290000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24931, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 313104, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Convergence Question\", \"Tags\": \"<asymptotics><central-limit-theorem><slutsky-theorem>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_m \\\\in \\\\mathbb{R}^d$</span> and <span class=\\\"math-con\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 313104, \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 313089, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<ol>\\n<li><p>Yes.</p>\\n</li>\\n<li><p>No. You don't say why <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\sqrt{m}(W_m-W\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-14T07:05:10.563000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1099002, \"PostId\": 313104, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e7dc69cc-5cd8-4c27-9999-227d3c62cc53\", \"Text\": \"1. Yes.\\r\\n\\r\\n2. No. You don't say why $\\\\sqrt{m}(W_m-W_0)X_0$ would be $o_p(1)$, and it's not true in g\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-14T07:05:10.563000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 1305905.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kumar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 315808, \"PostId\": 315808, \"UserId\": 201452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"*Subsampling* by Dimitris N. Politis, Joseph P. Romano, and Michael Wolf\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-07T21:51:12.773000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 315802, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I would argue that it's not so much that the <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$m$</span> of <span cla\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 240332, \"OwnerUserId\": 240332, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 315808, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Intuition behind m-out-of-n bootstrap\", \"Tags\": \"<bootstrap><intuition><subsampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to get some intuition on why m-out-of-n bootstrap works but haven't been able to find\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-06T14:56:44.160000\", \"AccountId\": 9609251.0, \"DisplayName\": \"RevealedPreference\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 446576, \"UserId\": 201452, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Revival\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-09-17T18:46:12.843000\"}, {\"Id\": 454004, \"UserId\": 201452, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-23T11:43:01.887000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 313310, \"PostId\": 313310, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bc4c6d33-a942-4a69-bbf3-10a854ba352d\", \"Text\": \"This is very much underdetermined. First, as @jld says in comments, you can shift $C$ by even multi\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-16T00:01:42.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 313286, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is very much underdetermined. First, as @jld says in comments, you can shift <span class=\\\"m\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 108148, \"OwnerUserId\": 108148, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to fit a sine regression curve of the form $f(x)=A\\\\sin(Bx+C)$ to three data points?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><regression-coefficients><nonlinear-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider a sine function of the form: <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$f(x)=A\\\\sin(Bx+C)$$</span></p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-01T14:18:32.430000\", \"AccountId\": 3527521.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kantura\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 238212, \"PostId\": 313135, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25157fda-7e95-4091-b59a-8560ac8ae8a1\", \"Text\": \"I repropose a question I have had no answer on \\r\\n\\r\\nI am trying to calculate $∇_wMSE=0$ and $∇_mMSE=0\", \"Comment\": \"math formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-14T15:13:09.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 238212, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Gradient of MSE with two sets of parameters\", \"Tags\": \"<mse><gradient>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I repropose a question I have had no answer on</p>\\n<p>I am trying to calculate <span class=\\\"math-\", \"AccountId\": 5230329.0, \"DisplayName\": \"learner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 314698, \"PostId\": 314698, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ed6c6c72-f51f-49cc-a637-c81b0c80f927\", \"Text\": \"If you only have exposure and no other covariates it makes no difference. The Cox partial likelihoo\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-28T06:39:23.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 102059, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If you only have exposure and no other covariates it makes no difference. The Cox partial likeli\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 47235, \"OwnerUserId\": 47235, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Cox model with different follow-up times in groups\", \"Tags\": \"<cox-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We have a dataset where the non-exposed group has follow up to 5 years but the exposed group has \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-10T21:23:43.160000\", \"AccountId\": 5917622.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 317244, \"PostId\": 317244, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a4468d7d-cdae-44c3-b3f2-d21038ef234d\", \"Text\": \"Yes, scaling the weights to sum to the sample size will mitigate the problems caused by ignoring the\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-20T23:44:37.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 317235, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes, scaling the weights to sum to the sample size will mitigate the problems caused by ignoring \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6497, \"OwnerUserId\": 6497, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 317244, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Two sample test of independent proportions with weighted data?\", \"Tags\": \"<chi-squared-test><contingency-tables><fishers-exact-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In analysis of survey data, response data may often be weighted to reflect the sampling procedure\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-28T14:24:24.653000\", \"AccountId\": 324877.0, \"DisplayName\": \"prototype\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 324996, \"PostId\": 324996, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"52514948-a4da-4eaa-8381-3e65ecce0bfb\", \"Text\": \"The log-likelihood is substantially higher for the `lmer()` result, which would suggest it's closer \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-01T07:33:14.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 32781, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The log-likelihood is substantially higher for the <code>lmer()</code> result, which would sugges\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3733, \"OwnerUserId\": 3733, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Completely different results from lmer() and lme()\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I got completely different results from lmer() and lme()! Just look at the coefficients' std.erro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-22T16:01:45.850000\", \"AccountId\": 349130.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tomas\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 310570, \"PostId\": 310570, \"UserId\": 201452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d86cc754-e1b9-40c4-878b-fa71a7a100c2\", \"Text\": \"That formula (often attributed to Šidak) is exact if the tests are independent, and it is *conservat\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-25T08:19:54.030000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 310552, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>That formula (often attributed to Šidak) is exact if the tests are independent, and it is <em>con\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 165654, \"OwnerUserId\": 165654, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 310570, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why do we calculate the family-wise Type-I error rate by assuming statistical independence of pair-w\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><statistical-significance><inference><conditional-probability><familywise-error>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$FWER = 1-\\\\big(1-\\\\alpha\\\\big)^m$</span></p>\\n\\n<p>The above formula is \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-15T12:09:34.153000\", \"AccountId\": 13743449.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tsvetoslav Ivanov\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 315157, \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 315137, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For <em>any</em> set <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$T$</span>, the reason\\n<span class=\\\"math-contai\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-02T03:52:57.503000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 161988, \"OwnerUserId\": 161988, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 315157, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Lemma KL-Divergence (Differential Privacy)\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mathematical-statistics><kullback-leibler><differential-privacy><divergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am studying differential privacy and I got stuck again in proof of a lemma. Which is:</p>\\n<p>&q\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-12T05:46:28.567000\", \"AccountId\": 10079680.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Miguel Gutierrez\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I had a bachelor's in economics. I am actually a student in Applied Math & Computer Science. \"}]}, {\"Id\": 327840, \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 327837, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>As a concrete example of @angryavian's point, with <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$n=2$</span></p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-28T04:17:55.603000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 249743, \"OwnerUserId\": 249743, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 327838, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Given $n$ random variables of variance 1 with pairwise correlation $-1/(n-1)$ and the value of $n-1$\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><conditional-probability><covariance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_i$</span> be <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$i=1$</span> to <sp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-28T03:02:51.250000\", \"AccountId\": 19840076.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user5134908\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 333364, \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333350, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I looked at a version of this problem back in April, to see what we could say about Covid elimina\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T23:05:46.177000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 32084, \"OwnerUserId\": 32084, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How many must you sample with no negatives to conclude there is no negatives in the population?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><binomial-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If I have 1000 widgets made in my factory and I want to know that none of them are defective, how\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-20T18:25:14.690000\", \"AccountId\": 4483871.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Keith\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>delete merge</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 315957, \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 315881, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Looking at the code for <code>kendall.ci</code>, it seems to be using a U-statistic formula for t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-09T07:02:43.667000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 240526, \"OwnerUserId\": 240526, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 315957, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why don't my confidence interval and p-value match for Kendall's Tau?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><confidence-interval><p-value><kendall-tau>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to examine the relationship between two samples of ordinal scale values, by computing \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-08T14:34:55.710000\", \"AccountId\": 6808056.0, \"DisplayName\": \"manishma\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201452, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}]}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 443064, \"UserId\": 156979, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-08-22T08:04:47.757000\"}, {\"Id\": 443033, \"UserId\": 156979, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-08-22T01:18:38.167000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 320977, \"PostId\": 320977, \"UserId\": 156979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d79d7eb8-ea58-44d5-96f1-63b96e606d5d\", \"Text\": \"Solving a system of nonlinear equations involving only products of unknowns\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T01:13:56.507000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156979, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 320983, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Solving a system of nonlinear equations involving only products of unknowns\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><nonlinear-regression><nonlinear>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to find the solution of a system of equations of the form:</p>\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1260639, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 320977, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1126783, \"PostId\": 320977, \"UserId\": 156979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d79d7eb8-ea58-44d5-96f1-63b96e606d5d\", \"Text\": \"I would like to find the solution of a system of equations of the form:\\r\\n\\r\\n$A = w_1 F(x_k) + w_2 F(x\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T01:13:56.507000\"}, {\"Id\": 1126782, \"PostId\": 320977, \"UserId\": 156979, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d79d7eb8-ea58-44d5-96f1-63b96e606d5d\", \"Text\": \"<optimization><nonlinear-regression><nonlinear>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T01:13:56.507000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 320983, \"OwnerUserId\": 67602, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 320977, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The equation described here looks familiar to many machine learning approaches.</p>\\n<p>It appears\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T04:07:08.687000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1260430, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 320983, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 67602, \"PostId\": 320983, \"UserId\": 67602, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f0c857fa-284d-4803-ad5d-0d14ed928bf4\", \"Text\": \"The equation described here looks familiar to many machine learning approaches. \\r\\n\\r\\nIt appears to f\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-08T00:15:12.050000\", \"AccountId\": 4831801.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jeffalltogether\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Scientist in biomedical research.</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 156613, \"PostId\": 320266, \"UserId\": 67602, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How are all the distances related in the study area? For example, if the study area is a gird of 1 \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-02T02:50:15.587000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156613, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Appropiate test for comparing integer distance distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<r><distributions><chi-squared-test><kolmogorov-smirnov-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to determine if wildfires occur closer to forests or not. For this, I have two matric\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 597961, \"PostId\": 320266, \"UserId\": 67602, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"We deal with this in image data. Neighboring pixels from the same image are not independent. There\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T16:07:56.397000\"}], \"AccountId\": 9624238.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Marcelo Villa-Piñeros\", \"Location\": \"Bogotá, Colombia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 164341, \"PostId\": 321005, \"UserId\": 67602, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the feedback. My main concern is data leakage. That maybe the second feature selection i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T00:12:53.707000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 164341, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 320981, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It will have the desired out of reducing your feature space, but why not just use the output from\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 320981, \"OwnerUserId\": 67602, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"L1 feature selection followed by exhaustive search\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><feature-selection><sparse>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working with a group on an ML project and one of the team members has proposed using L1 to re\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T03:10:40.533000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1126800, \"PostId\": 320981, \"UserId\": 67602, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"24e4cb05-e7a7-4edf-b8cd-544513a07400\", \"Text\": \"<feature-selection>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-22T03:10:40.533000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 10119683.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tylerr\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://medium.com/@tylerblume\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 350758, \"UserId\": 67602, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-02-21T04:40:16.260000\"}, {\"Id\": 443046, \"UserId\": 67602, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-08-22T04:36:15.520000\"}, {\"Id\": 167481, \"UserId\": 67602, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-05-19T18:52:38.880000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 253153, \"PostId\": 253153, \"UserId\": 67602, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bbbb1f15-2fd6-4639-b643-bdf167507b8a\", \"Text\": \"You have 30 total variables, making the possibility of generating all possible linear models nearly \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-06T20:38:10.017000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67602, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 253145, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have 30 total variables, making the possibility of generating all possible linear models near\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 183018, \"OwnerUserId\": 183018, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can I use linear/logistic regression for inference with colinear variables and a smallish datase\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><cross-validation><inference><multicollinearity><variance-inflation-factor>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset of around 120 observations, with 30 calculated variables and I am trying to pred\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-06T18:55:16.537000\", \"AccountId\": 1753680.0, \"DisplayName\": \"max\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 255244, \"PostId\": 255244, \"UserId\": 67602, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"605dd272-5886-40a4-9cf8-c01e83dc510a\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><image-processing><computer-vision><segmentation><conditional-random-field>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-28T18:34:56.653000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67602, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 255246, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Introduction to Conditional random fields\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><image-processing><computer-vision><image-segmentation><conditional-random-field>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I came across the application of a conditional random field (CRF) to the output from a convolutio\"}]}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156979, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156979, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156979, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":81,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"Id\": 157856, \"AccountId\": 4491708.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Iustinian Olaru\", \"Location\": \"Denmark\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-10T19:20:22.453000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 236231, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 157856, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When you say negative samples, you mean that I don't use the same samples ,that I add to the test se\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T12:32:20.683000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Spliting data set that didn't come from same source\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><dataset><cart>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a data set consisting of features extracted from audio files of individuals with parkinson\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 44246, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi there and welcome. As long as you do not train on the negative samples, but select them randomly \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-20T17:27:02.413000\", \"AccountId\": 4641657.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jim\", \"Location\": \"A Tesla in Space\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/312254/on-expanded-usercard-add-a-line-with-last-seen-statu\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mostly predictive statistics (aka machine learning).</p>\\n\\n<p>Download the app:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li><a h\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 163746, \"PostId\": 232729, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Source(s) please. – *Reviewer*\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-28T04:02:07.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 163746, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Number of Hidden Layers and what they can achieve:</p>\\n\\n<p>0 - Only capable of representing linea\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 132, \"OwnerUserId\": 132, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 1032, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to choose the number of hidden layers and nodes in a feedforward neural network?\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><neural-networks>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a standard and accepted method for selecting the number of layers, and the number of nod\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T23:05:39.653000\", \"AccountId\": 48509.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rob Hyndman\", \"Location\": \"Melbourne, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://robjhyndman.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Professor of Statistics, Monash University, Australia. I initiated the formation of <a href=\\\"http\"}], \"AccountId\": 1811316.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sapy\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/saptarshi-chatterjee-55a22613\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Competitive algorithm expert, Big data Ninja, An engineer by heart. Geek.</p>\\n<p>I work for <em>\"}, {\"Id\": 200482, \"PostId\": 271348, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi, welcome. Please clarify your question a bit. Am I reading it correctly in the following way: you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-16T15:51:10.293000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 200482, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding outliers in binary data\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><mathematical-statistics><outliers><binary-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say you have data from 10 different sensors about the occurrence of some event - e.g. motion sens\", \"AccountId\": 15951824.0, \"DisplayName\": \"statistically_wrong\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 47991, \"PostId\": 229647, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Could you add a [**TL;DR**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TL;DR) section to your question?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-23T19:50:28.513000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 47991, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 230261, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Usefulness of standard deviation/alternatives for highly variable measurements\", \"Tags\": \"<standard-deviation>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>EDIT: SOME ADDITIONS TO CLARIFY ORIGINAL TEXT</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>If I remember correctly I \", \"AccountId\": 5062631.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Cordex\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 96068, \"PostId\": 233824, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@DilipSarwate I expanded my comment into an answer. I believe it all hinges on the *boundedness of s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-17T07:36:55.343000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 96068, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 233829, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What are the minimum and maximum values of variance?\", \"Tags\": \"<variance>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am new to statistics. I am getting my hands dirty on <code>VarianceThreshold</code>. I am havin\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 436475, \"PostId\": 233824, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(Bit unfair that this gets downvoted so harshly.) On substance: it all depends on what you assume ab\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-07T14:47:34.670000\"}], \"AccountId\": 2780651.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mangu Singh Rajpurohit\", \"Location\": \"Palo Alto\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Enthusiastic Software Engineer.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 195092, \"PostId\": 265432, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi, welcome. Ever heard of [entropy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy) or [maximum entropy](htt\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-27T18:13:51.733000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 195092, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"maximum randomness and non-randomness\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><entropy><randomness><runs>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Two questions about randomness of data-sequences:</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li><p>Using a variant of run test li\", \"AccountId\": 3161297.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Manin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 152142, \"PostId\": 232472, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This is a panel. But could you please elaborate on \\\"*I want to study each id as a whole*\\\". What does\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-28T13:42:45.603000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 152142, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pseudo panel data\", \"Tags\": \"<r><panel-data><dataset><cross-section>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have data that looks like this </p>\\n\\n<pre><code>ID iter number type date\\n18A15 1 1 RS \", \"AccountId\": 13039238.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Oumayma10\", \"Location\": \"Grenoble, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 165526, \"PostId\": 234556, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In addition, please add the `self-study` tag and read [its wiki](https://stats.stackexchange.com/tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-14T10:09:10.023000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 165526, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Forecasting formula in mathematical notation help please:\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><forecasting><prediction><notation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Question: is what I have correct? If not what is correct?</p>\\n\\n<p>I am not sure how to correctly \", \"AccountId\": 13353788.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jennifer Jarnstrom\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 162276, \"PostId\": 231237, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"please add a little text around your suggested acronym. I think it would help a lot of readers.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-14T20:49:41.640000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 162276, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 1509, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<h2>RAT !RAF</h2>\\n\\n<h2>RAT denotes type I errors and !RAF is type II.</h2>\\n\\n<p>Type I error - <stron\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 89, \"OwnerUserId\": 89, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 1515, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is there a way to remember the definitions of Type I and Type II Errors?\", \"Tags\": \"<terminology><type-i-and-ii-errors>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm not a statistician by education, I'm a software engineer. Yet statistics comes up a lot. In f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T20:09:18.707000\", \"AccountId\": 445.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Thomas Owens\", \"Location\": \"Rochester, NY, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://thomasjowens.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Professionally, I'm a software engineer focusing on agile and lean software development and softw\"}], \"AccountId\": 7213792.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mark\", \"Location\": \"London, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 157593, \"PostId\": 227424, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"To share the data, use e.g. http://www.sharecsv.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-09T04:10:53.263000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157593, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Forecast customer's spending\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><forecasting><arima><r-squared>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am forecasting the spending of customer based on the time series data set. I tried to build to \", \"AccountId\": 10231448.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nguyen Ba Viet\", \"Location\": \"Hanoi, Hoàn Kiếm, Hanoi, Vietnam\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 161821, \"PostId\": 230788, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I tried to edit your question, so that it could be reopened: https://stats.stackexchange.com/review/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-10T20:46:39.717000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 161821, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 230801, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Normalize over range with min excluded\", \"Tags\": \"<r><normalization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know how to normalize between 0 and 1, this is usually done with a function like the following:\", \"AccountId\": 13311854.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Talik3233\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 56850, \"PostId\": 162802, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@BrianBien sure, but I would replace the line `cv_met = ShuffleSplit(n_splits=k, test_size=1/k)` by \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-05T13:14:25.777000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 56850, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 163459, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is a large choice of K lowering my cross validation score?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><cross-validation><random-forest><sample-size><scikit-learn>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Playing around with the <a href=\\\"http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.dataset\", \"AccountId\": 264426.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Brian Bien\", \"Location\": \"Novi, MI\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.brianbien.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Personal website: <a href=\\\"http://www.brianbien.com\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">www.brianbien.com</a></p>\\n\\n<p\"}, {\"Id\": 105324, \"PostId\": 231904, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Please edit. Include the article's title and authors (and a hyperlink). Please consider contacting t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-08T08:48:18.490000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105324, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"CART selection and *deselection* classification tree\", \"Tags\": \"<r><classification><cart>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I came across a line in Peterson, et al. (2016) that says:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>The specific se\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 433565, \"PostId\": 231904, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"My advice would be to contact the authors and link this question. Perhaps they'll provide an answer \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-23T11:41:41.720000\"}], \"AccountId\": 5373429.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Refael\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 47762, \"PostId\": 221994, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I do not quite follow... Don't you mean $U_{n}^2 = n^{-1} \\\\sum Y_{i}^2$?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-19T15:22:03.500000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 47762, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 221984, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The central limit theorem (at least some version of it) tells us that with \\n$$\\n U_n^2 = \\\\frac{1}\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 150248, \"OwnerUserId\": 150248, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Limiting distribution of scaled sum of squared Poisson RVs\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><distributions><mathematical-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $Y_1,Y_2,...$ be $\\\\text{iid}$ Poisson random variables having mean $1$. Define</p>\\n\\n<p>$$U_n \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-12T19:20:02.957000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 771305, \"PostId\": 221984, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4d80bd31-171a-4c13-b0ab-c91016c0e0e9\", \"Text\": \"<self-study><distributions><mathematical-statistics>\", \"Comment\": \"title, tags, edited body: for clarity and brevity\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-26T16:38:49.190000\"}], \"AccountId\": 12242485.0, \"DisplayName\": \"statrat403\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 5966934.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StijnDeVuyst\", \"Location\": \"Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Interest in probability theory, industrial statistics and quality engineering</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 241441, \"PostId\": 316997, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Very good question (+1). Asking for a friend: could you provide a reference for mini-batch with repl\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-18T13:20:28.643000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 241441, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mini-Batch Gradient Descent - Why does sampling with replacement work?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><sampling><gradient-descent>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When sampling the data, either one at a time (as in online learning), or in mini-batches, there e\", \"AccountId\": 4581371.0, \"DisplayName\": \"A is for Ambition\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 159482, \"PostId\": 228574, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hello there. Couple of things. *(1)* Please include a hyperlink to the Kaggle competition. *(2)* Dat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-22T19:31:22.053000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 159482, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to scale predictions from a neural network in R when the output is not a part of the dataset\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><machine-learning><neural-networks><data-mining>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been using a neural network to make predictions. So my training data is in one .csv file whi\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 794690, \"PostId\": 228574, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"071d5d98-360b-4d43-af8b-193912b5e508\", \"Text\": \"How to scale predictions from a neural network in R when the output is not a part of the dataset\", \"Comment\": \"improved formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-23T20:49:31.477000\"}], \"AccountId\": 10543641.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Plumorane\", \"Location\": \"Boston, MA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 26850, \"PostId\": 236394, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Unrepresentative or non-representative perhaps?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-04T21:24:51.043000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26850, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The word for \\\"not well-described by statistics\\\"\", \"Tags\": \"<descriptive-statistics><terminology>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I used to know this 25-cent word, and I have forgotten it. It describes a phenomenon where commo\", \"AccountId\": 3528724.0, \"DisplayName\": \"J Kelly\", \"Location\": \"New Haven, CT\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Interested in spatial analysis, spatial statistics, and GIS.</p>\\n\\n<p>Teaches GIS. </p>\\n\\n<p>Resear\"}, {\"Id\": 162838, \"PostId\": 232034, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Please do post those $x = \\\\ln(\\\\text{goldprice})$ vs. $y = \\\\ln(\\\\text{leverage})$ plots. And if you do\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-18T21:11:29.807000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 162838, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to solve a well fitted model - Model Misspecification\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><fixed-effects-model><macroeconomics><misspecification><leverage>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently writing a paper, analysing the impact of goldprice movements on the capital struct\", \"AccountId\": 13603879.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Knut E.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 221283, \"PostId\": 221283, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"As pointed out in the answer. The above (and often encountered) Venn diagram *depicts* at least two \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-19T18:17:16.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 221228, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A <a href=\\\"https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venndiagram\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Venn diagram</a>\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 221228, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 221283, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user64106\", \"Title\": \"Can we use Venn diagrams to 'prove' theorems regarding events?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mathematical-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the equality $P(A \\\\cup B) = P(A)+P(B)-P(A \\\\cap B)$.</p>\\n\\n<p>We can prove this in a numbe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-19T09:37:06.373000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 149503, \"PostId\": 232873, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi there and welcome. My two cents: input scaling is there only/mostly to aid numerical optimization\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-06T18:43:58.063000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 149503, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 271802, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Normalization for MFCC?\", \"Tags\": \"<normalization><hidden-markov-model><lstm><mfcc>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm planning on using MFCCs extracted from audio signals to make a speaker recognizer. I noticed \", \"AccountId\": 5752914.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Isaac\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 29508, \"PostId\": 186319, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@RyanBressler What do you mean with bias? Bias with respect to what? In fact $(\\\\sqrt{X} + \\\\sqrt{Y})/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-28T15:20:16.513000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 29508, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 186317, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>\\\"Pooling\\\" all of the predictions and calculating the error over the entrie dataset as opposed to \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 14484, \"OwnerUserId\": 14484, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 186319, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does cross validation with 10 folds give one e.g. RMSE or 10?\", \"Tags\": \"<cross-validation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm watching a Datacamp video on Machine Learning tool box video with Caret's Zachary Dean Mayer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-02T16:44:25.207000\", \"AccountId\": 1012277.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Doug Fir\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco, CA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 4244032.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ryan Bressler\", \"Location\": \"Hamilton, MT\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://github.com/ryanbressler/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a Software Engineer with a background in math and statistics working in computational biology\"}, {\"Id\": 440827, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"That's indeed a different way of saying the same. What you should avoid is: training on sample $i$, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T12:48:14.600000\"}, {\"Id\": 180882, \"PostId\": 251110, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi, welcome. You have provided a solution yourself: *\\\"that gradient descent would be much more effic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-17T14:48:35.740000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 180882, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Linear least squares algorithms\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><least-squares><linear><gradient-descent>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have stumbled across these two questions and accepted answers:</p>\\n\\n<p>(1) <a href=\\\"https://sta\", \"AccountId\": 4444197.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3617992\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 450, \"PostId\": 227222, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A special rule for the $0/0$ case is not enough. A rule is needed for the $x/0$ case ($x \\\\neq 0$) as\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-29T15:38:09.663000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 450, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 227196, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Three facts will help you here. </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>What you discovered is called the exact fit proper\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 157940, \"OwnerUserId\": 157940, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 227202, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Iglewicz and Hoaglin outlier test with modified z-scores - What should I do if the MAD becomes 0?\", \"Tags\": \"<outliers><robust>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm a programmer with a small statistics background and I need to find outliers in a small list o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-11T13:06:35.380000\", \"AccountId\": 6076823.0, \"DisplayName\": \"szuuuken\", \"Location\": \"Wien, Österreich\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://szuuuken.at\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 63945.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user603\", \"Location\": \"Leuven, Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kaveh_Vakili/?ev=hdr_xprf\", \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>[...] from this point of view, when you contemplate what to do about\\n outliers, y\"}, {\"Id\": 50748, \"PostId\": 227545, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Just some other initial thought: teach a neural net to do it.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-06T13:19:42.047000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50748, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Match a path to a roadmap\", \"Tags\": \"<spatial><matching>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I do not know if I'm in the right place but let us go.\\nI got a relative path of an object. Which \", \"AccountId\": 5520398.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hans glick\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 84715, \"PostId\": 160861, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This depends on the dependence between **observations** $i$ and $j$. E.g., if the observations are *\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-25T15:42:31.787000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 84715, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multivariate multiple regression validation\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multivariate-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In <code>R</code>, I'm running a linear model of the form:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>fit <- lm(cbind(Y1,\", \"AccountId\": 6291708.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Martin James\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 250727, \"UserId\": 44246, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Caucus\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-08-20T20:33:54.770000\"}, {\"Id\": 302287, \"UserId\": 44246, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Civic Duty\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-05-21T18:34:50.767000\"}, {\"Id\": 185314, \"UserId\": 44246, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Organizer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-09-07T19:26:48.890000\"}, {\"Id\": 351219, \"UserId\": 44246, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-02-23T16:50:17.620000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 151323, \"PostId\": 222763, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a5fecd3-10cd-41cd-9423-ec7d15de8081\", \"Text\": \"Structure your data as an `msts` (multiple seasonality time series), where you can specify \\r\\n\\r\\n`msts\", \"Comment\": \"formats code, minor spelling edits\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-21T14:56:55.623000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 151323, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 81736, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Structure your data as an <code>msts</code> (multiple seasonality time series), where you can spe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 33757, \"OwnerUserId\": 33757, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multiple and long seasonality for a SARIMA model in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><arima><fourier-transform><multiple-seasonalities>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>While working on a big data set made of 10-minutes-points of information - i.e. <code>144</code> \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T13:26:28.750000\", \"AccountId\": 4655781.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ahnonym\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 12993038.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Garcher\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 158107, \"PostId\": 227308, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fdf93001-5ec6-4bbd-87f6-a6d750caaac4\", \"Text\": \"What to regress in a Difference-in-Differences method?\", \"Comment\": \"improved formatting, hyperlink, tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-12T12:08:27.817000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 158107, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What to regress in a Difference-in-Differences method?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><difference-in-difference>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently using the <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_in_differences\\\" rel=\\\"n\", \"AccountId\": 13350727.0, \"DisplayName\": \"R. K.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 8208, \"PostId\": 23932, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e7c03ae-12b9-4009-aa3b-d54419bb3e02\", \"Text\": \"Similarity measure for weighted sets (multisets)\", \"Comment\": \"name of \\\"weighted set\\\" is multiset + added tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-24T12:24:00.010000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8208, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Similarity measure for weighted sets (multisets)\", \"Tags\": \"<multivariate-analysis><distance><similarities><distance-functions>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have to compute a similarity measure between different sets (Actually they are more like maps t\", \"AccountId\": 144312.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mariosangiorgio\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://mariosangiorgio.github.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Software Engineer</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 162605, \"PostId\": 162605, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f32b2aaf-64e4-4275-b807-8464ddc754a2\", \"Text\": \"By [definition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability),\\r\\n\\r\\n$P(A \\\\cup C | B) = \\\\dfrac\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-01T11:01:50.683000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 162582, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>By <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">definition</a>,\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 90762, \"OwnerUserId\": 90762, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 162605, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Breaking down using set notation, conditional probability\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><conditional-probability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assuming B is given as already having happened, and you have sets A and C:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$ P(A \\\\cup C \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-01T03:02:20.083000\", \"AccountId\": 400684.0, \"DisplayName\": \"SS'\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 153140, \"PostId\": 223124, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9f10d69d-23a7-49da-a936-5630c91df60a\", \"Text\": \"I've got a regression from the value of a house on things like `x1 = number of bathrooms`, `x2 = num\", \"Comment\": \"spelling, grammar, formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-08T20:03:39.040000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 153140, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Average value of y in linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><linear>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've got a regression from the value of a house on things like <code>x1 = number of bathrooms</co\", \"AccountId\": 13099356.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kklaw\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 5210, \"PostId\": 218791, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8105df55-e493-4e8a-9c43-532eb8e87672\", \"Text\": \"I have a experiment in which a random event that can occur $N$ times in some set period of time $T$ \", \"Comment\": \"N is an element of the natural numbers\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-07T05:43:18.090000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5210, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 220610, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Establishing the Probability Distribution that Governs a Random Process\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><poisson-distribution><negative-binomial-distribution><randomness>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a experiment in which a random event that can occur $N$ times in some set period of time $\", \"AccountId\": 312398.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MoonKnight\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 284159, \"PostId\": 284159, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"73bed9f4-a76f-4209-96dc-69bf3a1cbee4\", \"Text\": \"It is *not* random sampling, because people have a free and possibly biased reason to not participat\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-23T18:07:35.730000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 284155, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It is <em>not</em> random sampling, because people have a free and possibly biased choice, or rea\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 992363, \"PostId\": 284159, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"961301bd-93bd-4fe6-9b70-2b178b552b76\", \"Text\": \"It is *not* random sampling, because people have a free and possibly biased choice, or reason, to no\", \"Comment\": \"added 12 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-23T18:17:03.270000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 211792, \"OwnerUserId\": 211792, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 284159, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does a class survey count as a random sampling?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey><survey-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If we had a class of 200 people and we made a survey in which anyone in the class can choose to p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-23T17:45:35.137000\", \"AccountId\": 9012636.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dennis Liu\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 211005, \"PostId\": 283328, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ed6bec01-19c2-4280-a380-2cc93d3c5202\", \"Text\": \"Issue with proof in Statistical Theory related to Beta and Binomial distributions\", \"Comment\": \"title, small edits to body for clarity, relevant tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-13T17:57:43.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 211005, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Issue with proof in Statistical Theory related to Beta and Binomial distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<binomial-distribution><convergence><beta-distribution><bernoulli-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_n$</span> is distributed <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\te\", \"AccountId\": 16692297.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Warhawk1987\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 172947, \"PostId\": 242684, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d0c6d5e1-f150-4453-acf3-484c85784196\", \"Text\": \"Probability that 3 out of 4 sets have non-empty intersection\", \"Comment\": \"title; clarity; improved formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-30T08:54:23.513000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 172947, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability that 3 out of 4 sets have non-empty intersection\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><combinatorics><subset>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have $4$ randomly sampled subsets from population set $S = \\\\{1,2,...,100\\\\}$. Each subset has si\", \"AccountId\": 1471607.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Roman Lebedev\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 154374, \"PostId\": 227605, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f076ff6d-0460-430d-9721-72a5dc13e380\", \"Text\": \"I am looking for advantages and disadvantages of the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm ([BF\", \"Comment\": \"modified title, added hyperlink\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T20:49:38.657000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 154374, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 227747, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Advantages/Disadvantages of BFGS vs. L-BFGS-B vs. PORT\", \"Tags\": \"<r><machine-learning><optimization><gradient-descent>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking for advantages and disadvantages of the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm (\", \"AccountId\": 10773070.0, \"DisplayName\": \"macro123\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 12654, \"PostId\": 86519, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7e647dcb-60d4-4dc9-8d6b-960b5fd74bd2\", \"Text\": \"<probability><sampling><multilevel-analysis><independence><assumptions>\", \"Comment\": \"Adds the sampling tag, because that's what this question is basically about\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-26T16:59:44.267000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 12654, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does \\\"independent observations\\\" mean?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><multilevel-analysis><independence><assumptions>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to understand what the <strong>assumption of independent observations</strong> means. \", \"AccountId\": 1913003.0, \"DisplayName\": \"RubenGeert\", \"Location\": \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 160319, \"PostId\": 229403, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b7f031d9-4af2-4119-8330-32aace9391bc\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><categorical-encoding><embeddings>\", \"Comment\": \"improved formatting: question highlighting, paragraphing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-29T08:20:57.547000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 160319, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Machine learning on JSON/XML/DOM data\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><categorical-encoding><embeddings>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>What's the best approach for machine learning on deeply hierarchical JSON/XML/DOM documen\", \"AccountId\": 2029617.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John Carlson\", \"Location\": \"Iowa\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://coderextreme.net\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Computer programmer for 20+ years</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 238147, \"PostId\": 238147, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7fb805e2-5fd8-4820-b3cd-7bf5bc802252\", \"Text\": \"First of all: it's just a [barplot](https://www.statmethods.net/graphs/bar.html) (or *barchart*) wit\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-18T16:57:26.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 238126, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>First of all: it's just a <a href=\\\"https://www.statmethods.net/graphs/bar.html\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow nor\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 78835, \"OwnerUserId\": 78835, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 238147, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Name of a Sample Graph\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><barplot>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wanted to make a graph for my data which looks something like this (This sample image is taken \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T21:40:44.973000\", \"AccountId\": 2178510.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jishan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 202837, \"PostId\": 273827, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"885f14f9-66da-4217-bc49-ee7ce070679b\", \"Text\": \"Need help to understand Feller's statement \\\"whenever $r$th moment exists so do all preceding moments\", \"Comment\": \"title; clarity, brevity of body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-11T05:47:21.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 202837, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 273829, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Need help to understand Feller's statement \\\"whenever $r$th moment exists so do all preceding moments\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><moments><inequality>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am reading the book of Feller called \\\"An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Application\", \"AccountId\": 11950994.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mtmrv\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 161723, \"PostId\": 161723, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cb68eb47-e7ca-47b9-987a-575dfde07e10\", \"Text\": \"<r><forecasting><arima>\", \"Comment\": \"added AR1 coefficient, put the equation in DGP form, added label\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-23T20:21:59.160000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67889, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 161739, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R Arima order(1,0,0) forecast not giving what expected\", \"Tags\": \"<r><forecasting><arima>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My understanding of a simple ARIMA(1,0,0) equation is: $$y_t=\\\\phi_1y_{t-1}+c+\\\\varepsilon_t$$</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 44495, \"PostId\": 97655, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fbd79886-24f0-4cf4-9496-830a8b8bc868\", \"Text\": \"Logistic regression with {-1,+1} labels\", \"Comment\": \"Do not use \\\"TIA\\\": 1. against etiquette, 2. TIA = Transient Ischemic Attack.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-24T11:50:13.193000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44495, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 220729, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Logistic regression with {-1,+1} labels\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><maximum-likelihood><matlab>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to implement logistic regression where the label space is {-1,+1} instead of the usua\", \"AccountId\": 4992257.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jagadeesh\", \"Location\": \"India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 223695, \"PostId\": 223695, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"515973b0-ed6f-4cce-939b-502b9fa56212\", \"Text\": \"The derivative is:\\r\\n\\r\\n$$ f(x)=\\r\\n\\\\begin{cases} \\r\\n0 & \\\\text{if } x < 0 \\\\\\\\\\r\\n1 & \\\\text{if } x > 1 \\\\\\\\\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"Adds some detail on the point of discontinuity x=0\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-14T09:14:58.173000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 223692, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The derivative is:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$ f(x)=\\n\\\\begin{cases} \\n0 & \\\\text{if } x < 0 \\\\\\\\\\n1 & \\\\text\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 119223, \"OwnerUserId\": 119223, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 223695, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the derivative of the ReLU activation function?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><neural-networks>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What is the derivative of the ReLU activation function defined as:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$ \\\\mathrm{ReLU}(x) = \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-24T05:40:34.310000\", \"AccountId\": 4996579.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tom Hale\", \"Location\": \"Travelling the world, last seen in Thailand.\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Manjaro & Arch (Raspberry Pi Zero) Linux user on travel laptop and home server with a bunch o\"}]}, {\"Id\": 166990, \"PostId\": 236130, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0e79ca12-c04b-4f3f-817a-3abe1715d83e\", \"Text\": \"glmer: how to test intra- and inter-individual variability of a variable on outcome\", \"Comment\": \"r-tag, typos, improved formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-29T06:59:23.047000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166990, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 236138, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"glmer: how to test intra- and inter-individual variability of a variable on outcome\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><repeated-measures><random-effects-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am an R beginner so I wish I could get some help with <code>glmer</code> model.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have \", \"AccountId\": 13864678.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rong HU\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 156752, \"PostId\": 229857, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9ab17b98-02d5-452f-9adb-918c89b5c413\", \"Text\": \"I'm trying to implement *forward selection* and need to add a feature only if it will make the sum o\", \"Comment\": \"Adjusted misleading title; clarity of text in body.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-03T05:06:14.773000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156752, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 229858, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does forward model selection by $R^2$ or SSR differ?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><python><feature-selection><r-squared><sums-of-squares>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to implement <em>forward selection</em> and need to add a feature only if it will make\", \"AccountId\": 3049393.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2584325\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 82281, \"PostId\": 234743, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"645d5297-c9dc-4cbc-9b0a-7889e7527aef\", \"Text\": \"[Elements of Statistical Learning][1] has this on such NMF loss function (section 14.6 *Non-negative\", \"Comment\": \"improved citation\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-25T21:23:24.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82281, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Nonnegative Matrix Factorization as Maximum Likelihood\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><poisson-distribution><matrix-decomposition><non-negative-matrix-factorization>\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://web.stanford.edu/~hastie/Papers/ESLII.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Elements of\", \"AccountId\": 2963095.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jakub Bartczuk\", \"Location\": \"Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Machine Learning Engineer</p>\\n\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 162532, \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 162530, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequentist_probability\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">frequentist</a> \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-30T15:47:04.503000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 86828, \"OwnerUserId\": 86828, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 162532, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to solve the paradox of an event that has 99% of occurring but that implies a binary outcome wit\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><binary-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to explain the paradox of an event that has a 99% probability but is expressed as an \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-18T21:14:37.453000\", \"AccountId\": 5954430.0, \"DisplayName\": \"LDBerriz\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 156091, \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 156015, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><em>Eye-balling.</em> The fit does not look too bad. There is a clear seasonal pattern that your \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-05T16:11:21.357000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 80641, \"OwnerUserId\": 80641, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"'Arima + fourier' for periodic data Improvement Suggestions\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><arima><fourier-transform>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>On the plot black is the data and red are the fitted values obtained from <code>fitted</code> i.e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-07T04:54:51.390000\", \"AccountId\": 8587942.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Waqas\", \"Location\": \"England, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 440831, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 157856, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The sets come from the same population, the only thing is that for the training set, every individua\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T13:11:31.553000\"}, {\"Id\": 85030, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How were the original training/test sets generated? Would it make sense to combine them and randomly\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-28T13:02:58.450000\", \"AccountId\": 8908858.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dlid\", \"Location\": \"Las Vegas, NV, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://danliden.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistician and data scientist with an M.S. in Statistics. Evidence-based public policy data and\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 248415, \"PostId\": 326181, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This question is pretty broad -- can you expand on your question and provide any more specifics on w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-12T18:47:47.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 248415, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do I study the association between categorical rasterised environmental variables in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><categorical-data><gis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to study the association between categorical rasterised environmental variables in R\", \"AccountId\": 19390638.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1988\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 166270, \"PostId\": 235402, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Assuming the analysis was conducted correctly, it seems like the main effect simply wasn't statistic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-21T17:57:06.627000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166270, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Main effect not significant, but confound is\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><confounding><controlling-for-a-variable>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am a little bit stuck with my data analysis. </p>\\n\\n<p>What does it mean if your main effect is \", \"AccountId\": 13818634.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user212366\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 37481, \"PostId\": 273360, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I believe the trial(s) evaluated found 0 cases of infection (100% efficacy), and the CI indicates th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-10T18:15:53.373000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 37481, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 273374, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Medical efficacy confusion\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><medicine>\", \"Body\": \"<p>On <a href=\\\"https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/hp/cervical-prevention-pdq\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noref\", \"AccountId\": 1790716.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Igor Rivin\", \"Location\": \"USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://math.temple.edu/~rivin\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Professor of Mathematics at Temple University. Regius Professor of Mathematics at St Andrews star\"}, {\"Id\": 201200, \"PostId\": 329703, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm not sure this question belongs here -- what is the statistical component? Might make more sense \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-23T15:43:20.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201200, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Algorithm for the path with least differences between adjacent cells\", \"Tags\": \"<algorithms>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This problem is kind of a mathematical riddle to me. Suppose you have a specific rectangular matr\", \"AccountId\": 15998493.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jaroslav Gottfried\", \"Location\": \"Brno, Česko\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 193303, \"PostId\": 193303, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm not arguing that we apply the argument to time itself so much as saying that, if we have time as\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-07T18:20:21.503000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 193291, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I would interpret this as a semantic rather than mathematical/statistical argument. I would also \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 667945, \"PostId\": 193303, \"UserId\": 85030, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"83efbd4c-f4f1-44b1-b04b-22e855d4ef8b\", \"Text\": \"I would interpret this as a semantic rather than mathematical/statistical argument. I would also tak\", \"Comment\": \"added 705 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-07T18:33:52.960000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 73681, \"OwnerUserId\": 73681, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation does not imply causation; but what about when one of the variables is time?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><mathematical-statistics><causality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know this question has been asked a billion times, so, after looking online, I am fully convinc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-19T03:24:51.617000\", \"AccountId\": 7894392.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Thomas Moore\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 236034, \"PostId\": 236034, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't have a 100% definite answer for you. But what I'm trying to argue is the following. Let's sa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-28T10:52:01.083000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 236020, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>MSE measures the variance of the error. To be clear -- that's the variance of the model errors, n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 440461, \"PostId\": 236034, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When you compute the confidence interval of the regression response, you're giving a measure of the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-28T12:55:32.607000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 165680, \"OwnerUserId\": 165680, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 236034, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Meaning of variance term in confidence interval for Multiple Linear Regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><confidence-interval><mse>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently struggling on the meaning of the variance term $\\\\sigma$ in the equation for comput\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-15T14:52:33.773000\", \"AccountId\": 13782379.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John Tokka Tacos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 176347, \"PostId\": 319186, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You might look into \\\"recommender systems,\\\" which attempt to predict one's preferences about individu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-05T04:03:09.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 176347, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What kind of prediction/ classification is this?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification><predictive-models>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a data frame like the following (and I want to do machine learning):</p>\\n<pre><cod\", \"AccountId\": 14480354.0, \"DisplayName\": \"GarlicSTAT\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 440833, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What exactly are you trying to classify with your model? Healthy vs. Unhealthy? And in an imagined f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T13:55:55.580000\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 195487, \"UserId\": 85030, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-11-03T02:09:12.967000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 196867, \"PostId\": 196867, \"UserId\": 85030, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2e34064d-d0ae-4123-ba7d-048bb46ebc76\", \"Text\": \"I asked around and figured out that I was thinking of the problem the wrong way. My question was bas\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-08T20:12:50.133000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 195817, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I asked around and figured out that I was thinking of the problem the wrong way. My question was \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 195817, \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 196867, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Accounting for denominator in Poisson rate regression model with identity link and categorical predi\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><estimation><modeling><poisson-regression><link-function>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a followup to this question: <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/275893/of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-29T12:13:27.447000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 207353, \"PostId\": 207353, \"UserId\": 85030, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"87a49843-2cfb-4b92-b289-1b612bcc4368\", \"Text\": \"Suppose you have a (simulated or real) sample consistent with some arbitrary $H_0$ (maybe something \", \"Comment\": \"deleted 12 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-13T19:08:38.793000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Assessing the validity of null data generation methods for bootstrap p-values\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><estimation><bootstrap><inference><simulation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose you have a (simulated or real) sample consistent with some arbitrary $H_0$ (maybe somethi\"}, {\"Id\": 191605, \"PostId\": 191605, \"UserId\": 85030, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c13b18c8-e8a3-4a2b-8383-233af8d75b7d\", \"Text\": \"I think a reasonable approach to a rigorous proof would be to assume the contrapositive -- that is,\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-24T16:40:35.057000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 191587, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think a reasonable approach to a rigorous proof would be to assume the contrapositive -- that \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16354, \"OwnerUserId\": 16354, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 191598, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can we see that this model is identified?\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><identifiability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let the density function be given by</p>\\n\\n<p>$$ f(x;a,b) = \\\\frac{a + 2 b g(x) + (1-a-b) g(x)^2}{(\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-29T20:40:37.143000\", \"AccountId\": 338121.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bonifaz\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 191205, \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 191223, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Show that the expectation of the squared bootstrap estimate of standard error is equal to ideal boot\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><bootstrap><expected-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to show that $E_\\\\hat{F}(\\\\hat{se}^2_B) = \\\\hat{se}_\\\\infty^2$. $B$ is the number of boot\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-21T16:42:47.380000\"}, {\"Id\": 235412, \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 81110, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You could write the equation in terms of indicator functions for a single decision tree. Consider\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-21T19:09:03.327000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 32633, \"OwnerUserId\": 32633, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the equation for random forest?\", \"Tags\": \"<python><random-forest><ensemble-learning><propensity-scores>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need an equation for random forest so that I can score fresh data I receive every week, based o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-02T09:38:29.497000\", \"AccountId\": 4225364.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3459010\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 440907, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 157856, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm attempting to classify healthy vs unhealthy individuals. I am only recreating an experiment I f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-01T10:43:10.363000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 822134, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 157856, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"058a4187-0e10-4707-99e3-ad88806c898b\", \"Text\": \"I have a data set consisting of features extracted from audio files of individuals with parkinson's \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T12:32:20.683000\"}, {\"Id\": 822135, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 157856, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"058a4187-0e10-4707-99e3-ad88806c898b\", \"Text\": \"Spliting data set that didn't come from same source\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T12:32:20.683000\"}, {\"Id\": 822136, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 157856, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"058a4187-0e10-4707-99e3-ad88806c898b\", \"Text\": \"<classification><dataset><cart>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T12:32:20.683000\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 293743, \"UserId\": 157856, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-04-10T19:20:55.257000\"}, {\"Id\": 293744, \"UserId\": 157856, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-04-10T19:20:55.257000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"Id\": 157856, \"AccountId\": 4491708.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Iustinian Olaru\", \"Location\": \"Denmark\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-10T19:20:22.453000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 236231, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 157856, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When you say negative samples, you mean that I don't use the same samples ,that I add to the test se\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T12:32:20.683000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Spliting data set that didn't come from same source\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><dataset><cart>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a data set consisting of features extracted from audio files of individuals with parkinson\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 44246, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi there and welcome. As long as you do not train on the negative samples, but select them randomly \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-20T17:27:02.413000\", \"AccountId\": 4641657.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jim\", \"Location\": \"A Tesla in Space\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/312254/on-expanded-usercard-add-a-line-with-last-seen-statu\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mostly predictive statistics (aka machine learning).</p>\\n\\n<p>Download the app:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li><a h\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 163746, \"PostId\": 232729, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Source(s) please. – *Reviewer*\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-28T04:02:07.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 163746, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Number of Hidden Layers and what they can achieve:</p>\\n\\n<p>0 - Only capable of representing linea\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 132, \"OwnerUserId\": 132, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 1032, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to choose the number of hidden layers and nodes in a feedforward neural network?\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><neural-networks>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a standard and accepted method for selecting the number of layers, and the number of nod\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T23:05:39.653000\", \"AccountId\": 48509.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rob Hyndman\", \"Location\": \"Melbourne, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://robjhyndman.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Professor of Statistics, Monash University, Australia. I initiated the formation of <a href=\\\"http\"}], \"AccountId\": 1811316.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sapy\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/saptarshi-chatterjee-55a22613\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Competitive algorithm expert, Big data Ninja, An engineer by heart. Geek.</p>\\n<p>I work for <em>\"}, {\"Id\": 200482, \"PostId\": 271348, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi, welcome. Please clarify your question a bit. Am I reading it correctly in the following way: you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-16T15:51:10.293000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 200482, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding outliers in binary data\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><mathematical-statistics><outliers><binary-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say you have data from 10 different sensors about the occurrence of some event - e.g. motion sens\", \"AccountId\": 15951824.0, \"DisplayName\": \"statistically_wrong\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 47991, \"PostId\": 229647, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Could you add a [**TL;DR**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TL;DR) section to your question?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-23T19:50:28.513000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 47991, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 230261, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Usefulness of standard deviation/alternatives for highly variable measurements\", \"Tags\": \"<standard-deviation>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>EDIT: SOME ADDITIONS TO CLARIFY ORIGINAL TEXT</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>If I remember correctly I \", \"AccountId\": 5062631.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Cordex\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 96068, \"PostId\": 233824, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@DilipSarwate I expanded my comment into an answer. I believe it all hinges on the *boundedness of s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-17T07:36:55.343000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 96068, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 233829, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What are the minimum and maximum values of variance?\", \"Tags\": \"<variance>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am new to statistics. I am getting my hands dirty on <code>VarianceThreshold</code>. I am havin\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 436475, \"PostId\": 233824, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(Bit unfair that this gets downvoted so harshly.) On substance: it all depends on what you assume ab\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-07T14:47:34.670000\"}], \"AccountId\": 2780651.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mangu Singh Rajpurohit\", \"Location\": \"Palo Alto\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Enthusiastic Software Engineer.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 195092, \"PostId\": 265432, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi, welcome. Ever heard of [entropy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy) or [maximum entropy](htt\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-27T18:13:51.733000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 195092, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"maximum randomness and non-randomness\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><entropy><randomness><runs>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Two questions about randomness of data-sequences:</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li><p>Using a variant of run test li\", \"AccountId\": 3161297.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Manin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 152142, \"PostId\": 232472, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This is a panel. But could you please elaborate on \\\"*I want to study each id as a whole*\\\". What does\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-28T13:42:45.603000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 152142, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pseudo panel data\", \"Tags\": \"<r><panel-data><dataset><cross-section>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have data that looks like this </p>\\n\\n<pre><code>ID iter number type date\\n18A15 1 1 RS \", \"AccountId\": 13039238.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Oumayma10\", \"Location\": \"Grenoble, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 165526, \"PostId\": 234556, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In addition, please add the `self-study` tag and read [its wiki](https://stats.stackexchange.com/tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-14T10:09:10.023000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 165526, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Forecasting formula in mathematical notation help please:\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><forecasting><prediction><notation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Question: is what I have correct? If not what is correct?</p>\\n\\n<p>I am not sure how to correctly \", \"AccountId\": 13353788.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jennifer Jarnstrom\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 162276, \"PostId\": 231237, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"please add a little text around your suggested acronym. I think it would help a lot of readers.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-14T20:49:41.640000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 162276, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 1509, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<h2>RAT !RAF</h2>\\n\\n<h2>RAT denotes type I errors and !RAF is type II.</h2>\\n\\n<p>Type I error - <stron\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 89, \"OwnerUserId\": 89, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 1515, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is there a way to remember the definitions of Type I and Type II Errors?\", \"Tags\": \"<terminology><type-i-and-ii-errors>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm not a statistician by education, I'm a software engineer. Yet statistics comes up a lot. In f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T20:09:18.707000\", \"AccountId\": 445.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Thomas Owens\", \"Location\": \"Rochester, NY, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://thomasjowens.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Professionally, I'm a software engineer focusing on agile and lean software development and softw\"}], \"AccountId\": 7213792.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mark\", \"Location\": \"London, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 157593, \"PostId\": 227424, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"To share the data, use e.g. http://www.sharecsv.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-09T04:10:53.263000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157593, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Forecast customer's spending\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><forecasting><arima><r-squared>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am forecasting the spending of customer based on the time series data set. I tried to build to \", \"AccountId\": 10231448.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nguyen Ba Viet\", \"Location\": \"Hanoi, Hoàn Kiếm, Hanoi, Vietnam\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 161821, \"PostId\": 230788, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I tried to edit your question, so that it could be reopened: https://stats.stackexchange.com/review/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-10T20:46:39.717000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 161821, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 230801, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Normalize over range with min excluded\", \"Tags\": \"<r><normalization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know how to normalize between 0 and 1, this is usually done with a function like the following:\", \"AccountId\": 13311854.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Talik3233\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 56850, \"PostId\": 162802, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@BrianBien sure, but I would replace the line `cv_met = ShuffleSplit(n_splits=k, test_size=1/k)` by \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-05T13:14:25.777000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 56850, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 163459, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is a large choice of K lowering my cross validation score?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><cross-validation><random-forest><sample-size><scikit-learn>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Playing around with the <a href=\\\"http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.dataset\", \"AccountId\": 264426.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Brian Bien\", \"Location\": \"Novi, MI\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.brianbien.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Personal website: <a href=\\\"http://www.brianbien.com\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">www.brianbien.com</a></p>\\n\\n<p\"}, {\"Id\": 105324, \"PostId\": 231904, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Please edit. Include the article's title and authors (and a hyperlink). Please consider contacting t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-08T08:48:18.490000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105324, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"CART selection and *deselection* classification tree\", \"Tags\": \"<r><classification><cart>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I came across a line in Peterson, et al. (2016) that says:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>The specific se\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 433565, \"PostId\": 231904, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"My advice would be to contact the authors and link this question. Perhaps they'll provide an answer \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-23T11:41:41.720000\"}], \"AccountId\": 5373429.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Refael\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 47762, \"PostId\": 221994, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I do not quite follow... Don't you mean $U_{n}^2 = n^{-1} \\\\sum Y_{i}^2$?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-19T15:22:03.500000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 47762, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 221984, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The central limit theorem (at least some version of it) tells us that with \\n$$\\n U_n^2 = \\\\frac{1}\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 150248, \"OwnerUserId\": 150248, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Limiting distribution of scaled sum of squared Poisson RVs\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><distributions><mathematical-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $Y_1,Y_2,...$ be $\\\\text{iid}$ Poisson random variables having mean $1$. Define</p>\\n\\n<p>$$U_n \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-12T19:20:02.957000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 771305, \"PostId\": 221984, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4d80bd31-171a-4c13-b0ab-c91016c0e0e9\", \"Text\": \"<self-study><distributions><mathematical-statistics>\", \"Comment\": \"title, tags, edited body: for clarity and brevity\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-26T16:38:49.190000\"}], \"AccountId\": 12242485.0, \"DisplayName\": \"statrat403\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 5966934.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StijnDeVuyst\", \"Location\": \"Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Interest in probability theory, industrial statistics and quality engineering</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 241441, \"PostId\": 316997, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Very good question (+1). Asking for a friend: could you provide a reference for mini-batch with repl\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-18T13:20:28.643000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 241441, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mini-Batch Gradient Descent - Why does sampling with replacement work?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><sampling><gradient-descent>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When sampling the data, either one at a time (as in online learning), or in mini-batches, there e\", \"AccountId\": 4581371.0, \"DisplayName\": \"A is for Ambition\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 159482, \"PostId\": 228574, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hello there. Couple of things. *(1)* Please include a hyperlink to the Kaggle competition. *(2)* Dat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-22T19:31:22.053000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 159482, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to scale predictions from a neural network in R when the output is not a part of the dataset\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><machine-learning><neural-networks><data-mining>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been using a neural network to make predictions. So my training data is in one .csv file whi\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 794690, \"PostId\": 228574, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"071d5d98-360b-4d43-af8b-193912b5e508\", \"Text\": \"How to scale predictions from a neural network in R when the output is not a part of the dataset\", \"Comment\": \"improved formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-23T20:49:31.477000\"}], \"AccountId\": 10543641.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Plumorane\", \"Location\": \"Boston, MA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 26850, \"PostId\": 236394, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Unrepresentative or non-representative perhaps?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-04T21:24:51.043000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26850, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The word for \\\"not well-described by statistics\\\"\", \"Tags\": \"<descriptive-statistics><terminology>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I used to know this 25-cent word, and I have forgotten it. It describes a phenomenon where commo\", \"AccountId\": 3528724.0, \"DisplayName\": \"J Kelly\", \"Location\": \"New Haven, CT\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Interested in spatial analysis, spatial statistics, and GIS.</p>\\n\\n<p>Teaches GIS. </p>\\n\\n<p>Resear\"}, {\"Id\": 162838, \"PostId\": 232034, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Please do post those $x = \\\\ln(\\\\text{goldprice})$ vs. $y = \\\\ln(\\\\text{leverage})$ plots. And if you do\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-18T21:11:29.807000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 162838, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to solve a well fitted model - Model Misspecification\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><fixed-effects-model><macroeconomics><misspecification><leverage>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently writing a paper, analysing the impact of goldprice movements on the capital struct\", \"AccountId\": 13603879.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Knut E.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 221283, \"PostId\": 221283, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"As pointed out in the answer. The above (and often encountered) Venn diagram *depicts* at least two \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-19T18:17:16.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 221228, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A <a href=\\\"https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venndiagram\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Venn diagram</a>\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 221228, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 221283, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user64106\", \"Title\": \"Can we use Venn diagrams to 'prove' theorems regarding events?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mathematical-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the equality $P(A \\\\cup B) = P(A)+P(B)-P(A \\\\cap B)$.</p>\\n\\n<p>We can prove this in a numbe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-19T09:37:06.373000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 149503, \"PostId\": 232873, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi there and welcome. My two cents: input scaling is there only/mostly to aid numerical optimization\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-06T18:43:58.063000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 149503, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 271802, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Normalization for MFCC?\", \"Tags\": \"<normalization><hidden-markov-model><lstm><mfcc>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm planning on using MFCCs extracted from audio signals to make a speaker recognizer. I noticed \", \"AccountId\": 5752914.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Isaac\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 29508, \"PostId\": 186319, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@RyanBressler What do you mean with bias? Bias with respect to what? In fact $(\\\\sqrt{X} + \\\\sqrt{Y})/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-28T15:20:16.513000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 29508, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 186317, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>\\\"Pooling\\\" all of the predictions and calculating the error over the entrie dataset as opposed to \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 14484, \"OwnerUserId\": 14484, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 186319, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does cross validation with 10 folds give one e.g. RMSE or 10?\", \"Tags\": \"<cross-validation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm watching a Datacamp video on Machine Learning tool box video with Caret's Zachary Dean Mayer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-02T16:44:25.207000\", \"AccountId\": 1012277.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Doug Fir\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco, CA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 4244032.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ryan Bressler\", \"Location\": \"Hamilton, MT\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://github.com/ryanbressler/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a Software Engineer with a background in math and statistics working in computational biology\"}, {\"Id\": 440827, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"That's indeed a different way of saying the same. What you should avoid is: training on sample $i$, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T12:48:14.600000\"}, {\"Id\": 180882, \"PostId\": 251110, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi, welcome. You have provided a solution yourself: *\\\"that gradient descent would be much more effic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-17T14:48:35.740000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 180882, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Linear least squares algorithms\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><least-squares><linear><gradient-descent>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have stumbled across these two questions and accepted answers:</p>\\n\\n<p>(1) <a href=\\\"https://sta\", \"AccountId\": 4444197.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3617992\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 450, \"PostId\": 227222, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A special rule for the $0/0$ case is not enough. A rule is needed for the $x/0$ case ($x \\\\neq 0$) as\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-29T15:38:09.663000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 450, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 227196, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Three facts will help you here. </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>What you discovered is called the exact fit proper\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 157940, \"OwnerUserId\": 157940, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 227202, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Iglewicz and Hoaglin outlier test with modified z-scores - What should I do if the MAD becomes 0?\", \"Tags\": \"<outliers><robust>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm a programmer with a small statistics background and I need to find outliers in a small list o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-11T13:06:35.380000\", \"AccountId\": 6076823.0, \"DisplayName\": \"szuuuken\", \"Location\": \"Wien, Österreich\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://szuuuken.at\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 63945.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user603\", \"Location\": \"Leuven, Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kaveh_Vakili/?ev=hdr_xprf\", \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>[...] from this point of view, when you contemplate what to do about\\n outliers, y\"}, {\"Id\": 50748, \"PostId\": 227545, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Just some other initial thought: teach a neural net to do it.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-06T13:19:42.047000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50748, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Match a path to a roadmap\", \"Tags\": \"<spatial><matching>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I do not know if I'm in the right place but let us go.\\nI got a relative path of an object. Which \", \"AccountId\": 5520398.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hans glick\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 84715, \"PostId\": 160861, \"UserId\": 44246, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This depends on the dependence between **observations** $i$ and $j$. E.g., if the observations are *\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-25T15:42:31.787000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 84715, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multivariate multiple regression validation\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multivariate-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In <code>R</code>, I'm running a linear model of the form:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>fit <- lm(cbind(Y1,\", \"AccountId\": 6291708.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Martin James\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 250727, \"UserId\": 44246, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Caucus\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-08-20T20:33:54.770000\"}, {\"Id\": 302287, \"UserId\": 44246, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Civic Duty\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-05-21T18:34:50.767000\"}, {\"Id\": 185314, \"UserId\": 44246, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Organizer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-09-07T19:26:48.890000\"}, {\"Id\": 351219, \"UserId\": 44246, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-02-23T16:50:17.620000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 151323, \"PostId\": 222763, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a5fecd3-10cd-41cd-9423-ec7d15de8081\", \"Text\": \"Structure your data as an `msts` (multiple seasonality time series), where you can specify \\r\\n\\r\\n`msts\", \"Comment\": \"formats code, minor spelling edits\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-21T14:56:55.623000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 151323, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 81736, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Structure your data as an <code>msts</code> (multiple seasonality time series), where you can spe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 33757, \"OwnerUserId\": 33757, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multiple and long seasonality for a SARIMA model in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><arima><fourier-transform><multiple-seasonalities>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>While working on a big data set made of 10-minutes-points of information - i.e. <code>144</code> \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T13:26:28.750000\", \"AccountId\": 4655781.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ahnonym\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 12993038.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Garcher\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 158107, \"PostId\": 227308, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fdf93001-5ec6-4bbd-87f6-a6d750caaac4\", \"Text\": \"What to regress in a Difference-in-Differences method?\", \"Comment\": \"improved formatting, hyperlink, tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-12T12:08:27.817000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 158107, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What to regress in a Difference-in-Differences method?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><difference-in-difference>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently using the <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_in_differences\\\" rel=\\\"n\", \"AccountId\": 13350727.0, \"DisplayName\": \"R. K.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 8208, \"PostId\": 23932, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e7c03ae-12b9-4009-aa3b-d54419bb3e02\", \"Text\": \"Similarity measure for weighted sets (multisets)\", \"Comment\": \"name of \\\"weighted set\\\" is multiset + added tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-24T12:24:00.010000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8208, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Similarity measure for weighted sets (multisets)\", \"Tags\": \"<multivariate-analysis><distance><similarities><distance-functions>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have to compute a similarity measure between different sets (Actually they are more like maps t\", \"AccountId\": 144312.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mariosangiorgio\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://mariosangiorgio.github.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Software Engineer</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 162605, \"PostId\": 162605, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f32b2aaf-64e4-4275-b807-8464ddc754a2\", \"Text\": \"By [definition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability),\\r\\n\\r\\n$P(A \\\\cup C | B) = \\\\dfrac\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-01T11:01:50.683000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 162582, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>By <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">definition</a>,\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 90762, \"OwnerUserId\": 90762, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 162605, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Breaking down using set notation, conditional probability\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><conditional-probability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assuming B is given as already having happened, and you have sets A and C:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$ P(A \\\\cup C \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-01T03:02:20.083000\", \"AccountId\": 400684.0, \"DisplayName\": \"SS'\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 153140, \"PostId\": 223124, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9f10d69d-23a7-49da-a936-5630c91df60a\", \"Text\": \"I've got a regression from the value of a house on things like `x1 = number of bathrooms`, `x2 = num\", \"Comment\": \"spelling, grammar, formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-08T20:03:39.040000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 153140, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Average value of y in linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><linear>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've got a regression from the value of a house on things like <code>x1 = number of bathrooms</co\", \"AccountId\": 13099356.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kklaw\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 5210, \"PostId\": 218791, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8105df55-e493-4e8a-9c43-532eb8e87672\", \"Text\": \"I have a experiment in which a random event that can occur $N$ times in some set period of time $T$ \", \"Comment\": \"N is an element of the natural numbers\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-07T05:43:18.090000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5210, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 220610, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Establishing the Probability Distribution that Governs a Random Process\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><poisson-distribution><negative-binomial-distribution><randomness>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a experiment in which a random event that can occur $N$ times in some set period of time $\", \"AccountId\": 312398.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MoonKnight\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 284159, \"PostId\": 284159, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"73bed9f4-a76f-4209-96dc-69bf3a1cbee4\", \"Text\": \"It is *not* random sampling, because people have a free and possibly biased reason to not participat\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-23T18:07:35.730000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 284155, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It is <em>not</em> random sampling, because people have a free and possibly biased choice, or rea\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 992363, \"PostId\": 284159, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"961301bd-93bd-4fe6-9b70-2b178b552b76\", \"Text\": \"It is *not* random sampling, because people have a free and possibly biased choice, or reason, to no\", \"Comment\": \"added 12 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-23T18:17:03.270000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 211792, \"OwnerUserId\": 211792, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 284159, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does a class survey count as a random sampling?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey><survey-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If we had a class of 200 people and we made a survey in which anyone in the class can choose to p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-23T17:45:35.137000\", \"AccountId\": 9012636.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dennis Liu\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 211005, \"PostId\": 283328, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ed6bec01-19c2-4280-a380-2cc93d3c5202\", \"Text\": \"Issue with proof in Statistical Theory related to Beta and Binomial distributions\", \"Comment\": \"title, small edits to body for clarity, relevant tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-13T17:57:43.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 211005, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Issue with proof in Statistical Theory related to Beta and Binomial distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<binomial-distribution><convergence><beta-distribution><bernoulli-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_n$</span> is distributed <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\te\", \"AccountId\": 16692297.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Warhawk1987\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 172947, \"PostId\": 242684, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d0c6d5e1-f150-4453-acf3-484c85784196\", \"Text\": \"Probability that 3 out of 4 sets have non-empty intersection\", \"Comment\": \"title; clarity; improved formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-30T08:54:23.513000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 172947, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability that 3 out of 4 sets have non-empty intersection\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><combinatorics><subset>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have $4$ randomly sampled subsets from population set $S = \\\\{1,2,...,100\\\\}$. Each subset has si\", \"AccountId\": 1471607.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Roman Lebedev\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 154374, \"PostId\": 227605, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f076ff6d-0460-430d-9721-72a5dc13e380\", \"Text\": \"I am looking for advantages and disadvantages of the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm ([BF\", \"Comment\": \"modified title, added hyperlink\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T20:49:38.657000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 154374, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 227747, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Advantages/Disadvantages of BFGS vs. L-BFGS-B vs. PORT\", \"Tags\": \"<r><machine-learning><optimization><gradient-descent>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking for advantages and disadvantages of the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm (\", \"AccountId\": 10773070.0, \"DisplayName\": \"macro123\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 12654, \"PostId\": 86519, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7e647dcb-60d4-4dc9-8d6b-960b5fd74bd2\", \"Text\": \"<probability><sampling><multilevel-analysis><independence><assumptions>\", \"Comment\": \"Adds the sampling tag, because that's what this question is basically about\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-26T16:59:44.267000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 12654, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does \\\"independent observations\\\" mean?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><multilevel-analysis><independence><assumptions>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to understand what the <strong>assumption of independent observations</strong> means. \", \"AccountId\": 1913003.0, \"DisplayName\": \"RubenGeert\", \"Location\": \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 160319, \"PostId\": 229403, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b7f031d9-4af2-4119-8330-32aace9391bc\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><categorical-encoding><embeddings>\", \"Comment\": \"improved formatting: question highlighting, paragraphing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-29T08:20:57.547000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 160319, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Machine learning on JSON/XML/DOM data\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><categorical-encoding><embeddings>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>What's the best approach for machine learning on deeply hierarchical JSON/XML/DOM documen\", \"AccountId\": 2029617.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John Carlson\", \"Location\": \"Iowa\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://coderextreme.net\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Computer programmer for 20+ years</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 238147, \"PostId\": 238147, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7fb805e2-5fd8-4820-b3cd-7bf5bc802252\", \"Text\": \"First of all: it's just a [barplot](https://www.statmethods.net/graphs/bar.html) (or *barchart*) wit\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-18T16:57:26.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 238126, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>First of all: it's just a <a href=\\\"https://www.statmethods.net/graphs/bar.html\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow nor\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 78835, \"OwnerUserId\": 78835, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 238147, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Name of a Sample Graph\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><barplot>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wanted to make a graph for my data which looks something like this (This sample image is taken \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T21:40:44.973000\", \"AccountId\": 2178510.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jishan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 202837, \"PostId\": 273827, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"885f14f9-66da-4217-bc49-ee7ce070679b\", \"Text\": \"Need help to understand Feller's statement \\\"whenever $r$th moment exists so do all preceding moments\", \"Comment\": \"title; clarity, brevity of body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-11T05:47:21.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 202837, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 273829, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Need help to understand Feller's statement \\\"whenever $r$th moment exists so do all preceding moments\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><moments><inequality>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am reading the book of Feller called \\\"An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Application\", \"AccountId\": 11950994.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mtmrv\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 161723, \"PostId\": 161723, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cb68eb47-e7ca-47b9-987a-575dfde07e10\", \"Text\": \"<r><forecasting><arima>\", \"Comment\": \"added AR1 coefficient, put the equation in DGP form, added label\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-23T20:21:59.160000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67889, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 161739, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R Arima order(1,0,0) forecast not giving what expected\", \"Tags\": \"<r><forecasting><arima>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My understanding of a simple ARIMA(1,0,0) equation is: $$y_t=\\\\phi_1y_{t-1}+c+\\\\varepsilon_t$$</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 44495, \"PostId\": 97655, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fbd79886-24f0-4cf4-9496-830a8b8bc868\", \"Text\": \"Logistic regression with {-1,+1} labels\", \"Comment\": \"Do not use \\\"TIA\\\": 1. against etiquette, 2. TIA = Transient Ischemic Attack.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-24T11:50:13.193000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44495, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 220729, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Logistic regression with {-1,+1} labels\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><maximum-likelihood><matlab>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to implement logistic regression where the label space is {-1,+1} instead of the usua\", \"AccountId\": 4992257.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jagadeesh\", \"Location\": \"India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 223695, \"PostId\": 223695, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"515973b0-ed6f-4cce-939b-502b9fa56212\", \"Text\": \"The derivative is:\\r\\n\\r\\n$$ f(x)=\\r\\n\\\\begin{cases} \\r\\n0 & \\\\text{if } x < 0 \\\\\\\\\\r\\n1 & \\\\text{if } x > 1 \\\\\\\\\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"Adds some detail on the point of discontinuity x=0\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-14T09:14:58.173000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 223692, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The derivative is:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$ f(x)=\\n\\\\begin{cases} \\n0 & \\\\text{if } x < 0 \\\\\\\\\\n1 & \\\\text\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 119223, \"OwnerUserId\": 119223, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 223695, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the derivative of the ReLU activation function?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><neural-networks>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What is the derivative of the ReLU activation function defined as:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$ \\\\mathrm{ReLU}(x) = \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-24T05:40:34.310000\", \"AccountId\": 4996579.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tom Hale\", \"Location\": \"Travelling the world, last seen in Thailand.\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Manjaro & Arch (Raspberry Pi Zero) Linux user on travel laptop and home server with a bunch o\"}]}, {\"Id\": 166990, \"PostId\": 236130, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0e79ca12-c04b-4f3f-817a-3abe1715d83e\", \"Text\": \"glmer: how to test intra- and inter-individual variability of a variable on outcome\", \"Comment\": \"r-tag, typos, improved formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-29T06:59:23.047000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166990, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 236138, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"glmer: how to test intra- and inter-individual variability of a variable on outcome\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><repeated-measures><random-effects-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am an R beginner so I wish I could get some help with <code>glmer</code> model.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have \", \"AccountId\": 13864678.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rong HU\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 156752, \"PostId\": 229857, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9ab17b98-02d5-452f-9adb-918c89b5c413\", \"Text\": \"I'm trying to implement *forward selection* and need to add a feature only if it will make the sum o\", \"Comment\": \"Adjusted misleading title; clarity of text in body.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-03T05:06:14.773000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 156752, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 229858, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does forward model selection by $R^2$ or SSR differ?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><python><feature-selection><r-squared><sums-of-squares>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to implement <em>forward selection</em> and need to add a feature only if it will make\", \"AccountId\": 3049393.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2584325\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 82281, \"PostId\": 234743, \"UserId\": 44246, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"645d5297-c9dc-4cbc-9b0a-7889e7527aef\", \"Text\": \"[Elements of Statistical Learning][1] has this on such NMF loss function (section 14.6 *Non-negative\", \"Comment\": \"improved citation\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-25T21:23:24.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82281, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Nonnegative Matrix Factorization as Maximum Likelihood\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><poisson-distribution><matrix-decomposition><non-negative-matrix-factorization>\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://web.stanford.edu/~hastie/Papers/ESLII.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Elements of\", \"AccountId\": 2963095.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jakub Bartczuk\", \"Location\": \"Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Machine Learning Engineer</p>\\n\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 162532, \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 162530, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequentist_probability\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">frequentist</a> \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-30T15:47:04.503000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 86828, \"OwnerUserId\": 86828, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 162532, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to solve the paradox of an event that has 99% of occurring but that implies a binary outcome wit\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><binary-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to explain the paradox of an event that has a 99% probability but is expressed as an \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-18T21:14:37.453000\", \"AccountId\": 5954430.0, \"DisplayName\": \"LDBerriz\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 156091, \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 156015, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><em>Eye-balling.</em> The fit does not look too bad. There is a clear seasonal pattern that your \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-05T16:11:21.357000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 80641, \"OwnerUserId\": 80641, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"'Arima + fourier' for periodic data Improvement Suggestions\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><arima><fourier-transform>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>On the plot black is the data and red are the fitted values obtained from <code>fitted</code> i.e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-07T04:54:51.390000\", \"AccountId\": 8587942.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Waqas\", \"Location\": \"England, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44246, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 440831, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 157856, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The sets come from the same population, the only thing is that for the training set, every individua\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T13:11:31.553000\"}, {\"Id\": 85030, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How were the original training/test sets generated? Would it make sense to combine them and randomly\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-28T13:02:58.450000\", \"AccountId\": 8908858.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dlid\", \"Location\": \"Las Vegas, NV, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://danliden.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistician and data scientist with an M.S. in Statistics. Evidence-based public policy data and\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 248415, \"PostId\": 326181, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This question is pretty broad -- can you expand on your question and provide any more specifics on w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-12T18:47:47.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 248415, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do I study the association between categorical rasterised environmental variables in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><categorical-data><gis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to study the association between categorical rasterised environmental variables in R\", \"AccountId\": 19390638.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1988\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 166270, \"PostId\": 235402, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Assuming the analysis was conducted correctly, it seems like the main effect simply wasn't statistic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-21T17:57:06.627000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166270, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Main effect not significant, but confound is\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><confounding><controlling-for-a-variable>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am a little bit stuck with my data analysis. </p>\\n\\n<p>What does it mean if your main effect is \", \"AccountId\": 13818634.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user212366\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 37481, \"PostId\": 273360, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I believe the trial(s) evaluated found 0 cases of infection (100% efficacy), and the CI indicates th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-10T18:15:53.373000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 37481, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 273374, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Medical efficacy confusion\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><medicine>\", \"Body\": \"<p>On <a href=\\\"https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/hp/cervical-prevention-pdq\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noref\", \"AccountId\": 1790716.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Igor Rivin\", \"Location\": \"USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://math.temple.edu/~rivin\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Professor of Mathematics at Temple University. Regius Professor of Mathematics at St Andrews star\"}, {\"Id\": 201200, \"PostId\": 329703, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm not sure this question belongs here -- what is the statistical component? Might make more sense \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-23T15:43:20.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 201200, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Algorithm for the path with least differences between adjacent cells\", \"Tags\": \"<algorithms>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This problem is kind of a mathematical riddle to me. Suppose you have a specific rectangular matr\", \"AccountId\": 15998493.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jaroslav Gottfried\", \"Location\": \"Brno, Česko\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 193303, \"PostId\": 193303, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm not arguing that we apply the argument to time itself so much as saying that, if we have time as\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-07T18:20:21.503000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 193291, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I would interpret this as a semantic rather than mathematical/statistical argument. I would also \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 667945, \"PostId\": 193303, \"UserId\": 85030, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"83efbd4c-f4f1-44b1-b04b-22e855d4ef8b\", \"Text\": \"I would interpret this as a semantic rather than mathematical/statistical argument. I would also tak\", \"Comment\": \"added 705 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-07T18:33:52.960000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 73681, \"OwnerUserId\": 73681, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation does not imply causation; but what about when one of the variables is time?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><mathematical-statistics><causality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know this question has been asked a billion times, so, after looking online, I am fully convinc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-19T03:24:51.617000\", \"AccountId\": 7894392.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Thomas Moore\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 236034, \"PostId\": 236034, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't have a 100% definite answer for you. But what I'm trying to argue is the following. Let's sa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-28T10:52:01.083000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 236020, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>MSE measures the variance of the error. To be clear -- that's the variance of the model errors, n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 440461, \"PostId\": 236034, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When you compute the confidence interval of the regression response, you're giving a measure of the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-28T12:55:32.607000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 165680, \"OwnerUserId\": 165680, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 236034, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Meaning of variance term in confidence interval for Multiple Linear Regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><confidence-interval><mse>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently struggling on the meaning of the variance term $\\\\sigma$ in the equation for comput\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-15T14:52:33.773000\", \"AccountId\": 13782379.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John Tokka Tacos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 176347, \"PostId\": 319186, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You might look into \\\"recommender systems,\\\" which attempt to predict one's preferences about individu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-05T04:03:09.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 176347, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What kind of prediction/ classification is this?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification><predictive-models>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a data frame like the following (and I want to do machine learning):</p>\\n<pre><cod\", \"AccountId\": 14480354.0, \"DisplayName\": \"GarlicSTAT\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 440833, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 85030, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What exactly are you trying to classify with your model? Healthy vs. Unhealthy? And in an imagined f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T13:55:55.580000\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 195487, \"UserId\": 85030, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-11-03T02:09:12.967000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 196867, \"PostId\": 196867, \"UserId\": 85030, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2e34064d-d0ae-4123-ba7d-048bb46ebc76\", \"Text\": \"I asked around and figured out that I was thinking of the problem the wrong way. My question was bas\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-08T20:12:50.133000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 195817, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I asked around and figured out that I was thinking of the problem the wrong way. My question was \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 195817, \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 196867, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Accounting for denominator in Poisson rate regression model with identity link and categorical predi\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><estimation><modeling><poisson-regression><link-function>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a followup to this question: <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/275893/of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-29T12:13:27.447000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 207353, \"PostId\": 207353, \"UserId\": 85030, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"87a49843-2cfb-4b92-b289-1b612bcc4368\", \"Text\": \"Suppose you have a (simulated or real) sample consistent with some arbitrary $H_0$ (maybe something \", \"Comment\": \"deleted 12 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-13T19:08:38.793000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Assessing the validity of null data generation methods for bootstrap p-values\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><estimation><bootstrap><inference><simulation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose you have a (simulated or real) sample consistent with some arbitrary $H_0$ (maybe somethi\"}, {\"Id\": 191605, \"PostId\": 191605, \"UserId\": 85030, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c13b18c8-e8a3-4a2b-8383-233af8d75b7d\", \"Text\": \"I think a reasonable approach to a rigorous proof would be to assume the contrapositive -- that is,\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-24T16:40:35.057000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 191587, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think a reasonable approach to a rigorous proof would be to assume the contrapositive -- that \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16354, \"OwnerUserId\": 16354, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 191598, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can we see that this model is identified?\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><identifiability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let the density function be given by</p>\\n\\n<p>$$ f(x;a,b) = \\\\frac{a + 2 b g(x) + (1-a-b) g(x)^2}{(\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-29T20:40:37.143000\", \"AccountId\": 338121.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bonifaz\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 191205, \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 191223, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Show that the expectation of the squared bootstrap estimate of standard error is equal to ideal boot\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><bootstrap><expected-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to show that $E_\\\\hat{F}(\\\\hat{se}^2_B) = \\\\hat{se}_\\\\infty^2$. $B$ is the number of boot\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-21T16:42:47.380000\"}, {\"Id\": 235412, \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 81110, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You could write the equation in terms of indicator functions for a single decision tree. Consider\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-21T19:09:03.327000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 32633, \"OwnerUserId\": 32633, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the equation for random forest?\", \"Tags\": \"<python><random-forest><ensemble-learning><propensity-scores>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need an equation for random forest so that I can score fresh data I receive every week, based o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-02T09:38:29.497000\", \"AccountId\": 4225364.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3459010\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 85030, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 440907, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 157856, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm attempting to classify healthy vs unhealthy individuals. I am only recreating an experiment I f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-01T10:43:10.363000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 822134, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 157856, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"058a4187-0e10-4707-99e3-ad88806c898b\", \"Text\": \"I have a data set consisting of features extracted from audio files of individuals with parkinson's \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T12:32:20.683000\"}, {\"Id\": 822135, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 157856, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"058a4187-0e10-4707-99e3-ad88806c898b\", \"Text\": \"Spliting data set that didn't come from same source\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T12:32:20.683000\"}, {\"Id\": 822136, \"PostId\": 236231, \"UserId\": 157856, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"058a4187-0e10-4707-99e3-ad88806c898b\", \"Text\": \"<classification><dataset><cart>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T12:32:20.683000\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 293743, \"UserId\": 157856, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-04-10T19:20:55.257000\"}, {\"Id\": 293744, \"UserId\": 157856, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-04-10T19:20:55.257000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157856, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":82,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"Id\": 24778, \"AccountId\": 1918287.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Steve Samuels\", \"Location\": \"Hudson Valley, New York, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistician with interests in survival analysis and survey sampling. After 18 years at UC \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-11T23:48:05.120000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 73948, \"PostId\": 141025, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Unusual events do occur by chance (\\\"bad luck\\\"), but I think this is the wrong question. Your atten\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-22T12:47:09.363000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 73948, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random Sample Validation\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><validation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a real life scenario where I have just assumed responsibility for a new team</p>\\n\\n<p>The \", \"AccountId\": 8093491.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mike Deards\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 9175, \"PostId\": 69340, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You didn't answer @Nick Stauner's question clearly. You refer to \\\"random sample of $D_2$. If you mea\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-15T01:54:20.767000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9175, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 69344, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Effect of difference operator on sampling\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a dataset $D$ and let it be split into 2 smaller datasets $D_1$ and $D_2$ such tha\", \"AccountId\": 1569641.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Budhapest\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 101955, \"PostId\": 101955, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"They do not conflict; you do HRG or MI on the missings that remain *after* phase 2. \\n\\nChoosing k: \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-09T17:58:52.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 101684, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>HRG and multiple imputation are post-sampling techniques, whereas you asked about how to draw th\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 11648, \"OwnerUserId\": 11648, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 101693, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to draw a representative sample from a biased portion of a sampling frame?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><bias>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a question concerning sampling.</p>\\n\\n<p>We are planning a study in which we aim to draw co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-16T12:00:05.163000\", \"AccountId\": 1944493.0, \"DisplayName\": \"KML\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 39407, \"PostId\": 133614, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the information. The fact that you intend to use an ANOVA indicates that you will be an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-20T19:40:00.230000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 39407, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 134483, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Difference in Group Sample Rate, not Size, based on Independent Variable\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><sampling><sample-size><clinical-trials>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working on a study that involves measuring breathing effort of an individual over short perio\", \"AccountId\": 2406528.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Atl LED\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm currently collecting more letters after my name, because I am told these help you exchange yo\"}, {\"Id\": 56871, \"PostId\": 117530, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Some questions: When you say a \\\"sampling\\\" of plots, what do you mean? _Exactly_ how were the plots \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-05T16:29:59.043000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 56871, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 117982, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"deAtog\", \"Title\": \"Mean and variance for unequal samples\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><sampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a sampling of variable sized plots. Each plot contains the number of trees present on the \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 117982, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 117530, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>It looks like you are doing a version of FIREMON sampling (<a href=\\\"https://www.frames.gov/partne\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-08T23:28:45.397000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 386798, \"PostId\": 117982, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 13, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"5205a494-7cc0-41f0-82c5-39a88e9fb42f\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":36068,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Steve Samuels\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-10T13:24:46.527000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 1170801.0, \"DisplayName\": \"deAtog\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 96497, \"PostId\": 96497, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I strongly suggest that you compare the selected sample to what is known about the entire populatio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-13T00:05:25.743000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 96374, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This sample of counties was \\\"stratified\\\" by region, but the selection of counties was <strong>no\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 314143, \"PostId\": 96497, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"194e72d6-70c0-480f-94a3-24c7b94fedec\", \"Text\": \"This sample of counties was \\\"stratified\\\" by region, but the selection of counties was **not** rando\", \"Comment\": \"corrected grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-13T00:19:21.860000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 39206, \"OwnerUserId\": 39206, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 96497, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is this still a random sample?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The situation is a little complex.<br/>\\nOur goal is to study some soil properties in a large area\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-16T13:10:29.983000\", \"AccountId\": 5185265.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gh2017554\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 63966, \"PostId\": 128086, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How many \\\"aspects\\\" are these categorical or numeric (e.g. mean age)?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-16T23:01:39.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 63966, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Compare 2 populations and find subset in one population similar to other\", \"Tags\": \"<r><sampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 2 different populations who are being offered the same product. I am being asked to find a\", \"AccountId\": 7310151.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sam\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 51083, \"PostId\": 134265, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This answer is absolutely incorrect. Simple random samples are never drawn in this situation. SRS wo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-11T11:49:23.690000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 51083, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 134264, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Since you already have all the information about zone, region, district, and school, you should p\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 25754, \"OwnerUserId\": 25754, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to create a representative sample from a population of students?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a population around 300,000 students who are in around 1000 schools. Out of these 1000 sch\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-13T10:39:30.033000\", \"AccountId\": 513805.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Abhimanyu Arora\", \"Location\": \"Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 6139832.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nuclear Hoagie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 64990, \"PostId\": 129526, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks. One final question (I think): what are the ranges of `len`, `res`, and `neff` in each of the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-30T16:45:59.660000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 64990, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 130045, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sub-population of large dataset based on multiple criteria\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking to extract example cases of a large dataset. Each entry in my table has multiple col\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 130045, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 129526, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I recommend two approaches from the sampling literature that implicitly or explicitly stratify on\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-04T19:47:05.503000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 427515, \"PostId\": 130045, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"08c8b4a3-81b3-4f72-8946-56604a042c7f\", \"Text\": \"There are two plausible ways of doing this:\\r\\n\\r\\n1. Serpentine listing of `len`, `ref`, and `neff'\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"Corrected typos. shortened.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-04T21:45:12.853000\"}, {\"Id\": 427585, \"PostId\": 130045, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"62a43b37-d807-46b8-ba49-f4859b88614a\", \"Text\": \"There are two plausible ways of doing this. Both require that `len`, `ref`, and `neff` be categorize\", \"Comment\": \"expanded introduction\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-05T05:25:55.660000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 3386181.0, \"DisplayName\": \"fsimkovic\", \"Location\": \"London, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 71525, \"PostId\": 71525, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks to Stephen Hornbeck who noticed that I had answered this question differently on Statalist.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-10T00:39:20.803000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 71379, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Update</strong>:\\n<strike>I'm sorry to say that my 2014 answer was wrong. In Stata or else\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 233951, \"PostId\": 71525, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0d732ab7-3cbf-4946-9169-0bfc9775e30e\", \"Text\": \"The relevant sample size for estimating the design effect (and other precision-related measures) is \", \"Comment\": \"shortened\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-10T00:54:45.913000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19988, \"OwnerUserId\": 19988, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 71525, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Defining PSU in \\\"Sampled with Replacement\\\" Cluster Samples\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey><cluster-sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to decide on an approach to estimate design effect for a multi stage cluster survey. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-17T13:47:41.383000\", \"AccountId\": 3053907.0, \"DisplayName\": \"david rae\", \"Location\": \"District of Columbia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work primarily with Survey statistics, my interests include data visualization, statistical pro\"}]}, {\"Id\": 57404, \"PostId\": 130155, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Chris C, your derivations are certainly correct, but there are other considerations besides the si\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-14T03:11:14.803000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57404, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 130143, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The other answer is wrong, unfortunately. Actually, that should be obvious, otherwise no statist\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 65420, \"OwnerUserId\": 65420, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When should you choose Stratified sampling over random sampling?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a general rule to follow when deciding when it's best to use one over the other? </p>\\n\\n<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-05T22:05:50.410000\", \"AccountId\": 7139451.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gchavez1\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 6775108.0, \"DisplayName\": \"AlaskaRon\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 36258, \"PostId\": 315666, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"No. I can imagine other reasons for non-participation, including lack of time, which in itself may h\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-13T16:55:38.090000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 36258, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 315645, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Posting a phone number on a board in select departments at a unversity asking for volunteers woul\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 239802, \"OwnerUserId\": 239802, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which kind of sampling is it?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What kind of sampling it would be if I leave a notice on the board of some university departments\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-30T14:08:08.283000\", \"AccountId\": 18967160.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Zhaleh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 4885886.0, \"DisplayName\": \"AJKOER\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 73743, \"PostId\": 73743, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You have a \\\"sample\\\" only in the loose usage of the term to describe a subset of the population who r\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-02T22:55:26.963000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 73675, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There's no sampling here, let alone systematic sampling, because you didn't sample anything, you \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19924, \"OwnerUserId\": 19924, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Roman\", \"Title\": \"Sampling methods\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following situation:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>I'm asking SMEs (small & medium enterprises) ho\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-15T15:14:22.490000\", \"AccountId\": 2357355.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Roman\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 101048, \"PostId\": 101048, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"My list of sampled units was not correct. They are not units 2, 3, and 6 as stated in my answer, bu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-28T00:43:45.990000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 100786, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>@Antoine R's answer is beautiful and correct. I show here a different version, that presented by \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 329666, \"PostId\": 101048, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3f02cc60-e9d2-4d3f-b31a-2663308eebdc\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\nIn R's Sampling package, there are number of methods for sampling with unequal probabilities, whi\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-28T00:43:45.990000\"}, {\"Id\": 329667, \"PostId\": 101048, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 12, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"aa17d11d-0d5f-46c6-ba67-6e328bf3b4cc\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":36068,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Steve Samuels\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"via Vote\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-28T00:45:07.410000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 25804, \"OwnerUserId\": 25804, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 100969, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Systematic Sampling with unequal probabilities\", \"Tags\": \"<r><probability><sampling><systematic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I found the library Sampling in R to conduct a systematic random sampling with unequal probabili\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-14T17:19:12.250000\", \"AccountId\": 3363899.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CreamStat\", \"Location\": \"Lima, Peru\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 401739, \"UserId\": 24778, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-12-11T23:50:24.053000\"}, {\"Id\": 53133, \"UserId\": 24778, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-12-13T19:01:40.800000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 77189, \"PostId\": 77189, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8136e4d6-af50-45ff-8752-479a15864b87\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\nI suggest a stratified sample, where you divide the IPs into groups that cover the entire range of\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-09T21:09:06.850000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 76626, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I suggest a stratified sample, where you divide the IPs into groups that cover the entire range o\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3518, \"OwnerUserId\": 3518, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 77189, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling from a long tailed distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><heavy-tailed>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have about 500K records from a dataset that consists of counts (so every record is a count of s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-02T23:30:01.637000\", \"AccountId\": 399675.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user765195\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 77695, \"OwnerUserId\": 3518, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence interval for a proportion estimated through stratified sampling\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><sampling><binomial-distribution><stratification>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When estimating the confidence interval for a binomial proportion <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-14T19:48:16.800000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 79294, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 77695, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have no real answer for you, only some thoughts. You are unlucky in that illness is so rare.\\nI'\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-02T21:23:58.233000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 258878, \"PostId\": 79294, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bb1dac25-e6de-4d03-95a2-b436e8ce61c6\", \"Text\": \"I have no real answer for you, only some thoughts. You are unlucky in that illness is so rare.\\r\\nI'll\", \"Comment\": \"removed superfluous phrase\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-03T02:59:52.877000\"}]}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 112400, \"PostId\": 112400, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"03bdee68-91c5-4480-ad65-344e8af30547\", \"Text\": \"Let $\\\\mu_4 = E(X-\\\\mu)^4$. Then, the formula for the SE of $s^2$ is:\\r\\n\\r\\n$$\\r\\nse(s^2) = \\\\sqrt{ \\\\frac{1\", \"Comment\": \"added jackknife\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-17T03:00:26.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111859, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let $\\\\mu_4 = E(X-\\\\mu)^4$. Then, the formula for the SE of $s^2$ is:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\nse(s^2) = \\\\sqrt{ \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 368036, \"PostId\": 112400, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"81d8320b-c221-4394-9b9e-9ff25be56790\", \"Text\": \"Let $\\\\mu_4 = E(X-\\\\mu)^4$. Then, the formula for the SE of $s^2$ is:\\r\\n\\r\\n$$\\r\\nse(s^2) = \\\\sqrt{ \\\\frac{1\", \"Comment\": \"Corrected OPs error.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-17T04:50:22.147000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16665, \"OwnerUserId\": 16665, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 112400, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the standard error of the sample standard deviation?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><standard-deviation><standard-error>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I read from <a href=\\\"https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/sci.stat.math/dsgmWBLJoHc\\\">there</a>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-09T11:06:49.033000\", \"AccountId\": 2339529.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Remi.b\", \"Location\": \"Lausanne, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 82880, \"PostId\": 82880, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"77837624-d3e3-4fa4-9059-50c7dd324d69\", \"Text\": \"It's very easy to think of the likely cause for the error message. Consider the following data extr\", \"Comment\": \"added 91 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-11T03:58:58.043000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 82141, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Question 1:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>In my opinion, it is just important that all observations belo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 82141, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user2971574\", \"Title\": \"Stata error: \\\"panels are not nested within clusters\\\"\", \"Tags\": \"<stata><panel-data><clustered-standard-errors>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have an unbalanced panel data set with more than 400,000 observations over 20 years. My panel v\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-02T12:19:11.610000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 105690, \"PostId\": 105690, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b452a73-42cb-444c-8dcc-6fec136cda34\", \"Text\": \"You can test hypotheses if you want to generalize your findings beyond the original population; this\", \"Comment\": \"added 65 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-14T22:19:48.883000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 104962, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can test hypotheses if you want to generalize your findings beyond the original population; t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 48911, \"OwnerUserId\": 48911, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 105690, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Applying inferential statistics for census data\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><sampling><inference><census><determinant>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's assume I have a census data of a population which I would like to study and it has variable\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-08T12:57:29.560000\", \"AccountId\": 6106408.0, \"DisplayName\": \"S.Ramagokula krishnan\", \"Location\": \"India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm a PhD research scholar in Social Work from India. Economics was one the subjects I studie\"}]}, {\"Id\": 74521, \"PostId\": 74521, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3f5c48f3-251d-433b-a6e2-d9f56685b3ef\", \"Text\": \"Suppose you are interested in the median $m$. For the ordered values, $x_1, x_2, \\\\dots x_n$, compu\", \"Comment\": \"added earlier definition of \\\"m\\\".\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-11T00:12:58.003000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 73952, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose you are interested in the median $m$. For the ordered values, $x_1, x_2, \\\\dots x_n$, co\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 243728, \"PostId\": 74521, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d81f728c-0eb5-4f42-8ba2-2207bbcf6b3d\", \"Text\": \"Suppose you are interested in the median. For the ordered values, $x_1, x_2, \\\\dots x_n$, compute t\", \"Comment\": \"corrected reference and added survey package to list.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-12T11:19:42.593000\"}, {\"Id\": 243741, \"PostId\": 74521, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d082a374-e647-4dbf-8c3f-364b9ca74ed0\", \"Text\": \"Suppose you are interested in the median. For the ordered values, $x_1, x_2, \\\\dots x_n$, compute t\", \"Comment\": \"added 44 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-12T12:00:11.733000\"}, {\"Id\": 243365, \"PostId\": 74521, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"69232432-0a55-45b4-8fd4-42bc2016b796\", \"Text\": \"Suppose you are interested in the median. For the ordered values, $x_1, x_2, \\\\dots x_n$, compute t\", \"Comment\": \"added references to programs\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-11T03:12:13.947000\"}, {\"Id\": 243368, \"PostId\": 74521, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"50b4fe6c-e9e6-4fbb-b512-555ddaf41226\", \"Text\": \"Suppose you are interested in the median. For the ordered values, $x_1, x_2, \\\\dots x_n$, compute t\", \"Comment\": \"added program\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-11T03:37:10.587000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15884, \"OwnerUserId\": 15884, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 74521, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multistage sampling for Population Median\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><median>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Has there been any research done on how to estimate the population median using multistage sampli\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-17T12:48:02.017000\", \"AccountId\": 2505359.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user22119\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 74975, \"PostId\": 74975, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 13, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"973f9f6e-f008-4e99-b8dd-cdd1b964aa7b\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":36068,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Steve Samuels\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-15T03:19:32.270000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 72794, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>A second answer</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>This answer is suitable if the number of distinct weight\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 244887, \"PostId\": 74975, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1272cf0b-e9a7-4adf-9bf0-7168c77406f8\", \"Text\": \"Consider that you have a fixed number of item \\\"types\\\" , denoted by 1, 2, 3,... (instead of letter na\", \"Comment\": \"fix typo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-15T11:25:21.967000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 30838, \"OwnerUserId\": 30838, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Uniform sampling of a set of weighted samples\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><algorithms><discrete-data><weighted-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider a two-stage sampling scheme: First, use weighted random selection from a list to obtain \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-23T17:37:35.337000\", \"AccountId\": 1696751.0, \"DisplayName\": \"svenx\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 53892, \"PostId\": 127240, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e5679f3c-68d2-46bc-9ecd-846a5a7cce14\", \"Text\": \"Summary: Can I use non-population information (e.g. representative proportions from another survey) \", \"Comment\": \"The original description claimed both surveys are \\\"simple random samples\\\". That is incorrect, for th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-23T04:01:05.870000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 53892, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 156659, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Permissible to use survey data in generating sampling weights?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey><weighted-mean><survey-weights><survey-sampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Summary: Can I use non-population information (e.g. representative proportions from another surve\", \"AccountId\": 4301105.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mike Onder\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 89658, \"PostId\": 89658, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bc74eda5-e561-430d-9025-42d44ff85650\", \"Text\": \"This isn't an answer, but a proof that, as @whuber says, the effort is doomed without more informati\", \"Comment\": \"added 129 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-28T23:04:41.577000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 89333, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This isn't an answer, but a proof that, as @whuber says, the effort is doomed without more inform\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 39610, \"OwnerUserId\": 39610, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling For Correlation\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we have population P that is split into large number of close size sub-populations (e.g. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-24T15:54:49.563000\", \"AccountId\": 5226495.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Student2718\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 64315, \"PostId\": 64315, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7d994b92-40b8-4ac7-ab6d-9370dc8d0c45\", \"Text\": \"The problem induced by non-response is bias due to differences in responders and non-responders. Add\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-19T04:58:56.787000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 64212, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The problem induced by non-response is bias due to differences in responders and non-responders. \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20463, \"OwnerUserId\": 20463, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 64315, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Second survey after knowing how different strata respond?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey><weighted-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We did customer survey in last fall from which we know how different stratas answer to survey que\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-02T09:02:39.177000\", \"AccountId\": 3126518.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Analyst\", \"Location\": \"Finland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am working as an consultant for different customers in different industries. </p>\\n\\n<p>Most of m\"}]}, {\"Id\": 70527, \"PostId\": 70527, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"470bf646-4d32-4f25-b234-2e28c94b2231\", \"Text\": \"I don't see that a logarithmic approach is needed. To deal with very large weights, divide each by a\", \"Comment\": \"explained why means are not affected. Point out the obvious \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-30T03:54:44.120000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 70478, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Update 2014-04-04: Create the reasonably-sized weights from the logarithms. See below:</s\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 29545, \"OwnerUserId\": 29545, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating mean and variance with logarithmic sample weights\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><data-transformation><weighted-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have run into a problem that must be pretty simple, but I keep getting snagged somewhere. I hav\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-29T13:16:51.513000\", \"AccountId\": 4247636.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dan g\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 132370, \"PostId\": 132370, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72d6382c-641a-4c6b-bccf-1ec335d309ee\", \"Text\": \"There is no problem here: \\r\\nYou are mistaken in thinking that any patterns in the $y$ variable must \", \"Comment\": \"corrected error \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-28T22:59:30.363000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 131819, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is no problem here: \\nYou are mistaken in thinking that any patterns in the $y$ variable mus\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 32757, \"OwnerUserId\": 32757, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 132370, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Drawing a systematic sample\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><systematic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Please clarify the following question:\\nIf two independent systematic samples of size \\nfour each f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-04T11:42:36.860000\", \"AccountId\": 4330845.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Harry\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 128842, \"PostId\": 128842, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"89c8e849-9b0a-4314-b818-50d7389f5639\", \"Text\": \"I'm sorry to tell you that your colleagues are correct.\\r\\n\\r\\nLet the population size be $N$; $X_i$ be \", \"Comment\": \"deleted 6 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-23T19:35:42.040000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 128215, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'm sorry to tell you that your colleagues are correct.</p>\\n\\n<p>Let the population size be $N$; $\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 64050, \"OwnerUserId\": 64050, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to calculate proportions of individuals from an area based sample?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><proportion>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a sample with 4 randomly located 1/10 acre circular plots. In all plots we measure the dia\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-17T20:28:39.593000\", \"AccountId\": 6405833.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jason Henning\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 81199, \"PostId\": 81199, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1a6350b2-b168-4a5f-bbdf-c946641d54a8\", \"Text\": \"I've never used Complex Samples, but your solution will work with any survey analysis software. To t\", \"Comment\": \"added 202 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-24T01:00:38.653000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 80560, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I've never used Complex Samples, but your solution will work with any survey analysis software. T\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 34872, \"OwnerUserId\": 34872, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pearson Correlation for Clustered data\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><spss><sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a sample that was drawn using cluster sampling. Let say I have variables x and y, and I wo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-17T10:29:29.233000\", \"AccountId\": 2202344.0, \"DisplayName\": \"PtrZlnk\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Sociologist, statistician, analyst nad amateur programist.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 65361, \"PostId\": 65361, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1666e5d2-9c51-40a0-b5f9-a5b2bd547859\", \"Text\": \"**Update: 2014-02-04: impact of the randomized experimental design**\\r\\n\\r\\nThis question has raised som\", \"Comment\": \"added thoughts\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-31T22:52:48.520000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 65346, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Update: 2014-02-06: changed text to be more emphatic that fpc should not be used in a cau\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 212980, \"PostId\": 65361, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"317c3bc3-9b70-4dd1-b951-2af408afc963\", \"Text\": \"**Update: one of the few established uses of FPCs for hypothesis tests for finite populations: lot q\", \"Comment\": \"added 9 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-02T05:51:56.887000\"}, {\"Id\": 212984, \"PostId\": 65361, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"12131eac-3f29-4d41-9bb6-f2b7af877fa6\", \"Text\": \"**Update: one of the few established uses of hypothesis tests + FPCs for finite populations: lot qu\", \"Comment\": \"added 9 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-02T05:58:29.020000\"}, {\"Id\": 213763, \"PostId\": 65361, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"57257ede-8579-4149-8207-0d8480085967\", \"Text\": \"**Update: 2014-02-04: impact of the randomized experimental design**\\r\\n\\r\\nB_Miner in his question to T\", \"Comment\": \"added to intro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-04T17:47:18.967000\"}, {\"Id\": 213736, \"PostId\": 65361, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 16, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"536d1467-d28a-436e-9f9d-ec5973430519\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-04T15:35:21.630000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 1359, \"OwnerUserId\": 1359, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 65361, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Adjusting any power analysis with FPC?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><sampling><sample-size><statistical-power><finite-population>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is it correct (perhaps at least as a good approximation) to determine sample size via a power ana\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-11-17T23:45:24.067000\", \"AccountId\": 276079.0, \"DisplayName\": \"B_Miner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Work in analytical CRM / database marketing.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 61781, \"PostId\": 61781, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ed2b9ee8-4a7b-49a3-9d94-f3507a77d065\", \"Text\": \"The answer is \\\"No\\\", you can't use the A weights as is. There are several issues to consider.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf y\", \"Comment\": \"revised to answer real question\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-13T04:01:02.383000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 61691, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The answer is \\\"No\\\", you can't use the A weights as is.</p>\\n\\n<p>You've imputed your new variable t\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 200978, \"PostId\": 61781, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 12, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"967b9834-8f4b-48c5-827c-6599122b96ce\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":36068,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Steve Samuels\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"via Vote\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-13T04:58:44.360000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 21346, \"OwnerUserId\": 21346, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 61781, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using the sample weights in regression\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><weighted-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have dataset A where households are interviewed each quarter for one year. I am focussing only \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-09-02T20:57:24.950000\", \"AccountId\": 3021502.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user227710\", \"Location\": \"I always like walking in the rain, so no one can see me crying\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>...you should not fall under Mr. Market's influence, but rather you should learn to take advantag\"}]}, {\"Id\": 80859, \"PostId\": 80859, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"193e37f4-c0f6-4d76-83ba-4f26800c5fce\", \"Text\": \"Your formula for n is incorrect. Here is the solution presented by Cochran, 1977, pp 97-98, who der\", \"Comment\": \"corrected inconsistency in symbols. & shortened\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-21T02:58:54.877000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 80799, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Modified 2014-07-22</strong>: Your formula for $n_h$ is incorrect; the values are in the \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 263891, \"PostId\": 80859, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4bcf36a3-0cdb-4615-ae77-32fbbd6c5eb5\", \"Text\": \"Your formula for n is incorrect. Here is the solution presented by Cochran, 1977, pp 97-98, who der\", \"Comment\": \"added italics to \\\"down\\\" & corrected $c_3$ t0 10\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-21T08:54:07.280000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 34991, \"OwnerUserId\": 34991, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Optimal Allocation\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><statistical-significance><sampling><sample-size><survey>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A campus population of size N=9000 is to be surveyed by a stratified sample for the prevalence of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-20T07:20:09.017000\", \"AccountId\": 4773483.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andrew\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 129525, \"PostId\": 129525, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e5e124fc-3a6d-4fa9-a996-bd2be4e06c4a\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\n\\r\\nI'll answer your question based on the information you've already provided. I don't see how thes\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-30T16:50:33.257000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 129050, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'll answer your question based on the information you've already provided. I don't see how these\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 37215, \"OwnerUserId\": 37215, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 129525, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating sampling weights when I have sampled from a known population\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a very large data (100+ million records)and I am estimating a complex random coefficients \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-03T20:04:24.857000\", \"AccountId\": 4980378.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user55193\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 63918, \"PostId\": 63918, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e00519ff-3156-4b29-9e5e-5ead84c0fb51\", \"Text\": \"Short answer:\\r\\nThere is no way to compute a margin of error from your current data source. Moreover \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-14T02:47:42.333000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 63670, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<h2>Update 2014-01-15</h2>\\n\\n<p>I realize that I didn't answer Danica's original question about wheth\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 207810, \"PostId\": 63918, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b52d13f-a3e5-44e4-9325-6c5d50023b79\", \"Text\": \"Short answer:\\r\\nThere is no way to compute a margin of error from your current data source. Moreover \", \"Comment\": \"added CI \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-14T05:12:52.680000\"}, {\"Id\": 207815, \"PostId\": 63918, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"47a9aca8-edee-4aae-9657-57562e03f05c\", \"Text\": \"Short answer:\\r\\nThere is no way to compute a margin of error from your current data source. Moreover \", \"Comment\": \"added download advice\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-14T05:45:08.523000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24705, \"OwnerUserId\": 24705, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 63918, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How would re-weighting American Community Survey diversity data affect its margins of error?\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><sampling><data-transformation><diversity>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Background: My organization currently compares its workforce diversity statistics (ex. % persons \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T16:23:34.357000\", \"AccountId\": 3710122.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DanicaE\", \"Location\": \"Olympia, WA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.doc.wa.gov/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Senior Management Analyst for the state of Washington.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 134488, \"PostId\": 134488, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5bc9c2b4-e50d-4208-abbd-212f94720a0f\", \"Text\": \" A standard error for regress with a cluster() option will always be larger than that from svy: regr\", \"Comment\": \"Corrected formula in introduction.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-21T00:23:21.080000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 133862, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A standard error for regress with a cluster() option will always be larger than that from svy: re\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 68133, \"OwnerUserId\": 68133, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 134488, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Cluster-robust SE in Stata when using a survey design\", \"Tags\": \"<stata><standard-error><survey><clustered-standard-errors>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working with data from a clustered sample where observations have a certain sampling weight (\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-14T19:55:19.633000\", \"AccountId\": 5662762.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michael Kaiser\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 99757, \"PostId\": 99757, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1b43329e-d957-492c-8518-9838a2cf5c78\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\nYou have misunderstood the rationale for the procedure. The new weights must be as close as possib\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-15T14:51:46.737000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 99733, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have overlooked part of the rationale for the procedure. The new weights must be <em>as close\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12169, \"OwnerUserId\": 12169, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 99757, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling Calibration\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><calibration>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was trying to work out by hand the first example in the following PDF link entitled <a href=\\\"ht\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-07T19:45:09.217000\", \"AccountId\": 512582.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sheppa28\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 133296, \"PostId\": 133296, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2d3edb5b-a79a-4e4d-adf7-5c5b7e20ef28\", \"Text\": \"It looks like you've done all you could. The strata with the high non-response rates apparently do n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-08T17:13:15.717000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 132487, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It looks like you've done all you could. The strata with the high non-response rates apparently d\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 438771, \"PostId\": 133296, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bee3a1ca-d659-4a7c-b61f-a8247284117c\", \"Text\": \"It looks like you've done all you could. The strata with the high non-response rates apparently do n\", \"Comment\": \"added 6 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-08T18:46:42.747000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 67065, \"OwnerUserId\": 67065, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 133296, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculate confidence levels of a stratified sample with missing units\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey><non-response><survey-weights><survey-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm conducting a stratified survey among health institutions; 700 units were allocated into one o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-30T02:38:08.597000\", \"AccountId\": 6960966.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Marie-Eve\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 62906, \"PostId\": 62906, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e9c36c6-7e3b-4e65-a0f7-890ebf4b03f7\", \"Text\": \"The models you write are equivalent to:\\r\\n\\r\\nZ = μ_z + e_z, where e_z ~ N(0,σz^2)\\r\\n\\r\\nX = w0 + w Z + e\", \"Comment\": \"added blank line and fixed typo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-31T23:08:29.637000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 62852, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The models you wrote are equivalent to:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$Z = μ_z + e_z \\\\text{, where } e_z \\\\text{ ~ } N(\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24759, \"OwnerUserId\": 24759, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 62906, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Marginal calculation in linear gaussian model\", \"Tags\": \"<linear-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If we have a linear gaussian model where we have, </p>\\n\\n<p>$P(Z) = \\\\mathcal{N}(\\\\mu_z,\\\\sigma^2_z)$\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-11T16:49:10.493000\", \"AccountId\": 3715805.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user36047\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 118550, \"PostId\": 118550, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b80a1e40-46f5-48ab-9c62-0c2f56cb3ebb\", \"Text\": \"I'm sorry to say: it is not possible to create proper sampling weights for this design. The calculat\", \"Comment\": \"re-organized\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-14T02:00:50.763000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 117302, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'm sorry to say: it is not possible to create proper sampling weights for this design. The calcu\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16222, \"OwnerUserId\": 16222, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 118550, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling weight for calculating prevalence in two-stage cluster sampling\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><cluster-sample><weighted-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In study there was used two stage cluster sampling technique. First stage, 16 clusters is selecte\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-26T13:12:15.357000\", \"AccountId\": 2290101.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JRK\", \"Location\": \"Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Enthusiastic about biostatistics, spatial epidemiology, and health research. </p>\\n\\n<p>Quote -\\\"thi\"}]}, {\"Id\": 108893, \"PostId\": 108893, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"14ab8a4b-2219-431c-ad66-36e93af1027b\", \"Text\": \"The answer to your title question is \\\"No\\\".\\r\\n\\r\\nAn event study with romantic relationship as outcome w\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-13T15:15:55.723000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 108186, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The answer to your title question is \\\"No\\\", you can't do an event history analysis. You can do t-t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50779, \"OwnerUserId\": 50779, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can you use event history analysis if your sample was selected on the dependent variable?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survival><cox-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset that includes a random sample of individuals who are currently in a relationship\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-06T20:33:48.427000\", \"AccountId\": 6266855.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Helen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 103196, \"PostId\": 103196, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"64376874-ec37-4fa1-8867-1db87511942c\", \"Text\": \"In the absence of auxiliary information, I recommend simple random sampling. The sample size needed \", \"Comment\": \"deleted 16 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-21T19:30:48.593000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 102747, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In the absence of auxiliary information, I recommend simple random sampling. It is safe to ignore\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 47654, \"OwnerUserId\": 47654, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sample size for categorical data\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><sample-size><multinomial-distribution><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a population of phone calls - 200,000. \\nThere are different reasons for each call, but let\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T18:23:21.577000\", \"AccountId\": 5955324.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Zorro\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 82962, \"PostId\": 82962, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b1f953df-0b2f-4f74-8532-bcaa33e1b526\", \"Text\": \"This has been a very informative topic. I wondered why there were two versions of \\\"Brewer's Method\\\" \", \"Comment\": \"added 7 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-11T22:10:00.760000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 81986, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Update: August 19\\nI've now had a look at both Brewer's 1963 and 1975 articles. The 1975 \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 23483, \"OwnerUserId\": 23483, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 82943, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Brewer's method for sampling with unequal probabilities with n>2\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><weighted-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to use Brewer's method to sample 12 units out of a population of 73.</p>\\n\\n<p>I read on\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-07T17:04:36.007000\", \"AccountId\": 3428827.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Roberto\", \"Location\": \"Palermo, Italy\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD in Statistics, my field of interest is mainly survey sampling and inference on finite populat\"}]}, {\"Id\": 113323, \"PostId\": 113323, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f637bf9-a654-4448-8ac3-3f1d19dd4e41\", \"Text\": \"**Correction**\\r\\n\\r\\nI withdraw the previous answer (below) as wrong. @Glen_b is correct, if the secon\", \"Comment\": \"withdraws the original answer\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-25T03:41:14.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111746, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Correction</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>I withdraw the previous answer (below) as wrong. @Glen_b is \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52001, \"OwnerUserId\": 52001, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 113323, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Enlarging a random sample\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><sample><resampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In our project we have a population of 1000+ individuals. We picked a random sample of 107 indivi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-25T16:06:47.450000\", \"AccountId\": 2788065.0, \"DisplayName\": \"e18r\", \"Location\": \"Earth\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Full stack developer</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 108594, \"PostId\": 108594, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ef560ed5-8325-4ac5-b87d-66fad90ace0d\", \"Text\": \"This is an important question, which first made explicit by Deming and Stephan (1941), who used firs\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 140 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-10T23:46:38.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 108282, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is an important question, made explicit by Deming and Stephan (1941), who used first the wo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50843, \"OwnerUserId\": 50843, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 108594, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is the accessible population a random sample?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>At academic institutions dedicated to teaching we often use our current students taking a specifi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-07T15:03:24.567000\", \"AccountId\": 6070879.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bill Abrams\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 130524, \"PostId\": 130524, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0a12796f-3718-471b-8bdb-45b14a51c6f8\", \"Text\": \"I suggest a *hierarchic serpentine sort* of the $Z$'s, followed by a systematic sample. A serpenti\", \"Comment\": \"added author, corrected name\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-08T22:54:43.033000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 130338, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I suggest a <em>hierarchic serpentine sort</em> of the $Z$'s, followed by a systematic sample. \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 45003, \"OwnerUserId\": 45003, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 130524, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling and design problem\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><multivariate-analysis><experiment-design><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose there are quite many (hundreds/thousands) variables, $X_1$,...,$X_m$, in a computer model\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-02T15:03:47.913000\", \"AccountId\": 5722417.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eridk Poliruyt\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 119029, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 119007, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Thompson, 1987, doesn't address this directly, but did consider an algorithm for specific configu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-19T01:38:43.863000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 57692, \"OwnerUserId\": 57692, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 119029, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sample Size Determination for Multinomial Proportions\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><sample-size><multinomial-distribution><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a number of samples of different sizes from a population of unknown size. The data are mar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-18T21:20:58.487000\", \"AccountId\": 6810667.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nate Hutchinson\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 93438, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 93391, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Original Answer</strong>: <s>There is no benefit to under- or over-sampling either group<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-08T03:01:36.637000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 30154, \"OwnerUserId\": 30154, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 93438, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is oversampling done for Cox regression data?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survival><cox-model><oversampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset consisting of about 48000 people, about 40,000 of which die before the end of th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-09T20:43:47.073000\", \"AccountId\": 3124141.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rk567\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 102154, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 101888, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There are situations where it can be much better to take multiple samples of a population rather \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-11T18:13:24.987000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 47134, \"OwnerUserId\": 47134, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 101895, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why take multiple samples from a population?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><econometrics><sample-size><sample><population>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm fairly new to Econometrics, and I'm curious about, when trying to estimate the population par\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-08T23:31:43.397000\", \"AccountId\": 5531719.0, \"DisplayName\": \"randomUser47534\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 100669, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 100645, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Edit: Each scenario has a sampling frame, and a random sample was taken from that frame. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T03:18:49.590000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 43043, \"OwnerUserId\": 43043, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 100669, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is this a Random or Purposive Sample? Inclusion-Exclusion Criteria and the Sampling Frame\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><sample><assumptions>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Introduction</strong> \\nI am confused about when a sample is a random sample (i.e. probabi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-29T02:45:05.407000\", \"AccountId\": 5460697.0, \"DisplayName\": \"coip\", \"Location\": \"USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 62326, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 61815, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The goal is to get good estimates and decent standard errors.</p>\\n\\n<p>First, sort by x; then syst\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-20T16:32:31.230000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24380, \"OwnerUserId\": 24380, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multidimensional quantiles\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><quantiles><multidimensional-scaling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 1000 observations with 2 continuous variables :</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Observation ID | X \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-02T17:12:14.847000\", \"AccountId\": 3671135.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ophelie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 105688, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 105040, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If you had take a random sample of unaffected subjects, it would have been possible to estimate t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-14T22:02:32.813000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 47836, \"OwnerUserId\": 47836, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 105688, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"extrapolation and selection bias\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><bias>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a cohort of patient data.\\nI have 100 Affected and 900 UnAffected</p>\\n\\n<p>I am reassessing \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-20T19:15:37.287000\", \"AccountId\": 241727.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rvidal\", \"Location\": \"Kingston, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://my.biotechlife.net\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"Id\": 24778, \"AccountId\": 1918287.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Steve Samuels\", \"Location\": \"Hudson Valley, New York, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistician with interests in survival analysis and survey sampling. After 18 years at UC \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-11T23:48:05.120000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 73948, \"PostId\": 141025, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Unusual events do occur by chance (\\\"bad luck\\\"), but I think this is the wrong question. Your atten\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-22T12:47:09.363000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 73948, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random Sample Validation\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><validation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a real life scenario where I have just assumed responsibility for a new team</p>\\n\\n<p>The \", \"AccountId\": 8093491.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mike Deards\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 9175, \"PostId\": 69340, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You didn't answer @Nick Stauner's question clearly. You refer to \\\"random sample of $D_2$. If you mea\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-15T01:54:20.767000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9175, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 69344, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Effect of difference operator on sampling\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a dataset $D$ and let it be split into 2 smaller datasets $D_1$ and $D_2$ such tha\", \"AccountId\": 1569641.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Budhapest\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 101955, \"PostId\": 101955, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"They do not conflict; you do HRG or MI on the missings that remain *after* phase 2. \\n\\nChoosing k: \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-09T17:58:52.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 101684, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>HRG and multiple imputation are post-sampling techniques, whereas you asked about how to draw th\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 11648, \"OwnerUserId\": 11648, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 101693, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to draw a representative sample from a biased portion of a sampling frame?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><bias>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a question concerning sampling.</p>\\n\\n<p>We are planning a study in which we aim to draw co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-16T12:00:05.163000\", \"AccountId\": 1944493.0, \"DisplayName\": \"KML\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 39407, \"PostId\": 133614, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the information. The fact that you intend to use an ANOVA indicates that you will be an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-20T19:40:00.230000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 39407, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 134483, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Difference in Group Sample Rate, not Size, based on Independent Variable\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><sampling><sample-size><clinical-trials>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working on a study that involves measuring breathing effort of an individual over short perio\", \"AccountId\": 2406528.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Atl LED\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm currently collecting more letters after my name, because I am told these help you exchange yo\"}, {\"Id\": 56871, \"PostId\": 117530, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Some questions: When you say a \\\"sampling\\\" of plots, what do you mean? _Exactly_ how were the plots \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-05T16:29:59.043000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 56871, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 117982, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"deAtog\", \"Title\": \"Mean and variance for unequal samples\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><sampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a sampling of variable sized plots. Each plot contains the number of trees present on the \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 117982, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 117530, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>It looks like you are doing a version of FIREMON sampling (<a href=\\\"https://www.frames.gov/partne\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-08T23:28:45.397000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 386798, \"PostId\": 117982, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 13, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"5205a494-7cc0-41f0-82c5-39a88e9fb42f\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":36068,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Steve Samuels\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-10T13:24:46.527000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 1170801.0, \"DisplayName\": \"deAtog\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 96497, \"PostId\": 96497, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I strongly suggest that you compare the selected sample to what is known about the entire populatio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-13T00:05:25.743000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 96374, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This sample of counties was \\\"stratified\\\" by region, but the selection of counties was <strong>no\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 314143, \"PostId\": 96497, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"194e72d6-70c0-480f-94a3-24c7b94fedec\", \"Text\": \"This sample of counties was \\\"stratified\\\" by region, but the selection of counties was **not** rando\", \"Comment\": \"corrected grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-13T00:19:21.860000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 39206, \"OwnerUserId\": 39206, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 96497, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is this still a random sample?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The situation is a little complex.<br/>\\nOur goal is to study some soil properties in a large area\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-16T13:10:29.983000\", \"AccountId\": 5185265.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gh2017554\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 63966, \"PostId\": 128086, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How many \\\"aspects\\\" are these categorical or numeric (e.g. mean age)?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-16T23:01:39.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 63966, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Compare 2 populations and find subset in one population similar to other\", \"Tags\": \"<r><sampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 2 different populations who are being offered the same product. I am being asked to find a\", \"AccountId\": 7310151.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sam\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 51083, \"PostId\": 134265, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This answer is absolutely incorrect. Simple random samples are never drawn in this situation. SRS wo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-11T11:49:23.690000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 51083, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 134264, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Since you already have all the information about zone, region, district, and school, you should p\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 25754, \"OwnerUserId\": 25754, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to create a representative sample from a population of students?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a population around 300,000 students who are in around 1000 schools. Out of these 1000 sch\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-13T10:39:30.033000\", \"AccountId\": 513805.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Abhimanyu Arora\", \"Location\": \"Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 6139832.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nuclear Hoagie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 64990, \"PostId\": 129526, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks. One final question (I think): what are the ranges of `len`, `res`, and `neff` in each of the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-30T16:45:59.660000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 64990, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 130045, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sub-population of large dataset based on multiple criteria\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking to extract example cases of a large dataset. Each entry in my table has multiple col\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 130045, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 129526, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I recommend two approaches from the sampling literature that implicitly or explicitly stratify on\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-04T19:47:05.503000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 427515, \"PostId\": 130045, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"08c8b4a3-81b3-4f72-8946-56604a042c7f\", \"Text\": \"There are two plausible ways of doing this:\\r\\n\\r\\n1. Serpentine listing of `len`, `ref`, and `neff'\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"Corrected typos. shortened.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-04T21:45:12.853000\"}, {\"Id\": 427585, \"PostId\": 130045, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"62a43b37-d807-46b8-ba49-f4859b88614a\", \"Text\": \"There are two plausible ways of doing this. Both require that `len`, `ref`, and `neff` be categorize\", \"Comment\": \"expanded introduction\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-05T05:25:55.660000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 3386181.0, \"DisplayName\": \"fsimkovic\", \"Location\": \"London, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 71525, \"PostId\": 71525, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks to Stephen Hornbeck who noticed that I had answered this question differently on Statalist.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-10T00:39:20.803000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 71379, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Update</strong>:\\n<strike>I'm sorry to say that my 2014 answer was wrong. In Stata or else\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 233951, \"PostId\": 71525, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0d732ab7-3cbf-4946-9169-0bfc9775e30e\", \"Text\": \"The relevant sample size for estimating the design effect (and other precision-related measures) is \", \"Comment\": \"shortened\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-10T00:54:45.913000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19988, \"OwnerUserId\": 19988, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 71525, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Defining PSU in \\\"Sampled with Replacement\\\" Cluster Samples\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey><cluster-sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to decide on an approach to estimate design effect for a multi stage cluster survey. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-17T13:47:41.383000\", \"AccountId\": 3053907.0, \"DisplayName\": \"david rae\", \"Location\": \"District of Columbia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work primarily with Survey statistics, my interests include data visualization, statistical pro\"}]}, {\"Id\": 57404, \"PostId\": 130155, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Chris C, your derivations are certainly correct, but there are other considerations besides the si\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-14T03:11:14.803000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57404, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 130143, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The other answer is wrong, unfortunately. Actually, that should be obvious, otherwise no statist\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 65420, \"OwnerUserId\": 65420, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When should you choose Stratified sampling over random sampling?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a general rule to follow when deciding when it's best to use one over the other? </p>\\n\\n<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-05T22:05:50.410000\", \"AccountId\": 7139451.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gchavez1\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 6775108.0, \"DisplayName\": \"AlaskaRon\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 36258, \"PostId\": 315666, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"No. I can imagine other reasons for non-participation, including lack of time, which in itself may h\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-13T16:55:38.090000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 36258, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 315645, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Posting a phone number on a board in select departments at a unversity asking for volunteers woul\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 239802, \"OwnerUserId\": 239802, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which kind of sampling is it?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What kind of sampling it would be if I leave a notice on the board of some university departments\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-30T14:08:08.283000\", \"AccountId\": 18967160.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Zhaleh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 4885886.0, \"DisplayName\": \"AJKOER\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 73743, \"PostId\": 73743, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You have a \\\"sample\\\" only in the loose usage of the term to describe a subset of the population who r\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-02T22:55:26.963000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 73675, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There's no sampling here, let alone systematic sampling, because you didn't sample anything, you \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19924, \"OwnerUserId\": 19924, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Roman\", \"Title\": \"Sampling methods\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following situation:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>I'm asking SMEs (small & medium enterprises) ho\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-15T15:14:22.490000\", \"AccountId\": 2357355.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Roman\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 101048, \"PostId\": 101048, \"UserId\": 24778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"My list of sampled units was not correct. They are not units 2, 3, and 6 as stated in my answer, bu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-28T00:43:45.990000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 100786, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>@Antoine R's answer is beautiful and correct. I show here a different version, that presented by \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 329666, \"PostId\": 101048, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3f02cc60-e9d2-4d3f-b31a-2663308eebdc\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\nIn R's Sampling package, there are number of methods for sampling with unequal probabilities, whi\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-28T00:43:45.990000\"}, {\"Id\": 329667, \"PostId\": 101048, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 12, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"aa17d11d-0d5f-46c6-ba67-6e328bf3b4cc\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":36068,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Steve Samuels\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"via Vote\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-28T00:45:07.410000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 25804, \"OwnerUserId\": 25804, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 100969, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Systematic Sampling with unequal probabilities\", \"Tags\": \"<r><probability><sampling><systematic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I found the library Sampling in R to conduct a systematic random sampling with unequal probabili\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-14T17:19:12.250000\", \"AccountId\": 3363899.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CreamStat\", \"Location\": \"Lima, Peru\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 401739, \"UserId\": 24778, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-12-11T23:50:24.053000\"}, {\"Id\": 53133, \"UserId\": 24778, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-12-13T19:01:40.800000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 77189, \"PostId\": 77189, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8136e4d6-af50-45ff-8752-479a15864b87\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\nI suggest a stratified sample, where you divide the IPs into groups that cover the entire range of\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-09T21:09:06.850000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 76626, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I suggest a stratified sample, where you divide the IPs into groups that cover the entire range o\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3518, \"OwnerUserId\": 3518, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 77189, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling from a long tailed distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><heavy-tailed>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have about 500K records from a dataset that consists of counts (so every record is a count of s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-02T23:30:01.637000\", \"AccountId\": 399675.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user765195\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 77695, \"OwnerUserId\": 3518, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence interval for a proportion estimated through stratified sampling\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><sampling><binomial-distribution><stratification>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When estimating the confidence interval for a binomial proportion <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-14T19:48:16.800000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 79294, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 77695, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have no real answer for you, only some thoughts. You are unlucky in that illness is so rare.\\nI'\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-02T21:23:58.233000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 258878, \"PostId\": 79294, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bb1dac25-e6de-4d03-95a2-b436e8ce61c6\", \"Text\": \"I have no real answer for you, only some thoughts. You are unlucky in that illness is so rare.\\r\\nI'll\", \"Comment\": \"removed superfluous phrase\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-03T02:59:52.877000\"}]}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 112400, \"PostId\": 112400, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"03bdee68-91c5-4480-ad65-344e8af30547\", \"Text\": \"Let $\\\\mu_4 = E(X-\\\\mu)^4$. Then, the formula for the SE of $s^2$ is:\\r\\n\\r\\n$$\\r\\nse(s^2) = \\\\sqrt{ \\\\frac{1\", \"Comment\": \"added jackknife\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-17T03:00:26.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111859, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let $\\\\mu_4 = E(X-\\\\mu)^4$. Then, the formula for the SE of $s^2$ is:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\nse(s^2) = \\\\sqrt{ \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 368036, \"PostId\": 112400, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"81d8320b-c221-4394-9b9e-9ff25be56790\", \"Text\": \"Let $\\\\mu_4 = E(X-\\\\mu)^4$. Then, the formula for the SE of $s^2$ is:\\r\\n\\r\\n$$\\r\\nse(s^2) = \\\\sqrt{ \\\\frac{1\", \"Comment\": \"Corrected OPs error.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-17T04:50:22.147000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16665, \"OwnerUserId\": 16665, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 112400, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the standard error of the sample standard deviation?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><standard-deviation><standard-error>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I read from <a href=\\\"https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/sci.stat.math/dsgmWBLJoHc\\\">there</a>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-09T11:06:49.033000\", \"AccountId\": 2339529.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Remi.b\", \"Location\": \"Lausanne, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 82880, \"PostId\": 82880, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"77837624-d3e3-4fa4-9059-50c7dd324d69\", \"Text\": \"It's very easy to think of the likely cause for the error message. Consider the following data extr\", \"Comment\": \"added 91 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-11T03:58:58.043000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 82141, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Question 1:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>In my opinion, it is just important that all observations belo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 82141, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user2971574\", \"Title\": \"Stata error: \\\"panels are not nested within clusters\\\"\", \"Tags\": \"<stata><panel-data><clustered-standard-errors>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have an unbalanced panel data set with more than 400,000 observations over 20 years. My panel v\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-02T12:19:11.610000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 105690, \"PostId\": 105690, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b452a73-42cb-444c-8dcc-6fec136cda34\", \"Text\": \"You can test hypotheses if you want to generalize your findings beyond the original population; this\", \"Comment\": \"added 65 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-14T22:19:48.883000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 104962, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can test hypotheses if you want to generalize your findings beyond the original population; t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 48911, \"OwnerUserId\": 48911, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 105690, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Applying inferential statistics for census data\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><sampling><inference><census><determinant>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's assume I have a census data of a population which I would like to study and it has variable\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-08T12:57:29.560000\", \"AccountId\": 6106408.0, \"DisplayName\": \"S.Ramagokula krishnan\", \"Location\": \"India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm a PhD research scholar in Social Work from India. Economics was one the subjects I studie\"}]}, {\"Id\": 74521, \"PostId\": 74521, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3f5c48f3-251d-433b-a6e2-d9f56685b3ef\", \"Text\": \"Suppose you are interested in the median $m$. For the ordered values, $x_1, x_2, \\\\dots x_n$, compu\", \"Comment\": \"added earlier definition of \\\"m\\\".\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-11T00:12:58.003000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 73952, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose you are interested in the median $m$. For the ordered values, $x_1, x_2, \\\\dots x_n$, co\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 243728, \"PostId\": 74521, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d81f728c-0eb5-4f42-8ba2-2207bbcf6b3d\", \"Text\": \"Suppose you are interested in the median. For the ordered values, $x_1, x_2, \\\\dots x_n$, compute t\", \"Comment\": \"corrected reference and added survey package to list.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-12T11:19:42.593000\"}, {\"Id\": 243741, \"PostId\": 74521, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d082a374-e647-4dbf-8c3f-364b9ca74ed0\", \"Text\": \"Suppose you are interested in the median. For the ordered values, $x_1, x_2, \\\\dots x_n$, compute t\", \"Comment\": \"added 44 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-12T12:00:11.733000\"}, {\"Id\": 243365, \"PostId\": 74521, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"69232432-0a55-45b4-8fd4-42bc2016b796\", \"Text\": \"Suppose you are interested in the median. For the ordered values, $x_1, x_2, \\\\dots x_n$, compute t\", \"Comment\": \"added references to programs\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-11T03:12:13.947000\"}, {\"Id\": 243368, \"PostId\": 74521, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"50b4fe6c-e9e6-4fbb-b512-555ddaf41226\", \"Text\": \"Suppose you are interested in the median. For the ordered values, $x_1, x_2, \\\\dots x_n$, compute t\", \"Comment\": \"added program\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-11T03:37:10.587000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15884, \"OwnerUserId\": 15884, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 74521, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multistage sampling for Population Median\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><median>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Has there been any research done on how to estimate the population median using multistage sampli\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-17T12:48:02.017000\", \"AccountId\": 2505359.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user22119\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 74975, \"PostId\": 74975, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 13, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"973f9f6e-f008-4e99-b8dd-cdd1b964aa7b\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":36068,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Steve Samuels\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-15T03:19:32.270000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 72794, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>A second answer</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>This answer is suitable if the number of distinct weight\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 244887, \"PostId\": 74975, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1272cf0b-e9a7-4adf-9bf0-7168c77406f8\", \"Text\": \"Consider that you have a fixed number of item \\\"types\\\" , denoted by 1, 2, 3,... (instead of letter na\", \"Comment\": \"fix typo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-15T11:25:21.967000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 30838, \"OwnerUserId\": 30838, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Uniform sampling of a set of weighted samples\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><algorithms><discrete-data><weighted-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider a two-stage sampling scheme: First, use weighted random selection from a list to obtain \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-23T17:37:35.337000\", \"AccountId\": 1696751.0, \"DisplayName\": \"svenx\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 53892, \"PostId\": 127240, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e5679f3c-68d2-46bc-9ecd-846a5a7cce14\", \"Text\": \"Summary: Can I use non-population information (e.g. representative proportions from another survey) \", \"Comment\": \"The original description claimed both surveys are \\\"simple random samples\\\". That is incorrect, for th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-23T04:01:05.870000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 53892, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 156659, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Permissible to use survey data in generating sampling weights?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey><weighted-mean><survey-weights><survey-sampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Summary: Can I use non-population information (e.g. representative proportions from another surve\", \"AccountId\": 4301105.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mike Onder\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 89658, \"PostId\": 89658, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bc74eda5-e561-430d-9025-42d44ff85650\", \"Text\": \"This isn't an answer, but a proof that, as @whuber says, the effort is doomed without more informati\", \"Comment\": \"added 129 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-28T23:04:41.577000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 89333, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This isn't an answer, but a proof that, as @whuber says, the effort is doomed without more inform\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 39610, \"OwnerUserId\": 39610, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling For Correlation\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we have population P that is split into large number of close size sub-populations (e.g. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-24T15:54:49.563000\", \"AccountId\": 5226495.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Student2718\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 64315, \"PostId\": 64315, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7d994b92-40b8-4ac7-ab6d-9370dc8d0c45\", \"Text\": \"The problem induced by non-response is bias due to differences in responders and non-responders. Add\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-19T04:58:56.787000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 64212, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The problem induced by non-response is bias due to differences in responders and non-responders. \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20463, \"OwnerUserId\": 20463, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 64315, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Second survey after knowing how different strata respond?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey><weighted-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We did customer survey in last fall from which we know how different stratas answer to survey que\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-02T09:02:39.177000\", \"AccountId\": 3126518.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Analyst\", \"Location\": \"Finland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am working as an consultant for different customers in different industries. </p>\\n\\n<p>Most of m\"}]}, {\"Id\": 70527, \"PostId\": 70527, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"470bf646-4d32-4f25-b234-2e28c94b2231\", \"Text\": \"I don't see that a logarithmic approach is needed. To deal with very large weights, divide each by a\", \"Comment\": \"explained why means are not affected. Point out the obvious \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-30T03:54:44.120000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 70478, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Update 2014-04-04: Create the reasonably-sized weights from the logarithms. See below:</s\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 29545, \"OwnerUserId\": 29545, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating mean and variance with logarithmic sample weights\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><data-transformation><weighted-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have run into a problem that must be pretty simple, but I keep getting snagged somewhere. I hav\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-29T13:16:51.513000\", \"AccountId\": 4247636.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dan g\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 132370, \"PostId\": 132370, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72d6382c-641a-4c6b-bccf-1ec335d309ee\", \"Text\": \"There is no problem here: \\r\\nYou are mistaken in thinking that any patterns in the $y$ variable must \", \"Comment\": \"corrected error \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-28T22:59:30.363000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 131819, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is no problem here: \\nYou are mistaken in thinking that any patterns in the $y$ variable mus\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 32757, \"OwnerUserId\": 32757, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 132370, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Drawing a systematic sample\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><systematic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Please clarify the following question:\\nIf two independent systematic samples of size \\nfour each f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-04T11:42:36.860000\", \"AccountId\": 4330845.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Harry\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 128842, \"PostId\": 128842, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"89c8e849-9b0a-4314-b818-50d7389f5639\", \"Text\": \"I'm sorry to tell you that your colleagues are correct.\\r\\n\\r\\nLet the population size be $N$; $X_i$ be \", \"Comment\": \"deleted 6 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-23T19:35:42.040000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 128215, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'm sorry to tell you that your colleagues are correct.</p>\\n\\n<p>Let the population size be $N$; $\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 64050, \"OwnerUserId\": 64050, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to calculate proportions of individuals from an area based sample?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><proportion>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a sample with 4 randomly located 1/10 acre circular plots. In all plots we measure the dia\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-17T20:28:39.593000\", \"AccountId\": 6405833.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jason Henning\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 81199, \"PostId\": 81199, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1a6350b2-b168-4a5f-bbdf-c946641d54a8\", \"Text\": \"I've never used Complex Samples, but your solution will work with any survey analysis software. To t\", \"Comment\": \"added 202 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-24T01:00:38.653000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 80560, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I've never used Complex Samples, but your solution will work with any survey analysis software. T\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 34872, \"OwnerUserId\": 34872, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pearson Correlation for Clustered data\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><spss><sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a sample that was drawn using cluster sampling. Let say I have variables x and y, and I wo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-17T10:29:29.233000\", \"AccountId\": 2202344.0, \"DisplayName\": \"PtrZlnk\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Sociologist, statistician, analyst nad amateur programist.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 65361, \"PostId\": 65361, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1666e5d2-9c51-40a0-b5f9-a5b2bd547859\", \"Text\": \"**Update: 2014-02-04: impact of the randomized experimental design**\\r\\n\\r\\nThis question has raised som\", \"Comment\": \"added thoughts\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-31T22:52:48.520000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 65346, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Update: 2014-02-06: changed text to be more emphatic that fpc should not be used in a cau\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 212980, \"PostId\": 65361, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"317c3bc3-9b70-4dd1-b951-2af408afc963\", \"Text\": \"**Update: one of the few established uses of FPCs for hypothesis tests for finite populations: lot q\", \"Comment\": \"added 9 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-02T05:51:56.887000\"}, {\"Id\": 212984, \"PostId\": 65361, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"12131eac-3f29-4d41-9bb6-f2b7af877fa6\", \"Text\": \"**Update: one of the few established uses of hypothesis tests + FPCs for finite populations: lot qu\", \"Comment\": \"added 9 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-02T05:58:29.020000\"}, {\"Id\": 213763, \"PostId\": 65361, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"57257ede-8579-4149-8207-0d8480085967\", \"Text\": \"**Update: 2014-02-04: impact of the randomized experimental design**\\r\\n\\r\\nB_Miner in his question to T\", \"Comment\": \"added to intro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-04T17:47:18.967000\"}, {\"Id\": 213736, \"PostId\": 65361, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 16, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"536d1467-d28a-436e-9f9d-ec5973430519\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-04T15:35:21.630000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 1359, \"OwnerUserId\": 1359, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 65361, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Adjusting any power analysis with FPC?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><sampling><sample-size><statistical-power><finite-population>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is it correct (perhaps at least as a good approximation) to determine sample size via a power ana\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-11-17T23:45:24.067000\", \"AccountId\": 276079.0, \"DisplayName\": \"B_Miner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Work in analytical CRM / database marketing.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 61781, \"PostId\": 61781, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ed2b9ee8-4a7b-49a3-9d94-f3507a77d065\", \"Text\": \"The answer is \\\"No\\\", you can't use the A weights as is. There are several issues to consider.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf y\", \"Comment\": \"revised to answer real question\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-13T04:01:02.383000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 61691, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The answer is \\\"No\\\", you can't use the A weights as is.</p>\\n\\n<p>You've imputed your new variable t\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 200978, \"PostId\": 61781, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 12, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"967b9834-8f4b-48c5-827c-6599122b96ce\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":36068,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Steve Samuels\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"via Vote\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-13T04:58:44.360000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 21346, \"OwnerUserId\": 21346, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 61781, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using the sample weights in regression\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><weighted-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have dataset A where households are interviewed each quarter for one year. I am focussing only \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-09-02T20:57:24.950000\", \"AccountId\": 3021502.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user227710\", \"Location\": \"I always like walking in the rain, so no one can see me crying\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>...you should not fall under Mr. Market's influence, but rather you should learn to take advantag\"}]}, {\"Id\": 80859, \"PostId\": 80859, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"193e37f4-c0f6-4d76-83ba-4f26800c5fce\", \"Text\": \"Your formula for n is incorrect. Here is the solution presented by Cochran, 1977, pp 97-98, who der\", \"Comment\": \"corrected inconsistency in symbols. & shortened\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-21T02:58:54.877000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 80799, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Modified 2014-07-22</strong>: Your formula for $n_h$ is incorrect; the values are in the \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 263891, \"PostId\": 80859, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4bcf36a3-0cdb-4615-ae77-32fbbd6c5eb5\", \"Text\": \"Your formula for n is incorrect. Here is the solution presented by Cochran, 1977, pp 97-98, who der\", \"Comment\": \"added italics to \\\"down\\\" & corrected $c_3$ t0 10\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-21T08:54:07.280000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 34991, \"OwnerUserId\": 34991, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Optimal Allocation\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><statistical-significance><sampling><sample-size><survey>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A campus population of size N=9000 is to be surveyed by a stratified sample for the prevalence of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-20T07:20:09.017000\", \"AccountId\": 4773483.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andrew\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 129525, \"PostId\": 129525, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e5e124fc-3a6d-4fa9-a996-bd2be4e06c4a\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\n\\r\\nI'll answer your question based on the information you've already provided. I don't see how thes\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-30T16:50:33.257000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 129050, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'll answer your question based on the information you've already provided. I don't see how these\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 37215, \"OwnerUserId\": 37215, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 129525, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating sampling weights when I have sampled from a known population\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a very large data (100+ million records)and I am estimating a complex random coefficients \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-03T20:04:24.857000\", \"AccountId\": 4980378.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user55193\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 63918, \"PostId\": 63918, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e00519ff-3156-4b29-9e5e-5ead84c0fb51\", \"Text\": \"Short answer:\\r\\nThere is no way to compute a margin of error from your current data source. Moreover \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-14T02:47:42.333000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 63670, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<h2>Update 2014-01-15</h2>\\n\\n<p>I realize that I didn't answer Danica's original question about wheth\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 207810, \"PostId\": 63918, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b52d13f-a3e5-44e4-9325-6c5d50023b79\", \"Text\": \"Short answer:\\r\\nThere is no way to compute a margin of error from your current data source. Moreover \", \"Comment\": \"added CI \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-14T05:12:52.680000\"}, {\"Id\": 207815, \"PostId\": 63918, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"47a9aca8-edee-4aae-9657-57562e03f05c\", \"Text\": \"Short answer:\\r\\nThere is no way to compute a margin of error from your current data source. Moreover \", \"Comment\": \"added download advice\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-14T05:45:08.523000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24705, \"OwnerUserId\": 24705, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 63918, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How would re-weighting American Community Survey diversity data affect its margins of error?\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><sampling><data-transformation><diversity>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Background: My organization currently compares its workforce diversity statistics (ex. % persons \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T16:23:34.357000\", \"AccountId\": 3710122.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DanicaE\", \"Location\": \"Olympia, WA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.doc.wa.gov/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Senior Management Analyst for the state of Washington.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 134488, \"PostId\": 134488, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5bc9c2b4-e50d-4208-abbd-212f94720a0f\", \"Text\": \" A standard error for regress with a cluster() option will always be larger than that from svy: regr\", \"Comment\": \"Corrected formula in introduction.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-21T00:23:21.080000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 133862, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A standard error for regress with a cluster() option will always be larger than that from svy: re\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 68133, \"OwnerUserId\": 68133, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 134488, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Cluster-robust SE in Stata when using a survey design\", \"Tags\": \"<stata><standard-error><survey><clustered-standard-errors>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working with data from a clustered sample where observations have a certain sampling weight (\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-14T19:55:19.633000\", \"AccountId\": 5662762.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michael Kaiser\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 99757, \"PostId\": 99757, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1b43329e-d957-492c-8518-9838a2cf5c78\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\nYou have misunderstood the rationale for the procedure. The new weights must be as close as possib\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-15T14:51:46.737000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 99733, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have overlooked part of the rationale for the procedure. The new weights must be <em>as close\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12169, \"OwnerUserId\": 12169, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 99757, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling Calibration\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><calibration>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was trying to work out by hand the first example in the following PDF link entitled <a href=\\\"ht\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-07T19:45:09.217000\", \"AccountId\": 512582.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sheppa28\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 133296, \"PostId\": 133296, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2d3edb5b-a79a-4e4d-adf7-5c5b7e20ef28\", \"Text\": \"It looks like you've done all you could. The strata with the high non-response rates apparently do n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-08T17:13:15.717000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 132487, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It looks like you've done all you could. The strata with the high non-response rates apparently d\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 438771, \"PostId\": 133296, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bee3a1ca-d659-4a7c-b61f-a8247284117c\", \"Text\": \"It looks like you've done all you could. The strata with the high non-response rates apparently do n\", \"Comment\": \"added 6 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-08T18:46:42.747000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 67065, \"OwnerUserId\": 67065, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 133296, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculate confidence levels of a stratified sample with missing units\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey><non-response><survey-weights><survey-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm conducting a stratified survey among health institutions; 700 units were allocated into one o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-30T02:38:08.597000\", \"AccountId\": 6960966.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Marie-Eve\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 62906, \"PostId\": 62906, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e9c36c6-7e3b-4e65-a0f7-890ebf4b03f7\", \"Text\": \"The models you write are equivalent to:\\r\\n\\r\\nZ = μ_z + e_z, where e_z ~ N(0,σz^2)\\r\\n\\r\\nX = w0 + w Z + e\", \"Comment\": \"added blank line and fixed typo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-31T23:08:29.637000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 62852, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The models you wrote are equivalent to:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$Z = μ_z + e_z \\\\text{, where } e_z \\\\text{ ~ } N(\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24759, \"OwnerUserId\": 24759, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 62906, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Marginal calculation in linear gaussian model\", \"Tags\": \"<linear-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If we have a linear gaussian model where we have, </p>\\n\\n<p>$P(Z) = \\\\mathcal{N}(\\\\mu_z,\\\\sigma^2_z)$\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-11T16:49:10.493000\", \"AccountId\": 3715805.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user36047\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 118550, \"PostId\": 118550, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b80a1e40-46f5-48ab-9c62-0c2f56cb3ebb\", \"Text\": \"I'm sorry to say: it is not possible to create proper sampling weights for this design. The calculat\", \"Comment\": \"re-organized\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-14T02:00:50.763000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 117302, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'm sorry to say: it is not possible to create proper sampling weights for this design. The calcu\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16222, \"OwnerUserId\": 16222, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 118550, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling weight for calculating prevalence in two-stage cluster sampling\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><cluster-sample><weighted-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In study there was used two stage cluster sampling technique. First stage, 16 clusters is selecte\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-26T13:12:15.357000\", \"AccountId\": 2290101.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JRK\", \"Location\": \"Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Enthusiastic about biostatistics, spatial epidemiology, and health research. </p>\\n\\n<p>Quote -\\\"thi\"}]}, {\"Id\": 108893, \"PostId\": 108893, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"14ab8a4b-2219-431c-ad66-36e93af1027b\", \"Text\": \"The answer to your title question is \\\"No\\\".\\r\\n\\r\\nAn event study with romantic relationship as outcome w\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-13T15:15:55.723000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 108186, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The answer to your title question is \\\"No\\\", you can't do an event history analysis. You can do t-t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50779, \"OwnerUserId\": 50779, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can you use event history analysis if your sample was selected on the dependent variable?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survival><cox-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset that includes a random sample of individuals who are currently in a relationship\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-06T20:33:48.427000\", \"AccountId\": 6266855.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Helen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 103196, \"PostId\": 103196, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"64376874-ec37-4fa1-8867-1db87511942c\", \"Text\": \"In the absence of auxiliary information, I recommend simple random sampling. The sample size needed \", \"Comment\": \"deleted 16 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-21T19:30:48.593000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 102747, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In the absence of auxiliary information, I recommend simple random sampling. It is safe to ignore\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 47654, \"OwnerUserId\": 47654, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sample size for categorical data\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><sample-size><multinomial-distribution><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a population of phone calls - 200,000. \\nThere are different reasons for each call, but let\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T18:23:21.577000\", \"AccountId\": 5955324.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Zorro\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 82962, \"PostId\": 82962, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b1f953df-0b2f-4f74-8532-bcaa33e1b526\", \"Text\": \"This has been a very informative topic. I wondered why there were two versions of \\\"Brewer's Method\\\" \", \"Comment\": \"added 7 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-11T22:10:00.760000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 81986, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Update: August 19\\nI've now had a look at both Brewer's 1963 and 1975 articles. The 1975 \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 23483, \"OwnerUserId\": 23483, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 82943, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Brewer's method for sampling with unequal probabilities with n>2\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><weighted-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to use Brewer's method to sample 12 units out of a population of 73.</p>\\n\\n<p>I read on\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-07T17:04:36.007000\", \"AccountId\": 3428827.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Roberto\", \"Location\": \"Palermo, Italy\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD in Statistics, my field of interest is mainly survey sampling and inference on finite populat\"}]}, {\"Id\": 113323, \"PostId\": 113323, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f637bf9-a654-4448-8ac3-3f1d19dd4e41\", \"Text\": \"**Correction**\\r\\n\\r\\nI withdraw the previous answer (below) as wrong. @Glen_b is correct, if the secon\", \"Comment\": \"withdraws the original answer\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-25T03:41:14.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111746, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Correction</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>I withdraw the previous answer (below) as wrong. @Glen_b is \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52001, \"OwnerUserId\": 52001, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 113323, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Enlarging a random sample\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><sample><resampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In our project we have a population of 1000+ individuals. We picked a random sample of 107 indivi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-25T16:06:47.450000\", \"AccountId\": 2788065.0, \"DisplayName\": \"e18r\", \"Location\": \"Earth\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Full stack developer</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 108594, \"PostId\": 108594, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ef560ed5-8325-4ac5-b87d-66fad90ace0d\", \"Text\": \"This is an important question, which first made explicit by Deming and Stephan (1941), who used firs\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 140 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-10T23:46:38.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 108282, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is an important question, made explicit by Deming and Stephan (1941), who used first the wo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50843, \"OwnerUserId\": 50843, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 108594, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is the accessible population a random sample?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survey>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>At academic institutions dedicated to teaching we often use our current students taking a specifi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-07T15:03:24.567000\", \"AccountId\": 6070879.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bill Abrams\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 130524, \"PostId\": 130524, \"UserId\": 24778, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0a12796f-3718-471b-8bdb-45b14a51c6f8\", \"Text\": \"I suggest a *hierarchic serpentine sort* of the $Z$'s, followed by a systematic sample. A serpenti\", \"Comment\": \"added author, corrected name\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-08T22:54:43.033000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 130338, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I suggest a <em>hierarchic serpentine sort</em> of the $Z$'s, followed by a systematic sample. \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 45003, \"OwnerUserId\": 45003, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 130524, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling and design problem\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><multivariate-analysis><experiment-design><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose there are quite many (hundreds/thousands) variables, $X_1$,...,$X_m$, in a computer model\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-02T15:03:47.913000\", \"AccountId\": 5722417.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eridk Poliruyt\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 119029, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 119007, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Thompson, 1987, doesn't address this directly, but did consider an algorithm for specific configu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-19T01:38:43.863000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 57692, \"OwnerUserId\": 57692, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 119029, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sample Size Determination for Multinomial Proportions\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><sample-size><multinomial-distribution><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a number of samples of different sizes from a population of unknown size. The data are mar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-18T21:20:58.487000\", \"AccountId\": 6810667.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nate Hutchinson\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 93438, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 93391, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Original Answer</strong>: <s>There is no benefit to under- or over-sampling either group<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-08T03:01:36.637000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 30154, \"OwnerUserId\": 30154, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 93438, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is oversampling done for Cox regression data?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><survival><cox-model><oversampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset consisting of about 48000 people, about 40,000 of which die before the end of th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-09T20:43:47.073000\", \"AccountId\": 3124141.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rk567\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 102154, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 101888, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There are situations where it can be much better to take multiple samples of a population rather \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-11T18:13:24.987000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 47134, \"OwnerUserId\": 47134, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 101895, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why take multiple samples from a population?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><econometrics><sample-size><sample><population>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm fairly new to Econometrics, and I'm curious about, when trying to estimate the population par\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-08T23:31:43.397000\", \"AccountId\": 5531719.0, \"DisplayName\": \"randomUser47534\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 100669, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 100645, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Edit: Each scenario has a sampling frame, and a random sample was taken from that frame. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T03:18:49.590000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 43043, \"OwnerUserId\": 43043, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 100669, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is this a Random or Purposive Sample? Inclusion-Exclusion Criteria and the Sampling Frame\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><sample><assumptions>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Introduction</strong> \\nI am confused about when a sample is a random sample (i.e. probabi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-29T02:45:05.407000\", \"AccountId\": 5460697.0, \"DisplayName\": \"coip\", \"Location\": \"USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 62326, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 61815, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The goal is to get good estimates and decent standard errors.</p>\\n\\n<p>First, sort by x; then syst\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-20T16:32:31.230000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24380, \"OwnerUserId\": 24380, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multidimensional quantiles\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><quantiles><multidimensional-scaling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 1000 observations with 2 continuous variables :</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Observation ID | X \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-02T17:12:14.847000\", \"AccountId\": 3671135.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ophelie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 105688, \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 105040, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If you had take a random sample of unaffected subjects, it would have been possible to estimate t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-14T22:02:32.813000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 47836, \"OwnerUserId\": 47836, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 105688, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"extrapolation and selection bias\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><bias>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a cohort of patient data.\\nI have 100 Affected and 900 UnAffected</p>\\n\\n<p>I am reassessing \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-20T19:15:37.287000\", \"AccountId\": 241727.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rvidal\", \"Location\": \"Kingston, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://my.biotechlife.net\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24778, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":83,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"Id\": 243325, \"AccountId\": 16408439.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CheeseBurger\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-10T11:07:53.977000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 333378, \"PostId\": 333378, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Whole data-set. You are already splitting your data with leave-one-out CV, you do not need to do any\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-25T07:56:48.990000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333376, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Since you have really small data-set, you can use leave-one-out cross validation.</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 215020, \"PostId\": 333378, \"UserId\": 215020, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Seconded -- leave-one-out CV is an excellent way to deal with this issue. In addition, you could try\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-28T00:37:14.687000\", \"AccountId\": 14533047.0, \"DisplayName\": \"chang_trenton\", \"Location\": \"Ann Arbor, MI\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://trentonchang.org\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ph.D. candidate in Computer Science & Engineering at the University of Michigan, Michigan AI \"}, {\"Id\": 224058, \"PostId\": 333378, \"UserId\": 224058, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the reply! Do you suggest I should run LOO-CV on the whole data set or the randomly selec\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-07T20:29:02.890000\", \"AccountId\": 15456728.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dyluns\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 333376, \"PostId\": 333376, \"UserId\": 224058, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b10eb459-a647-423a-9bd5-919b9974240e\", \"Text\": \"<regression><machine-learning><small-sample>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-25T07:32:04.387000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 224058, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to properly split data for machine learning on small data sets\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><small-sample>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm doing a regression task using machine learning on some small data sets (less than 100) with n\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1315426, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333378, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-25T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1173429, \"PostId\": 333378, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"df623f06-9525-4334-98d2-43ec7ff8c0a1\", \"Text\": \"Since you have really small data-set, you can use leave-one-out cross validation.\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-25T07:56:48.990000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 333856, \"PostId\": 333856, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Trajan please see the edit\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T12:27:28.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333855, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The Ljung Box test does not test for stationarity. It tests if the autocorrelations up to lag m a\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 66869, \"PostId\": 333856, \"UserId\": 66869, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"It is always possible to have a stationary time-series that consists of significant autocorrelation\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-26T11:43:35.933000\", \"AccountId\": 3069453.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Trajan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 333855, \"OwnerUserId\": 66869, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 333856, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Augmented Dickey Fuller Test vs Ljung Box Test\", \"Tags\": \"<stationarity><augmented-dickey-fuller>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When do you use the Augmented Dickey Fuller Test and when do you use the Ljung Box test?</p>\\n<p>W\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T12:13:06.777000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1317324, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333856, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1317473, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333856, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1175229, \"PostId\": 333856, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72063957-4703-45b7-b9c0-dc1f9487a57a\", \"Text\": \"The Ljung Box test does not test for stationarity. It tests if the autocorrelations up to lag m are \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T12:27:28.703000\"}, {\"Id\": 1175234, \"PostId\": 333856, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"335bf05d-e6e1-41ef-bea5-995bbf920a33\", \"Text\": \"The Ljung Box test does not test for stationarity. It tests if the autocorrelations up to lag m are \", \"Comment\": \"added 1753 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T12:58:04.303000\"}, {\"Id\": 1175238, \"PostId\": 333856, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"75bc6163-c9d9-4e0c-85b5-8a4a6e9f8427\", \"Text\": \"The Ljung Box test does not test for stationarity. It tests if the autocorrelations up to lag m are \", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T13:08:29.037000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 333435, \"PostId\": 333435, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@ThePointer please see the edit\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-26T09:24:55.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333431, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>GP takes a function space view, meaning it tries to find the function that maps your features to \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 119922, \"PostId\": 333435, \"UserId\": 119922, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"since mean vector and covariance matrix estimated using kernel function(covariance function)\\\" Pleas\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-30T00:13:41.380000\", \"AccountId\": 8893267.0, \"DisplayName\": \"The Pointer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 333431, \"OwnerUserId\": 119922, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is meant by this idea that a covariance function of a Gaussian process \\\"induces\\\" properties? An\", \"Tags\": \"<stationarity><gaussian-process><covariance-function>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently studying the textbook <em>Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning</em> by Carl Edw\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-26T08:36:48.743000\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1173654, \"PostId\": 333435, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c1e96f8a-9255-44f8-9e01-920d7f9688ce\", \"Text\": \"GP takes a function space view, meaning it tries to find the function that maps your features to you\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-26T09:24:55.823000\"}, {\"Id\": 1173998, \"PostId\": 333435, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bbf4cf07-5e3a-4dd7-bb04-c9d01454ea18\", \"Text\": \"GP takes a function space view, meaning it tries to find the function that maps your features to you\", \"Comment\": \"Added aditional information about the question\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-27T11:49:47.607000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 333859, \"PostId\": 333859, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I was not aware of this paper thank you so much. I gave AR as an example, as far as I understand fro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T13:40:30.033000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 233395, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You need to use expanding window or rolling window, consider below example:</p>\\n<p>Lets say, you \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 65642, \"PostId\": 333859, \"UserId\": 65642, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Although it is definitely valid and standard to do so, you actually do not *need* to use expanding o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-08T14:23:57.243000\", \"AccountId\": 5117955.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Chris Haug\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 2090, \"PostId\": 186484, \"UserId\": 65642, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You're not going to find a philosophical reason related to causality because the HMM does not involv\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-17T12:08:38.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2090, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"HMM: Why are observations conditional on the latent state and not vice versa?\", \"Tags\": \"<references><hidden-markov-model><causality><philosophical>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The model of a HMM consists of a latent Markov chain with state <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$<\", \"AccountId\": 38019.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ziggystar\", \"Location\": \"Kahl , Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 68963, \"PostId\": 253947, \"UserId\": 65642, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You should probably derive the expression for the ACF at lag 1 as a function of the parameters, it's\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-25T12:48:44.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68963, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What causes the degeneration of correlation in a simulated time series?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><arima><autocorrelation><simulation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to simulate an ARMA(1,1) process with the following characteristics: </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li><\", \"AccountId\": 7661399.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jxson99\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 153052, \"PostId\": 238440, \"UserId\": 65642, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why would you ever perform cross validation if in-sample statistical tests of significance were suff\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-08T07:08:40.643000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 153052, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 238512, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does Granger causality imply superior forecasting with ADL over AR models?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><time-series><autoregressive><granger-causality>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two stationary time series, <code>ts1</code> and <code>ts2</code>. I applied <code>granger\", \"AccountId\": 2662426.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Allan_ZA\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 65642, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1175242, \"PostId\": 333859, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"34cf9e93-1015-42bb-a3d8-fc92ed616053\", \"Text\": \"You need to use expanding window or rolling window, consider below example:\\r\\n\\r\\nLets say, you have a \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T13:40:30.033000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 233395, \"OwnerUserId\": 163766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"LASSO: k-fold Cross Validation of AR(p)-process\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><cross-validation><lasso><autoregressive>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>To improve my intuition on shrinkage models, I want to \\\"recode\\\" the lasso by myself. However, I'm\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T11:18:34.933000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1317476, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 233395, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 890990, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 233395, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 891219, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 233395, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 891095, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 233395, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 163766, \"PostId\": 233395, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6732fe71-77f5-40d4-8e8f-2a5b586f203d\", \"Text\": \"LASSO: k-fold Cross Validation of AR(p)-process\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-28T09:26:57.907000\", \"AccountId\": 13316701.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rook1996\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 50882, \"PostId\": 233690, \"UserId\": 163766, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is that question too hard or trivial ?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-08T00:08:34.170000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50882, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 233671, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The ellipses are the equi-value contours of the loss, and the blue shapes are the regions of the \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 233671, \"OwnerUserId\": 163766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 234947, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The graphical intuiton of the LASSO in case p=2\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><optimization><lasso><regularization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Since this question was already ask <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/348308/gra\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-06T10:17:24.853000\"}], \"AccountId\": 4295573.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ami Tavory\", \"Location\": \"Tel Aviv, Israel\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Meta Research, Central Applied Science</p>\\n<p>PhD holder in EE</p>\\n<p>Interests: machine learning\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 444897, \"UserId\": 163766, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-09-05T07:47:14.697000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 232756, \"PostId\": 232756, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5e18d070-77ab-4d31-8f61-ceda0cc66246\", \"Text\": \"LASSO: selection of pentalty term: \\\"one-standard-error\\\" rule\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-28T09:38:15.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 163766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"LASSO: selection of penalty term: \\\"one-standard-error\\\" rule\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><references><model-selection><lasso>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm studying LASSO regression, in particular the choice of the optimal tuning parameter.</p>\\n\\n<p>\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 809382, \"PostId\": 232756, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5b859331-3af5-4ed4-80dc-4e93330741ab\", \"Text\": \"I'm studying LASSO regression, in particular the choice of the optimal tuning parameter.\\r\\n\\r\\nThe `glm\", \"Comment\": \"added 269 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-28T21:59:08.853000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 811406, \"PostId\": 233395, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6732fe71-77f5-40d4-8e8f-2a5b586f203d\", \"Text\": \"To improve my intuition on shrinkage models, I want to \\\"recode\\\" the lasso by myself. However, I'm at\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T11:18:34.933000\"}, {\"Id\": 811407, \"PostId\": 233395, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6732fe71-77f5-40d4-8e8f-2a5b586f203d\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><time-series><forecasting><lasso>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T11:18:34.933000\"}, {\"Id\": 236153, \"PostId\": 236153, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c525a673-1915-4bd3-bb06-2e9f4ed13c48\", \"Text\": \"I am dealing with the LASSO regression in (pure AR-regressions) context. I have a lot of observation\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-29T11:46:04.400000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 163766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can I split my time-series data into Train/Validation and Test set to apply Rolling Window\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><time-series><forecasting><lasso>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am dealing with the LASSO regression in (pure AR-regressions) context. I have a lot of observat\"}, {\"Id\": 235561, \"PostId\": 235561, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c0dfbfa6-2f43-46a3-baa3-7ac3ebb43436\", \"Text\": \"<regression><machine-learning><lasso><model-comparison>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-23T08:37:08.897000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 163766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it possible to calculte the BIC in LASSO cases if p>n\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><lasso><model-comparison>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I thinks the question should be clear. Is it possible to calculate the BIC criterion in cases whe\"}]}, {\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 233395, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"85706a14-53c2-4e7a-9c11-b17a5395e92a\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><time-series><forecasting><lasso><regularization>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 325218, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/131456/confused-about-0-intercept-in-logistic-regression-i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T14:59:48.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Logistic Regression with dummy variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><multicollinearity><categorical-encoding><intercept>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on a problem where response variable is binary and my features are dummy variables. \", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 4520, \"RelatedPostId\": 95953, \"PostId\": 325218, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-09-25T15:54:18.860000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4520, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 96021, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confused about 0 intercept in logistic regression in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><logistic><interpretation><intercept>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm exploring the effects of removing the intercept in a logistic regression model.</p>\\n\\n<p>Assum\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 74651, \"RelatedPostId\": 95953, \"PostId\": 325218, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-08T07:16:56.690000\"}], \"AccountId\": 160382.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bakaburg\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 79036, \"RelatedPostId\": 149128, \"PostId\": 325218, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-18T17:54:24.853000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 79036, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 149937, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Removing intercept from GLM for multiple factorial predictors only works for first factor in model\", \"Tags\": \"<generalized-linear-model><categorical-data><binomial-distribution><categorical-encoding><intercept>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am running a binomial logistic regression with a logit link function in R. My response is facto\", \"AccountId\": 968456.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MiMi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 31694, \"RelatedPostId\": 157705, \"PostId\": 325218, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-12T08:39:50.430000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 31694, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpreting intercept in logistic regression when there is more than one categorical variable\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><categorical-encoding><intercept>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<pre><code>mydata <- read.csv(\\\"https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/stat/data/binary.csv\\\")\\n#create a binar\", \"AccountId\": 4458031.0, \"DisplayName\": \"SrikanthRaja\", \"Location\": \"Hyderabad, Telangana, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Seeker of truth which includes mathematics and statistics</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 49235, \"RelatedPostId\": 110409, \"PostId\": 325218, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T15:50:02.457000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49235, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 110411, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fitting a Logistic Regression Without an Intercept\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><categorical-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Based on the answer here:\\n<a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/60817/significance-o\", \"AccountId\": 5248692.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Elks\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 213299, \"RelatedPostId\": 285880, \"PostId\": 325218, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-09T20:07:57.980000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 213299, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 285893, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpreting the intercept in logistic regression with a binary variable\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><statistical-significance><categorical-data><interpretation><intercept>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using R to run a logistic regression to analyze how a categorical variable ("population\", \"AccountId\": 16860258.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alex\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 52166, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 52166, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Logistic regression with dummy variables is equivalent to linear discriminant analysis. Inversion of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-27T13:16:51.183000\", \"AccountId\": 6357125.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mike Hunter\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1142474, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0e9c7cfc-273d-4dcd-8cf6-3bc49da2b765\", \"Text\": \"<logistic><multicollinearity><intercept>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T14:59:48.967000\"}, {\"Id\": 1142475, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0e9c7cfc-273d-4dcd-8cf6-3bc49da2b765\", \"Text\": \"I am working on a problem where response variable is binary and my features are dummy variables. I o\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T14:59:48.967000\"}, {\"Id\": 1142476, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0e9c7cfc-273d-4dcd-8cf6-3bc49da2b765\", \"Text\": \"Logistic Regression with dummy variables\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T14:59:48.967000\"}, {\"Id\": 1142492, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"20882d01-56e7-4bac-a147-ffc272f2624c\", \"Text\": \"<logistic><multicollinearity><categorical-encoding><intercept>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T16:22:33.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 1142493, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"20882d01-56e7-4bac-a147-ffc272f2624c\", \"Text\": \"I am working on a problem where response variable is binary and my features are dummy variables. I o\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T16:22:33.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 1142494, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"20882d01-56e7-4bac-a147-ffc272f2624c\", \"Text\": \"Logistic Regression with dummy variables?\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T16:22:33.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"3b2ac7c7-799e-46f3-af06-fe52177f80d7\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"OriginalQuestionIds\\\":[131456],\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":11887,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"kjetil b halvorsen\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":2491\", \"Comment\": \"101\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 811525, \"PostId\": 233395, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 25, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"7335d313-d162-453d-a710-a0a9c2e74b8d\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"https://twitter.com/StackStats/status/1003358388267438081\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T19:30:56.097000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 319684, \"PostId\": 319684, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"These are great suggestions thanks a lot\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-10T12:30:24.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 241653, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 319672, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Creating some aggregate (such as a moving average) of features as a new feature is a perfectly fi\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 241653, \"PostId\": 319684, \"UserId\": 241653, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7ee77173-7ea0-42c5-aadf-a48ed6c41888\", \"Text\": \"Creating some aggregate (such as a moving average) of features as a new feature is a perfectly fine \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-21T10:15:18.160000\", \"AccountId\": 19125933.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Data Man\", \"Location\": \"Zürich, Szwajcaria\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://ondata.blog\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Here is my blog on data, with a few words about me and also the linkedin/email contact informatio\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 440709, \"UserId\": 241653, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-08-04T09:41:50.743000\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 319672, \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Moving Average window\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><moving-average><moving-window>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working with a multivariate time series problem which I try to predict 1 hour in the future.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-10T11:11:50.343000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1122274, \"PostId\": 319672, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e9a6cfc1-c556-47fa-bc11-4de381054021\", \"Text\": \"Moving Average window\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-10T11:11:50.343000\"}, {\"Id\": 1122275, \"PostId\": 319672, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e9a6cfc1-c556-47fa-bc11-4de381054021\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><moving-average><moving-window>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-10T11:11:50.343000\"}, {\"Id\": 1122273, \"PostId\": 319672, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e9a6cfc1-c556-47fa-bc11-4de381054021\", \"Text\": \"I am working with a multivariate time series problem which I try to predict 1 hour in the future. I \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-10T11:11:50.343000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 333786, \"PostId\": 333786, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Since you have imbalanced data, it is best to evaluate the model's performance using precision, reca\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T12:17:41.997000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333785, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>SMOTE creates artificial data-points, and in my opinion, it should always be the last option to t\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 241161, \"PostId\": 333786, \"UserId\": 241161, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"thank for your answer! which matrics would you use to evaluate if the selected feature are good enou\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-15T14:29:00.387000\", \"AccountId\": 18382600.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Luigi87\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 623777, \"PostId\": 333786, \"UserId\": 241161, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"yes I tried with logistic classifier and L1 penalty and grid-search was used for finding the best hy\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T14:22:40.873000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 333785, \"PostId\": 333785, \"UserId\": 241161, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"acce30e5-59e4-4dcf-8e83-3b5f0a2c7606\", \"Text\": \"Should I balance my dataset for binary classification?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T11:36:49.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 241161, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should I balance my dataset for binary classification?\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><python><unbalanced-classes><resampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am running through a binary classification problem.\\nMy target variable is unbalanced the 1s are\"}]}, {\"Id\": 623779, \"PostId\": 333786, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, roc_auc misleads you in case of imbalance, for an example please refer to this link : https://\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T14:25:12.130000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1317161, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333786, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1174949, \"PostId\": 333786, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"91f66f15-aec1-4627-bd12-f2f5d8e8f0d0\", \"Text\": \"SMOTE creates artificial data-points, and in my opinion, it should always be the last option to try.\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T12:17:41.997000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 332588, \"PostId\": 332588, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you so much. I also dumped the tree structures to a txt file to check if there is a problem wi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T12:57:54.750000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 332587, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The path uses two different numeric thresholds (even if "Yes greater than threshold" an\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 621578, \"PostId\": 332588, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I thought \\\"yes\\\" implies condition is met rather than \\\"Yes greater than threshold\\\", which in this exa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T13:33:23.030000\"}, {\"Id\": 58011, \"PostId\": 332588, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Sorry, perhaps I did not look carefully enough. If that is really what the visualization means, then\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-23T14:39:03.497000\", \"AccountId\": 6835077.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Björn\", \"Location\": \"Europe\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Biostatistician working in pharmaceutical drug development with an interest in Bayesian statistic\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1170442, \"PostId\": 332588, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c193d1fe-8f3c-4f9c-83db-368bfd4c92fa\", \"Text\": \"The path uses two different numeric thresholds (even if \\\"Yes greater than threshold\\\" and \\\"missing\\\" b\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T12:57:54.750000\"}, {\"Id\": 213569, \"PostId\": 213569, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ec91b475-3036-4a7c-975c-992bcc563be6\", \"Text\": \"Firstly, a method that first looks at univariate correlations for pre-identifying things that should\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-07T09:46:55.200000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 213565, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Firstly, a method that first looks at univariate correlations for pre-identifying things that sho\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 10594, \"OwnerUserId\": 10594, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 213569, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can random forest based feature selection method be used for multiple regression in machine learning\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><multiple-regression><feature-selection><random-forest><boruta>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to have a good feature selection method for a continuous response variable, over aro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-30T08:19:16.923000\", \"AccountId\": 1796034.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tiantianchen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 180103, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 180089, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Yes, any transformation of the times that preserves the order of the events leaves the estimated \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-24T20:33:06.350000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17007, \"OwnerUserId\": 17007, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 180103, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is the coefficient from Cox Regression scale invariant?\", \"Tags\": \"<survival><cox-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am new to Cox regression / survival analysis, and I wonder whether the coefficient in Cox regre\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-18T15:53:29.877000\", \"AccountId\": 2409199.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tomka\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 262903, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 262900, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You don't interpret whether some p-values are smaller or larger than each other, that's a meanin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-06T20:58:17.927000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 98342, \"OwnerUserId\": 98342, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to understand pvalue with controls/covariates\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><p-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a study with a response variable <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$y$</span> and two e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-06T06:02:02.600000\", \"AccountId\": 63920.0, \"DisplayName\": \"abalter\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://arielbalter.com\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 330424, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 330062, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>To some extent, it depends on how well each of these ideas performs. Of course, it's pretty expen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-24T11:15:27.550000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 176932, \"OwnerUserId\": 176932, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to detrend in a stacked model?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><time-series><boosting><stacking>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have user data (x) for customers (i) in the period between 2010 and 2020 (t). I want \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-10T18:58:31.300000\", \"AccountId\": 13674803.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michieldo\", \"Location\": \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.churned.nl\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 332587, \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"XGBoost best tree path\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><boosting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I observed something that I could not make sense. Best tree inside the model uses same feature tw\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T12:45:59.173000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1170439, \"PostId\": 332587, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c846f805-024d-4729-8f40-1e8bffe9e247\", \"Text\": \"I observed something that I could not make sense. Best tree inside the model uses same feature twice\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T12:45:59.173000\"}, {\"Id\": 1170440, \"PostId\": 332587, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c846f805-024d-4729-8f40-1e8bffe9e247\", \"Text\": \"<classification><boosting>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T12:45:59.173000\"}, {\"Id\": 1170441, \"PostId\": 332587, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c846f805-024d-4729-8f40-1e8bffe9e247\", \"Text\": \"XGBoost best tree path\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T12:45:59.173000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 332673, \"PostId\": 332673, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"please see the edit\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T08:01:59.790000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 332672, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I do not know if I am getting your question correct. But from what I understand you can train all\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 247456, \"PostId\": 332673, \"UserId\": 247456, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the answer! I do not understand why there are 2 approaches. My intent is to get a \\\"better\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-01T13:37:04.807000\", \"AccountId\": 19478955.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mar_ey\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 621763, \"PostId\": 332673, \"UserId\": 247456, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks, that helps a lot! I have a little question considering \\\"freeze the weights of all layers jus\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T09:22:19.740000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 332672, \"OwnerUserId\": 247456, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 332673, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to Transfer Learning with Autoencoders?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><neural-networks><transfer-learning>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been thinking to train a variational autoencoder on a larger texture dataset, so that I ca\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T07:38:51.947000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 621765, \"PostId\": 332673, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"you should freeze \\\"the whole encoder and just train the bottleneck and decoder layers on the sub-top\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T09:24:23.420000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1312691, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 332673, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1312692, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 332673, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1170794, \"PostId\": 332673, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7119e307-d421-4c6f-b300-43c1b7bb3912\", \"Text\": \"I do not know if I am getting your question correct. But from what I understand you can train all la\", \"Comment\": \"Added answer for follow-up question\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T09:09:14.977000\"}, {\"Id\": 1170775, \"PostId\": 332673, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a39ba33-ad0a-4ea0-bd38-b5795c0673f5\", \"Text\": \"I do not know if I am getting your question correct. But from what I understand you can train all la\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T08:01:59.790000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 63493, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You can find my time series notes in this link, there is a extensive and I believe reader friendly c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-08T22:14:00.313000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Better understanding of GARCH and ARCH models\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><garch>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to make a function that does GARCH and ARCH in python for calculating variance. But I only\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 5885, \"RelatedPostId\": 18404, \"PostId\": 63493, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-19T01:37:09.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5885, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 18407, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Books for self-studying time series analysis?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><self-study><references>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I started by Time Series Analysis by Hamilton, but I am lost hopelessly. This book is really too \", \"AccountId\": 239531.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CuriousMind\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 35995, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 35995, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Have you tried reading some [time series textbooks](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/20514)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-08T10:57:13.613000\", \"AccountId\": 4441196.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Richard Hardy\", \"Location\": \"Europe\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ph.D., associate professor with work experience in finance.</p>\\n<p>Interests: financial econometr\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1174571, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 35995, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"697c6504-98ca-4cc2-b02e-31a2aa23b6a6\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><garch>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-29T10:29:02.570000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1199330, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 237987, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-08T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 498213, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-11T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 362789, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-10T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 237994, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-08T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1065656, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-10T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1243582, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-17T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 406335, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-09T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 206389, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 25, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"492afc11-f3a6-45ad-9003-a6159f0eb6c0\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"http://twitter.com/#!/StackStats/status/421093252117565440\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-09T01:37:09.560000\"}, {\"Id\": 25427, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4011435f-7ac2-49fe-aed2-faf96385694e\", \"Text\": \"I want to make a function that does GARCH and ARCH in python for calculating variance. But I only ha\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-04T10:48:17.123000\", \"AccountId\": 3808193.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ccsv\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>New to programming</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 66722, \"PostId\": 66722, \"UserId\": 25427, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@JoshHermann For the third point see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/20919719/python-numpy-iterat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-16T09:29:15.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Improving Python Exponential smoothing\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><python><exponential-smoothing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am going to improve my code to the Exponential smoothing I submitted to Statsmodel which can be\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 95174, \"UserId\": 25427, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-01-04T10:50:04.437000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 104647, \"PostId\": 104647, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c298ef6c-1f51-4111-a778-09705b56bc87\", \"Text\": \"You can use the STL package to decompose the season of a timeseries\\r\\n\\r\\nhttps://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-05T07:05:01.293000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 104633, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can use the STL package to decompose the season of a timeseries</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://stat\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 48719, \"OwnerUserId\": 48719, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 104647, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can I produce a de-seasonalized time series in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><seasonality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a time series of hourly activity levels for a period of about 2 months (1704 observations)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-05T01:51:00.593000\", \"AccountId\": 6086912.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sitka\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 74723, \"PostId\": 74723, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d1f7d736-ce16-4380-bdfd-d85cfabd75ab\", \"Text\": \"Test it on several known datasets and use them as benchmarks. Such as the iris dataset http://en.wik\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-13T08:10:14.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 74561, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Test it on several known datasets and use them as benchmarks. Such as the iris dataset <a href=\\\"h\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 21413, \"OwnerUserId\": 21413, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to test the robustness and the performance of a novel classification algorithm?\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><algorithms><validation><robust><model-evaluation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose you have a new algorithm that you want to publish. Are there any best practices and metho\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-09-04T13:03:48.997000\", \"AccountId\": 18348.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gc5\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 90556, \"PostId\": 90556, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c7821ada-7621-441a-a63c-55fa9bbe2ea7\", \"Text\": \"Scale is usually a range or a metric of measurement that everything fits in to avoid large calculati\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-07T13:27:42.500000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 90534, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Scale is usually a range or a metric of measurement that everything fits in to avoid large calcul\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 22671, \"OwnerUserId\": 22671, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Scales of Measurement\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><scales><descriptive-statistics><measurement>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>when we use the term \\\" scales of measurement\\\", what do we mean </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>by <em>scale</em> <\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-14T07:07:18.920000\", \"AccountId\": 3068082.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user 31466\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 103424, \"PostId\": 103424, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"32340897-15a0-4070-8283-e4aefa43c015\", \"Text\": \"Before you do an ARIMA model you have to check if the data is be stationary and if any seasonality s\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-24T06:42:54.150000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103391, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Before you do an ARIMA model you have to check if the data is be stationary and if any seasonalit\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 31851, \"OwnerUserId\": 31851, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"non-normal residuals in ARIMA\", \"Tags\": \"<arima><residuals><normality-assumption>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to fit an ARIMA model and I have already evaluated a few variations which I finally s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-15T12:32:10.840000\", \"AccountId\": 1125869.0, \"DisplayName\": \"m3div0\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 206362, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4011435f-7ac2-49fe-aed2-faf96385694e\", \"Text\": \"Better understanding of GARCH and ARCH models\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-08T22:14:00.313000\"}, {\"Id\": 206363, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4011435f-7ac2-49fe-aed2-faf96385694e\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><garch><order-statistics>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-08T22:14:00.313000\"}, {\"Id\": 90558, \"PostId\": 90558, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e2172a33-627c-4a5f-951a-8e5b2ea9b0d7\", \"Text\": \"You can use either cross validation(k-fold cross-validation) or brute force using methods such as gr\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-07T13:40:19.277000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 90361, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can use either cross validation(k-fold cross-validation) or brute force using methods such as\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 10945, \"OwnerUserId\": 10945, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 90558, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are there optimization methods for k-NN parameter $k$?\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><k-nearest-neighbour>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Currently I am just go through from the min to the max, and determine $k$ by the performance. I a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-17T01:37:54.140000\", \"AccountId\": 1644566.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CyberPlayerOne\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 103427, \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103302, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The easiest thing to do would be to first bin your data by age groups.</p>\\n\\n<p>Then for disease a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-24T07:38:44.323000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 47944, \"OwnerUserId\": 47944, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 103427, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Getting the optimal age cut off\", \"Tags\": \"<roc><age>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working with a database of diseased and non-diseased patients. \\nI would like to recommend an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-23T05:21:08.910000\", \"AccountId\": 5983529.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bluemudpie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}, {\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"f435f4a0-a4ad-4138-9a54-965c7c252de5\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":53690,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Richard Hardy\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"104\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 463244, \"UserId\": 243325, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-12-30T04:02:52.307000\"}, {\"Id\": 461775, \"UserId\": 243325, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-12-17T09:10:20.993000\"}, {\"Id\": 461777, \"UserId\": 243325, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Teacher\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-12-17T09:17:25.727000\"}, {\"Id\": 461791, \"UserId\": 243325, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Custodian\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-12-17T10:16:36.613000\"}, {\"Id\": 441577, \"UserId\": 243325, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-08-10T12:35:47.567000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 333344, \"PostId\": 333344, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dbb8bb1c-620d-4912-93d4-93294af9b58c\", \"Text\": \"You can use optuna for this: https://optuna.org\\r\\n\\r\\nIts a bayesian optimization framework generally u\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T17:12:47.127000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333319, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can use optuna for this: <a href=\\\"https://optuna.org\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">https://optun\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1173309, \"PostId\": 333344, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2d495328-3ef5-4492-b9ba-c7f9b09b54db\", \"Text\": \"You can use optuna for this: https://optuna.org\\r\\n\\r\\nIts a bayesian optimization framework generally u\", \"Comment\": \"added 128 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T17:19:17.773000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 254755, \"OwnerUserId\": 254755, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Find optimal weights for a regression model with some restrictions\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><python><regression-coefficients><recommender-system>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have created a hybrid recommendation system which contains 4 recommendation models.</p>\\n<p>In m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T08:02:28.443000\", \"AccountId\": 13969476.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mpountou\", \"Location\": \"Greece\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Programming is a constant learning experience</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 333347, \"PostId\": 333347, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5fa46c5b-74f8-4769-b4cd-b09af161348b\", \"Text\": \"There is an output for every node, referred as hidden state in vanilla RNN (LSTM nodes has 2 outputs\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T17:31:59.660000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333340, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is an output for every node, referred as hidden state in vanilla RNN (LSTM nodes has 2 outp\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1316994, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333347, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1317015, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333347, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1315106, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333347, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 333340, \"OwnerUserId\": 254629, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 333347, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"RNN functionality and outputs\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks><lstm><recurrent-neural-network>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a very basic question about the functionality of RNN / LSTM. My question is about the RNN\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T16:50:40.160000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 254629, \"PostId\": 333340, \"UserId\": 254629, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e14a6d39-5253-4122-ba4a-aeb1dadf0c57\", \"Text\": \"<neural-networks><lstm><recurrent-neural-network>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-22T22:50:09.957000\", \"AccountId\": 4589198.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Steve\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}, {\"Id\": 332681, \"PostId\": 332681, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7625e7af-0a2a-413c-9507-b56ddd8a7bb6\", \"Text\": \"I think what you are doing is unnecessary.\\r\\n\\r\\nEncoding of categorical features heavily depends on mo\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T09:37:29.810000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 247474, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think what you are doing is unnecessary.</p>\\n<p>Encoding of categorical features heavily depend\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1312674, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 332681, \"VoteTypeId\": 16, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1312677, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 332681, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1170807, \"PostId\": 332681, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"04d855b8-76f8-48ac-927b-99671a924c36\", \"Text\": \"I think what you are doing is unnecessary.\\r\\n\\r\\nEncoding of categorical features heavily depends on mo\", \"Comment\": \"added 39 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T09:43:16.707000\"}, {\"Id\": 45362, \"PostId\": 332681, \"UserId\": 45362, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"89ef56f8-73ec-4706-96a6-fc05058a1b6f\", \"Text\": \"I think what you are doing is unnecessary.\\r\\n\\r\\nEncoding of categorical features heavily depends on mo\", \"Comment\": \"Code highlighting.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-08T10:10:22.693000\", \"AccountId\": 5370370.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fato39\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1170823, \"PostId\": 332681, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 24, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"89ef56f8-73ec-4706-96a6-fc05058a1b6f\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"Proposed by 68423 approved by 293623 edit id of 37413\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T10:14:02.050000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 247474, \"OwnerUserId\": 177258, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using categorical feature as both a continuous feature, and also doing One hot encoding. Is this ove\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><feature-selection><feature-engineering>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on a Machine Learning regression problem, with a data-set where I have data from a p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-14T00:02:36.853000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 177258, \"PostId\": 247474, \"UserId\": 177258, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"71c67e84-0b10-43a0-b16a-664003ced6a4\", \"Text\": \"I am working on a Machine Learning regression problem, with a data-set where I have data from a peri\", \"Comment\": \"added 4 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-13T23:22:28.243000\", \"AccountId\": 14457920.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stats_nerd\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}, {\"Id\": 333853, \"PostId\": 333853, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d3f850b-4885-40bd-b9a8-948af3f3b526\", \"Text\": \"In the paper it emphasizes: \\r\\n\\r\\n\\\"When the rate k is adjusted, the offset parameter m\\r\\nmust also be a\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T11:30:55.547000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 334085, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Adjustment factor in logistic growth model of facebook-prophet\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><growth-model><logistic-curve><prophet>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the paper it emphasizes:</p>\\n<p>"When the rate k is adjusted, the offset parameter m\\nmust\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1317505, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333853, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1175208, \"PostId\": 333853, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d3f850b-4885-40bd-b9a8-948af3f3b526\", \"Text\": \"Adjustment factor in logistic growth model of facebook-prophet\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T11:30:55.547000\"}, {\"Id\": 1175209, \"PostId\": 333853, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d3f850b-4885-40bd-b9a8-948af3f3b526\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><growth-model><logistic-curve><prophet>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T11:30:55.547000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 323772, \"PostId\": 323772, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f4d325af-578c-4bcc-b169-db9b5a6bde04\", \"Text\": \"I am confused about k-fold stacking. Should we train all the base learners on same folds? I mean is \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-18T07:57:04.283000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should we train base learners on same folds when we stack different models?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><stacking>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am confused about k-fold stacking. Should we train all the base learners on same folds? I mean \", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1273008, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 323772, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-18T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1137140, \"PostId\": 323772, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f4d325af-578c-4bcc-b169-db9b5a6bde04\", \"Text\": \"Should we train base learners on same folds when we stack different models\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-18T07:57:04.283000\"}, {\"Id\": 1137141, \"PostId\": 323772, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f4d325af-578c-4bcc-b169-db9b5a6bde04\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><stacking>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-18T07:57:04.283000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 333336, \"PostId\": 333336, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"24304d8d-00aa-4463-ae5e-52a1816e5a55\", \"Text\": \"Default logistic regression minimizes below function:\\r\\n\\r\\n$L(f(X, \\\\beta), Y) = \\\\frac{1}{N} \\\\Sigma_i^N\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T15:38:59.810000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333325, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Default logistic regression minimizes below function:</p>\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$L(f(X,\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 333325, \"OwnerUserId\": 254758, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the algorithm to solve logistic regression with lasso a.k.a $L_1$ regularization?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><logistic><classification><lasso><regularization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>what is the procedure/algorithm for a logistic regression with a penalty on the <span class=\\\"math\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T10:51:44.183000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 254758, \"PostId\": 333325, \"UserId\": 254758, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2050d35c-4467-4c39-bbbe-0d537f9e6c17\", \"Text\": \"what is the procedure/algorithm please for a logistic regression with a penalty by the l1 norm? \\r\\n\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T10:51:44.183000\", \"AccountId\": 19454948.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Marcel\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1173240, \"PostId\": 333325, \"UserId\": 254758, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2050d35c-4467-4c39-bbbe-0d537f9e6c17\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><logistic><classification><lasso><regularization>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T10:51:44.183000\"}, {\"Id\": 1173241, \"PostId\": 333325, \"UserId\": 254758, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2050d35c-4467-4c39-bbbe-0d537f9e6c17\", \"Text\": \"Logistic regression with regularization\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T10:51:44.183000\"}]}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"Id\": 243325, \"AccountId\": 16408439.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CheeseBurger\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-10T11:07:53.977000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 333378, \"PostId\": 333378, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Whole data-set. You are already splitting your data with leave-one-out CV, you do not need to do any\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-25T07:56:48.990000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333376, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Since you have really small data-set, you can use leave-one-out cross validation.</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 215020, \"PostId\": 333378, \"UserId\": 215020, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Seconded -- leave-one-out CV is an excellent way to deal with this issue. In addition, you could try\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-28T00:37:14.687000\", \"AccountId\": 14533047.0, \"DisplayName\": \"chang_trenton\", \"Location\": \"Ann Arbor, MI\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://trentonchang.org\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ph.D. candidate in Computer Science & Engineering at the University of Michigan, Michigan AI \"}, {\"Id\": 224058, \"PostId\": 333378, \"UserId\": 224058, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the reply! Do you suggest I should run LOO-CV on the whole data set or the randomly selec\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-07T20:29:02.890000\", \"AccountId\": 15456728.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dyluns\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 333376, \"PostId\": 333376, \"UserId\": 224058, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b10eb459-a647-423a-9bd5-919b9974240e\", \"Text\": \"<regression><machine-learning><small-sample>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-25T07:32:04.387000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 224058, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to properly split data for machine learning on small data sets\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><small-sample>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm doing a regression task using machine learning on some small data sets (less than 100) with n\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1315426, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333378, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-25T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1173429, \"PostId\": 333378, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"df623f06-9525-4334-98d2-43ec7ff8c0a1\", \"Text\": \"Since you have really small data-set, you can use leave-one-out cross validation.\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-25T07:56:48.990000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 333856, \"PostId\": 333856, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Trajan please see the edit\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T12:27:28.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333855, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The Ljung Box test does not test for stationarity. It tests if the autocorrelations up to lag m a\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 66869, \"PostId\": 333856, \"UserId\": 66869, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"It is always possible to have a stationary time-series that consists of significant autocorrelation\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-26T11:43:35.933000\", \"AccountId\": 3069453.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Trajan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 333855, \"OwnerUserId\": 66869, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 333856, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Augmented Dickey Fuller Test vs Ljung Box Test\", \"Tags\": \"<stationarity><augmented-dickey-fuller>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When do you use the Augmented Dickey Fuller Test and when do you use the Ljung Box test?</p>\\n<p>W\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T12:13:06.777000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1317324, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333856, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1317473, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333856, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1175229, \"PostId\": 333856, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72063957-4703-45b7-b9c0-dc1f9487a57a\", \"Text\": \"The Ljung Box test does not test for stationarity. It tests if the autocorrelations up to lag m are \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T12:27:28.703000\"}, {\"Id\": 1175234, \"PostId\": 333856, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"335bf05d-e6e1-41ef-bea5-995bbf920a33\", \"Text\": \"The Ljung Box test does not test for stationarity. It tests if the autocorrelations up to lag m are \", \"Comment\": \"added 1753 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T12:58:04.303000\"}, {\"Id\": 1175238, \"PostId\": 333856, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"75bc6163-c9d9-4e0c-85b5-8a4a6e9f8427\", \"Text\": \"The Ljung Box test does not test for stationarity. It tests if the autocorrelations up to lag m are \", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T13:08:29.037000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 333435, \"PostId\": 333435, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@ThePointer please see the edit\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-26T09:24:55.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333431, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>GP takes a function space view, meaning it tries to find the function that maps your features to \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 119922, \"PostId\": 333435, \"UserId\": 119922, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"since mean vector and covariance matrix estimated using kernel function(covariance function)\\\" Pleas\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-30T00:13:41.380000\", \"AccountId\": 8893267.0, \"DisplayName\": \"The Pointer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 333431, \"OwnerUserId\": 119922, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is meant by this idea that a covariance function of a Gaussian process \\\"induces\\\" properties? An\", \"Tags\": \"<stationarity><gaussian-process><covariance-function>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently studying the textbook <em>Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning</em> by Carl Edw\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-26T08:36:48.743000\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1173654, \"PostId\": 333435, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c1e96f8a-9255-44f8-9e01-920d7f9688ce\", \"Text\": \"GP takes a function space view, meaning it tries to find the function that maps your features to you\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-26T09:24:55.823000\"}, {\"Id\": 1173998, \"PostId\": 333435, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bbf4cf07-5e3a-4dd7-bb04-c9d01454ea18\", \"Text\": \"GP takes a function space view, meaning it tries to find the function that maps your features to you\", \"Comment\": \"Added aditional information about the question\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-27T11:49:47.607000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 333859, \"PostId\": 333859, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I was not aware of this paper thank you so much. I gave AR as an example, as far as I understand fro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T13:40:30.033000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 233395, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You need to use expanding window or rolling window, consider below example:</p>\\n<p>Lets say, you \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 65642, \"PostId\": 333859, \"UserId\": 65642, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Although it is definitely valid and standard to do so, you actually do not *need* to use expanding o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-08T14:23:57.243000\", \"AccountId\": 5117955.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Chris Haug\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 2090, \"PostId\": 186484, \"UserId\": 65642, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You're not going to find a philosophical reason related to causality because the HMM does not involv\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-17T12:08:38.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2090, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"HMM: Why are observations conditional on the latent state and not vice versa?\", \"Tags\": \"<references><hidden-markov-model><causality><philosophical>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The model of a HMM consists of a latent Markov chain with state <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$<\", \"AccountId\": 38019.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ziggystar\", \"Location\": \"Kahl , Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 68963, \"PostId\": 253947, \"UserId\": 65642, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You should probably derive the expression for the ACF at lag 1 as a function of the parameters, it's\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-25T12:48:44.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68963, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What causes the degeneration of correlation in a simulated time series?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><arima><autocorrelation><simulation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to simulate an ARMA(1,1) process with the following characteristics: </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li><\", \"AccountId\": 7661399.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jxson99\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 153052, \"PostId\": 238440, \"UserId\": 65642, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why would you ever perform cross validation if in-sample statistical tests of significance were suff\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-08T07:08:40.643000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 153052, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 238512, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does Granger causality imply superior forecasting with ADL over AR models?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><time-series><autoregressive><granger-causality>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two stationary time series, <code>ts1</code> and <code>ts2</code>. I applied <code>granger\", \"AccountId\": 2662426.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Allan_ZA\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 65642, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1175242, \"PostId\": 333859, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"34cf9e93-1015-42bb-a3d8-fc92ed616053\", \"Text\": \"You need to use expanding window or rolling window, consider below example:\\r\\n\\r\\nLets say, you have a \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T13:40:30.033000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 233395, \"OwnerUserId\": 163766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"LASSO: k-fold Cross Validation of AR(p)-process\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><cross-validation><lasso><autoregressive>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>To improve my intuition on shrinkage models, I want to \\\"recode\\\" the lasso by myself. However, I'm\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T11:18:34.933000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1317476, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 233395, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 890990, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 233395, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 891219, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 233395, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 891095, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 233395, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 163766, \"PostId\": 233395, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6732fe71-77f5-40d4-8e8f-2a5b586f203d\", \"Text\": \"LASSO: k-fold Cross Validation of AR(p)-process\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-28T09:26:57.907000\", \"AccountId\": 13316701.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rook1996\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 50882, \"PostId\": 233690, \"UserId\": 163766, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is that question too hard or trivial ?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-08T00:08:34.170000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50882, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 233671, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The ellipses are the equi-value contours of the loss, and the blue shapes are the regions of the \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 233671, \"OwnerUserId\": 163766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 234947, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The graphical intuiton of the LASSO in case p=2\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><optimization><lasso><regularization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Since this question was already ask <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/348308/gra\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-06T10:17:24.853000\"}], \"AccountId\": 4295573.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ami Tavory\", \"Location\": \"Tel Aviv, Israel\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Meta Research, Central Applied Science</p>\\n<p>PhD holder in EE</p>\\n<p>Interests: machine learning\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 444897, \"UserId\": 163766, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-09-05T07:47:14.697000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 232756, \"PostId\": 232756, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5e18d070-77ab-4d31-8f61-ceda0cc66246\", \"Text\": \"LASSO: selection of pentalty term: \\\"one-standard-error\\\" rule\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-28T09:38:15.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 163766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"LASSO: selection of penalty term: \\\"one-standard-error\\\" rule\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><references><model-selection><lasso>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm studying LASSO regression, in particular the choice of the optimal tuning parameter.</p>\\n\\n<p>\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 809382, \"PostId\": 232756, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5b859331-3af5-4ed4-80dc-4e93330741ab\", \"Text\": \"I'm studying LASSO regression, in particular the choice of the optimal tuning parameter.\\r\\n\\r\\nThe `glm\", \"Comment\": \"added 269 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-28T21:59:08.853000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 811406, \"PostId\": 233395, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6732fe71-77f5-40d4-8e8f-2a5b586f203d\", \"Text\": \"To improve my intuition on shrinkage models, I want to \\\"recode\\\" the lasso by myself. However, I'm at\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T11:18:34.933000\"}, {\"Id\": 811407, \"PostId\": 233395, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6732fe71-77f5-40d4-8e8f-2a5b586f203d\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><time-series><forecasting><lasso>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T11:18:34.933000\"}, {\"Id\": 236153, \"PostId\": 236153, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c525a673-1915-4bd3-bb06-2e9f4ed13c48\", \"Text\": \"I am dealing with the LASSO regression in (pure AR-regressions) context. I have a lot of observation\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-29T11:46:04.400000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 163766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can I split my time-series data into Train/Validation and Test set to apply Rolling Window\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><time-series><forecasting><lasso>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am dealing with the LASSO regression in (pure AR-regressions) context. I have a lot of observat\"}, {\"Id\": 235561, \"PostId\": 235561, \"UserId\": 163766, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c0dfbfa6-2f43-46a3-baa3-7ac3ebb43436\", \"Text\": \"<regression><machine-learning><lasso><model-comparison>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-23T08:37:08.897000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 163766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it possible to calculte the BIC in LASSO cases if p>n\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><lasso><model-comparison>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I thinks the question should be clear. Is it possible to calculate the BIC criterion in cases whe\"}]}, {\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 233395, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"85706a14-53c2-4e7a-9c11-b17a5395e92a\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><time-series><forecasting><lasso><regularization>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 325218, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/131456/confused-about-0-intercept-in-logistic-regression-i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T14:59:48.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Logistic Regression with dummy variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><multicollinearity><categorical-encoding><intercept>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on a problem where response variable is binary and my features are dummy variables. \", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 4520, \"RelatedPostId\": 95953, \"PostId\": 325218, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-09-25T15:54:18.860000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4520, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 96021, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confused about 0 intercept in logistic regression in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><logistic><interpretation><intercept>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm exploring the effects of removing the intercept in a logistic regression model.</p>\\n\\n<p>Assum\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 74651, \"RelatedPostId\": 95953, \"PostId\": 325218, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-08T07:16:56.690000\"}], \"AccountId\": 160382.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bakaburg\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 79036, \"RelatedPostId\": 149128, \"PostId\": 325218, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-18T17:54:24.853000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 79036, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 149937, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Removing intercept from GLM for multiple factorial predictors only works for first factor in model\", \"Tags\": \"<generalized-linear-model><categorical-data><binomial-distribution><categorical-encoding><intercept>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am running a binomial logistic regression with a logit link function in R. My response is facto\", \"AccountId\": 968456.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MiMi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 31694, \"RelatedPostId\": 157705, \"PostId\": 325218, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-12T08:39:50.430000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 31694, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpreting intercept in logistic regression when there is more than one categorical variable\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><categorical-encoding><intercept>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<pre><code>mydata <- read.csv(\\\"https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/stat/data/binary.csv\\\")\\n#create a binar\", \"AccountId\": 4458031.0, \"DisplayName\": \"SrikanthRaja\", \"Location\": \"Hyderabad, Telangana, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Seeker of truth which includes mathematics and statistics</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 49235, \"RelatedPostId\": 110409, \"PostId\": 325218, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T15:50:02.457000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49235, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 110411, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fitting a Logistic Regression Without an Intercept\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><categorical-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Based on the answer here:\\n<a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/60817/significance-o\", \"AccountId\": 5248692.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Elks\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 213299, \"RelatedPostId\": 285880, \"PostId\": 325218, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-09T20:07:57.980000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 213299, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 285893, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpreting the intercept in logistic regression with a binary variable\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><statistical-significance><categorical-data><interpretation><intercept>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using R to run a logistic regression to analyze how a categorical variable ("population\", \"AccountId\": 16860258.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alex\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 52166, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 52166, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Logistic regression with dummy variables is equivalent to linear discriminant analysis. Inversion of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-27T13:16:51.183000\", \"AccountId\": 6357125.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mike Hunter\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1142474, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0e9c7cfc-273d-4dcd-8cf6-3bc49da2b765\", \"Text\": \"<logistic><multicollinearity><intercept>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T14:59:48.967000\"}, {\"Id\": 1142475, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0e9c7cfc-273d-4dcd-8cf6-3bc49da2b765\", \"Text\": \"I am working on a problem where response variable is binary and my features are dummy variables. I o\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T14:59:48.967000\"}, {\"Id\": 1142476, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0e9c7cfc-273d-4dcd-8cf6-3bc49da2b765\", \"Text\": \"Logistic Regression with dummy variables\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T14:59:48.967000\"}, {\"Id\": 1142492, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"20882d01-56e7-4bac-a147-ffc272f2624c\", \"Text\": \"<logistic><multicollinearity><categorical-encoding><intercept>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T16:22:33.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 1142493, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"20882d01-56e7-4bac-a147-ffc272f2624c\", \"Text\": \"I am working on a problem where response variable is binary and my features are dummy variables. I o\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T16:22:33.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 1142494, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"20882d01-56e7-4bac-a147-ffc272f2624c\", \"Text\": \"Logistic Regression with dummy variables?\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T16:22:33.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"3b2ac7c7-799e-46f3-af06-fe52177f80d7\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"OriginalQuestionIds\\\":[131456],\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":11887,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"kjetil b halvorsen\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":2491\", \"Comment\": \"101\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 811525, \"PostId\": 233395, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 25, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"7335d313-d162-453d-a710-a0a9c2e74b8d\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"https://twitter.com/StackStats/status/1003358388267438081\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-03T19:30:56.097000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 319684, \"PostId\": 319684, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"These are great suggestions thanks a lot\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-10T12:30:24.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 241653, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 319672, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Creating some aggregate (such as a moving average) of features as a new feature is a perfectly fi\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 241653, \"PostId\": 319684, \"UserId\": 241653, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7ee77173-7ea0-42c5-aadf-a48ed6c41888\", \"Text\": \"Creating some aggregate (such as a moving average) of features as a new feature is a perfectly fine \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-21T10:15:18.160000\", \"AccountId\": 19125933.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Data Man\", \"Location\": \"Zürich, Szwajcaria\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://ondata.blog\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Here is my blog on data, with a few words about me and also the linkedin/email contact informatio\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 440709, \"UserId\": 241653, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-08-04T09:41:50.743000\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 319672, \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Moving Average window\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><moving-average><moving-window>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working with a multivariate time series problem which I try to predict 1 hour in the future.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-10T11:11:50.343000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1122274, \"PostId\": 319672, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e9a6cfc1-c556-47fa-bc11-4de381054021\", \"Text\": \"Moving Average window\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-10T11:11:50.343000\"}, {\"Id\": 1122275, \"PostId\": 319672, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e9a6cfc1-c556-47fa-bc11-4de381054021\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><moving-average><moving-window>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-10T11:11:50.343000\"}, {\"Id\": 1122273, \"PostId\": 319672, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e9a6cfc1-c556-47fa-bc11-4de381054021\", \"Text\": \"I am working with a multivariate time series problem which I try to predict 1 hour in the future. I \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-10T11:11:50.343000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 333786, \"PostId\": 333786, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Since you have imbalanced data, it is best to evaluate the model's performance using precision, reca\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T12:17:41.997000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333785, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>SMOTE creates artificial data-points, and in my opinion, it should always be the last option to t\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 241161, \"PostId\": 333786, \"UserId\": 241161, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"thank for your answer! which matrics would you use to evaluate if the selected feature are good enou\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-15T14:29:00.387000\", \"AccountId\": 18382600.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Luigi87\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 623777, \"PostId\": 333786, \"UserId\": 241161, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"yes I tried with logistic classifier and L1 penalty and grid-search was used for finding the best hy\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T14:22:40.873000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 333785, \"PostId\": 333785, \"UserId\": 241161, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"acce30e5-59e4-4dcf-8e83-3b5f0a2c7606\", \"Text\": \"Should I balance my dataset for binary classification?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T11:36:49.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 241161, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should I balance my dataset for binary classification?\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><python><unbalanced-classes><resampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am running through a binary classification problem.\\nMy target variable is unbalanced the 1s are\"}]}, {\"Id\": 623779, \"PostId\": 333786, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, roc_auc misleads you in case of imbalance, for an example please refer to this link : https://\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T14:25:12.130000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1317161, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333786, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1174949, \"PostId\": 333786, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"91f66f15-aec1-4627-bd12-f2f5d8e8f0d0\", \"Text\": \"SMOTE creates artificial data-points, and in my opinion, it should always be the last option to try.\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T12:17:41.997000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 332588, \"PostId\": 332588, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you so much. I also dumped the tree structures to a txt file to check if there is a problem wi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T12:57:54.750000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 332587, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The path uses two different numeric thresholds (even if "Yes greater than threshold" an\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 621578, \"PostId\": 332588, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I thought \\\"yes\\\" implies condition is met rather than \\\"Yes greater than threshold\\\", which in this exa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T13:33:23.030000\"}, {\"Id\": 58011, \"PostId\": 332588, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Sorry, perhaps I did not look carefully enough. If that is really what the visualization means, then\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-23T14:39:03.497000\", \"AccountId\": 6835077.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Björn\", \"Location\": \"Europe\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Biostatistician working in pharmaceutical drug development with an interest in Bayesian statistic\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1170442, \"PostId\": 332588, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c193d1fe-8f3c-4f9c-83db-368bfd4c92fa\", \"Text\": \"The path uses two different numeric thresholds (even if \\\"Yes greater than threshold\\\" and \\\"missing\\\" b\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T12:57:54.750000\"}, {\"Id\": 213569, \"PostId\": 213569, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ec91b475-3036-4a7c-975c-992bcc563be6\", \"Text\": \"Firstly, a method that first looks at univariate correlations for pre-identifying things that should\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-07T09:46:55.200000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 213565, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Firstly, a method that first looks at univariate correlations for pre-identifying things that sho\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 10594, \"OwnerUserId\": 10594, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 213569, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can random forest based feature selection method be used for multiple regression in machine learning\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><multiple-regression><feature-selection><random-forest><boruta>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to have a good feature selection method for a continuous response variable, over aro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-30T08:19:16.923000\", \"AccountId\": 1796034.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tiantianchen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 180103, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 180089, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Yes, any transformation of the times that preserves the order of the events leaves the estimated \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-24T20:33:06.350000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17007, \"OwnerUserId\": 17007, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 180103, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is the coefficient from Cox Regression scale invariant?\", \"Tags\": \"<survival><cox-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am new to Cox regression / survival analysis, and I wonder whether the coefficient in Cox regre\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-18T15:53:29.877000\", \"AccountId\": 2409199.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tomka\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 262903, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 262900, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You don't interpret whether some p-values are smaller or larger than each other, that's a meanin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-06T20:58:17.927000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 98342, \"OwnerUserId\": 98342, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to understand pvalue with controls/covariates\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><p-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a study with a response variable <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$y$</span> and two e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-06T06:02:02.600000\", \"AccountId\": 63920.0, \"DisplayName\": \"abalter\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://arielbalter.com\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 330424, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 330062, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>To some extent, it depends on how well each of these ideas performs. Of course, it's pretty expen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-24T11:15:27.550000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 176932, \"OwnerUserId\": 176932, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to detrend in a stacked model?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><time-series><boosting><stacking>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have user data (x) for customers (i) in the period between 2010 and 2020 (t). I want \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-10T18:58:31.300000\", \"AccountId\": 13674803.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michieldo\", \"Location\": \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.churned.nl\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 332587, \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"XGBoost best tree path\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><boosting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I observed something that I could not make sense. Best tree inside the model uses same feature tw\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T12:45:59.173000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1170439, \"PostId\": 332587, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c846f805-024d-4729-8f40-1e8bffe9e247\", \"Text\": \"I observed something that I could not make sense. Best tree inside the model uses same feature twice\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T12:45:59.173000\"}, {\"Id\": 1170440, \"PostId\": 332587, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c846f805-024d-4729-8f40-1e8bffe9e247\", \"Text\": \"<classification><boosting>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T12:45:59.173000\"}, {\"Id\": 1170441, \"PostId\": 332587, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c846f805-024d-4729-8f40-1e8bffe9e247\", \"Text\": \"XGBoost best tree path\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T12:45:59.173000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 332673, \"PostId\": 332673, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"please see the edit\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T08:01:59.790000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 332672, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I do not know if I am getting your question correct. But from what I understand you can train all\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 247456, \"PostId\": 332673, \"UserId\": 247456, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the answer! I do not understand why there are 2 approaches. My intent is to get a \\\"better\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-01T13:37:04.807000\", \"AccountId\": 19478955.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mar_ey\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 621763, \"PostId\": 332673, \"UserId\": 247456, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks, that helps a lot! I have a little question considering \\\"freeze the weights of all layers jus\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T09:22:19.740000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 332672, \"OwnerUserId\": 247456, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 332673, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to Transfer Learning with Autoencoders?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><neural-networks><transfer-learning>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been thinking to train a variational autoencoder on a larger texture dataset, so that I ca\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T07:38:51.947000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 621765, \"PostId\": 332673, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"you should freeze \\\"the whole encoder and just train the bottleneck and decoder layers on the sub-top\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T09:24:23.420000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1312691, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 332673, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1312692, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 332673, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1170794, \"PostId\": 332673, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7119e307-d421-4c6f-b300-43c1b7bb3912\", \"Text\": \"I do not know if I am getting your question correct. But from what I understand you can train all la\", \"Comment\": \"Added answer for follow-up question\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T09:09:14.977000\"}, {\"Id\": 1170775, \"PostId\": 332673, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a39ba33-ad0a-4ea0-bd38-b5795c0673f5\", \"Text\": \"I do not know if I am getting your question correct. But from what I understand you can train all la\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T08:01:59.790000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 63493, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 243325, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You can find my time series notes in this link, there is a extensive and I believe reader friendly c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-08T22:14:00.313000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Better understanding of GARCH and ARCH models\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><garch>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to make a function that does GARCH and ARCH in python for calculating variance. But I only\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 5885, \"RelatedPostId\": 18404, \"PostId\": 63493, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-19T01:37:09.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5885, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 18407, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Books for self-studying time series analysis?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><self-study><references>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I started by Time Series Analysis by Hamilton, but I am lost hopelessly. This book is really too \", \"AccountId\": 239531.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CuriousMind\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 35995, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 35995, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Have you tried reading some [time series textbooks](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/20514)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-08T10:57:13.613000\", \"AccountId\": 4441196.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Richard Hardy\", \"Location\": \"Europe\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ph.D., associate professor with work experience in finance.</p>\\n<p>Interests: financial econometr\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1174571, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 35995, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"697c6504-98ca-4cc2-b02e-31a2aa23b6a6\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><garch>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-29T10:29:02.570000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1199330, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 237987, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-08T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 498213, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-11T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 362789, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-10T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 237994, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-08T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1065656, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-10T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1243582, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-17T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 406335, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 63493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-09T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 206389, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 25, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"492afc11-f3a6-45ad-9003-a6159f0eb6c0\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"http://twitter.com/#!/StackStats/status/421093252117565440\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-09T01:37:09.560000\"}, {\"Id\": 25427, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4011435f-7ac2-49fe-aed2-faf96385694e\", \"Text\": \"I want to make a function that does GARCH and ARCH in python for calculating variance. But I only ha\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-04T10:48:17.123000\", \"AccountId\": 3808193.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ccsv\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>New to programming</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 66722, \"PostId\": 66722, \"UserId\": 25427, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@JoshHermann For the third point see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/20919719/python-numpy-iterat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-16T09:29:15.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Improving Python Exponential smoothing\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><python><exponential-smoothing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am going to improve my code to the Exponential smoothing I submitted to Statsmodel which can be\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 95174, \"UserId\": 25427, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-01-04T10:50:04.437000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 104647, \"PostId\": 104647, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c298ef6c-1f51-4111-a778-09705b56bc87\", \"Text\": \"You can use the STL package to decompose the season of a timeseries\\r\\n\\r\\nhttps://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-05T07:05:01.293000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 104633, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can use the STL package to decompose the season of a timeseries</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://stat\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 48719, \"OwnerUserId\": 48719, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 104647, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can I produce a de-seasonalized time series in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><seasonality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a time series of hourly activity levels for a period of about 2 months (1704 observations)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-05T01:51:00.593000\", \"AccountId\": 6086912.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sitka\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 74723, \"PostId\": 74723, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d1f7d736-ce16-4380-bdfd-d85cfabd75ab\", \"Text\": \"Test it on several known datasets and use them as benchmarks. Such as the iris dataset http://en.wik\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-13T08:10:14.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 74561, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Test it on several known datasets and use them as benchmarks. Such as the iris dataset <a href=\\\"h\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 21413, \"OwnerUserId\": 21413, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to test the robustness and the performance of a novel classification algorithm?\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><algorithms><validation><robust><model-evaluation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose you have a new algorithm that you want to publish. Are there any best practices and metho\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-09-04T13:03:48.997000\", \"AccountId\": 18348.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gc5\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 90556, \"PostId\": 90556, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c7821ada-7621-441a-a63c-55fa9bbe2ea7\", \"Text\": \"Scale is usually a range or a metric of measurement that everything fits in to avoid large calculati\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-07T13:27:42.500000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 90534, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Scale is usually a range or a metric of measurement that everything fits in to avoid large calcul\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 22671, \"OwnerUserId\": 22671, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Scales of Measurement\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><scales><descriptive-statistics><measurement>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>when we use the term \\\" scales of measurement\\\", what do we mean </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>by <em>scale</em> <\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-14T07:07:18.920000\", \"AccountId\": 3068082.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user 31466\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 103424, \"PostId\": 103424, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"32340897-15a0-4070-8283-e4aefa43c015\", \"Text\": \"Before you do an ARIMA model you have to check if the data is be stationary and if any seasonality s\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-24T06:42:54.150000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103391, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Before you do an ARIMA model you have to check if the data is be stationary and if any seasonalit\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 31851, \"OwnerUserId\": 31851, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"non-normal residuals in ARIMA\", \"Tags\": \"<arima><residuals><normality-assumption>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to fit an ARIMA model and I have already evaluated a few variations which I finally s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-15T12:32:10.840000\", \"AccountId\": 1125869.0, \"DisplayName\": \"m3div0\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 206362, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4011435f-7ac2-49fe-aed2-faf96385694e\", \"Text\": \"Better understanding of GARCH and ARCH models\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-08T22:14:00.313000\"}, {\"Id\": 206363, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4011435f-7ac2-49fe-aed2-faf96385694e\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><garch><order-statistics>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-08T22:14:00.313000\"}, {\"Id\": 90558, \"PostId\": 90558, \"UserId\": 25427, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e2172a33-627c-4a5f-951a-8e5b2ea9b0d7\", \"Text\": \"You can use either cross validation(k-fold cross-validation) or brute force using methods such as gr\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-07T13:40:19.277000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 90361, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can use either cross validation(k-fold cross-validation) or brute force using methods such as\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 10945, \"OwnerUserId\": 10945, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 90558, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are there optimization methods for k-NN parameter $k$?\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><k-nearest-neighbour>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Currently I am just go through from the min to the max, and determine $k$ by the performance. I a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-17T01:37:54.140000\", \"AccountId\": 1644566.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CyberPlayerOne\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 103427, \"OwnerUserId\": 25427, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103302, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The easiest thing to do would be to first bin your data by age groups.</p>\\n\\n<p>Then for disease a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-24T07:38:44.323000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 47944, \"OwnerUserId\": 47944, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 103427, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Getting the optimal age cut off\", \"Tags\": \"<roc><age>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working with a database of diseased and non-diseased patients. \\nI would like to recommend an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-23T05:21:08.910000\", \"AccountId\": 5983529.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bluemudpie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}, {\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 63493, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"f435f4a0-a4ad-4138-9a54-965c7c252de5\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":53690,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Richard Hardy\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"104\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 463244, \"UserId\": 243325, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-12-30T04:02:52.307000\"}, {\"Id\": 461775, \"UserId\": 243325, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-12-17T09:10:20.993000\"}, {\"Id\": 461777, \"UserId\": 243325, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Teacher\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-12-17T09:17:25.727000\"}, {\"Id\": 461791, \"UserId\": 243325, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Custodian\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-12-17T10:16:36.613000\"}, {\"Id\": 441577, \"UserId\": 243325, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-08-10T12:35:47.567000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 333344, \"PostId\": 333344, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dbb8bb1c-620d-4912-93d4-93294af9b58c\", \"Text\": \"You can use optuna for this: https://optuna.org\\r\\n\\r\\nIts a bayesian optimization framework generally u\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T17:12:47.127000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333319, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can use optuna for this: <a href=\\\"https://optuna.org\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">https://optun\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1173309, \"PostId\": 333344, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2d495328-3ef5-4492-b9ba-c7f9b09b54db\", \"Text\": \"You can use optuna for this: https://optuna.org\\r\\n\\r\\nIts a bayesian optimization framework generally u\", \"Comment\": \"added 128 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T17:19:17.773000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 254755, \"OwnerUserId\": 254755, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Find optimal weights for a regression model with some restrictions\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><python><regression-coefficients><recommender-system>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have created a hybrid recommendation system which contains 4 recommendation models.</p>\\n<p>In m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T08:02:28.443000\", \"AccountId\": 13969476.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mpountou\", \"Location\": \"Greece\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Programming is a constant learning experience</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 333347, \"PostId\": 333347, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5fa46c5b-74f8-4769-b4cd-b09af161348b\", \"Text\": \"There is an output for every node, referred as hidden state in vanilla RNN (LSTM nodes has 2 outputs\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T17:31:59.660000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333340, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is an output for every node, referred as hidden state in vanilla RNN (LSTM nodes has 2 outp\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1316994, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333347, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1317015, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333347, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1315106, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333347, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 333340, \"OwnerUserId\": 254629, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 333347, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"RNN functionality and outputs\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks><lstm><recurrent-neural-network>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a very basic question about the functionality of RNN / LSTM. My question is about the RNN\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T16:50:40.160000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 254629, \"PostId\": 333340, \"UserId\": 254629, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e14a6d39-5253-4122-ba4a-aeb1dadf0c57\", \"Text\": \"<neural-networks><lstm><recurrent-neural-network>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-22T22:50:09.957000\", \"AccountId\": 4589198.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Steve\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}, {\"Id\": 332681, \"PostId\": 332681, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7625e7af-0a2a-413c-9507-b56ddd8a7bb6\", \"Text\": \"I think what you are doing is unnecessary.\\r\\n\\r\\nEncoding of categorical features heavily depends on mo\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T09:37:29.810000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 247474, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think what you are doing is unnecessary.</p>\\n<p>Encoding of categorical features heavily depend\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1312674, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 332681, \"VoteTypeId\": 16, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1312677, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 332681, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1170807, \"PostId\": 332681, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"04d855b8-76f8-48ac-927b-99671a924c36\", \"Text\": \"I think what you are doing is unnecessary.\\r\\n\\r\\nEncoding of categorical features heavily depends on mo\", \"Comment\": \"added 39 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T09:43:16.707000\"}, {\"Id\": 45362, \"PostId\": 332681, \"UserId\": 45362, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"89ef56f8-73ec-4706-96a6-fc05058a1b6f\", \"Text\": \"I think what you are doing is unnecessary.\\r\\n\\r\\nEncoding of categorical features heavily depends on mo\", \"Comment\": \"Code highlighting.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-08T10:10:22.693000\", \"AccountId\": 5370370.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fato39\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1170823, \"PostId\": 332681, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 24, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"89ef56f8-73ec-4706-96a6-fc05058a1b6f\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"Proposed by 68423 approved by 293623 edit id of 37413\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-17T10:14:02.050000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 247474, \"OwnerUserId\": 177258, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using categorical feature as both a continuous feature, and also doing One hot encoding. Is this ove\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><feature-selection><feature-engineering>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on a Machine Learning regression problem, with a data-set where I have data from a p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-14T00:02:36.853000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 177258, \"PostId\": 247474, \"UserId\": 177258, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"71c67e84-0b10-43a0-b16a-664003ced6a4\", \"Text\": \"I am working on a Machine Learning regression problem, with a data-set where I have data from a peri\", \"Comment\": \"added 4 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-13T23:22:28.243000\", \"AccountId\": 14457920.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stats_nerd\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}, {\"Id\": 333853, \"PostId\": 333853, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d3f850b-4885-40bd-b9a8-948af3f3b526\", \"Text\": \"In the paper it emphasizes: \\r\\n\\r\\n\\\"When the rate k is adjusted, the offset parameter m\\r\\nmust also be a\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T11:30:55.547000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 334085, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Adjustment factor in logistic growth model of facebook-prophet\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><growth-model><logistic-curve><prophet>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the paper it emphasizes:</p>\\n<p>"When the rate k is adjusted, the offset parameter m\\nmust\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1317505, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 333853, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1175208, \"PostId\": 333853, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d3f850b-4885-40bd-b9a8-948af3f3b526\", \"Text\": \"Adjustment factor in logistic growth model of facebook-prophet\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T11:30:55.547000\"}, {\"Id\": 1175209, \"PostId\": 333853, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d3f850b-4885-40bd-b9a8-948af3f3b526\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><growth-model><logistic-curve><prophet>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-31T11:30:55.547000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 323772, \"PostId\": 323772, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f4d325af-578c-4bcc-b169-db9b5a6bde04\", \"Text\": \"I am confused about k-fold stacking. Should we train all the base learners on same folds? I mean is \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-18T07:57:04.283000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should we train base learners on same folds when we stack different models?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><stacking>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am confused about k-fold stacking. Should we train all the base learners on same folds? I mean \", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1273008, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 323772, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-18T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1137140, \"PostId\": 323772, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f4d325af-578c-4bcc-b169-db9b5a6bde04\", \"Text\": \"Should we train base learners on same folds when we stack different models\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-18T07:57:04.283000\"}, {\"Id\": 1137141, \"PostId\": 323772, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f4d325af-578c-4bcc-b169-db9b5a6bde04\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><stacking>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-18T07:57:04.283000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 333336, \"PostId\": 333336, \"UserId\": 243325, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"24304d8d-00aa-4463-ae5e-52a1816e5a55\", \"Text\": \"Default logistic regression minimizes below function:\\r\\n\\r\\n$L(f(X, \\\\beta), Y) = \\\\frac{1}{N} \\\\Sigma_i^N\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T15:38:59.810000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 333325, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Default logistic regression minimizes below function:</p>\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$L(f(X,\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 333325, \"OwnerUserId\": 254758, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the algorithm to solve logistic regression with lasso a.k.a $L_1$ regularization?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><logistic><classification><lasso><regularization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>what is the procedure/algorithm for a logistic regression with a penalty on the <span class=\\\"math\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T10:51:44.183000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 254758, \"PostId\": 333325, \"UserId\": 254758, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2050d35c-4467-4c39-bbbe-0d537f9e6c17\", \"Text\": \"what is the procedure/algorithm please for a logistic regression with a penalty by the l1 norm? \\r\\n\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T10:51:44.183000\", \"AccountId\": 19454948.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Marcel\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1173240, \"PostId\": 333325, \"UserId\": 254758, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2050d35c-4467-4c39-bbbe-0d537f9e6c17\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><logistic><classification><lasso><regularization>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T10:51:44.183000\"}, {\"Id\": 1173241, \"PostId\": 333325, \"UserId\": 254758, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2050d35c-4467-4c39-bbbe-0d537f9e6c17\", \"Text\": \"Logistic regression with regularization\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-24T10:51:44.183000\"}]}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 243325, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":1,"string":"1"}}},{"rowIdx":84,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"Id\": 13573, \"AccountId\": 2202391.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mutlaq Al-Enezi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T18:22:55.560000\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 29907, \"UserId\": 13573, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-01-03T18:29:03.530000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 37991, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 13573, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"58199c0e-ffda-42dd-9c6b-31b6ffcc84a0\", \"Text\": \"Can we apply inferential statistics on the entire population?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T18:22:55.560000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can we apply inferential statistics on the entire population?\", \"Tags\": \"<inference>\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p><strong>Possible Duplicate:</strong><br>\\n <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.co\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 2456, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 37991, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-13T18:35:23.810000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 831, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 2457, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical inference when the sample \\\"is\\\" the population\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><population><sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"Body\": \"<p>Imagine you have to do reporting on the numbers of candidates who yearly take a given test. It se\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 178769, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 249032, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-29T04:25:03.957000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 178769, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why bootstrapping?\", \"Tags\": \"<bootstrap>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understood that bootstrapping is a technique used to estimate statistics of a population. In bo\", \"AccountId\": 7674406.0, \"DisplayName\": \"vamsi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 3981, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 37991, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T18:31:24.813000\"}, {\"Id\": 50039, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 109487, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-24T20:07:11.767000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50039, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What's my population? Is this Descriptive or Inferential?\", \"Tags\": \"<inference><proportion><descriptive-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a list of employees at a company. I want to show some comparison of some demographics (sa\", \"AccountId\": 418607.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joe\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 35090, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-18T06:49:54.893000\"}, {\"Id\": 22231, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-24T18:36:59.513000\"}, {\"Id\": 21712, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 55533, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-09-14T01:55:27.127000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 21712, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to report data for an entire population?\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><population>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am conducting a descriptive study, and I am using the entire population in my study and not a \", \"AccountId\": 3302504.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user30287\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 22234, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-24T18:56:36.717000\"}, {\"Id\": 10938, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-10T11:25:56.007000\"}, {\"Id\": 109039, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 260357, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-07T23:43:25.757000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 109039, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can I test the relevance of variables on a dependent variable when I have data for an entire pop\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><population>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am investigating factors that influence how certain areas have intensified over time in a city.\", \"AccountId\": 10096164.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MelbourneJoe\", \"Location\": \"Melbourne VIC, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 129245, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 201431, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-15T15:35:41.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 129245, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 201442, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to check significant change in the actual population, not sample\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test><paired-data><method-comparison>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to understand how I would decide whether a policy actually had a meaningful impact by \", \"AccountId\": 7460989.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Danilo Souza Morães\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 683651, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 2456, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 683273, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 2456, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 513908, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 2456, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1004124, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 2456, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 831, \"PostId\": 2456, \"UserId\": 831, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b135227f-1737-4bba-9c9e-f9128ea30525\", \"Text\": \"The problem is relatively simple... But i would like to have good material by specialists.\\r\\n\\r\\nTypica\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-02T13:41:58.307000\", \"AccountId\": 313139.0, \"DisplayName\": \"pbneau\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 808, \"OwnerUserId\": 808, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 2456, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"Body\": \"<p>Actually, if you're really positive you have the whole population, there's even no need to go int\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-31T10:07:27.890000\", \"AccountId\": 189452.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joris Meys\", \"Location\": \"Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.ugent.be/bw/damm/en\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistician and R programmer at the faculty of Bio-Engineering, university of Ghent</p>\\n\\n<p>Co-a\"}]}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 3179, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 3179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In that case you can calculate the relevant population parameters directly so I don't see the need f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-06-02T17:45:51.720000\", \"AccountId\": 510004.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Macro\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 6117, \"PostId\": 26858, \"UserId\": 3179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber, re: \\\"A distribution on n binary variates is equivalent to a distribution on their $2^n$ pos\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-05T10:44:57.150000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6117, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 41081, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random generation of n-dimensional data with possibly correlated variables\", \"Tags\": \"<random-generation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to generate a set of artificial data using another input set from which correlations\", \"AccountId\": 102202.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joao Azevedo\", \"Location\": \"Portugal\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://jcazevedo.net\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 8289, \"PostId\": 24259, \"UserId\": 3179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Just because any real number has non-zero mass under the normal distribution doesn't exactly mean it\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-28T13:35:34.563000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8289, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 24261, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How well does the normal distribution perform?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How close to reality is the normal distribtion?</p>\\n\\n<p>The height of people is supposed to be no\", \"AccountId\": 1305165.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mfc\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 3922, \"PostId\": 24371, \"UserId\": 3179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(+1) this is the only one of the 3 answers (so far) that seems to be attacking the real problem. Thi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-08-08T17:31:44.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3922, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 22424, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In your example, you are indeed confusing the variance of the mean with the variance of the popul\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7598, \"OwnerUserId\": 7598, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Difference between sample variance and statistic variance\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><variance><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Conceptually we learn that the sample variance formula, we have to divide by n-1 such that it giv\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-25T07:58:59.253000\", \"AccountId\": 1351532.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John Tan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 468726.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StasK\", \"Location\": \"Columbia, MO\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://stas.kolenikov.name\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Principal Survey Scientist, Abt Associates (<a href=\\\"http://www.abtassociates.com\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow \"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 46110, \"UserId\": 3179, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-09-10T12:58:51.910000\"}, {\"Id\": 18100, \"UserId\": 3179, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Enlightened\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2012-05-06T03:00:50.343000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1426, \"PostId\": 4564, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c3b53d6a-cbfc-4872-891f-d693123a0170\", \"Text\": \"How do you calculate the expectation of $\\\\left(\\\\sum_{i=1}^n {X_i} \\\\right)^2$?\", \"Comment\": \"added 2 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-11-26T10:48:47.433000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1426, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 4565, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do you calculate the expectation of $\\\\left(\\\\sum_{i=1}^n {X_i} \\\\right)^2$?\", \"Tags\": \"<expected-value><exponential-distribution><gamma-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>If $X_i$ is exponentially distributed $(i=1,...,n)$ with parameter $\\\\lambda$ and $X_i$'s are mutu\", \"AccountId\": 54038.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Isaac\", \"Location\": \"Iran\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>-</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 8543, \"PostId\": 24939, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0258a81d-e3b3-4ff7-8691-852f91863f24\", \"Text\": \"<r><generalized-least-squares>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tag and a bit of typesetting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-11T15:39:29.003000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8543, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Software for fitting generalized least squares model with errors that follow seasonal ARMA model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-least-squares>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need to fit a GLS model, with some known regressors, and where the errors follow an <strong>unk\", \"AccountId\": 1194068.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nbren12\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 23195, \"PostId\": 23195, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"daeda922-adf8-40c9-8bb0-1bc6a90bac21\", \"Text\": \"Define a function\\r\\n\\r\\n$$ f(c) = \\\\frac{1}{n} \\\\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_{i} - c)^2 $$ \\r\\n\\r\\nUsing basic calculus,\", \"Comment\": \"added 366 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-10T00:44:54.283000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 23193, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This seems just like sloppy choice of words. The sentence </p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Whenever we use\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7876, \"OwnerUserId\": 7876, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is the sum of squared differences from the sample mean smaller than the sum of squared differenc\", \"Tags\": \"<variance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>So the description I read is: </p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>It is important to note that the formulas f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-06T22:55:11.560000\", \"AccountId\": 976189.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eiyrioü von Kauyf\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Name intended to be a vocal exercise :)</p>\\n<p>email: i'll put a tor redirect eventually</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 25328, \"PostId\": 25328, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ea66848b-c980-4c80-9cc7-8f9a3ea396e9\", \"Text\": \"Regression when the response is a proportion that can be 0 or 1\", \"Comment\": \"edited title and body for clarity after a chat discussion with the poster\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-18T18:06:16.530000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 25350, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user11279\", \"Title\": \"Regression when the response is a proportion that can be 0 or 1\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multiple-regression><nonlinear-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two datasets a training and a test dataset. The dependent variable is a proportion and the\"}, {\"Id\": 26736, \"PostId\": 26736, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1732c9b8-26bc-41ed-8e59-d7a57a8ffe86\", \"Text\": \"Yes. The posterior distribution for a parameter $\\\\theta$, given a data set ${\\\\bf X}$ can be written \", \"Comment\": \"added 293 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-13T16:29:58.677000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 26734, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes. The posterior distribution for a parameter $\\\\theta$, given a data set ${\\\\bf X}$ can be writt\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9141, \"OwnerUserId\": 9141, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the relationship between sample size and the influence of prior on posterior?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sample-size><prior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If we have a small sample size, will the prior distribution influence the posterior distribution \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-13T16:18:52.810000\", \"AccountId\": 1565253.0, \"DisplayName\": \"toby j\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 1930, \"PostId\": 28692, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"294b4870-6b70-442c-8570-542e0e4a45a1\", \"Text\": \"I would like to run linear regression over a multi-dimensional data set. There exist differences amo\", \"Comment\": \"deleted two tags which seemed unnecessary; added 4 characters in body; edited title; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-03T03:42:01.077000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1930, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 28695, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Some of my predictors are on very different scales - do I need to transform them before fitting a li\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><linear-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to run linear regression over a multi-dimensional data set. There exist differences \", \"AccountId\": 107172.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bit-question\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 27817, \"PostId\": 27817, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3d6b2eb9-b8d6-4d4d-bd94-af6ffa35e196\", \"Text\": \"I'm going to describe what model each of your calls to `lmer()` fits and how they are different. \\r\\n\\r\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-04T14:26:27.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 27765, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'm going to describe what model each of your calls to <code>lmer()</code> fits and how they are \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9497, \"OwnerUserId\": 9497, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Questions about how random effects are specified in lmer\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><random-effects-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I recently measured how the meaning of a new word is acquired over repeated exposures (practice: \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-03T13:58:54.680000\", \"AccountId\": 1622795.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alwin hoff\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 12112, \"PostId\": 12112, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cfbda1d6-54e2-43b7-8620-46e7f49800a5\", \"Text\": \"I don't know the name of this distribution but you can just derive it from the law of total probabil\", \"Comment\": \"added 393 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-21T20:12:29.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 12110, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I don't know the name of this distribution but you can just derive it from the law of total proba\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 43, \"OwnerUserId\": 43, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 12112, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution that describes the difference between negative binomial distributed variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><modeling><poisson-distribution><negative-binomial-distribution><skellam-distribution\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A <a href=\\\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellam_distribution\\\">Skellam Distribution</a> describes \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T19:15:49.117000\", \"AccountId\": 50970.0, \"DisplayName\": \"chrisamiller\", \"Location\": \"St. Louis, MO\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.chrismiller.science\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I research cancer genomics and bioinformatics at Washington University in St Louis.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 24919, \"PostId\": 24919, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b844fcd-68ca-4bde-b84f-cbca0172173b\", \"Text\": \"A discrete random variable $X$ has a negative binomial distribution, indexed by parameters $p \\\\in (0\", \"Comment\": \"added 351 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-11T13:02:47.733000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"PostTypeId\": 4, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"A discrete, univariate distribution modelling the number of ${\\\\rm Bernoulli}(p)$ trial successes unt\"}, {\"Id\": 11730, \"PostId\": 33823, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"630d9234-009a-4aee-b93c-7bd0da8eb115\", \"Text\": \"All, \\r\\n\\r\\nI am trying to create a regression model where the (continuous) outcome is multimodal: \\r\\n\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"added picture\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-19T21:06:07.637000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11730, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regression model with multimodal outcome\", \"Tags\": \"<regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>All, </p>\\n\\n<p>I am trying to create a regression model where the (continuous) outcome is multimod\", \"AccountId\": 1958052.0, \"DisplayName\": \"PeteL\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-01-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 148973, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 37991, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 148947, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 37991, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 148980, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 37991, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 148951, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 37991, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 148953, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 37991, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 148961, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 37991, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 119211, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 13573, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"58199c0e-ffda-42dd-9c6b-31b6ffcc84a0\", \"Text\": \"<inference>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T18:22:55.560000\"}, {\"Id\": 119209, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 13573, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"58199c0e-ffda-42dd-9c6b-31b6ffcc84a0\", \"Text\": \"Greeting,\\r\\nMy question is:Can we apply inferential statistics on the entire population in case of th\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T18:22:55.560000\"}, {\"Id\": 674, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"2bd7ed34-e8a9-4317-b5aa-e517b1b3a43e\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"OriginalQuestionIds\\\":[2628],\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":7972,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Peter Ellis\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":4856,\\\"DisplayN\", \"Comment\": \"1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T20:50:47.397000\", \"AccountId\": 184175.0, \"DisplayName\": \"chl\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://aliquote.org\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Bohemian scientist.</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 2105, \"PostId\": 18514, \"UserId\": 674, \"ContentLicense\": 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Are you asking whether you need to exploit th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-18T22:32:05.610000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2105, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 18515, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Extracting meaningful information from a logistic regression model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><logistic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Possible warning: basic question ahead.</p>\\n\\n<p>Let's say that I model whether I wear red shoes d\", \"AccountId\": 175922.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ATMathew\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm an aspiring statistician.</p>\\n\\n<p>I also like R, Python, fitness, books, and a few other thin\"}, {\"Id\": 9126, \"PostId\": 9126, \"UserId\": 674, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"One can now add [sklearn.ensemble](http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/ensemble.html) from the Py\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-04-27T12:02:47.953000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 9101, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user88\", \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>(Updated 6 IX 2015 with suggestions from comments, also made CW)</p>\\n<p>There are two new, nice p\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 626, \"OwnerUserId\": 626, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 9126, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Optimized implementations of the Random Forest algorithm\", \"Tags\": \"<random-forest><algorithms><model-evaluation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have noticed that there are a few implementations of random forest such as ALGLIB, Waffles and \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-10T04:33:05.010000\", \"AccountId\": 181629.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Henry B.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 48736, \"PostId\": 104672, \"UserId\": 674, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Welcome to this site! What is the question? As stated, it looks like it is about how to use R to per\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-05T16:07:23.780000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 48736, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Econometrics advice needed on unpaired t-test\", \"Tags\": \"<r><statistical-significance><econometrics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>There are responses of my school's alumni on the skills they perceive they acquired during the st\", \"AccountId\": 6077233.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sammax\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 2970, \"UserId\": 674, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"r\", \"TagBased\": true, \"Date\": \"2010-11-12T03:00:07.883000\"}, {\"Id\": 13254, \"UserId\": 674, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Favorite Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2012-01-05T19:34:42.897000\"}, {\"Id\": 28015, \"UserId\": 674, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Generalist\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2012-11-26T10:49:50.283000\"}, {\"Id\": 18039, \"UserId\": 674, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Necromancer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2012-05-04T20:35:36.043000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 38255, \"PostId\": 38255, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"055eff3d-b5bb-43a6-8bf2-46f751813561\", \"Text\": \"I have created 5 imputations of a dataset and have fit a survival model to them all in R. I want to \", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-08T15:26:51.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Tom\", \"Title\": \"Combined variance following multiple imputation with survival model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><variance><survival><multiple-imputation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have created 5 imputations of a dataset and have fit a survival model to them all in R. I want \"}, {\"Id\": 2866, \"PostId\": 10548, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a5cee95-bca0-4c84-bbee-0eaad9d8747a\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression><generalized-linear-model><goodness-of-fit>\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-05-06T16:32:49.483000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2866, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Goodness of fit in GLMs\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><generalized-linear-model><goodness-of-fit>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am searching for a good criterion to measure the \\\"goodness of fit\\\" in generalized linear models\", \"AccountId\": 456781.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MarkDollar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 2669, \"PostId\": 8983, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"62bb3dc2-807b-4b33-9d30-81edcb6c49f1\", \"Text\": \"<repeated-measures><categorical-data><effect-size>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-04-20T17:55:16.387000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2669, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Effect size of Cochran's Q\", \"Tags\": \"<categorical-data><repeated-measures><effect-size><cochran-q>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have performed a Cochran's Q test for a within-subjects experimental design with 3 conditions a\", \"AccountId\": 11161.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ham\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.hamiltongross.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>UK-based freelance Software Engineer operating in the aerospace industry.</p>\\n\\n<p>Main Skills:<br\"}, {\"Id\": 858, \"PostId\": 4251, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b0f7b2cf-bebf-433f-857f-a2829752c9df\", \"Text\": \"<psychometrics><survey>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-04T09:08:01.607000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 858, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Establishing that the population sampled of two separate surveys is the same\", \"Tags\": \"<psychometrics><survey>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two surveys of two separate populations (I don't know that they are necessarily distinct, \", \"AccountId\": 196186.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hgcrpd\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 17420, \"PostId\": 17420, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5994b6ee-57c0-4020-b749-3df65b985dac\", \"Text\": \"Here is a possible solution using base R graphics: \\r\\n\\r\\n n <- 1000\\r\\n x <- runif(n, 0, 100)\\r\\n \", \"Comment\": \"fix some missing pieces of code\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-05T19:52:48.887000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 674, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 17415, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is a possible solution using base R graphics: </p>\\n\\n<pre><code>n <- 1000\\nx <- runif(n,\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 196, \"OwnerUserId\": 196, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 17420, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Creating a plot with boxplots ranked by quantiles in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><data-visualization><quantiles><boxplot>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to create a plot in R which gives me boxplots (and/or distributions) of one column ra\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-20T14:01:51.893000\", \"AccountId\": 214371.0, \"DisplayName\": \"vonjd\", \"Location\": 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\"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to do exploratory factor analysis in a repeated measure design?\", \"Tags\": \"<repeated-measures><factor-analysis><reliability><scale-construction>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In my experiment participants answered to the same scale twice, after the presentation of two dif\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-22T11:06:52.783000\", \"AccountId\": 10307523.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Silvia\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 3898, \"PostId\": 3898, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fd060c3a-2556-4b53-b28e-f07cfc32e7de\", \"Text\": \"<cross-validation><psychometrics><survey><likert-scale>\", \"Comment\": \"fix typo; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-11-05T13:34:50.963000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"john hall\", \"Title\": \"Validating questionnaires\", \"Tags\": \"<survey><scales><psychometrics><scale-construction>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am designing a questionnaire for my dissertation. 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I'm pretty certain there's some already e\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 5933, \"OwnerUserId\": 5933, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Highlighting significant results from non-parametric multiple comparisons on boxplots\", \"Tags\": \"<r><statistical-significance><boxplot>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have box plots of 13 groups that I show in one plot. 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It is no Matlab or \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-16T21:32:57.667000\", \"AccountId\": 509540.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sympa\", \"Location\": \"United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.slideshare.net/gaetanlion\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Quantitative professional with expertise in econometrics, statistics, risk management. For past \"}]}, {\"Id\": 5849, \"OwnerUserId\": 674, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 5848, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"Body\": \"<p>Apart from <a href=\\\"http://vis.stanford.edu/protovis/\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer\\\">Protovis</a> (HTML+JS) or\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-19T10:43:48.173000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 211, \"OwnerUserId\": 211, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 5849, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Resources for learning to use (/create) dynamic (/interactive) statistical visualization\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><interactive-visualization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to learn a bit more on interactive data visualization (zooming, pointing, brushing, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-21T07:53:50.990000\", \"AccountId\": 93886.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tal Galili\", \"Location\": \"Israel\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.r-statistics.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"Statistics, blogging, and the hope for a happy long life.\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 674, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e2b23eb5-e41f-4ec4-9da9-704bf46d97e5\", \"Text\": \"> **Possible Duplicate:** \\n> [Statistical inference when the sample “is” the population](http://sta\", \"Comment\": \"insert duplicate link\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 634667, \"PostId\": 95347, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c99571d9-58fc-40be-bbe7-4ed65fc042d8\", \"Text\": \"Let's follow Dilip Sarwate's instructions in [the post you reference](https://stats.stackexchange.co\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-13T12:44:29.337000\"}, {\"Id\": 34057, \"PostId\": 79126, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0d4508e1-a950-429c-8cb9-110fa34ef48b\", \"Text\": \"I have 2 data sets, one is binned and another is not, 9000 values each. Something like this:\\n\\n`a = [\", \"Comment\": \"Commonmark migration\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-01T04:52:21.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 34057, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which Xcorr to choose in a concrete situation: normalized/not, biased/unbiased?\", \"Tags\": \"<cross-correlation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 2 data sets, one is binned and another is not, 9000 values each. Something like this:</p>\\n\", \"AccountId\": 4684763.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ValeryVS\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20473, \"PostId\": 81879, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"57c2b615-87cf-409c-8ef6-615c57a77079\", \"Text\": \"These results hold for absolutely continuous random variables (see [this question][1] for the sample\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-02T14:24:21.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20473, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 81677, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>These results hold for absolutely continuous random variables (see <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackex\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 27478, \"OwnerUserId\": 27478, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 81879, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Limiting joint distribution of estimators; Functional Statistics; Influence curves;\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><mathematical-statistics><estimators><functional-data-analysis>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X_1,...,X_n$ iid r.v. with distribution F, with mean $\\\\mu$ and median $\\\\theta$.Assume that $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-14T13:18:39.917000\", \"AccountId\": 2056551.0, \"DisplayName\": \"An old man in the sea.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm too old, I'm a really slow learner, and I study by myself. 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\"AccountId\": 171969.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rad'Val\", \"Location\": \"Porto, Portugal\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://swiftcraft.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I write code for all kinds of things, embedded devices, desktops.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 33600, \"PostId\": 100460, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"87c45056-7c85-4d9f-8021-0e77e48e875c\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-20T16:14:49.670000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33600, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to compare two Bayesian networks?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><t-test><bayesian-network>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two different datasets on which I've applied the same learning (K2) algorithm to learn a B\", \"AccountId\": 4641026.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user48733\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 28258, \"PostId\": 67996, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"17feee82-b828-43c6-8718-960c04662d3f\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-02T07:11:53.633000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 28258, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Determining the best correlated time series\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><correlation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Before asking, I read similar questions, but none of them lead to satisfying answers for my speci\", \"AccountId\": 4094023.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JoseRamon\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 635577, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94599972-17a1-475a-89e6-07970d97e9b4\", \"Text\": \"> **Possible Duplicate:** \\n> [Statistical inference when the sample “is” the population](https://st\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-13T12:44:33.357000\"}, {\"Id\": 20704, \"PostId\": 127091, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f891f654-1b40-415a-9b41-7c6fc6bcf13c\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"OriginalQuestionIds\\\":[20032],\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":11852,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"usεr11852\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":11887,\\\"Display\", \"Comment\": \"101\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-11T14:06:40.840000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20704, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When to choose GAM over LOESS?\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><generalized-additive-model><smoothing><loess>\", \"Body\": 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href=\\\"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2095395/is-logn-%CE%98n-l\"}, {\"Id\": 5210, \"PostId\": 135320, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a421f3a8-a89d-428d-8bef-c4637200717e\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-07T05:43:18.090000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5210, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Switch from Modelling a Process using a Poisson Distribution to use a Negative Binomial Distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<negative-binomial-distribution><kalman-filter><poisson-process><state-space-models>\", \"Body\": \"<p>$\\\\newcommand{\\\\P}{\\\\mathbb{P}}$We have a random process that may-or-may-not occur multiple times in\", \"AccountId\": 312398.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MoonKnight\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 5179, \"PostId\": 32919, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"75c8e9d0-cb54-4409-b5e1-f6b603e5204b\", \"Text\": \"I coincidentally read [your arXiv paper][1] prior to coming to this question and already wrote a blo\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-05T07:56:15.903000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 27853, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I coincidentally read <a href=\\\"http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.1066\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">your arX\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6254, \"OwnerUserId\": 6254, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 29054, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the connection between credible regions and Bayesian hypothesis tests?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><bayesian><confidence-interval><frequentist><credible-interval>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In frequentist statistics, there is a close connection between confidence intervals and tests. Us\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-13T07:31:38.267000\", \"AccountId\": 1169734.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MånsT\", \"Location\": \"Uppsala, Sweden\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.mansthulin.se\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work in theoretical and applied statistics, as a researcher, teacher and consultant.</p>\\n<p>Aut\"}], \"AccountId\": 844516.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Xi'an\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://xianblog.wordpress.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a professor of Statistics at Université Paris Dauphine (PSL), Paris, France, since 2000, and\"}, {\"Id\": 120720, \"PostId\": 298333, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"482c0f00-55b0-4590-86b2-aa85dbcc7f81\", \"Text\": \"The growth of infected cases $y$ is more or less exponential but the growth rate $c$ is not constant\", \"Comment\": \"Commonmark migration\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-05T10:39:01.763000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 120720, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 297784, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The growth of infected cases <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$y$</span> is more or less exponential \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15519, \"OwnerUserId\": 15519, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Coronavirus growth rate and its possibly spurious resemblance to vapor pressure model\", \"Tags\": \"<model><curve-fitting><epidemiology>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I collected the latest data on the coronavirus from Johns Hopkins University as shown and fitted \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-07T06:56:09.710000\", \"AccountId\": 2324551.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stats IT\", \"Location\": \"New Delhi, Delhi, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Forget the air of mystery, I am:</p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Erdos Number 2</li>\\n<li>Pure Mathematician</li>\\n<li\"}], \"AccountId\": 7195484.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sextus Empiricus\", \"Location\": \"Sion, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/martijn-weterings-7035609a/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/lShkO.jpg\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\"}, {\"Id\": 39649, \"PostId\": 93576, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c982ebe3-1c9d-40ca-8be7-4c2814872d77\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-25T15:17:27.320000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 39649, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How could I use VAR model for nonstationary series?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><vector-autoregression><vector-error-correction-model><eviews>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have five independent variables: <code>oil</code> (stationary at level), <code>f</code> (statio\", \"AccountId\": 5229992.0, \"DisplayName\": \"T.G. Zain\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>student</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 75743, \"PostId\": 186296, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aba522d5-a9a5-45df-82cf-58888685a52f\", \"Text\": \"1.) If the columns really differ systematically, as suspected, you should test as much columns as po\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-11T15:15:20.890000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 75743, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 186219, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>1.) 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The relationships between y\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-09T04:43:15.613000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 75123, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You should analyze all of the variables you are interested in together. 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Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"Id\": 13573, \"AccountId\": 2202391.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mutlaq Al-Enezi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T18:22:55.560000\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 29907, \"UserId\": 13573, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-01-03T18:29:03.530000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 37991, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 13573, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"58199c0e-ffda-42dd-9c6b-31b6ffcc84a0\", \"Text\": \"Can we apply inferential statistics on the entire population?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T18:22:55.560000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can we apply inferential statistics on the entire population?\", \"Tags\": \"<inference>\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p><strong>Possible Duplicate:</strong><br>\\n <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.co\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 2456, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 37991, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-13T18:35:23.810000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 831, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 2457, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical inference when the sample \\\"is\\\" the population\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><population><sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"Body\": \"<p>Imagine you have to do reporting on the numbers of candidates who yearly take a given test. It se\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 178769, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 249032, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-29T04:25:03.957000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 178769, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why bootstrapping?\", \"Tags\": \"<bootstrap>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understood that bootstrapping is a technique used to estimate statistics of a population. In bo\", \"AccountId\": 7674406.0, \"DisplayName\": \"vamsi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 3981, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 37991, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T18:31:24.813000\"}, {\"Id\": 50039, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 109487, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-24T20:07:11.767000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50039, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What's my population? Is this Descriptive or Inferential?\", \"Tags\": \"<inference><proportion><descriptive-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a list of employees at a company. I want to show some comparison of some demographics (sa\", \"AccountId\": 418607.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joe\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 35090, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-18T06:49:54.893000\"}, {\"Id\": 22231, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-24T18:36:59.513000\"}, {\"Id\": 21712, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 55533, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-09-14T01:55:27.127000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 21712, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to report data for an entire population?\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><population>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am conducting a descriptive study, and I am using the entire population in my study and not a \", \"AccountId\": 3302504.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user30287\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 22234, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-24T18:56:36.717000\"}, {\"Id\": 10938, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-10T11:25:56.007000\"}, {\"Id\": 109039, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 260357, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-07T23:43:25.757000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 109039, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can I test the relevance of variables on a dependent variable when I have data for an entire pop\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><population>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am investigating factors that influence how certain areas have intensified over time in a city.\", \"AccountId\": 10096164.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MelbourneJoe\", \"Location\": \"Melbourne VIC, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 129245, \"RelatedPostId\": 2456, \"PostId\": 201431, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-15T15:35:41.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 129245, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 201442, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to check significant change in the actual population, not sample\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test><paired-data><method-comparison>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to understand how I would decide whether a policy actually had a meaningful impact by \", \"AccountId\": 7460989.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Danilo Souza Morães\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 683651, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 2456, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 683273, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 2456, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 513908, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 2456, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1004124, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 2456, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 831, \"PostId\": 2456, \"UserId\": 831, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b135227f-1737-4bba-9c9e-f9128ea30525\", \"Text\": \"The problem is relatively simple... But i would like to have good material by specialists.\\r\\n\\r\\nTypica\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-02T13:41:58.307000\", \"AccountId\": 313139.0, \"DisplayName\": \"pbneau\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 808, \"OwnerUserId\": 808, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 2456, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"Body\": \"<p>Actually, if you're really positive you have the whole population, there's even no need to go int\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-31T10:07:27.890000\", \"AccountId\": 189452.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joris Meys\", \"Location\": \"Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.ugent.be/bw/damm/en\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistician and R programmer at the faculty of Bio-Engineering, university of Ghent</p>\\n\\n<p>Co-a\"}]}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 3179, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 3179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In that case you can calculate the relevant population parameters directly so I don't see the need f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-06-02T17:45:51.720000\", \"AccountId\": 510004.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Macro\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 6117, \"PostId\": 26858, \"UserId\": 3179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber, re: \\\"A distribution on n binary variates is equivalent to a distribution on their $2^n$ pos\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-05T10:44:57.150000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6117, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 41081, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random generation of n-dimensional data with possibly correlated variables\", \"Tags\": \"<random-generation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to generate a set of artificial data using another input set from which correlations\", \"AccountId\": 102202.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joao Azevedo\", \"Location\": \"Portugal\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://jcazevedo.net\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 8289, \"PostId\": 24259, \"UserId\": 3179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Just because any real number has non-zero mass under the normal distribution doesn't exactly mean it\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-28T13:35:34.563000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8289, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 24261, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How well does the normal distribution perform?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How close to reality is the normal distribtion?</p>\\n\\n<p>The height of people is supposed to be no\", \"AccountId\": 1305165.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mfc\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 3922, \"PostId\": 24371, \"UserId\": 3179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(+1) this is the only one of the 3 answers (so far) that seems to be attacking the real problem. Thi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-08-08T17:31:44.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3922, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 22424, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In your example, you are indeed confusing the variance of the mean with the variance of the popul\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7598, \"OwnerUserId\": 7598, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Difference between sample variance and statistic variance\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><variance><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Conceptually we learn that the sample variance formula, we have to divide by n-1 such that it giv\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-25T07:58:59.253000\", \"AccountId\": 1351532.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John Tan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 468726.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StasK\", \"Location\": \"Columbia, MO\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://stas.kolenikov.name\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Principal Survey Scientist, Abt Associates (<a href=\\\"http://www.abtassociates.com\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow \"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 46110, \"UserId\": 3179, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-09-10T12:58:51.910000\"}, {\"Id\": 18100, \"UserId\": 3179, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Enlightened\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2012-05-06T03:00:50.343000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1426, \"PostId\": 4564, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c3b53d6a-cbfc-4872-891f-d693123a0170\", \"Text\": \"How do you calculate the expectation of $\\\\left(\\\\sum_{i=1}^n {X_i} \\\\right)^2$?\", \"Comment\": \"added 2 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-11-26T10:48:47.433000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1426, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 4565, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do you calculate the expectation of $\\\\left(\\\\sum_{i=1}^n {X_i} \\\\right)^2$?\", \"Tags\": \"<expected-value><exponential-distribution><gamma-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>If $X_i$ is exponentially distributed $(i=1,...,n)$ with parameter $\\\\lambda$ and $X_i$'s are mutu\", \"AccountId\": 54038.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Isaac\", \"Location\": \"Iran\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>-</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 8543, \"PostId\": 24939, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0258a81d-e3b3-4ff7-8691-852f91863f24\", \"Text\": \"<r><generalized-least-squares>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tag and a bit of typesetting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-11T15:39:29.003000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8543, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Software for fitting generalized least squares model with errors that follow seasonal ARMA model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-least-squares>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need to fit a GLS model, with some known regressors, and where the errors follow an <strong>unk\", \"AccountId\": 1194068.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nbren12\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 23195, \"PostId\": 23195, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"daeda922-adf8-40c9-8bb0-1bc6a90bac21\", \"Text\": \"Define a function\\r\\n\\r\\n$$ f(c) = \\\\frac{1}{n} \\\\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_{i} - c)^2 $$ \\r\\n\\r\\nUsing basic calculus,\", \"Comment\": \"added 366 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-10T00:44:54.283000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 23193, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This seems just like sloppy choice of words. The sentence </p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Whenever we use\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7876, \"OwnerUserId\": 7876, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is the sum of squared differences from the sample mean smaller than the sum of squared differenc\", \"Tags\": \"<variance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>So the description I read is: </p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>It is important to note that the formulas f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-06T22:55:11.560000\", \"AccountId\": 976189.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eiyrioü von Kauyf\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Name intended to be a vocal exercise :)</p>\\n<p>email: i'll put a tor redirect eventually</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 25328, \"PostId\": 25328, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ea66848b-c980-4c80-9cc7-8f9a3ea396e9\", \"Text\": \"Regression when the response is a proportion that can be 0 or 1\", \"Comment\": \"edited title and body for clarity after a chat discussion with the poster\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-18T18:06:16.530000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 25350, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user11279\", \"Title\": \"Regression when the response is a proportion that can be 0 or 1\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multiple-regression><nonlinear-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two datasets a training and a test dataset. The dependent variable is a proportion and the\"}, {\"Id\": 26736, \"PostId\": 26736, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1732c9b8-26bc-41ed-8e59-d7a57a8ffe86\", \"Text\": \"Yes. The posterior distribution for a parameter $\\\\theta$, given a data set ${\\\\bf X}$ can be written \", \"Comment\": \"added 293 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-13T16:29:58.677000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 26734, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes. The posterior distribution for a parameter $\\\\theta$, given a data set ${\\\\bf X}$ can be writt\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9141, \"OwnerUserId\": 9141, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the relationship between sample size and the influence of prior on posterior?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sample-size><prior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If we have a small sample size, will the prior distribution influence the posterior distribution \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-13T16:18:52.810000\", \"AccountId\": 1565253.0, \"DisplayName\": \"toby j\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 1930, \"PostId\": 28692, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"294b4870-6b70-442c-8570-542e0e4a45a1\", \"Text\": \"I would like to run linear regression over a multi-dimensional data set. There exist differences amo\", \"Comment\": \"deleted two tags which seemed unnecessary; added 4 characters in body; edited title; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-03T03:42:01.077000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1930, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 28695, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Some of my predictors are on very different scales - do I need to transform them before fitting a li\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><linear-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to run linear regression over a multi-dimensional data set. There exist differences \", \"AccountId\": 107172.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bit-question\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 27817, \"PostId\": 27817, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3d6b2eb9-b8d6-4d4d-bd94-af6ffa35e196\", \"Text\": \"I'm going to describe what model each of your calls to `lmer()` fits and how they are different. \\r\\n\\r\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-04T14:26:27.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 27765, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'm going to describe what model each of your calls to <code>lmer()</code> fits and how they are \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9497, \"OwnerUserId\": 9497, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Questions about how random effects are specified in lmer\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><random-effects-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I recently measured how the meaning of a new word is acquired over repeated exposures (practice: \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-03T13:58:54.680000\", \"AccountId\": 1622795.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alwin hoff\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 12112, \"PostId\": 12112, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cfbda1d6-54e2-43b7-8620-46e7f49800a5\", \"Text\": \"I don't know the name of this distribution but you can just derive it from the law of total probabil\", \"Comment\": \"added 393 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-21T20:12:29.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 12110, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I don't know the name of this distribution but you can just derive it from the law of total proba\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 43, \"OwnerUserId\": 43, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 12112, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution that describes the difference between negative binomial distributed variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><modeling><poisson-distribution><negative-binomial-distribution><skellam-distribution\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A <a href=\\\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellam_distribution\\\">Skellam Distribution</a> describes \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T19:15:49.117000\", \"AccountId\": 50970.0, \"DisplayName\": \"chrisamiller\", \"Location\": \"St. Louis, MO\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.chrismiller.science\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I research cancer genomics and bioinformatics at Washington University in St Louis.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 24919, \"PostId\": 24919, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b844fcd-68ca-4bde-b84f-cbca0172173b\", \"Text\": \"A discrete random variable $X$ has a negative binomial distribution, indexed by parameters $p \\\\in (0\", \"Comment\": \"added 351 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-11T13:02:47.733000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"PostTypeId\": 4, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"A discrete, univariate distribution modelling the number of ${\\\\rm Bernoulli}(p)$ trial successes unt\"}, {\"Id\": 11730, \"PostId\": 33823, \"UserId\": 3179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"630d9234-009a-4aee-b93c-7bd0da8eb115\", \"Text\": \"All, \\r\\n\\r\\nI am trying to create a regression model where the (continuous) outcome is multimodal: \\r\\n\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"added picture\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-19T21:06:07.637000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11730, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regression model with multimodal outcome\", \"Tags\": \"<regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>All, </p>\\n\\n<p>I am trying to create a regression model where the (continuous) outcome is multimod\", \"AccountId\": 1958052.0, \"DisplayName\": \"PeteL\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-01-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 148973, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 37991, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 148947, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 37991, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 148980, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 37991, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 148951, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 37991, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 148953, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 37991, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 148961, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 37991, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 119211, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 13573, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"58199c0e-ffda-42dd-9c6b-31b6ffcc84a0\", \"Text\": \"<inference>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T18:22:55.560000\"}, {\"Id\": 119209, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 13573, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"58199c0e-ffda-42dd-9c6b-31b6ffcc84a0\", \"Text\": \"Greeting,\\r\\nMy question is:Can we apply inferential statistics on the entire population in case of th\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-03T18:22:55.560000\"}, {\"Id\": 674, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"2bd7ed34-e8a9-4317-b5aa-e517b1b3a43e\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"OriginalQuestionIds\\\":[2628],\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":7972,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Peter Ellis\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":4856,\\\"DisplayN\", \"Comment\": \"1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T20:50:47.397000\", \"AccountId\": 184175.0, \"DisplayName\": \"chl\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://aliquote.org\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Bohemian scientist.</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 2105, \"PostId\": 18514, \"UserId\": 674, \"ContentLicense\": 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Are you asking whether you need to exploit th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-18T22:32:05.610000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2105, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 18515, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Extracting meaningful information from a logistic regression model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><logistic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Possible warning: basic question ahead.</p>\\n\\n<p>Let's say that I model whether I wear red shoes d\", \"AccountId\": 175922.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ATMathew\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm an aspiring statistician.</p>\\n\\n<p>I also like R, Python, fitness, books, and a few other thin\"}, {\"Id\": 9126, \"PostId\": 9126, \"UserId\": 674, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"One can now add [sklearn.ensemble](http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/ensemble.html) from the Py\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-04-27T12:02:47.953000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 9101, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user88\", \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>(Updated 6 IX 2015 with suggestions from comments, also made CW)</p>\\n<p>There are two new, nice p\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 626, \"OwnerUserId\": 626, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 9126, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Optimized implementations of the Random Forest algorithm\", \"Tags\": \"<random-forest><algorithms><model-evaluation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have noticed that there are a few implementations of random forest such as ALGLIB, Waffles and \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-10T04:33:05.010000\", \"AccountId\": 181629.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Henry B.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 48736, \"PostId\": 104672, \"UserId\": 674, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Welcome to this site! What is the question? As stated, it looks like it is about how to use R to per\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-05T16:07:23.780000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 48736, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Econometrics advice needed on unpaired t-test\", \"Tags\": \"<r><statistical-significance><econometrics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>There are responses of my school's alumni on the skills they perceive they acquired during the st\", \"AccountId\": 6077233.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sammax\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 2970, \"UserId\": 674, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"r\", \"TagBased\": true, \"Date\": \"2010-11-12T03:00:07.883000\"}, {\"Id\": 13254, \"UserId\": 674, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Favorite Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2012-01-05T19:34:42.897000\"}, {\"Id\": 28015, \"UserId\": 674, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Generalist\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2012-11-26T10:49:50.283000\"}, {\"Id\": 18039, \"UserId\": 674, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Necromancer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2012-05-04T20:35:36.043000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 38255, \"PostId\": 38255, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"055eff3d-b5bb-43a6-8bf2-46f751813561\", \"Text\": \"I have created 5 imputations of a dataset and have fit a survival model to them all in R. I want to \", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-08T15:26:51.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Tom\", \"Title\": \"Combined variance following multiple imputation with survival model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><variance><survival><multiple-imputation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have created 5 imputations of a dataset and have fit a survival model to them all in R. I want \"}, {\"Id\": 2866, \"PostId\": 10548, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a5cee95-bca0-4c84-bbee-0eaad9d8747a\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression><generalized-linear-model><goodness-of-fit>\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-05-06T16:32:49.483000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2866, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Goodness of fit in GLMs\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><generalized-linear-model><goodness-of-fit>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am searching for a good criterion to measure the \\\"goodness of fit\\\" in generalized linear models\", \"AccountId\": 456781.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MarkDollar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 2669, \"PostId\": 8983, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"62bb3dc2-807b-4b33-9d30-81edcb6c49f1\", \"Text\": \"<repeated-measures><categorical-data><effect-size>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-04-20T17:55:16.387000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2669, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Effect size of Cochran's Q\", \"Tags\": \"<categorical-data><repeated-measures><effect-size><cochran-q>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have performed a Cochran's Q test for a within-subjects experimental design with 3 conditions a\", \"AccountId\": 11161.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ham\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.hamiltongross.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>UK-based freelance Software Engineer operating in the aerospace industry.</p>\\n\\n<p>Main Skills:<br\"}, {\"Id\": 858, \"PostId\": 4251, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b0f7b2cf-bebf-433f-857f-a2829752c9df\", \"Text\": \"<psychometrics><survey>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-04T09:08:01.607000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 858, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Establishing that the population sampled of two separate surveys is the same\", \"Tags\": \"<psychometrics><survey>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two surveys of two separate populations (I don't know that they are necessarily distinct, \", \"AccountId\": 196186.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hgcrpd\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 17420, \"PostId\": 17420, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5994b6ee-57c0-4020-b749-3df65b985dac\", \"Text\": \"Here is a possible solution using base R graphics: \\r\\n\\r\\n n <- 1000\\r\\n x <- runif(n, 0, 100)\\r\\n \", \"Comment\": \"fix some missing pieces of code\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-05T19:52:48.887000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 674, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 17415, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is a possible solution using base R graphics: </p>\\n\\n<pre><code>n <- 1000\\nx <- runif(n,\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 196, \"OwnerUserId\": 196, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 17420, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Creating a plot with boxplots ranked by quantiles in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><data-visualization><quantiles><boxplot>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to create a plot in R which gives me boxplots (and/or distributions) of one column ra\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-20T14:01:51.893000\", \"AccountId\": 214371.0, \"DisplayName\": \"vonjd\", \"Location\": 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\"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to do exploratory factor analysis in a repeated measure design?\", \"Tags\": \"<repeated-measures><factor-analysis><reliability><scale-construction>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In my experiment participants answered to the same scale twice, after the presentation of two dif\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-22T11:06:52.783000\", \"AccountId\": 10307523.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Silvia\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 3898, \"PostId\": 3898, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fd060c3a-2556-4b53-b28e-f07cfc32e7de\", \"Text\": \"<cross-validation><psychometrics><survey><likert-scale>\", \"Comment\": \"fix typo; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-11-05T13:34:50.963000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"john hall\", \"Title\": \"Validating questionnaires\", \"Tags\": \"<survey><scales><psychometrics><scale-construction>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am designing a questionnaire for my dissertation. 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I'm pretty certain there's some already e\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 5933, \"OwnerUserId\": 5933, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Highlighting significant results from non-parametric multiple comparisons on boxplots\", \"Tags\": \"<r><statistical-significance><boxplot>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have box plots of 13 groups that I show in one plot. 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It is no Matlab or \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-16T21:32:57.667000\", \"AccountId\": 509540.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sympa\", \"Location\": \"United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.slideshare.net/gaetanlion\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Quantitative professional with expertise in econometrics, statistics, risk management. For past \"}]}, {\"Id\": 5849, \"OwnerUserId\": 674, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 5848, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"Body\": \"<p>Apart from <a href=\\\"http://vis.stanford.edu/protovis/\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer\\\">Protovis</a> (HTML+JS) or\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-19T10:43:48.173000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 211, \"OwnerUserId\": 211, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 5849, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Resources for learning to use (/create) dynamic (/interactive) statistical visualization\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><interactive-visualization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to learn a bit more on interactive data visualization (zooming, pointing, brushing, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-21T07:53:50.990000\", \"AccountId\": 93886.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tal Galili\", \"Location\": \"Israel\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.r-statistics.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"Statistics, blogging, and the hope for a happy long life.\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 674, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e2b23eb5-e41f-4ec4-9da9-704bf46d97e5\", \"Text\": \"> **Possible Duplicate:** \\n> [Statistical inference when the sample “is” the population](http://sta\", \"Comment\": \"insert duplicate link\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 634667, \"PostId\": 95347, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c99571d9-58fc-40be-bbe7-4ed65fc042d8\", \"Text\": \"Let's follow Dilip Sarwate's instructions in [the post you reference](https://stats.stackexchange.co\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-13T12:44:29.337000\"}, {\"Id\": 34057, \"PostId\": 79126, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0d4508e1-a950-429c-8cb9-110fa34ef48b\", \"Text\": \"I have 2 data sets, one is binned and another is not, 9000 values each. Something like this:\\n\\n`a = [\", \"Comment\": \"Commonmark migration\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-01T04:52:21.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 34057, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which Xcorr to choose in a concrete situation: normalized/not, biased/unbiased?\", \"Tags\": \"<cross-correlation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 2 data sets, one is binned and another is not, 9000 values each. Something like this:</p>\\n\", \"AccountId\": 4684763.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ValeryVS\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20473, \"PostId\": 81879, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"57c2b615-87cf-409c-8ef6-615c57a77079\", \"Text\": \"These results hold for absolutely continuous random variables (see [this question][1] for the sample\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-02T14:24:21.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20473, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 81677, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>These results hold for absolutely continuous random variables (see <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackex\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 27478, \"OwnerUserId\": 27478, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 81879, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Limiting joint distribution of estimators; Functional Statistics; Influence curves;\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><mathematical-statistics><estimators><functional-data-analysis>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X_1,...,X_n$ iid r.v. with distribution F, with mean $\\\\mu$ and median $\\\\theta$.Assume that $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-14T13:18:39.917000\", \"AccountId\": 2056551.0, \"DisplayName\": \"An old man in the sea.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm too old, I'm a really slow learner, and I study by myself. I've come to enjoy the taste of le\"}], \"AccountId\": 3083068.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alecos Papadopoulos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alecospapadopoulos.wordpress.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD in Economics with a heavy dose of, and a not-so-secret love for, Econometrics and Statistics.\"}, {\"Id\": 13259, \"PostId\": 204663, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0f7ce57b-f7d2-4fb6-9773-b6c92cd9eff9\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-12-17T23:26:54.690000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13259, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Expectation Maximization intuitive explanation\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><expectation-maximization><intuition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given a set of events <code>{A, B, C, D, E}</code> that occur once each month for <code>n</code> \", \"AccountId\": 171969.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rad'Val\", \"Location\": \"Porto, Portugal\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://swiftcraft.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I write code for all kinds of things, embedded devices, desktops.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 33600, \"PostId\": 100460, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"87c45056-7c85-4d9f-8021-0e77e48e875c\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-20T16:14:49.670000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33600, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to compare two Bayesian networks?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><t-test><bayesian-network>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two different datasets on which I've applied the same learning (K2) algorithm to learn a B\", \"AccountId\": 4641026.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user48733\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 28258, \"PostId\": 67996, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"17feee82-b828-43c6-8718-960c04662d3f\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-02T07:11:53.633000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 28258, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Determining the best correlated time series\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><correlation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Before asking, I read similar questions, but none of them lead to satisfying answers for my speci\", \"AccountId\": 4094023.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JoseRamon\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 635577, \"PostId\": 37991, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"94599972-17a1-475a-89e6-07970d97e9b4\", \"Text\": \"> **Possible Duplicate:** \\n> [Statistical inference when the sample “is” the population](https://st\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-13T12:44:33.357000\"}, {\"Id\": 20704, \"PostId\": 127091, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f891f654-1b40-415a-9b41-7c6fc6bcf13c\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"OriginalQuestionIds\\\":[20032],\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":11852,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"usεr11852\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":11887,\\\"Display\", \"Comment\": \"101\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-11T14:06:40.840000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20704, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When to choose GAM over LOESS?\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><generalized-additive-model><smoothing><loess>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am smoothing the relationship between a binary variable <code>y</code> and a continuous variabl\", \"AccountId\": 1562761.0, \"DisplayName\": \"pir\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 92628, \"PostId\": 164725, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"435b5d4e-fcce-4113-8a20-de65292780ab\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-18T21:23:47.940000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 92628, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Better classification performance when using an RBF kernel function in high dimensional space?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><svm><kernel-trick><kernel-smoothing><rbf-network>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm learning about SVM's and understand that boosting something into a higher dimension can somet\", \"AccountId\": 9466923.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ryan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 113153, \"PostId\": 185842, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 34, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7ad2805c-575b-4f85-bc0c-c14115e0c117\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"4737\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-07T07:04:36.737000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 113153, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Computing effect size (partial eta squared) from a RM-ANOVA's F value\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><repeated-measures><effect-size><statistical-power>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to calculate the number of participants I need in order to get a power of 0.95, when repli\", \"AccountId\": 4413443.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Gilfoyle\", \"Location\": \"Earth\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Some of my answers:</p>\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2095395/is-logn-%CE%98n-l\"}, {\"Id\": 5210, \"PostId\": 135320, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a421f3a8-a89d-428d-8bef-c4637200717e\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-07T05:43:18.090000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5210, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Switch from Modelling a Process using a Poisson Distribution to use a Negative Binomial Distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<negative-binomial-distribution><kalman-filter><poisson-process><state-space-models>\", \"Body\": \"<p>$\\\\newcommand{\\\\P}{\\\\mathbb{P}}$We have a random process that may-or-may-not occur multiple times in\", \"AccountId\": 312398.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MoonKnight\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 5179, \"PostId\": 32919, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"75c8e9d0-cb54-4409-b5e1-f6b603e5204b\", \"Text\": \"I coincidentally read [your arXiv paper][1] prior to coming to this question and already wrote a blo\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-05T07:56:15.903000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 27853, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I coincidentally read <a href=\\\"http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.1066\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">your arX\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6254, \"OwnerUserId\": 6254, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 29054, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the connection between credible regions and Bayesian hypothesis tests?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><bayesian><confidence-interval><frequentist><credible-interval>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In frequentist statistics, there is a close connection between confidence intervals and tests. Us\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-13T07:31:38.267000\", \"AccountId\": 1169734.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MånsT\", \"Location\": \"Uppsala, Sweden\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.mansthulin.se\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work in theoretical and applied statistics, as a researcher, teacher and consultant.</p>\\n<p>Aut\"}], \"AccountId\": 844516.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Xi'an\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://xianblog.wordpress.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a professor of Statistics at Université Paris Dauphine (PSL), Paris, France, since 2000, and\"}, {\"Id\": 120720, \"PostId\": 298333, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"482c0f00-55b0-4590-86b2-aa85dbcc7f81\", \"Text\": \"The growth of infected cases $y$ is more or less exponential but the growth rate $c$ is not constant\", \"Comment\": \"Commonmark migration\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-05T10:39:01.763000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 120720, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 297784, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The growth of infected cases <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$y$</span> is more or less exponential \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15519, \"OwnerUserId\": 15519, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Coronavirus growth rate and its possibly spurious resemblance to vapor pressure model\", \"Tags\": \"<model><curve-fitting><epidemiology>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I collected the latest data on the coronavirus from Johns Hopkins University as shown and fitted \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-07T06:56:09.710000\", \"AccountId\": 2324551.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stats IT\", \"Location\": \"New Delhi, Delhi, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Forget the air of mystery, I am:</p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Erdos Number 2</li>\\n<li>Pure Mathematician</li>\\n<li\"}], \"AccountId\": 7195484.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sextus Empiricus\", \"Location\": \"Sion, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/martijn-weterings-7035609a/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/lShkO.jpg\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\"}, {\"Id\": 39649, \"PostId\": 93576, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c982ebe3-1c9d-40ca-8be7-4c2814872d77\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-25T15:17:27.320000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 39649, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How could I use VAR model for nonstationary series?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><vector-autoregression><vector-error-correction-model><eviews>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have five independent variables: <code>oil</code> (stationary at level), <code>f</code> (statio\", \"AccountId\": 5229992.0, \"DisplayName\": \"T.G. Zain\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>student</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 75743, \"PostId\": 186296, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aba522d5-a9a5-45df-82cf-58888685a52f\", \"Text\": \"1.) If the columns really differ systematically, as suspected, you should test as much columns as po\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-11T15:15:20.890000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 75743, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 186219, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>1.) If the columns really differ systematically, as suspected, you should test as much columns as\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 113623, \"OwnerUserId\": 113623, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 186296, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Incomplete block design analysis / design with R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><anova><mixed-model><experiment-design><blocking>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a few questions that arose when working on designing the following experiment. 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The relationships between y\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-09T04:43:15.613000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 75123, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You should analyze all of the variables you are interested in together. The relationships betwee\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 31914, \"OwnerUserId\": 31914, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 75125, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should I analyze variables separately or together?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><multiple-regression><spss><stata>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have one categorical variable (<code>on a diet</code>: yes or no) and two numerical variables (\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-16T16:00:33.873000\", \"AccountId\": 4481408.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Emma\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Just a student! 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Monica Cellio, a popular and well-respected vo\"}, {\"Id\": 215888, \"PostId\": 288441, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"028cdf5a-324d-442a-9649-a8afd3a24587\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":11032,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Michael Chernick\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":11887,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"kjetil b halvors\", \"Comment\": \"104\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-05T14:28:58.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 215888, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 288464, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to set up a machine learning model with no data\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><python>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know what you're thinking. This is a silly question. I think so too but our company is very you\", \"AccountId\": 13222395.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alice_inwonderland\", \"Location\": \"Toronto, ON, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 50302, \"PostId\": 107304, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"da82df2f-0af5-45a5-ab28-0619a729fdd3\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-29T06:33:20.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50302, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How are residuals calculated in rugarch package\", \"Tags\": \"<r><residuals><garch>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a question regarding the \\\"rugarch\\\" package in R. I try to fit a ARMA(1,1)+GARCH(1,1) to a \", \"AccountId\": 6227181.0, \"DisplayName\": \"martinscorsese101\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 0, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 0, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-01-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-07-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-10-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-07-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-01-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-04-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13573, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":85,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"Id\": 121569, \"AccountId\": 348756.0, \"DisplayName\": \"malina\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:03:22.903000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 193813, \"PostId\": 193813, \"UserId\": 121569, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the answer, but I'm a bit confused about one aspect. If $\\\\sigma$ is sufficiently large, a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:50:24.057000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 193809, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The following method will only work if the mean of $X$ is not 0.</p>\\n\\n<p>You have have $X \\\\approx\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 363119, \"PostId\": 193813, \"UserId\": 121569, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Do you know if there are other well-defined ways for constructing confidence intervals which ensure \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-13T06:55:04.033000\"}, {\"Id\": 23085, \"PostId\": 193813, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@malina Yes it would. It is not ideal, and this is a drawback of large sample confidence intervals f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-28T02:13:22.950000\", \"AccountId\": 3499397.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Greenparker\", \"Location\": \"Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://dvats.github.io/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Generally interested most in problems on MCMC and Bayesian computation. Also interested in all ot\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 154300, \"PostId\": 154300, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@mscnvrsy It is obvious even for $IG(m, M)$ because there is only one parametrization for IG. Its ho\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-20T13:12:28.433000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 154296, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This discrepancy arises because there are two different parameterizations of the Gamma distributi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 83887, \"OwnerUserId\": 83887, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 154300, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling from an Inverse Gamma distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><sampling><gibbs><inverse-gamma-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using Gibbs sampling in the MCMC estimation of a stochastic volatility model. One of the pos\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-14T19:44:31.117000\", \"AccountId\": 8821602.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mscnvrsy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 140656, \"PostId\": 140656, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't know what you mean by 'bump'. But for example in the first ACF plot, I see significant autoc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-18T18:41:41.173000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 140646, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are two major advantages to making a lag autocorrelation plot</p>\\n\\n<p>1) You get to see the\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 140646, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user46925\", \"Title\": \"What is the point of lag plots and autocorrelation plots?\", \"Tags\": \"<autocorrelation><scatterplot><lags>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Most people seem to argue that lag plots and autocorrelation plots are useful for determining whe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-18T18:04:51.117000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 57495, \"PostId\": 142112, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The reason for the high $t$ value is because the standard error for Genusrh is essentially 0. Since \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-15T16:44:54.467000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57495, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Nonsensical t-value for level of mixed effect categorical predictor\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><p-value>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a very unbalanced dataset (102 observations, 26 groups) which I am trying to fit into a mi\", \"AccountId\": 6561063.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jbukoski\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 21014, \"PostId\": 227016, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It seems like this is more complicated that it seems. The arXiv paper [here](https://arxiv.org/pdf/0\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-22T03:11:36.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 21014, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Asymptotic normality of a quadratic form\", \"Tags\": \"<normality-assumption><central-limit-theorem><asymptotics><quadratic-form>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $\\\\mathbf{x}$ be a random vector drawn from $P$. Consider a sample $\\\\{ \\\\mathbf{x}_i \\\\}_{i=1}^n\", \"AccountId\": 2084066.0, \"DisplayName\": \"wij\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>A researcher interested in machine learning.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 161552, \"PostId\": 230559, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Xi'an As I recall, Kipnis and Varadhan talk about variance of Monte Carlo averages, not estimating \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-09T03:26:51.960000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 161552, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to estimate posterior variance from dependent MCMC samples? Does the usual sample covariance sti\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><variance><estimation><markov-chain-montecarlo>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we want to estimate posterior variance of $\\\\alpha$ given x, i.e. var($\\\\alpha|x$). \\nWe hav\", \"AccountId\": 13532114.0, \"DisplayName\": \"black corn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 48147, \"PostId\": 221599, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Could you explain how exactly are you obtaining $X_1, X_2, \\\\dots, X_N$? You mention that you are int\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-26T07:27:25.447000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 48147, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating standard error of Monte Carlo integration, non-MCMC version\", \"Tags\": \"<standard-error><monte-carlo><convergence><random-generation><numerical-integration>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let us suppose that we're to evaluate the expectation of a random variable $h$ with respect to so\", \"AccountId\": 183161.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Cong Ma\", \"Location\": \"Cape Town, South Africa\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://cma.lamost.org/\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 259129, \"PostId\": 259129, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@nsimplex Technically $X_n$ has asymptotic variance 0. If samples are iid, $X_n$ should have *exact*\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-02T16:02:19.850000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 259127, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>No, it doesn't make much sense to say that\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$X_n \\\\overset{d}{\\\\to} N\\\\\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 188838, \"OwnerUserId\": 188838, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"abusing convergence in distribution notation\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><convergence><notation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If I have <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\sqrt{n} (X_n - c) \\\\xrightarrow[]{d} N(0,v) $</span> does\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-02T15:42:27.390000\", \"AccountId\": 383155.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nsimplex\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 200611, \"PostId\": 200611, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user164144 And the answer to [this](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/143962/finding-umvue-\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-11T10:43:42.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 200609, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Is this problem just a matter of finding UMVUE for $\\\\theta$ then substituting to t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 120803, \"OwnerUserId\": 120803, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clarification on what it means to find UMVUE for P(X>a)\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><estimation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>So say I have $x_1, x_2... x_n$ random sample with common pdf having a single unknown parameter $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-06T02:09:47.287000\", \"AccountId\": 11053594.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user164144\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 74009, \"PostId\": 141118, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There might be an incorrect duplicate tag. The size of the sample $n$ is also random here, and model\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-22T23:34:23.743000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 74009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How is the minimum of a random set of random variables distributed?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><random-variable>\", \"Body\": \"<p>If $X_1,...,X_N$ are independent and identically distributed exponential random variables, what c\", \"AccountId\": 8097404.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ämin Persialinen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 180335, \"PostId\": 251930, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@wolfies Could you give a source/derivation of that?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-12T19:45:53.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 180335, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 252437, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Expectation of Inverse Logit of Normal Random Variable\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><normal-distribution><expected-value>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a random variable <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$Y = \\\\frac{e^{X}}{1 + e^{X}}$</span> and I \", \"AccountId\": 9359542.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Henry\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 75165, \"PostId\": 143293, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The Cowles+Carlin paper that you refer to does not talk about when to stop sampling, rather it discu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-05T04:27:21.373000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 75165, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to check the convergence in the collapsed Gibbs sampling of LDA?\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><convergence><gibbs><topic-models>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to implement the LDA model fit by collapsed Gibbs sampling by myself. I have go throu\", \"AccountId\": 7621249.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user5779223\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 35876, \"PostId\": 193157, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This looks like a Poisson fused lasso style optimization setup.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-06T13:45:49.340000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 35876, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximum Likelihood with penalization\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><references><poisson-distribution><likelihood><regularization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can someone please give me a reference where I can find more info on the method of Poisson maximu\", \"AccountId\": 4811796.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mina\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 363135, \"PostId\": 193813, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@malina Bootstrap confidence intervals most likely. But more than that, I am not so sure.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-13T08:38:02.107000\"}, {\"Id\": 31880, \"PostId\": 139434, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Sure you can do all of that when using MC/MCMC in a Bayesian context. However, at the end of the day\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-15T19:18:42.653000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 31880, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 139400, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The least conservative multiple comparison adjustment is to not do one. In that case you are acce\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 139400, \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Least conservative multiple testing correction\", \"Tags\": \"<multivariate-analysis><multiple-comparisons><bonferroni>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a general question regarding multiple testing when making confidence intervals. Suppose I\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-07T16:54:01.213000\"}], \"AccountId\": 3586393.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dalton Hance\", \"Location\": \"Wenatchee, WA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ecological Statistician with a special interest in mark-recapture methods and sampling design.</p\"}, {\"Id\": 139579, \"PostId\": 139579, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I am not sure what you are asking here. I am simply saying that since the means are not the same, th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-09T05:38:48.410000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 139573, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>(I am assuming all entries in the matrix are scalar.)</p>\\n\\n<p>Lets see if $p(x|y,z) = p(x|z)$. Us\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 72820, \"OwnerUserId\": 72820, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 139579, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Doubt on conditional probability of correlated normal variables\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><conditional-probability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a system of the form</p>\\n\\n<p>$ \\\\begin{bmatrix} x \\\\\\\\ y\\\\\\\\ z\\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\text{~} \\\\mathcal{N\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-09T02:34:43.880000\", \"AccountId\": 8003181.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Carlos Massera Filho\", \"Location\": \"São Carlos, State of São Paulo, Brazil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 193809, \"PostId\": 193809, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What is the mean of $X$? Is it a general unknown $\\\\mu$? Also $Y = X/N$ being a sample average makes \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:24:19.913000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence interval for a folded normal distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><dataset><standard-error><folded-normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>(My background: physicist rusty on statistics, evaluating an experimental dataset).</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm s\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 726631, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 193809, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1276147, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 193809, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 726614, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 193809, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 669709, \"PostId\": 193809, \"UserId\": 121569, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"04e8fd58-19ac-4681-9c0f-197f8d499738\", \"Text\": \"(My background: physicist rusty on statistics, evaluating an experimental dataset).\\r\\n\\r\\nI'm studying \", \"Comment\": \"added 7 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T09:52:16.773000\"}, {\"Id\": 669685, \"PostId\": 193809, \"UserId\": 121569, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"80033cde-1f75-4025-b4a7-4f3e3ce3db3b\", \"Text\": \"(My background: physicist rusty on statistics, evaluating an experimental dataset).\\r\\n\\r\\nI'm studying \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:24:19.913000\"}, {\"Id\": 669686, \"PostId\": 193809, \"UserId\": 121569, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"80033cde-1f75-4025-b4a7-4f3e3ce3db3b\", \"Text\": \"Confidence interval for a folded normal distribution\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:24:19.913000\"}, {\"Id\": 669687, \"PostId\": 193809, \"UserId\": 121569, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"80033cde-1f75-4025-b4a7-4f3e3ce3db3b\", \"Text\": \"<confidence-interval><dataset><standard-error>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:24:19.913000\"}, {\"Id\": 960, \"PostId\": 193809, \"UserId\": 960, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d15f9b23-c018-4217-b3d1-c87b225a79c0\", \"Text\": \"<confidence-interval><dataset><standard-error><folded-normal-distribution>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-18T10:55:08.240000\", \"AccountId\": 204092.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stephan Kolassa\", \"Location\": \"Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephankolassa\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><em>If you would like to <a href=\\\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephankolassa/?lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apag\"}]}, {\"Id\": 58330, \"PostId\": 58330, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you. Will look up Kiefer's book and see what I find.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-28T02:20:34.733000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 59733, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Prove/counter example: A minimax decision rule is always Bayes wrt some proper prior\", \"Tags\": \"<bayes><decision-theory><point-estimation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Not sure whether the claim is true or false.</p>\\n\\n<p>If claim is true, intuitively, it might have\"}, {\"Id\": 105948, \"PostId\": 185001, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user177196 Ok, $\\\\sum_{i=1}^{n} \\\\sqrt{X_i}$ is complete and sufficient, and $\\\\sum_{i=1}^{n} \\\\sqrt{X_\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-13T03:35:27.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105948, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Find the UMVUE of $6\\\\theta^2$ given $f(x\\\\mid\\\\theta) = \\\\frac{1}{2\\\\theta^2} e^{\\\\frac{-\\\\sqrt{x}}{\\\\theta\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><point-estimation><umvue>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_1, X_2,\\\\ldots, X_n$</span> are i.i.d rvs with pdf <span cla\", \"AccountId\": 5053475.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user177196\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 74365, \"PostId\": 141631, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Well, the most obvious thing to do is compare the sample statistics to the truth. For example, if yo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-27T11:12:42.073000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 74365, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating error of MCMC algorithms?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><markov-chain-montecarlo><algorithms>\", \"Body\": \"<p>If for example the Transitional MCMC algorithm is used (or does it matter which one?), what are t\", \"AccountId\": 2066777.0, \"DisplayName\": \"localized\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 27478, \"PostId\": 139739, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"By construction, the mean of the residuals is always going to be 0, and so that gives you no informa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-14T13:18:39.917000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 27478, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"A little help in confirming an interpretation on an output\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><generalized-linear-model><residuals><leverage>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How can we interpret the results in the graph below?</p>\\n\\n<p>Does the R command lm() uses Heteros\", \"AccountId\": 2056551.0, \"DisplayName\": \"An old man in the sea.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm too old, I'm a really slow learner, and I study by myself. I've come to enjoy the taste of le\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 181806, \"UserId\": 23085, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Deputy\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-08-17T18:47:17.987000\"}, {\"Id\": 359492, \"UserId\": 23085, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-04-07T19:50:13.927000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 47590, \"PostId\": 144193, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"302c7a2e-280d-45fe-a455-5b2b100daef6\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to get a grasp on the ML estimator and the presentation of the asymptotic covariance mat\", \"Comment\": \"added 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-16T23:20:44.977000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 47590, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Asymptotic covariance matrix of the ML estimator\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><covariance-matrix><asymptotics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to get a grasp on the ML estimator and the presentation of the asymptotic covariance \", \"AccountId\": 5901789.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dole\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 263818, \"PostId\": 263818, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e6e987dd-b48b-4d44-a2aa-5d042e247f08\", \"Text\": \"I assume the authors are talking about the \\\"batch means estimators\\\" which are very popular in steady\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 2 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-13T20:18:55.047000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 263745, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I assume the authors are talking about the \\\"batch means estimators\\\" which are very popular in ste\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 176270, \"OwnerUserId\": 176270, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimate the asymptotic efficiency of a Markov chain sampling by the method of batching\", \"Tags\": \"<autocorrelation><markov-chain-montecarlo><metropolis-hastings><optimal-scaling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the paper <a href=\\\"http://people.ee.duke.edu/~lcarin/baystat5.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">E\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-04T11:53:37.453000\", \"AccountId\": 262399.0, \"DisplayName\": \"0xbadf00d\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 143828, \"PostId\": 143828, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"89e30dc0-7a21-4fa6-ba51-b176fb24e828\", \"Text\": \"You want to estimate $\\\\psi = \\\\int_a^b h(x) \\\\, dx$, using Monte Carlo integration. This means that sa\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-14T19:08:30.257000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 143819, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You want to estimate $\\\\psi = \\\\int_a^b h(x) \\\\, dx$, using Monte Carlo integration. This means that\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 43638, \"OwnerUserId\": 43638, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 143828, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Question about accuracy in Monte Carlo integration\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><monte-carlo><integral><numerical-integration>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that we want to estimate the integral:<br>\\n$$\\\\psi=\\\\int_{a}^{b}h(x)dx.$$</p>\\n\\n<p>Let $\\\\hat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-10T17:07:06.580000\", \"AccountId\": 3183836.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John M\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 145761, \"PostId\": 145761, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6a63fc98-06af-4a37-bf30-93ca6459a85d\", \"Text\": \"The pdf of a $\\\\chi^2_k$ distribution is,\\r\\n$$f(x) = 2^{-k/2} \\\\Gamma{(k/2)}^{-1} x^{k/2 - 1}e^{-x/2}. \", \"Comment\": \"added 95 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-03T01:13:20.953000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 145758, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The pdf of a $\\\\chi^2_k$ distribution is,\\n$$f(x) = 2^{-k/2} \\\\Gamma{(k/2)}^{-1} x^{k/2 - 1}e^{-x/2}\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 74951, \"OwnerUserId\": 74951, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 145761, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mode of the $ \\\\chi^2 $ distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<mode><chi-squared-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been studying a statistics textbook that makes a claim that the $ \\\\chi^2 $ distribution with\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-02T15:10:14.430000\", \"AccountId\": 4770100.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ZachTheRiah\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 247497, \"PostId\": 247497, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4c6cdc5b-eb13-4309-8f7a-4c5644cca41c\", \"Text\": \"Suppose I have the following $AR(p)$ model.\\r\\n\\r\\n$$X_t = \\\\sum_{i=1}^{p} \\\\phi_i X_{t-i} + \\\\epsilon_t\\\\,,\", \"Comment\": \"added 2152 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-14T11:56:27.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 247625, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sum of autocovariances for AR(p) model\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><autocorrelation><autoregressive><spectral-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have the following <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$AR(p)$</span> model.</p>\\n\\n<p><span cla\"}, {\"Id\": 142664, \"PostId\": 142664, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"942405b6-f71b-40c2-bc7a-27551ff0d262\", \"Text\": \"$X_1, \\\\dots, X_n \\\\sim N(\\\\theta, \\\\sigma^2)$. For simplicity, let $\\\\theta = 0$ be fixed (you could put\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-05T01:18:30.913000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 142662, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The posterior is (generally) going to be a function of the sample size. One way of determining pr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 75141, \"OwnerUserId\": 75141, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142664, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Posteriors and Sample Sizes\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><mathematical-statistics><posterior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we have a two dimensional parameter $\\\\theta=(\\\\mu,\\\\sigma^2)$, and a prior distribution $p(\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-04T21:19:09.383000\", \"AccountId\": 7123796.0, \"DisplayName\": \"strawberryBeef\", \"Location\": \"Los Angeles, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Sometimes I enjoy analysis. Sometimes I don't.</p>\\n<p>I used to be a student, and sometimes I sti\"}]}, {\"Id\": 153594, \"PostId\": 153594, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72689359-cc39-4033-9e46-521bd90f5fe6\", \"Text\": \"TLDR: There will almost always be correlation in the parameters in the Bayesian world; even if you u\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-13T15:02:39.610000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 153587, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>TLDR: There will almost always be correlation in the parameters in the Bayesian world; even if yo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6813, \"OwnerUserId\": 6813, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 153594, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is correlation between parameters a problem when fitting a Bayesian model using MCMC?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assuming some Bayesian model, for example:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$y \\\\sim N(X\\\\beta, \\\\sigma)$$</p>\\n\\n<p>where thi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-13T14:24:15.577000\", \"AccountId\": 1245417.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user9171\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 7860, \"PostId\": 239125, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c8f1d387-1059-4bc9-b99e-0d37f617f7df\", \"Text\": \"Applying multiESS for multiple (dependent) parallel chains\", \"Comment\": \"edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-05T22:15:28.070000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7860, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 239267, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Applying multiESS for multiple (dependent) parallel chains\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sample-size><markov-chain-montecarlo><posterior>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using the affine-invariant sampler from <a href=\\\"http://dfm.io/emcee/current/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow \", \"AccountId\": 1162200.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Gabriel\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 142181, \"PostId\": 142181, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bb4a6bc2-3318-49aa-aa29-417acf56dde5\", \"Text\": \"Let $\\\\pi(x) = M f(x)$, where $M$ is the normalizing constant. In many situations, only $f(x)$ is kno\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-31T15:18:11.230000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 131365, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\pi(x) = M f(x)$</span>, where <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$M$\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 65044, \"OwnerUserId\": 65044, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142181, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to choose a constant for reject sampling\", \"Tags\": \"<monte-carlo><rejection-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When using a non-Markov Monte Carlo sampling method, for example acceptance-rejection sampling, w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-01T08:59:39.160000\", \"AccountId\": 3227363.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hirschme\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 11490, \"PostId\": 146079, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"30843816-a854-452c-ba78-6a34b5b3e7b7\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to evaluate an adaptive MCMC algorithm on a multimodal target density. Among other perfo\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-09T21:22:33.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11490, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Effective sample size for MCMC with multimodal target\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><coda>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to evaluate an adaptive MCMC algorithm on a multimodal target density. Among other pe\", \"AccountId\": 1920491.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matteo Fasiolo\", \"Location\": \"Bristol, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Postdoc in Statistics at the University of Bristol. Previously working on statistical inference f\"}, {\"Id\": 139654, \"PostId\": 139654, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dd4ee533-87a6-48ae-9eb5-ee2fc9d647cf\", \"Text\": \"Multinomial and Poisson are very different. Multinomial regression should be used when your response\", \"Comment\": \"Typos fixed.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-09T18:23:58.870000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 139652, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Multinomial and Poisson are very different. Multinomial regression should be used when your respo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 139652, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user46925\", \"Title\": \"Multinomial vs Poisson for Modelling Count Data\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><poisson-distribution><multinomial-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say that I was modelling the counts for two different treatments. Afterwards, I would fit a parti\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-09T18:13:05.960000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 146867, \"PostId\": 146867, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c1921815-93cf-44b2-96ae-e7a4c7c4e1cf\", \"Text\": \"(Since this seems like a homework problem, I am just pointing out the essential details.)\\r\\n\\r\\nYou mad\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-12T14:34:26.900000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 146407, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>(Since this seems like a homework problem, I am just pointing out the essential details.)</p>\\n\\n<p\"}, {\"Id\": 76899, \"PostId\": 144875, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"75e9dc78-0864-4e9a-b77d-a24493881301\", \"Text\": \"How to correct a nls estimator when I get an error message that: step factor 0.000488281 reduced bel\", \"Comment\": \"added 20 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-24T06:59:20.593000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 76899, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Debugging in R when using nls\", \"Tags\": \"<r><data-visualization><model><nls>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How to correct a nls estimator when I get an error message that: step factor 0.000488281 reduced \", \"AccountId\": 1781449.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Debdatta Sinha Roy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 217546, \"PostId\": 217546, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"73957eb4-7a65-4db8-899f-11e0ed64f21f\", \"Text\": \"For a weakly stationary process $\\\\{Y_t\\\\}$ with mean $\\\\mu$, the $k$th lag [autocovariance](https://en\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T11:49:50.353000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 217520, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For a weakly stationary process $\\\\{Y_t\\\\}$ with mean $\\\\mu$, the $k$th lag <a href=\\\"https://en.wiki\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 146849, \"OwnerUserId\": 146849, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"0th lag order auto-covariance vs. Variance of variable\", \"Tags\": \"<covariance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is it true the 0th lag order auto-covariance of a variable Y_t is equivalent to the variance of t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-16T04:35:00.493000\", \"AccountId\": 12693067.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nycstats\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 699, \"PostId\": 40048, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6445bc8e-dfbb-439b-ba76-f46c729ed8d5\", \"Text\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><posterior><best-practices>\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-16T15:19:08.017000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 699, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Effective Sample Size for posterior inference from MCMC sampling\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sample-size><markov-chain-montecarlo><posterior>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When obtaining MCMC samples to make inference on a particular parameter, what are good guides for\", \"AccountId\": 509513.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matt Albrecht\", \"Location\": \"Perth, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 143969, \"PostId\": 143969, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"05b745c4-555a-4da9-9c6d-a6bce75a4aa7\", \"Text\": \"$\\\\beta_1X \\\\sim Gamma(\\\\alpha_1, 1)$ and $\\\\beta_2 Y \\\\sim Gamma(\\\\alpha_2, 1)$, then according to [Wikip\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-15T20:43:31.490000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 143966, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>$\\\\beta_1X \\\\sim Gamma(\\\\alpha_1, 1)$ and $\\\\beta_2 Y \\\\sim Gamma(\\\\alpha_2, 1)$, then according to <a \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6785, \"OwnerUserId\": 6785, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 143969, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"distribution of the ratio of two gamma random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><mathematical-statistics><gamma-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume that $X \\\\sim Ga(\\\\alpha_1, \\\\beta_1)$ and $Y \\\\sim Ga(\\\\alpha_2, \\\\beta_2)$. Define $Z= X/Y$. W\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-11T19:45:20.707000\", \"AccountId\": 1206685.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user9292\", \"Location\": \"FL\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>The era of data has yet to come...</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 140608, \"PostId\": 140608, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"41dc5600-8f09-4843-a3da-e16a1a4d4220\", \"Text\": \"Once you obtain samples from the posterior $X_1, X_2, \\\\dots, X_n$ and calculate the sample mean,\\r\\n$$\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-18T12:38:03.750000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 140251, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Once you obtain samples from the posterior $X_1, X_2, \\\\dots, X_n$ and calculate the sample mean,\\n\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 61951, \"OwnerUserId\": 61951, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 140608, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"MCMC convergence, analytic derivations, Monte Carlo error\", \"Tags\": \"<standard-error><markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><convergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to figure out some convergence statements on an MCMC example.</p>\\n\\n<p>The setup is: I'\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-20T12:26:47.080000\", \"AccountId\": 6716609.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jenna\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 146663, \"PostId\": 146663, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a30312b9-308a-412f-bcee-303a3c232801\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><improper-prior>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-10T22:27:57.700000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 147374, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling from an Improper Distribution (using MCMC and otherwise)\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><markov-process><improper-prior>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My basic question is: how would you sample from an improper distribution? Does it even make sense\"}, {\"Id\": 145822, \"PostId\": 145822, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9075b23e-0094-495a-a514-78f544b4d842\", \"Text\": \"The reason that the corr$(X,Y)$ is between -1 and 1 is due to [Cauchy-Schwarz In equality](https://e\", \"Comment\": \"added 366 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-03T13:18:08.383000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 145819, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The reason that the corr$(X,Y)$ is between -1 and 1 is due to <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 75727, \"OwnerUserId\": 75727, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 145822, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it true that $\\\\frac{E[(|X - E[X]|)(|Y - E[Y]|)]}{\\\\sigma_X \\\\sigma_Y} = 1$?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the well-known fact that correlation is bounded between $-1$ and $1$:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\n-1 \\\\le \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-11T13:01:29.917000\", \"AccountId\": 1971387.0, \"DisplayName\": \"George\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 154960, \"PostId\": 154960, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bb3e3aa1-3b79-4314-865a-f3e14324c348\", \"Text\": \"The most obvious reason is that there is often no time sequence in the values. So if you jumble the \", \"Comment\": \"deleted 3 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-26T17:05:48.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 154955, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The most obvious reason is that there is often no time sequence in the values. So if you jumble t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 72371, \"OwnerUserId\": 72371, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 154960, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why isn't variance defined as the difference between every value following each other?\", \"Tags\": \"<variance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This may be a simple question for many but here it is:</p>\\n<p><strong>Why isn't variance defined \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-03T17:24:02.227000\", \"AccountId\": 2666969.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2305193\", \"Location\": \"_\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>_</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 233021, \"PostId\": 233021, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"33f1ba36-78fe-47f3-9266-8a928be1b9c4\", \"Text\": \"I was going through the Stan documentation which can be downloaded from [here](http://mc-stan.org/us\", \"Comment\": \"added 354 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-30T13:11:06.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 234122, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Stan $\\\\hat{R}$ versus Gelman-Rubin $\\\\hat{R}$ definition\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><convergence><gibbs><metropolis-hastings><stan>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was going through the Stan documentation which can be downloaded from <a href=\\\"http://mc-stan.o\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 812735, \"PostId\": 233021, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b549d0f8-606e-423e-a080-773eab1e1ab3\", \"Text\": \"I was going through the Stan documentation which can be downloaded from [here](http://mc-stan.org/us\", \"Comment\": \"added 17 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-06T22:22:54.517000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 146098, \"PostId\": 146098, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2786ffbc-ba7c-4ea7-bc91-72cff705f390\", \"Text\": \"The pdf is the derivative of the CDF, not the other way around. If you want to find the CDF, you int\", \"Comment\": \"added 8 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-05T14:56:33.553000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 146092, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The pdf is the derivative of the CDF, not the other way around. If you want to find the CDF, you \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50208, \"OwnerUserId\": 50208, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 146098, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Understanding the CDF of the Exponential from the PDF?\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><exponential-distribution><cumulative-distribution-function>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was trying to get the CDF of the exponential through the pdf. I know that the relationship betw\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-28T01:00:45.810000\", \"AccountId\": 4628155.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stephen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a student at Harvard studying computer science and East Asian Studies (Mandarin). I began my\"}]}, {\"Id\": 231901, \"PostId\": 231901, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e1f75650-935d-416a-ae8c-946f39ed0089\", \"Text\": \"<regression><lasso><convergence><high-dimensional>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-20T12:12:23.023000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 232296, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"High-dimensional regression: why is $\\\\log p/n$ special?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><lasso><convergence><high-dimensional>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to read up on the research in the area of high-dimensional regression; when $p$ is la\"}, {\"Id\": 175879, \"PostId\": 175879, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3d636a65-912d-4936-a436-61adc4b5ce34\", \"Text\": \"I won't be able to tell you what exactly this means, but here is an explanation about CCF.\\r\\n\\r\\nFirst \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-21T22:27:29.303000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 138732, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I won't be able to tell you what exactly this means, but here is an explanation about CCF.</p>\\n\\n<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 55840, \"OwnerUserId\": 55840, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do I interpret this cross correlation function (CCF) plot?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><cross-correlation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on some exchange rates data. I have two series: </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>$X_t$ with the offici\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-21T22:33:04.690000\", \"AccountId\": 6662566.0, \"DisplayName\": \"elikesprogramming\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 228885, \"PostId\": 228885, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d352fa6-9869-4787-939a-e2c3385b241c\", \"Text\": \"There are two main ways of assessing the quality of a Markov chain\\r\\n\\r\\n 1. The **rate of convergence*\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-25T09:05:19.777000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 228853, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are two main ways of assessing the quality of a Markov chain</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>The <strong>rate\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 119922, \"OwnerUserId\": 119922, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 228885, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to Characterise These Markov Chains?\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><markov-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following two Markov chains:</p>\\n\\n<p>1.</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/za7\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-30T00:13:41.380000\", \"AccountId\": 8893267.0, \"DisplayName\": \"The Pointer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 153669, \"PostId\": 153669, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e16b21cf-b866-4453-b1cc-82ec3d48a7ae\", \"Text\": \"When people say \\\"mixing\\\" in the context of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), they are (knowingly or u\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-14T02:48:54.500000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 153668, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>When people say \\\"mixing\\\" in the context of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), they are (knowingly o\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 38375, \"OwnerUserId\": 38375, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 153669, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does \\\"mixing\\\" mean in sampling?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sampling><markov-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I keep seeing this term \\\"mixing\\\": when people want to show their sampler works better, they say i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-30T00:21:23.097000\", \"AccountId\": 4474020.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3639557\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 261583, \"PostId\": 261583, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"df7e7ebe-3070-47ff-a3dd-90c97943bc6f\", \"Text\": \"\\\"Square-root\\\" of a Hotelling's T-squared distribution\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-23T12:01:35.167000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution of multivariate \\\"$Z$-score\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><multivariate-analysis><t-distribution><hotelling-t2>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\mathbf{X}_1, \\\\dots, \\\\mathbf{X}_n \\\\sim N_p(\\\\mathbf{\\\\mu}, \\\\S\"}, {\"Id\": 145845, \"PostId\": 145845, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d9596eec-daa0-46cf-8f6a-1a9512f0a027\", \"Text\": \"You have the joint distribution $(X_{(n)}, X_{1})$ and you need to find the distribution of $X_{(n)}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-03T15:19:07.453000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 145790, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have the joint distribution $(X_{(n)}, X_{(1)})$ and you need to find the distribution of $X_\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 59169, \"OwnerUserId\": 59169, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 145845, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Order Statistics, Expected Value of range, $E(X_{(n)}-X_{(1)})$\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><distributions><expected-value><order-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>$X_1, X_2,...,X_n$ is a random sample from $U(0,\\\\theta)$. Find $E(X_{(n)}-X_{(1)})$. </p>\\n\\n<p>I a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-09T15:09:19.003000\", \"AccountId\": 6851474.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kaustav Sen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 201222, \"PostId\": 201222, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dcfe9d3a-d161-47e2-83f2-579d9d9625e5\", \"Text\": \"Variance is the square of the standard error. For a positive number less than 1, the square of that \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-17T10:40:51.610000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 201217, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Variance is the square of the standard error. For a positive number less than 1, the square of th\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 129449, \"OwnerUserId\": 129449, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 201222, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Standard error bigger than variance\", \"Tags\": \"<r><variance><standard-deviation><mean>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to compute the paramaters of a sample mean, but I found a standard error (0.02463249)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-17T08:26:59.937000\", \"AccountId\": 10898203.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Adou Pro\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 669692, \"PostId\": 193813, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d351ec19-2045-45db-a039-4e43e167ca37\", \"Text\": \"The following method will only work if the mean of $X$ is not 0.\\r\\n\\r\\nYou have have $X \\\\approx N(\\\\mu, \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:50:24.057000\"}, {\"Id\": 196174, \"PostId\": 196174, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"03c7f8ac-fae6-4cd0-aa52-cac6b1254a7e\", \"Text\": \"You can use the [law of iterated\\r\\n expectations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_expec\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-03T06:14:31.583000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 195868, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can use the <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_expectation#Iterated_expectat\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 29114, \"OwnerUserId\": 29114, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 196174, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Implications pf mean dependence in the classical linear model\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><self-study><linear-model><independence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the classical linear model</p>\\n\\n<p>(1) $Y_i=X_i'\\\\beta+\\\\epsilon_i$</p>\\n\\n<p>(2) $(Y_i, X_i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-19T10:56:51.003000\", \"AccountId\": 3540359.0, \"DisplayName\": \"TEX\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 141563, \"PostId\": 141563, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"caf000e6-4daa-4d61-85de-f6e086976c2c\", \"Text\": \"You have the expectation right, but the limit wrong.\\r\\n\\r\\n\\\\begin{align*}\\r\\nE(X) & = \\\\dfrac{2N - 1}{3N} \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-26T14:07:30.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 141561, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have the expectation right, but the limit wrong.</p>\\n\\n<p>\\\\begin{align*}\\nE(X) & = \\\\dfrac{2\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 73836, \"OwnerUserId\": 73836, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 141563, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Expectation of discrete random variable\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><expected-value><convergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Give a sequence of random variables $x_1,..,x_n$ with $x_n$ having a density of:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$f_N(x)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-21T08:20:26.830000\", \"AccountId\": 2007347.0, \"DisplayName\": \"narain\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 228607, \"PostId\": 228607, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"041669cb-e8db-401c-86d3-15c55b94b0d2\", \"Text\": \"Using the [properties of variance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance#Basic_properties), assumin\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-23T06:53:02.443000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 228605, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Using the <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance#Basic_properties\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow norefer\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 159525, \"OwnerUserId\": 159525, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 228607, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating variance of distribution when given various sums of that distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><variance><algorithms>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a distribution $X$ with an <strong>unknown</strong> mean and variance. I wish to calculate\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-23T06:29:45.097000\", \"AccountId\": 13421857.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hunter2\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 125065, \"PostId\": 125065, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c3957999-5e6f-4fd9-80f3-b5bad0640363\", \"Text\": \"Indeed when the univariate Markov chain central limit theorem holds, the multivariate CLT also holds\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-18T17:14:59.143000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 124925, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Indeed when the univariate Markov chain central limit theorem holds, the multivariate CLT also ho\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 54273, \"OwnerUserId\": 54273, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 125065, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are the mean of samples taken from Metropolis-Hastings MCMC normally distributed?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><markov-process><posterior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've come across the following theorem while studying MCMC. It seems to suggest that the sample m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-29T00:43:04.973000\", \"AccountId\": 6349530.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nobody\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 175153, \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 175151, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>$E[\\\\cdot]$ ``attaches'' itself to whatever is inside. So in the example, if \\n$$ \\\\beta = (X^TV^{-1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-15T16:18:14.033000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52436, \"OwnerUserId\": 52436, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 175153, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does $E[ \\\\cdot ]$ attach to in an expression?\", \"Tags\": \"<expected-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to understand/recall, what does $E[ \\\\cdot ]$ attach to?</p>\\n\\n<p>E.g. if the expression\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-01T00:14:47.017000\", \"AccountId\": 3272232.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mavavilj\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Particular interests in computational modelling of useful things and related algorithms. Also, mu\"}]}, {\"Id\": 142483, \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 142470, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A transition matrix determines the movement of a Markov chain when the space over which the chain\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-03T13:31:58.857000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 42653, \"OwnerUserId\": 42653, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142552, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to generate the transition matrix of Markov Chain needed for Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><markov-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm conducting a sensitivity analysis of a model using MCMC approaches. By reading the code of th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-18T15:15:14.893000\", \"AccountId\": 558265.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sunt05\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 142514, \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 142512, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Convergence in probability is stronger than convergence in distribution, and thus, you can conclu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-03T20:25:08.310000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 60294, \"OwnerUserId\": 60294, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142514, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does Slutsky's theorem extends when two random variables converge to two constants?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><random-variable><convergence><slutsky-theorem>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slutsky's_theorem\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Sluts\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-26T16:11:22.783000\", \"AccountId\": 1685561.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Davor Josipovic\", \"Location\": \"Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.davor.josipovic.be\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 142300, \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 142284, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Anytime the posterior distribution is a known, well studied distribution, chances are we can samp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-01T13:40:23.673000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 142284, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142300, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user46925\", \"Title\": \"Are there analytically derivable posteriors that save from doing MCMC other than conjugate priors?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sampling><markov-chain-montecarlo><metropolis-hastings><conjugate-prior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Posteriors for conjugate priors can be analytically derived and save us from doing MCMC.</p>\\n\\n<p>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-01T12:07:12.520000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1105573, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 193813, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 726951, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 193813, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1276117, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 193813, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-25T00:00:00\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 238083, \"UserId\": 121569, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-06-13T07:02:56.487000\"}, {\"Id\": 237909, \"UserId\": 121569, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-06-12T08:29:13.500000\"}, {\"Id\": 237925, \"UserId\": 121569, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-06-12T09:55:25.477000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"Id\": 121569, \"AccountId\": 348756.0, \"DisplayName\": \"malina\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:03:22.903000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 193813, \"PostId\": 193813, \"UserId\": 121569, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the answer, but I'm a bit confused about one aspect. If $\\\\sigma$ is sufficiently large, a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:50:24.057000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 193809, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The following method will only work if the mean of $X$ is not 0.</p>\\n\\n<p>You have have $X \\\\approx\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 363119, \"PostId\": 193813, \"UserId\": 121569, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Do you know if there are other well-defined ways for constructing confidence intervals which ensure \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-13T06:55:04.033000\"}, {\"Id\": 23085, \"PostId\": 193813, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@malina Yes it would. It is not ideal, and this is a drawback of large sample confidence intervals f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-28T02:13:22.950000\", \"AccountId\": 3499397.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Greenparker\", \"Location\": \"Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://dvats.github.io/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Generally interested most in problems on MCMC and Bayesian computation. Also interested in all ot\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 154300, \"PostId\": 154300, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@mscnvrsy It is obvious even for $IG(m, M)$ because there is only one parametrization for IG. Its ho\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-20T13:12:28.433000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 154296, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This discrepancy arises because there are two different parameterizations of the Gamma distributi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 83887, \"OwnerUserId\": 83887, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 154300, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling from an Inverse Gamma distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><sampling><gibbs><inverse-gamma-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using Gibbs sampling in the MCMC estimation of a stochastic volatility model. One of the pos\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-14T19:44:31.117000\", \"AccountId\": 8821602.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mscnvrsy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 140656, \"PostId\": 140656, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't know what you mean by 'bump'. But for example in the first ACF plot, I see significant autoc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-18T18:41:41.173000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 140646, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are two major advantages to making a lag autocorrelation plot</p>\\n\\n<p>1) You get to see the\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 140646, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user46925\", \"Title\": \"What is the point of lag plots and autocorrelation plots?\", \"Tags\": \"<autocorrelation><scatterplot><lags>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Most people seem to argue that lag plots and autocorrelation plots are useful for determining whe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-18T18:04:51.117000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 57495, \"PostId\": 142112, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The reason for the high $t$ value is because the standard error for Genusrh is essentially 0. Since \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-15T16:44:54.467000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57495, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Nonsensical t-value for level of mixed effect categorical predictor\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><p-value>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a very unbalanced dataset (102 observations, 26 groups) which I am trying to fit into a mi\", \"AccountId\": 6561063.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jbukoski\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 21014, \"PostId\": 227016, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It seems like this is more complicated that it seems. The arXiv paper [here](https://arxiv.org/pdf/0\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-22T03:11:36.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 21014, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Asymptotic normality of a quadratic form\", \"Tags\": \"<normality-assumption><central-limit-theorem><asymptotics><quadratic-form>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $\\\\mathbf{x}$ be a random vector drawn from $P$. Consider a sample $\\\\{ \\\\mathbf{x}_i \\\\}_{i=1}^n\", \"AccountId\": 2084066.0, \"DisplayName\": \"wij\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>A researcher interested in machine learning.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 161552, \"PostId\": 230559, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Xi'an As I recall, Kipnis and Varadhan talk about variance of Monte Carlo averages, not estimating \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-09T03:26:51.960000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 161552, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to estimate posterior variance from dependent MCMC samples? Does the usual sample covariance sti\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><variance><estimation><markov-chain-montecarlo>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we want to estimate posterior variance of $\\\\alpha$ given x, i.e. var($\\\\alpha|x$). \\nWe hav\", \"AccountId\": 13532114.0, \"DisplayName\": \"black corn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 48147, \"PostId\": 221599, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Could you explain how exactly are you obtaining $X_1, X_2, \\\\dots, X_N$? You mention that you are int\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-26T07:27:25.447000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 48147, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating standard error of Monte Carlo integration, non-MCMC version\", \"Tags\": \"<standard-error><monte-carlo><convergence><random-generation><numerical-integration>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let us suppose that we're to evaluate the expectation of a random variable $h$ with respect to so\", \"AccountId\": 183161.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Cong Ma\", \"Location\": \"Cape Town, South Africa\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://cma.lamost.org/\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 259129, \"PostId\": 259129, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@nsimplex Technically $X_n$ has asymptotic variance 0. If samples are iid, $X_n$ should have *exact*\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-02T16:02:19.850000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 259127, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>No, it doesn't make much sense to say that\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$X_n \\\\overset{d}{\\\\to} N\\\\\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 188838, \"OwnerUserId\": 188838, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"abusing convergence in distribution notation\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><convergence><notation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If I have <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\sqrt{n} (X_n - c) \\\\xrightarrow[]{d} N(0,v) $</span> does\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-02T15:42:27.390000\", \"AccountId\": 383155.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nsimplex\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 200611, \"PostId\": 200611, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user164144 And the answer to [this](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/143962/finding-umvue-\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-11T10:43:42.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 200609, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Is this problem just a matter of finding UMVUE for $\\\\theta$ then substituting to t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 120803, \"OwnerUserId\": 120803, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clarification on what it means to find UMVUE for P(X>a)\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><estimation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>So say I have $x_1, x_2... x_n$ random sample with common pdf having a single unknown parameter $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-06T02:09:47.287000\", \"AccountId\": 11053594.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user164144\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 74009, \"PostId\": 141118, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There might be an incorrect duplicate tag. The size of the sample $n$ is also random here, and model\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-22T23:34:23.743000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 74009, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How is the minimum of a random set of random variables distributed?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><random-variable>\", \"Body\": \"<p>If $X_1,...,X_N$ are independent and identically distributed exponential random variables, what c\", \"AccountId\": 8097404.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ämin Persialinen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 180335, \"PostId\": 251930, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@wolfies Could you give a source/derivation of that?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-12T19:45:53.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 180335, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 252437, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Expectation of Inverse Logit of Normal Random Variable\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><normal-distribution><expected-value>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a random variable <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$Y = \\\\frac{e^{X}}{1 + e^{X}}$</span> and I \", \"AccountId\": 9359542.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Henry\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 75165, \"PostId\": 143293, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The Cowles+Carlin paper that you refer to does not talk about when to stop sampling, rather it discu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-05T04:27:21.373000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 75165, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to check the convergence in the collapsed Gibbs sampling of LDA?\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><convergence><gibbs><topic-models>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to implement the LDA model fit by collapsed Gibbs sampling by myself. I have go throu\", \"AccountId\": 7621249.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user5779223\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 35876, \"PostId\": 193157, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This looks like a Poisson fused lasso style optimization setup.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-06T13:45:49.340000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 35876, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximum Likelihood with penalization\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><references><poisson-distribution><likelihood><regularization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can someone please give me a reference where I can find more info on the method of Poisson maximu\", \"AccountId\": 4811796.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mina\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 363135, \"PostId\": 193813, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@malina Bootstrap confidence intervals most likely. But more than that, I am not so sure.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-13T08:38:02.107000\"}, {\"Id\": 31880, \"PostId\": 139434, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Sure you can do all of that when using MC/MCMC in a Bayesian context. However, at the end of the day\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-15T19:18:42.653000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 31880, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 139400, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The least conservative multiple comparison adjustment is to not do one. In that case you are acce\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 139400, \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Least conservative multiple testing correction\", \"Tags\": \"<multivariate-analysis><multiple-comparisons><bonferroni>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a general question regarding multiple testing when making confidence intervals. Suppose I\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-07T16:54:01.213000\"}], \"AccountId\": 3586393.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dalton Hance\", \"Location\": \"Wenatchee, WA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ecological Statistician with a special interest in mark-recapture methods and sampling design.</p\"}, {\"Id\": 139579, \"PostId\": 139579, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I am not sure what you are asking here. I am simply saying that since the means are not the same, th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-09T05:38:48.410000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 139573, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>(I am assuming all entries in the matrix are scalar.)</p>\\n\\n<p>Lets see if $p(x|y,z) = p(x|z)$. Us\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 72820, \"OwnerUserId\": 72820, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 139579, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Doubt on conditional probability of correlated normal variables\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><conditional-probability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a system of the form</p>\\n\\n<p>$ \\\\begin{bmatrix} x \\\\\\\\ y\\\\\\\\ z\\\\end{bmatrix} \\\\text{~} \\\\mathcal{N\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-09T02:34:43.880000\", \"AccountId\": 8003181.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Carlos Massera Filho\", \"Location\": \"São Carlos, State of São Paulo, Brazil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 193809, \"PostId\": 193809, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What is the mean of $X$? Is it a general unknown $\\\\mu$? Also $Y = X/N$ being a sample average makes \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:24:19.913000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence interval for a folded normal distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><dataset><standard-error><folded-normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>(My background: physicist rusty on statistics, evaluating an experimental dataset).</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm s\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 726631, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 193809, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1276147, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 193809, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 726614, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 193809, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 669709, \"PostId\": 193809, \"UserId\": 121569, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"04e8fd58-19ac-4681-9c0f-197f8d499738\", \"Text\": \"(My background: physicist rusty on statistics, evaluating an experimental dataset).\\r\\n\\r\\nI'm studying \", \"Comment\": \"added 7 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T09:52:16.773000\"}, {\"Id\": 669685, \"PostId\": 193809, \"UserId\": 121569, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"80033cde-1f75-4025-b4a7-4f3e3ce3db3b\", \"Text\": \"(My background: physicist rusty on statistics, evaluating an experimental dataset).\\r\\n\\r\\nI'm studying \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:24:19.913000\"}, {\"Id\": 669686, \"PostId\": 193809, \"UserId\": 121569, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"80033cde-1f75-4025-b4a7-4f3e3ce3db3b\", \"Text\": \"Confidence interval for a folded normal distribution\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:24:19.913000\"}, {\"Id\": 669687, \"PostId\": 193809, \"UserId\": 121569, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"80033cde-1f75-4025-b4a7-4f3e3ce3db3b\", \"Text\": \"<confidence-interval><dataset><standard-error>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:24:19.913000\"}, {\"Id\": 960, \"PostId\": 193809, \"UserId\": 960, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d15f9b23-c018-4217-b3d1-c87b225a79c0\", \"Text\": \"<confidence-interval><dataset><standard-error><folded-normal-distribution>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-18T10:55:08.240000\", \"AccountId\": 204092.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stephan Kolassa\", \"Location\": \"Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephankolassa\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><em>If you would like to <a href=\\\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephankolassa/?lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apag\"}]}, {\"Id\": 58330, \"PostId\": 58330, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you. Will look up Kiefer's book and see what I find.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-28T02:20:34.733000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 59733, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Prove/counter example: A minimax decision rule is always Bayes wrt some proper prior\", \"Tags\": \"<bayes><decision-theory><point-estimation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Not sure whether the claim is true or false.</p>\\n\\n<p>If claim is true, intuitively, it might have\"}, {\"Id\": 105948, \"PostId\": 185001, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user177196 Ok, $\\\\sum_{i=1}^{n} \\\\sqrt{X_i}$ is complete and sufficient, and $\\\\sum_{i=1}^{n} \\\\sqrt{X_\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-13T03:35:27.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105948, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Find the UMVUE of $6\\\\theta^2$ given $f(x\\\\mid\\\\theta) = \\\\frac{1}{2\\\\theta^2} e^{\\\\frac{-\\\\sqrt{x}}{\\\\theta\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><point-estimation><umvue>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_1, X_2,\\\\ldots, X_n$</span> are i.i.d rvs with pdf <span cla\", \"AccountId\": 5053475.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user177196\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 74365, \"PostId\": 141631, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Well, the most obvious thing to do is compare the sample statistics to the truth. For example, if yo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-27T11:12:42.073000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 74365, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating error of MCMC algorithms?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><markov-chain-montecarlo><algorithms>\", \"Body\": \"<p>If for example the Transitional MCMC algorithm is used (or does it matter which one?), what are t\", \"AccountId\": 2066777.0, \"DisplayName\": \"localized\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 27478, \"PostId\": 139739, \"UserId\": 23085, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"By construction, the mean of the residuals is always going to be 0, and so that gives you no informa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-14T13:18:39.917000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 27478, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"A little help in confirming an interpretation on an output\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><generalized-linear-model><residuals><leverage>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How can we interpret the results in the graph below?</p>\\n\\n<p>Does the R command lm() uses Heteros\", \"AccountId\": 2056551.0, \"DisplayName\": \"An old man in the sea.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm too old, I'm a really slow learner, and I study by myself. I've come to enjoy the taste of le\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 181806, \"UserId\": 23085, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Deputy\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-08-17T18:47:17.987000\"}, {\"Id\": 359492, \"UserId\": 23085, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-04-07T19:50:13.927000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 47590, \"PostId\": 144193, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"302c7a2e-280d-45fe-a455-5b2b100daef6\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to get a grasp on the ML estimator and the presentation of the asymptotic covariance mat\", \"Comment\": \"added 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-16T23:20:44.977000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 47590, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Asymptotic covariance matrix of the ML estimator\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><covariance-matrix><asymptotics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to get a grasp on the ML estimator and the presentation of the asymptotic covariance \", \"AccountId\": 5901789.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dole\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 263818, \"PostId\": 263818, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e6e987dd-b48b-4d44-a2aa-5d042e247f08\", \"Text\": \"I assume the authors are talking about the \\\"batch means estimators\\\" which are very popular in steady\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 2 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-13T20:18:55.047000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 263745, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I assume the authors are talking about the \\\"batch means estimators\\\" which are very popular in ste\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 176270, \"OwnerUserId\": 176270, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimate the asymptotic efficiency of a Markov chain sampling by the method of batching\", \"Tags\": \"<autocorrelation><markov-chain-montecarlo><metropolis-hastings><optimal-scaling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the paper <a href=\\\"http://people.ee.duke.edu/~lcarin/baystat5.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">E\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-04T11:53:37.453000\", \"AccountId\": 262399.0, \"DisplayName\": \"0xbadf00d\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 143828, \"PostId\": 143828, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"89e30dc0-7a21-4fa6-ba51-b176fb24e828\", \"Text\": \"You want to estimate $\\\\psi = \\\\int_a^b h(x) \\\\, dx$, using Monte Carlo integration. This means that sa\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-14T19:08:30.257000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 143819, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You want to estimate $\\\\psi = \\\\int_a^b h(x) \\\\, dx$, using Monte Carlo integration. This means that\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 43638, \"OwnerUserId\": 43638, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 143828, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Question about accuracy in Monte Carlo integration\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><monte-carlo><integral><numerical-integration>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that we want to estimate the integral:<br>\\n$$\\\\psi=\\\\int_{a}^{b}h(x)dx.$$</p>\\n\\n<p>Let $\\\\hat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-10T17:07:06.580000\", \"AccountId\": 3183836.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John M\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 145761, \"PostId\": 145761, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6a63fc98-06af-4a37-bf30-93ca6459a85d\", \"Text\": \"The pdf of a $\\\\chi^2_k$ distribution is,\\r\\n$$f(x) = 2^{-k/2} \\\\Gamma{(k/2)}^{-1} x^{k/2 - 1}e^{-x/2}. \", \"Comment\": \"added 95 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-03T01:13:20.953000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 145758, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The pdf of a $\\\\chi^2_k$ distribution is,\\n$$f(x) = 2^{-k/2} \\\\Gamma{(k/2)}^{-1} x^{k/2 - 1}e^{-x/2}\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 74951, \"OwnerUserId\": 74951, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 145761, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mode of the $ \\\\chi^2 $ distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<mode><chi-squared-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been studying a statistics textbook that makes a claim that the $ \\\\chi^2 $ distribution with\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-02T15:10:14.430000\", \"AccountId\": 4770100.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ZachTheRiah\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 247497, \"PostId\": 247497, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4c6cdc5b-eb13-4309-8f7a-4c5644cca41c\", \"Text\": \"Suppose I have the following $AR(p)$ model.\\r\\n\\r\\n$$X_t = \\\\sum_{i=1}^{p} \\\\phi_i X_{t-i} + \\\\epsilon_t\\\\,,\", \"Comment\": \"added 2152 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-14T11:56:27.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 247625, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sum of autocovariances for AR(p) model\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><autocorrelation><autoregressive><spectral-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have the following <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$AR(p)$</span> model.</p>\\n\\n<p><span cla\"}, {\"Id\": 142664, \"PostId\": 142664, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"942405b6-f71b-40c2-bc7a-27551ff0d262\", \"Text\": \"$X_1, \\\\dots, X_n \\\\sim N(\\\\theta, \\\\sigma^2)$. For simplicity, let $\\\\theta = 0$ be fixed (you could put\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-05T01:18:30.913000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 142662, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The posterior is (generally) going to be a function of the sample size. One way of determining pr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 75141, \"OwnerUserId\": 75141, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142664, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Posteriors and Sample Sizes\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><mathematical-statistics><posterior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we have a two dimensional parameter $\\\\theta=(\\\\mu,\\\\sigma^2)$, and a prior distribution $p(\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-04T21:19:09.383000\", \"AccountId\": 7123796.0, \"DisplayName\": \"strawberryBeef\", \"Location\": \"Los Angeles, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Sometimes I enjoy analysis. Sometimes I don't.</p>\\n<p>I used to be a student, and sometimes I sti\"}]}, {\"Id\": 153594, \"PostId\": 153594, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72689359-cc39-4033-9e46-521bd90f5fe6\", \"Text\": \"TLDR: There will almost always be correlation in the parameters in the Bayesian world; even if you u\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-13T15:02:39.610000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 153587, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>TLDR: There will almost always be correlation in the parameters in the Bayesian world; even if yo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6813, \"OwnerUserId\": 6813, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 153594, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is correlation between parameters a problem when fitting a Bayesian model using MCMC?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assuming some Bayesian model, for example:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$y \\\\sim N(X\\\\beta, \\\\sigma)$$</p>\\n\\n<p>where thi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-13T14:24:15.577000\", \"AccountId\": 1245417.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user9171\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 7860, \"PostId\": 239125, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c8f1d387-1059-4bc9-b99e-0d37f617f7df\", \"Text\": \"Applying multiESS for multiple (dependent) parallel chains\", \"Comment\": \"edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-05T22:15:28.070000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7860, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 239267, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Applying multiESS for multiple (dependent) parallel chains\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sample-size><markov-chain-montecarlo><posterior>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using the affine-invariant sampler from <a href=\\\"http://dfm.io/emcee/current/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow \", \"AccountId\": 1162200.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Gabriel\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 142181, \"PostId\": 142181, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bb4a6bc2-3318-49aa-aa29-417acf56dde5\", \"Text\": \"Let $\\\\pi(x) = M f(x)$, where $M$ is the normalizing constant. In many situations, only $f(x)$ is kno\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-31T15:18:11.230000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 131365, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\pi(x) = M f(x)$</span>, where <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$M$\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 65044, \"OwnerUserId\": 65044, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142181, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to choose a constant for reject sampling\", \"Tags\": \"<monte-carlo><rejection-sampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When using a non-Markov Monte Carlo sampling method, for example acceptance-rejection sampling, w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-01T08:59:39.160000\", \"AccountId\": 3227363.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hirschme\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 11490, \"PostId\": 146079, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"30843816-a854-452c-ba78-6a34b5b3e7b7\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to evaluate an adaptive MCMC algorithm on a multimodal target density. Among other perfo\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-09T21:22:33.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11490, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Effective sample size for MCMC with multimodal target\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><coda>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to evaluate an adaptive MCMC algorithm on a multimodal target density. Among other pe\", \"AccountId\": 1920491.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matteo Fasiolo\", \"Location\": \"Bristol, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Postdoc in Statistics at the University of Bristol. Previously working on statistical inference f\"}, {\"Id\": 139654, \"PostId\": 139654, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dd4ee533-87a6-48ae-9eb5-ee2fc9d647cf\", \"Text\": \"Multinomial and Poisson are very different. Multinomial regression should be used when your response\", \"Comment\": \"Typos fixed.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-09T18:23:58.870000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 139652, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Multinomial and Poisson are very different. Multinomial regression should be used when your respo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 139652, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user46925\", \"Title\": \"Multinomial vs Poisson for Modelling Count Data\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><poisson-distribution><multinomial-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say that I was modelling the counts for two different treatments. Afterwards, I would fit a parti\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-09T18:13:05.960000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 146867, \"PostId\": 146867, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c1921815-93cf-44b2-96ae-e7a4c7c4e1cf\", \"Text\": \"(Since this seems like a homework problem, I am just pointing out the essential details.)\\r\\n\\r\\nYou mad\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-12T14:34:26.900000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 146407, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>(Since this seems like a homework problem, I am just pointing out the essential details.)</p>\\n\\n<p\"}, {\"Id\": 76899, \"PostId\": 144875, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"75e9dc78-0864-4e9a-b77d-a24493881301\", \"Text\": \"How to correct a nls estimator when I get an error message that: step factor 0.000488281 reduced bel\", \"Comment\": \"added 20 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-24T06:59:20.593000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 76899, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Debugging in R when using nls\", \"Tags\": \"<r><data-visualization><model><nls>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How to correct a nls estimator when I get an error message that: step factor 0.000488281 reduced \", \"AccountId\": 1781449.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Debdatta Sinha Roy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 217546, \"PostId\": 217546, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"73957eb4-7a65-4db8-899f-11e0ed64f21f\", \"Text\": \"For a weakly stationary process $\\\\{Y_t\\\\}$ with mean $\\\\mu$, the $k$th lag [autocovariance](https://en\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T11:49:50.353000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 217520, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For a weakly stationary process $\\\\{Y_t\\\\}$ with mean $\\\\mu$, the $k$th lag <a href=\\\"https://en.wiki\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 146849, \"OwnerUserId\": 146849, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"0th lag order auto-covariance vs. Variance of variable\", \"Tags\": \"<covariance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is it true the 0th lag order auto-covariance of a variable Y_t is equivalent to the variance of t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-16T04:35:00.493000\", \"AccountId\": 12693067.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nycstats\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 699, \"PostId\": 40048, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6445bc8e-dfbb-439b-ba76-f46c729ed8d5\", \"Text\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><posterior><best-practices>\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-16T15:19:08.017000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 699, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Effective Sample Size for posterior inference from MCMC sampling\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sample-size><markov-chain-montecarlo><posterior>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When obtaining MCMC samples to make inference on a particular parameter, what are good guides for\", \"AccountId\": 509513.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matt Albrecht\", \"Location\": \"Perth, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 143969, \"PostId\": 143969, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"05b745c4-555a-4da9-9c6d-a6bce75a4aa7\", \"Text\": \"$\\\\beta_1X \\\\sim Gamma(\\\\alpha_1, 1)$ and $\\\\beta_2 Y \\\\sim Gamma(\\\\alpha_2, 1)$, then according to [Wikip\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-15T20:43:31.490000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 143966, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>$\\\\beta_1X \\\\sim Gamma(\\\\alpha_1, 1)$ and $\\\\beta_2 Y \\\\sim Gamma(\\\\alpha_2, 1)$, then according to <a \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6785, \"OwnerUserId\": 6785, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 143969, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"distribution of the ratio of two gamma random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><mathematical-statistics><gamma-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume that $X \\\\sim Ga(\\\\alpha_1, \\\\beta_1)$ and $Y \\\\sim Ga(\\\\alpha_2, \\\\beta_2)$. Define $Z= X/Y$. W\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-11T19:45:20.707000\", \"AccountId\": 1206685.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user9292\", \"Location\": \"FL\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>The era of data has yet to come...</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 140608, \"PostId\": 140608, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"41dc5600-8f09-4843-a3da-e16a1a4d4220\", \"Text\": \"Once you obtain samples from the posterior $X_1, X_2, \\\\dots, X_n$ and calculate the sample mean,\\r\\n$$\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-18T12:38:03.750000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 140251, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Once you obtain samples from the posterior $X_1, X_2, \\\\dots, X_n$ and calculate the sample mean,\\n\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 61951, \"OwnerUserId\": 61951, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 140608, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"MCMC convergence, analytic derivations, Monte Carlo error\", \"Tags\": \"<standard-error><markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><convergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to figure out some convergence statements on an MCMC example.</p>\\n\\n<p>The setup is: I'\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-20T12:26:47.080000\", \"AccountId\": 6716609.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jenna\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 146663, \"PostId\": 146663, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a30312b9-308a-412f-bcee-303a3c232801\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><improper-prior>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-10T22:27:57.700000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 147374, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sampling from an Improper Distribution (using MCMC and otherwise)\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><markov-process><improper-prior>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My basic question is: how would you sample from an improper distribution? Does it even make sense\"}, {\"Id\": 145822, \"PostId\": 145822, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9075b23e-0094-495a-a514-78f544b4d842\", \"Text\": \"The reason that the corr$(X,Y)$ is between -1 and 1 is due to [Cauchy-Schwarz In equality](https://e\", \"Comment\": \"added 366 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-03T13:18:08.383000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 145819, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The reason that the corr$(X,Y)$ is between -1 and 1 is due to <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 75727, \"OwnerUserId\": 75727, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 145822, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it true that $\\\\frac{E[(|X - E[X]|)(|Y - E[Y]|)]}{\\\\sigma_X \\\\sigma_Y} = 1$?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the well-known fact that correlation is bounded between $-1$ and $1$:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\n-1 \\\\le \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-11T13:01:29.917000\", \"AccountId\": 1971387.0, \"DisplayName\": \"George\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 154960, \"PostId\": 154960, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bb3e3aa1-3b79-4314-865a-f3e14324c348\", \"Text\": \"The most obvious reason is that there is often no time sequence in the values. So if you jumble the \", \"Comment\": \"deleted 3 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-26T17:05:48.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 154955, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The most obvious reason is that there is often no time sequence in the values. So if you jumble t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 72371, \"OwnerUserId\": 72371, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 154960, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why isn't variance defined as the difference between every value following each other?\", \"Tags\": \"<variance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This may be a simple question for many but here it is:</p>\\n<p><strong>Why isn't variance defined \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-03T17:24:02.227000\", \"AccountId\": 2666969.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2305193\", \"Location\": \"_\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>_</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 233021, \"PostId\": 233021, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"33f1ba36-78fe-47f3-9266-8a928be1b9c4\", \"Text\": \"I was going through the Stan documentation which can be downloaded from [here](http://mc-stan.org/us\", \"Comment\": \"added 354 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-30T13:11:06.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 234122, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Stan $\\\\hat{R}$ versus Gelman-Rubin $\\\\hat{R}$ definition\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><convergence><gibbs><metropolis-hastings><stan>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was going through the Stan documentation which can be downloaded from <a href=\\\"http://mc-stan.o\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 812735, \"PostId\": 233021, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b549d0f8-606e-423e-a080-773eab1e1ab3\", \"Text\": \"I was going through the Stan documentation which can be downloaded from [here](http://mc-stan.org/us\", \"Comment\": \"added 17 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-06T22:22:54.517000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 146098, \"PostId\": 146098, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2786ffbc-ba7c-4ea7-bc91-72cff705f390\", \"Text\": \"The pdf is the derivative of the CDF, not the other way around. If you want to find the CDF, you int\", \"Comment\": \"added 8 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-05T14:56:33.553000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 146092, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The pdf is the derivative of the CDF, not the other way around. If you want to find the CDF, you \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50208, \"OwnerUserId\": 50208, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 146098, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Understanding the CDF of the Exponential from the PDF?\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><exponential-distribution><cumulative-distribution-function>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was trying to get the CDF of the exponential through the pdf. I know that the relationship betw\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-28T01:00:45.810000\", \"AccountId\": 4628155.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stephen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a student at Harvard studying computer science and East Asian Studies (Mandarin). I began my\"}]}, {\"Id\": 231901, \"PostId\": 231901, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e1f75650-935d-416a-ae8c-946f39ed0089\", \"Text\": \"<regression><lasso><convergence><high-dimensional>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-20T12:12:23.023000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 232296, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"High-dimensional regression: why is $\\\\log p/n$ special?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><lasso><convergence><high-dimensional>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to read up on the research in the area of high-dimensional regression; when $p$ is la\"}, {\"Id\": 175879, \"PostId\": 175879, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3d636a65-912d-4936-a436-61adc4b5ce34\", \"Text\": \"I won't be able to tell you what exactly this means, but here is an explanation about CCF.\\r\\n\\r\\nFirst \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-21T22:27:29.303000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 138732, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I won't be able to tell you what exactly this means, but here is an explanation about CCF.</p>\\n\\n<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 55840, \"OwnerUserId\": 55840, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do I interpret this cross correlation function (CCF) plot?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><cross-correlation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on some exchange rates data. I have two series: </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>$X_t$ with the offici\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-21T22:33:04.690000\", \"AccountId\": 6662566.0, \"DisplayName\": \"elikesprogramming\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 228885, \"PostId\": 228885, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d352fa6-9869-4787-939a-e2c3385b241c\", \"Text\": \"There are two main ways of assessing the quality of a Markov chain\\r\\n\\r\\n 1. The **rate of convergence*\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-25T09:05:19.777000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 228853, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are two main ways of assessing the quality of a Markov chain</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>The <strong>rate\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 119922, \"OwnerUserId\": 119922, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 228885, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to Characterise These Markov Chains?\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><markov-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following two Markov chains:</p>\\n\\n<p>1.</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/za7\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-30T00:13:41.380000\", \"AccountId\": 8893267.0, \"DisplayName\": \"The Pointer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 153669, \"PostId\": 153669, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e16b21cf-b866-4453-b1cc-82ec3d48a7ae\", \"Text\": \"When people say \\\"mixing\\\" in the context of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), they are (knowingly or u\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-14T02:48:54.500000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 153668, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>When people say \\\"mixing\\\" in the context of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), they are (knowingly o\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 38375, \"OwnerUserId\": 38375, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 153669, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does \\\"mixing\\\" mean in sampling?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sampling><markov-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I keep seeing this term \\\"mixing\\\": when people want to show their sampler works better, they say i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-30T00:21:23.097000\", \"AccountId\": 4474020.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3639557\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 261583, \"PostId\": 261583, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"df7e7ebe-3070-47ff-a3dd-90c97943bc6f\", \"Text\": \"\\\"Square-root\\\" of a Hotelling's T-squared distribution\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-23T12:01:35.167000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution of multivariate \\\"$Z$-score\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><multivariate-analysis><t-distribution><hotelling-t2>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\mathbf{X}_1, \\\\dots, \\\\mathbf{X}_n \\\\sim N_p(\\\\mathbf{\\\\mu}, \\\\S\"}, {\"Id\": 145845, \"PostId\": 145845, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d9596eec-daa0-46cf-8f6a-1a9512f0a027\", \"Text\": \"You have the joint distribution $(X_{(n)}, X_{1})$ and you need to find the distribution of $X_{(n)}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-03T15:19:07.453000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 145790, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have the joint distribution $(X_{(n)}, X_{(1)})$ and you need to find the distribution of $X_\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 59169, \"OwnerUserId\": 59169, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 145845, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Order Statistics, Expected Value of range, $E(X_{(n)}-X_{(1)})$\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><distributions><expected-value><order-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>$X_1, X_2,...,X_n$ is a random sample from $U(0,\\\\theta)$. Find $E(X_{(n)}-X_{(1)})$. </p>\\n\\n<p>I a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-09T15:09:19.003000\", \"AccountId\": 6851474.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kaustav Sen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 201222, \"PostId\": 201222, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dcfe9d3a-d161-47e2-83f2-579d9d9625e5\", \"Text\": \"Variance is the square of the standard error. For a positive number less than 1, the square of that \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-17T10:40:51.610000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 201217, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Variance is the square of the standard error. For a positive number less than 1, the square of th\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 129449, \"OwnerUserId\": 129449, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 201222, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Standard error bigger than variance\", \"Tags\": \"<r><variance><standard-deviation><mean>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to compute the paramaters of a sample mean, but I found a standard error (0.02463249)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-17T08:26:59.937000\", \"AccountId\": 10898203.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Adou Pro\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 669692, \"PostId\": 193813, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d351ec19-2045-45db-a039-4e43e167ca37\", \"Text\": \"The following method will only work if the mean of $X$ is not 0.\\r\\n\\r\\nYou have have $X \\\\approx N(\\\\mu, \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T08:50:24.057000\"}, {\"Id\": 196174, \"PostId\": 196174, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"03c7f8ac-fae6-4cd0-aa52-cac6b1254a7e\", \"Text\": \"You can use the [law of iterated\\r\\n expectations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_expec\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-03T06:14:31.583000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 195868, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can use the <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_expectation#Iterated_expectat\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 29114, \"OwnerUserId\": 29114, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 196174, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Implications pf mean dependence in the classical linear model\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><self-study><linear-model><independence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the classical linear model</p>\\n\\n<p>(1) $Y_i=X_i'\\\\beta+\\\\epsilon_i$</p>\\n\\n<p>(2) $(Y_i, X_i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-19T10:56:51.003000\", \"AccountId\": 3540359.0, \"DisplayName\": \"TEX\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 141563, \"PostId\": 141563, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"caf000e6-4daa-4d61-85de-f6e086976c2c\", \"Text\": \"You have the expectation right, but the limit wrong.\\r\\n\\r\\n\\\\begin{align*}\\r\\nE(X) & = \\\\dfrac{2N - 1}{3N} \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-26T14:07:30.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 141561, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have the expectation right, but the limit wrong.</p>\\n\\n<p>\\\\begin{align*}\\nE(X) & = \\\\dfrac{2\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 73836, \"OwnerUserId\": 73836, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 141563, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Expectation of discrete random variable\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><expected-value><convergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Give a sequence of random variables $x_1,..,x_n$ with $x_n$ having a density of:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$f_N(x)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-21T08:20:26.830000\", \"AccountId\": 2007347.0, \"DisplayName\": \"narain\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 228607, \"PostId\": 228607, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"041669cb-e8db-401c-86d3-15c55b94b0d2\", \"Text\": \"Using the [properties of variance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance#Basic_properties), assumin\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-23T06:53:02.443000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 228605, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Using the <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance#Basic_properties\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow norefer\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 159525, \"OwnerUserId\": 159525, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 228607, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating variance of distribution when given various sums of that distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><variance><algorithms>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a distribution $X$ with an <strong>unknown</strong> mean and variance. I wish to calculate\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-23T06:29:45.097000\", \"AccountId\": 13421857.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hunter2\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 125065, \"PostId\": 125065, \"UserId\": 23085, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c3957999-5e6f-4fd9-80f3-b5bad0640363\", \"Text\": \"Indeed when the univariate Markov chain central limit theorem holds, the multivariate CLT also holds\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-18T17:14:59.143000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 124925, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Indeed when the univariate Markov chain central limit theorem holds, the multivariate CLT also ho\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 54273, \"OwnerUserId\": 54273, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 125065, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are the mean of samples taken from Metropolis-Hastings MCMC normally distributed?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><markov-process><posterior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've come across the following theorem while studying MCMC. It seems to suggest that the sample m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-29T00:43:04.973000\", \"AccountId\": 6349530.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nobody\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 175153, \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 175151, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>$E[\\\\cdot]$ ``attaches'' itself to whatever is inside. So in the example, if \\n$$ \\\\beta = (X^TV^{-1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-15T16:18:14.033000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52436, \"OwnerUserId\": 52436, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 175153, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does $E[ \\\\cdot ]$ attach to in an expression?\", \"Tags\": \"<expected-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to understand/recall, what does $E[ \\\\cdot ]$ attach to?</p>\\n\\n<p>E.g. if the expression\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-01T00:14:47.017000\", \"AccountId\": 3272232.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mavavilj\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Particular interests in computational modelling of useful things and related algorithms. Also, mu\"}]}, {\"Id\": 142483, \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 142470, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A transition matrix determines the movement of a Markov chain when the space over which the chain\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-03T13:31:58.857000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 42653, \"OwnerUserId\": 42653, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142552, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to generate the transition matrix of Markov Chain needed for Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo><markov-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm conducting a sensitivity analysis of a model using MCMC approaches. By reading the code of th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-18T15:15:14.893000\", \"AccountId\": 558265.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sunt05\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 142514, \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 142512, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Convergence in probability is stronger than convergence in distribution, and thus, you can conclu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-03T20:25:08.310000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 60294, \"OwnerUserId\": 60294, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142514, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does Slutsky's theorem extends when two random variables converge to two constants?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><random-variable><convergence><slutsky-theorem>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slutsky's_theorem\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Sluts\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-26T16:11:22.783000\", \"AccountId\": 1685561.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Davor Josipovic\", \"Location\": \"Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.davor.josipovic.be\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 142300, \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 142284, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Anytime the posterior distribution is a known, well studied distribution, chances are we can samp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-01T13:40:23.673000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 142284, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 142300, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user46925\", \"Title\": \"Are there analytically derivable posteriors that save from doing MCMC other than conjugate priors?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><sampling><markov-chain-montecarlo><metropolis-hastings><conjugate-prior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Posteriors for conjugate priors can be analytically derived and save us from doing MCMC.</p>\\n\\n<p>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-01T12:07:12.520000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23085, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1105573, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 193813, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 726951, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 193813, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1276117, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 193813, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-25T00:00:00\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 238083, \"UserId\": 121569, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-06-13T07:02:56.487000\"}, {\"Id\": 237909, \"UserId\": 121569, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-06-12T08:29:13.500000\"}, {\"Id\": 237925, \"UserId\": 121569, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-06-12T09:55:25.477000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 121569, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":86,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"Id\": 19620, \"AccountId\": 3012200.0, \"DisplayName\": \"semibruin\", \"Location\": \"Los Angeles, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-06T02:23:16.343000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 10950, \"PostId\": 31842, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"R also has a package called \\\"copula\\\", which can simulate most standard copulas.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-17T12:52:35.947000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 10950, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to simulate from a Gaussian copula?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><simulation><copula>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that I have two univariate marginal distributions, say $F$ and $G$, which I can simulate \", \"AccountId\": 1851089.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tilo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 35364, \"PostId\": 222053, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You may want to check out Theorem 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 of Herman Bierens' book \\\"Topics in advanced econom\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-27T00:46:43.513000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 35364, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When is logistic regression MLE consistent and asymptotically normal?\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><asymptotics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Logistic regression model is defined as</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\\\mathbb{P}\\\\left\\\\{ Y = 1\\\\mid X\\\\right\\\\}=\\\\frac{e^{\", \"AccountId\": 3190734.0, \"DisplayName\": \"3x89g2\", \"Location\": \"Los Angeles, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 162259, \"PostId\": 232848, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If $W$ is nonrandom (since you said it is known), you in general need $E(X_{i} \\\\varepsilon_{i*}) = 0\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-14T17:01:43.280000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 162259, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Misspecified regression & asymptotics\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><asymptotics><weighted-regression><misspecification>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the weighted regression coefficient</p>\\n\\n<p>$\\\\hat{\\\\beta} = (X'WX)^{-1}X'WY$</p>\\n\\n<p>wher\", \"AccountId\": 13445963.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Guillaume F.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 166540, \"PostId\": 235691, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you want the effect of \\\"national spending\\\" to vary across local branch. You may consider panel mo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-25T07:55:29.150000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166540, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variables common to all individuals in a panel\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><panel-data><econometrics><application><research-design>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been tasked with evaluating the efficiency of different marketing tools for a microfinance\", \"AccountId\": 11626938.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matthew B.F.\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Student in economics and philosophy.\\nInterested in programmation as a tool for economic modelling\"}, {\"Id\": 1790, \"PostId\": 50982, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user815423426 I think the comparison depends on the loss function you have. Diebold and Mariano (20\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-16T02:13:53.420000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1790, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 57600, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing distributions of generalization performance\", \"Tags\": \"<cross-validation><model-selection>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say that I have two learning methods for a <strong>classification</strong> problem, $A$ and $B$, \", \"AccountId\": 106330.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Amelio Vazquez-Reina\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/amelio/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm passionate about people, technology and research.</p>\\n<p>Some of my favorite quotes:</p>\\n<ul>\"}, {\"Id\": 11190, \"PostId\": 51370, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In your simple normal distribution example, the MLE of $\\\\sigma^2$ is simply $(n_1+n_2)^{-1}(\\\\sum_{i=\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-27T15:20:36.120000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11190, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 51409, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fitting multiple distributions with a joint parameter\", \"Tags\": \"<estimation><maximum-likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to fit multiple distributions that share one of their parameters. As a simple exampl\", \"AccountId\": 1437899.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bitwise\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 26533, \"PostId\": 111297, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Are you aware that as bandwidth, the variable $h_n$, or $h$ in your notation, goes to zero as $n$ go\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-29T09:44:53.840000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26533, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 111305, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Understanding Big/Little $O_p$/$o_p$ Notation for Estimators\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><nonparametric><nonlinear-regression><convergence><semiparametric>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am reading a Text about Single Index Models (SIM), where a SIM is defined as</p>\\n\\n<p>$E[Y|X=x] \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 111304, \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111297, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We have $\\\\sqrt{h_n} = o_p(1)$. Note that $\\\\sqrt{h_n}O_p(1) = O_p(\\\\sqrt{h_n})$. Using the result t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-05T17:26:33.477000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 364333, \"PostId\": 111304, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"02a62160-8771-4a83-b5fd-96c55022d3c2\", \"Text\": \"We have $\\\\sqrt{h_n} = o_p(1)$. Note that $\\\\sqrt{h_n}O_p(1) = O_p(\\\\sqrt{h_n})$. Using the result that\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-05T17:26:33.477000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 3822934.0, \"DisplayName\": \"random_guy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am here to learn more and more about statistics.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 20270, \"PostId\": 51919, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When your data has clusters, cross-sectional dependence is possible. You may adjust the S.E. as @And\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-25T23:37:59.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20270, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"If you run OLS regression on cross sectional data, should you test for autocorrelation in residuals?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><least-squares><autocorrelation><residuals><cross-section>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a set of observations, independent of time. I am wondering whether I should run any autoco\", \"AccountId\": 3095507.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user28479\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 9456, \"PostId\": 51914, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user34790 You may take a look of the book \\\"Bayesian data analysis\\\" (chapter 3) by A. Gelman et al..\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-30T14:25:34.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9456, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confusion related to derivation of conditional distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><conditional-probability><gamma-distribution><gibbs>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was reading this paper <a href=\\\"http://stat.duke.edu/phd-program/gcc/resources/ResourcesDocumen\", \"AccountId\": 1615191.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user34790\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 11490, \"PostId\": 56768, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In econometrics, there is a systematic approach called BLP model studying your problem. A good refer\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-09T21:22:33.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11490, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 57271, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating hidden transfers of market share\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><logistic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we have yearly data representing the market share of three companies,\\nsay A, B and C. In \", \"AccountId\": 1920491.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matteo Fasiolo\", \"Location\": \"Bristol, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Postdoc in Statistics at the University of Bristol. Previously working on statistical inference f\"}, {\"Id\": 50911, \"PostId\": 50911, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for your award, and I am glad that the post helps.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-16T17:34:24.447000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 47356, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>First, in the Roy model, $\\\\sigma_{\\\\varepsilon}^{2}$ is normalized\\nto be $1$ for identification re\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 162486, \"PostId\": 50911, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"083ba553-68ca-4f58-894b-94e54b086df5\", \"Text\": \"First, in the Roy model, $\\\\sigma_{\\\\varepsilon}^{2}$ is normalized\\r\\nto be $1$ for identification reas\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-16T17:34:24.447000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 18312, \"OwnerUserId\": 18312, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50911, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Properties of bivariate standard normal and implied conditional probability in the Roy model\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><causality><bivariate><truncation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Sorry for the long title, but my problem is quite specific and hard to explain in one title.</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-25T14:50:29.410000\", \"AccountId\": 2815238.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ivanov\", \"Location\": \"Moscow, Russia and Berlin, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Studying Econometrics in Moscow and in Berlin.</p>\\n\\n<p>I am looking forward to participate in thi\"}]}, {\"Id\": 18192, \"PostId\": 51429, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The following paper by Ruppert (2002) might give you some help. D. Ruppert. Selecting the number of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-22T11:14:39.353000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18192, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 52340, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Piecewise linear regression with knots as parameters\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><splines><piecewise-linear>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to fit a piecewise linear regression with knots as parameters. I would like to know \", \"AccountId\": 2229535.0, \"DisplayName\": \"PAC\", \"Location\": \"Paris\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://mastodon.social/@pac\", \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52146, \"OwnerUserId\": 18192, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Generalized method of moments versus standard least squares estimation\", \"Tags\": \"<r><method-of-moments><generalized-moments>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was thinking that in a very standard case such as a simple linear model with iid errors and no \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T10:58:55.380000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 94172, \"PostId\": 52146, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think this is due to 'gmm()' function. The general formula of the s.d. of a GMM estimator depends \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T17:56:32.420000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 855, \"PostId\": 50895, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"xspline\\\" is more cute.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-03T17:00:30.193000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 855, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50826, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The <a href=\\\"http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/graphics/html/xspline.html\\\" rel=\\\"nofoll\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 599, \"OwnerUserId\": 599, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50895, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Drawing smooth 2D curves with 2D spline in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><data-visualization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The problem I am running into here is the following: there is a set of 4 points in 2D, and I need\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T15:20:22.923000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50843, \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50826, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Your question can be treated as a polynomial interpolation problem. The following example might h\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-15T22:12:28.400000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 162180, \"PostId\": 50843, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b74e31f8-c468-4c5a-bbfa-9d34147214f9\", \"Text\": \"Your question can be treated as a polynomial interpolation problem. The following example might help\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-15T22:12:28.400000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 299003.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ming K\", \"Location\": \"California, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 37021.0, \"DisplayName\": \"xan\", \"Location\": \"North Carolina\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://packedbars.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data visualization, C++, Java, Forth, Tie-dye</p>\\n\\n<p>I work for SAS Institute on <a href=\\\"http:/\"}, {\"Id\": 26458, \"PostId\": 223734, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, it is true. c.f. van der Vaart's asymptotic statistics (theorem 2.4).\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-28T05:09:00.587000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26458, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Convergence in distribution implies bounded in probability?\", \"Tags\": \"<convergence><asymptotics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am told this is true (and obvious). I intuitively, it makes sense, but I cannot think of a form\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 420756, \"PostId\": 223734, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Theorem 2.4 is on page 8.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-24T08:35:36.367000\"}], \"AccountId\": 2900022.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DanRoDuq\", \"Location\": \"Ottawa, ON, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 29557, \"PostId\": 70512, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When there is no unobservable heterogeneity in panel data, we essentially have $n$ iid time series, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-29T21:01:36.177000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 29557, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Panel data visualization\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><panel-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does anyone know how to graph changes in a dependent variable <em>over time</em>, based on change\", \"AccountId\": 4248998.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Heath\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 11333, \"PostId\": 51419, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Your question is relevant to this post, http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/54687/how-can-a-vec\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-03T16:55:43.370000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11333, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Find a projection of a $k$-simplex with minimal \\\"radius\\\"\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><optimization><fitting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I asked the following question on <a href=\\\"https://math.stackexchange.com/q/445987/35778\\\">Math.S\", \"AccountId\": 1651891.0, \"DisplayName\": \"S.B.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 728, \"PostId\": 51459, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The specification test your mentioned is a special case of Pearson's chi-square test. There are many\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-19T15:31:09.537000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 728, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"A test of whether a sample has a specified distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><normal-distribution><binomial-distribution><autocorrelation><goodness-of-fit>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we have an iid sample $X_1, \\\\dots, X_n$. We want to test if it has a standard normal dist\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 92889, \"PostId\": 51459, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, your intuition is right. Its power is low. Also, the test is sorta arbitrary in the sense that \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-22T22:56:50.853000\"}], \"AccountId\": 52354.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Elitists are oppressive, anti-intellectual, ultra-conservative, and cancerous to the society, env\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52181, \"OwnerUserId\": 728, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 52197, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is the fixed effect in a fixed effect model a random variable or not?\", \"Tags\": \"<fixed-effects-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>From <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_effects_estimator\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">Wikipedia</a>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T17:41:43.733000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52196, \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 52181, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I think the main difference between fixed and random effects is that the unobserved individual ef\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T21:27:44.973000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 94201, \"PostId\": 52196, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@PAC I just checked the textbook (p.g. 700 of Cameron and Trivedi: Microeconometrics). The standard \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T23:21:49.830000\"}, {\"Id\": 94196, \"PostId\": 52196, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@PAC Right, you made a good point. \\\"Mean independence\\\" is the key issue. Let me edit the answer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T21:55:40.620000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 167277, \"PostId\": 52196, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9f04d449-c722-4895-b3c8-eb84b3101fae\", \"Text\": \"I think the main difference between fixed and random effects is that the unobserved individual effec\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T21:27:44.973000\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 235154, \"PostId\": 235154, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@EricFail I replaced `-c(1:5)` with regular expression. It is more generic now. In general, you woul\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-19T18:07:38.063000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 234807, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The following code implemented the practice of putting interaction between <code>Female</code> du\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 818290, \"PostId\": 235154, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"23d5787c-04db-4c37-84eb-48821587f891\", \"Text\": \"The following code implemented the practice of putting interaction between `Female` dummy and year.\\r\", \"Comment\": \"use regular expression to match variable names.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-20T04:45:56.667000\"}, {\"Id\": 818108, \"PostId\": 235154, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e2e61c9f-5b3f-4b13-be71-8d963d4c4644\", \"Text\": \"The following code implemented the practice of putting interaction between `Female` dummy and year.\\r\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-19T18:07:38.063000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7747, \"OwnerUserId\": 7747, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 235154, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Eric Fail\", \"Title\": \"comparing groups in repeated measures FE models, with a nested error component, estimated using plm\", \"Tags\": \"<r><hypothesis-testing><repeated-measures><nested-data><plm>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have estimated some repeated measures Fixed Effects models, with a nested error component, base\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-01T06:36:06.453000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 438676, \"PostId\": 234807, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Don't think F test would work here, since your current two models (female and male) are not nested. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-18T22:50:18.287000\"}], \"AccountId\": 1370285.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eric Fail\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 4462, \"PostId\": 170204, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When there are hundreds of products, there would be an issue of variables selection. Here variables \", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-09-21T07:49:04.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4462, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"own and cross elasticity for many products\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><econometrics><interaction><interpretation><elasticity>\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"http://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings13/425-2013.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow norefe\", \"AccountId\": 106438.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cs0815\", \"Location\": \"Somewhere\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 30699, \"PostId\": 108671, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you are satisfied with analyzing these time series individually, there is a old model called DAR \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-21T08:09:11.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30699, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Analysis of Ordinal Value Time Series\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><pattern-recognition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have to analyze a number of ordinal value time series with different lengths. Just to be clear:\", \"AccountId\": 4357891.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stochazesthai\", \"Location\": \"Italy\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 15392, \"PostId\": 109706, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You were estimating a finite mixture model. Did you use the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-03T12:45:10.053000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15392, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Singular Hessian/Observed information Matrix at optimal solution\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><fisher-information><singular-matrix><hessian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to estimate the standard errors of an maximum likelihood estimate (multidimensional) \", \"AccountId\": 2311787.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Good Guy Mike\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>\\\"The same past data can confirm a theory and its exact opposite! If you survive until tomorrow, i\"}, {\"Id\": 448, \"PostId\": 109709, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It seems you are considering the inequality between the components in $v$. You may want to use Gini \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-29T14:14:28.053000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 448, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding vectors with an extreme component\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><estimation><distance-functions>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm looking for a function that measures if a vector component dominates all the rest. Let </p>\\n\\n\", \"AccountId\": 90604.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hooked\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://thoppe.github.io/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"http://thoppe.github.io/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">http://thoppe.github.io/</a></p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"h\"}, {\"Id\": 52095, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@DilipSarwate As an extreme estimator, the probability limit of MLE $\\\\hat{\\\\theta}$ is the solution o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T17:04:24.877000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 52806, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to understand $E_0(\\\\log f(x;\\\\theta)-\\\\log f(x;\\\\theta_0)) \\\\leq 0$ but $E_0(f(x;\\\\theta)-f(x;\\\\theta_\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This problem is about maximum likelihood estimation. Let $f\\\\left(x;\\\\theta\\\\right)$\\nbe a parametric\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 94027, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The conjecture is wrong. I have found a counter-example in discrete case.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T17:49:13.123000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 166898, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2379c2e3-c712-4006-9133-75c15a10446a\", \"Text\": \"<maximum-likelihood>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T17:04:24.877000\"}, {\"Id\": 166899, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2379c2e3-c712-4006-9133-75c15a10446a\", \"Text\": \"This problem is about maximum likelihood estimation. Let $f\\\\left(x;\\\\theta\\\\right)$\\r\\nbe a parametric d\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T17:04:24.877000\"}, {\"Id\": 166900, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2379c2e3-c712-4006-9133-75c15a10446a\", \"Text\": \"Can we prove $E_0\\\\left\\\\{ f\\\\left(x;\\\\theta\\\\right)-f\\\\left(x;\\\\theta_{0}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\} \\\\leq0$ in MLE?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T17:04:24.877000\"}, {\"Id\": 166912, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4b48085c-9ebe-47b1-9944-2d071582457c\", \"Text\": \"This problem is about maximum likelihood estimation. Let $f\\\\left(x;\\\\theta\\\\right)$\\r\\nbe a parametric d\", \"Comment\": \"reframe the question and provide a counter example\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T18:05:40.037000\"}, {\"Id\": 166913, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4b48085c-9ebe-47b1-9944-2d071582457c\", \"Text\": \"How to understand $E_0(\\\\log f(x;\\\\theta)-\\\\log f(x;\\\\theta_0)) \\\\leq 0$ but $E_0(f(x;\\\\theta)-f(x;\\\\theta_\", \"Comment\": \"reframe the question and provide a counter example\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T18:05:40.037000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20473, \"OwnerUserId\": 20473, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 52095, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The Kullback-Leibler Information inequality holds for the logarithms of <em>any two</em> densitie\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-02T14:24:21.923000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 95676, \"PostId\": 52806, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@ Alecos Papadopoulos Thanks for your answer. It clarified a lot. The right thing I shall expect is \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-12T06:33:01.777000\"}, {\"Id\": 95677, \"PostId\": 52806, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"...As a monotone transformation, we expect that $\\\\sum_{i=1}^{n}\\\\log f\\\\left(X_{i};\\\\theta_{0}\\\\right)\\\\g\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-12T06:34:24.783000\"}], \"AccountId\": 3083068.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alecos Papadopoulos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alecospapadopoulos.wordpress.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD in Economics with a heavy dose of, and a not-so-secret love for, Econometrics and Statistics.\"}]}, {\"Id\": 17459, \"PostId\": 51196, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I would consider non-parametric or semiparametric methods whenever possible.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-30T20:03:23.573000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 17459, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 51202, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Reference on how to choose models\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><statistical-significance><data-mining>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wonder if there is any good and easy to understand book on reviewing on when should a particula\", \"AccountId\": 1017741.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jack2019\", \"Location\": \"New York\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data scientist + Programmer</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 3966, \"PostId\": 48377, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't understand the $\\\\log$ transformation. How can you take $\\\\log Y$ when $Y$ is negative?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-08-12T14:02:09.337000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3966, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 59233, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing AIC of a model and its log-transformed version\", \"Tags\": \"<data-transformation><aic><likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p><em>The essence of my question is this:</em></p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Let $Y \\\\in \\\\mathbb{R}^n$ be a\", \"AccountId\": 510182.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stijn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 77005, \"PostId\": 234747, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It seems that it should $var(S \\\\vert \\\\lambda, \\\\theta) = E(N^2 \\\\vert \\\\lambda) var(X \\\\vert \\\\theta) + v\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-25T15:33:15.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77005, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Help justifying a conditional variance step?\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><variance><central-limit-theorem>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The problem runs: \\\"The count of claims $N$ obeys a Poisson distribution with mean $\\\\lambda$; the\", \"AccountId\": 7717165.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StatsUndergrad\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 50774, \"PostId\": 50774, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This selection process fits your strategy. Based on such a selection problem, your problem becomes a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-15T04:56:26.847000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50472, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is a variation of the selection model in econometrics. The validity of the estimates\\nusing o\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 161899, \"PostId\": 50774, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6ef0973f-208d-48e1-a2d9-5d3b664401b9\", \"Text\": \"This is a variation of the selection model in econometrics. The validity of the estimates\\r\\nusing onl\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-15T04:56:26.847000\"}, {\"Id\": 162113, \"PostId\": 50774, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e4bd5750-c11c-41a1-9ca8-222d172edf12\", \"Text\": \"This is a variation of the selection model in econometrics. The validity of the estimates\\r\\nusing onl\", \"Comment\": \"Additional comments about using $D_i$ as an explanatory variable\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-15T17:42:33.353000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3179, \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50774, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating logistic regression coefficients in a case-control design when the outcome variable is no\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><case-control-study>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider sampling data from a population of size $N$ in the following way: For $k=1, ..., N$ </p>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-06-02T17:45:51.720000\", \"AccountId\": 510004.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Macro\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 51024, \"PostId\": 51024, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I did not assume $x_i$ are nonrandom in the large sample case. But I did assume that $x_i$ are nonra\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-17T20:33:55.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50668, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Your question is indeed asking for the finite sample distribution\\nof $r_{N}$. To address your que\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 162947, \"PostId\": 51024, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"763ca14c-5f6c-410b-9d13-65712641ad8e\", \"Text\": \"Your question is indeed asking for the finite sample distribution\\r\\nof $r_{N}$. To address your quest\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-17T20:33:55.060000\"}, {\"Id\": 163011, \"PostId\": 51024, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b4477c6-26c6-40e4-b7e3-72a8170c087f\", \"Text\": \"Your question is indeed asking for the finite sample distribution\\r\\nof $r_{N}$. To address your quest\", \"Comment\": \"Clarify the nonrandom assumption about $x_i$\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-18T00:10:18.630000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 8234, \"OwnerUserId\": 8234, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistics of sample correlation for uniformly distributed samples\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><matlab><uniform-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am computing the sample correlation between two vectors of uncorrelated and uniformly distribut\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-25T18:59:15.343000\", \"AccountId\": 446796.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arrigo Benedetti\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 915, \"PostId\": 173116, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Let $Y_{it}$ be the outcome of $i$ in period $t$. Let $X_{it}$ be the vector of covariates, includin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-15T19:12:26.487000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 915, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to analyze the longitudinal effect of blood pressure and its treatment on outcome\", \"Tags\": \"<modeling><panel-data><treatment>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say I have an observational dataset over 20 years with blood-pressure measured each year for 1000\", \"AccountId\": 135699.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Misha\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 236009, \"PostId\": 236009, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@doubled I would write $Y = X\\\\beta + W\\\\gamma + U$, rather than $Y = \\\\hat{X}\\\\beta + W \\\\gamma + D$. Wr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-28T03:05:33.077000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 235618, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes and no. If $x$ and $w$ are correlated, the endogeneity of $w$ will bias the estimation of $\\\\b\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 440801, \"PostId\": 236009, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@doubled In case you are unfamiliar with 'linear projection' in econometrics, check out the first fe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T04:06:47.763000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 821323, \"PostId\": 236009, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9ac3e680-f119-4088-bc6c-296ad38957ea\", \"Text\": \"Yes and no. If $x$ and $w$ are correlated, the endogeneity of $w$ will bias the estimation of $\\\\beta\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-28T03:05:33.077000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 166447, \"OwnerUserId\": 166447, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 236009, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it true that if one coefficient in a linear model is endogenous, then any individual coefficient \", \"Tags\": \"<regression><econometrics><instrumental-variables><endogeneity>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This question is related to <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/96912/bias-of-more\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-23T21:44:45.897000\", \"AccountId\": 13830315.0, \"DisplayName\": \"doubled\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Love learning!</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 44162, \"PostId\": 113748, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There could be two concerns for using nonlinear 1st step specification. One is about consistency, an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-19T12:05:08.873000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44162, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Nonlinear first-stage specification in 2SLS\", \"Tags\": \"<nonlinear-regression><2sls>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My question is <strong>whether there are any substantial benefits</strong> from specifying a nonl\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 211436, \"PostId\": 113748, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The efficiency concern can be understood by observing the variance formula of the 2SLS estimators. R\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-29T17:45:16.667000\"}], \"AccountId\": 5462956.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zlqs1985\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 116860, \"PostId\": 237083, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"To some extent, I think we are interested in stationary distribution of an AR process for the same r\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-04T20:06:07.167000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 116860, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Intuitive explanation/motivation of stationary distribution of a process\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><markov-process><stationarity><autoregressive><intuition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Often, in literature, authors have been interested in finding the stationary distribution of a ti\", \"AccountId\": 7074640.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Shanks\", \"Location\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>A Ph.D. student.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 20203, \"PostId\": 51615, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You are asking the validity of pooled OLS estimation in panel data model. When the individual or ci\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-23T23:25:22.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20203, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Implication for OLS of not using time component with panel data?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><least-squares><panel-data><assumptions>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a subset of data from a panel covering 100 cities and 20 years but the subset for some rea\", \"AccountId\": 3085215.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20093, \"PostId\": 51286, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There are two types of \\\"stationarity\\\": strong and weak stationary.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-20T12:27:00.080000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20093, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is \\\"stationarity\\\" assumed in time series data?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><stationarity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A stochastic process is composed of a sequence of random variables ordered by time,<br>\\nand a tim\", \"AccountId\": 3071704.0, \"DisplayName\": \"noname\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 26660, \"PostId\": 111262, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When the number of groups is large and each group has small size, you have to use the cluster-robust\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-31T18:10:16.077000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26660, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"cluster standard errors with small group sizes but large number of groups\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><econometrics><clustered-standard-errors>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have tried looking for cluster standard errors and the only reference that I found are that pro\", \"AccountId\": 3188464.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user90831\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 119828, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-07-06T02:33:30.187000\"}, {\"Id\": 47644, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Caucus\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-09-26T04:23:28.483000\"}, {\"Id\": 242213, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-07-06T02:32:00.220000\"}, {\"Id\": 113793, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Critic\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-05-21T05:14:38.303000\"}, {\"Id\": 44210, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-08-12T06:35:14.240000\"}, {\"Id\": 42710, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Mortarboard\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-20T14:40:43.360000\"}, {\"Id\": 71906, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-07-06T02:27:52.803000\"}, {\"Id\": 93437, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Revival\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-12-14T22:19:47.380000\"}, {\"Id\": 42257, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-15T17:44:27.503000\"}, {\"Id\": 42783, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-21T20:18:13.033000\"}, {\"Id\": 288076, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Custodian\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-03-14T21:37:41.220000\"}, {\"Id\": 174924, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-07-06T02:25:58.480000\"}, {\"Id\": 42359, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Revival\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-16T17:51:33.347000\"}, {\"Id\": 41852, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Teacher\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-09T19:51:29.887000\"}, {\"Id\": 41883, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Informed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-10T01:56:43.060000\"}, {\"Id\": 310699, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-07-06T02:26:47.123000\"}, {\"Id\": 153520, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Necromancer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-02-24T12:49:42.160000\"}, {\"Id\": 43966, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-08-08T09:51:01.933000\"}, {\"Id\": 72649, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Tumbleweed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-07-15T05:26:36.030000\"}, {\"Id\": 92629, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-12-08T19:00:50.787000\"}, {\"Id\": 42454, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-17T16:35:59.297000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 171325, \"PostId\": 171325, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a371e682-ce49-4c79-b858-b9d33d763658\", \"Text\": \"For simplicity, consider $y_{i,t} = \\\\rho y_{i,t-1} + a_{i} + e_{i,t}$. Let $\\\\hat{\\\\rho}$ be the Arell\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-11T04:22:17.170000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 170846, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For simplicity, consider $y_{i,t} = \\\\rho y_{i,t-1} + a_{i} + e_{i,t}$. Let $\\\\hat{\\\\rho}$ be the Ar\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 92809, \"OwnerUserId\": 92809, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 171325, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Recovering fixed effects after Arrellano-Bond estimation in panel data\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><econometrics><panel-data><fixed-effects-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a data of 74 countries and 15 time periods and want to estimate a dynamic panel model like\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-20T06:24:56.090000\", \"AccountId\": 9477174.0, \"DisplayName\": \"john1990\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 111393, \"PostId\": 111393, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d10113a1-ff00-4f90-a992-38d7b2c72a82\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\nThroughout my answer, the usual conditional mean independence\\r\\n$\\\\mathbb{E}(\\\\varepsilon_{i}\\\\vert X_\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-06T18:51:42.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 110372, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Throughout my answer, the usual conditional mean independence\\n$\\\\mathbb{E}(\\\\varepsilon_{i}\\\\vert X_\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 35258, \"OwnerUserId\": 35258, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 111393, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpretation of Saturated Model vs. Model with Interaction and One Main Effect\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><interaction><least-squares>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say that I have two regressions:</p>\\n\\n<p>1) $Y_i = \\\\alpha_0 + \\\\alpha_1 X_i + \\\\alpha_2 X_i*Z_i + \\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-24T19:26:04.873000\", \"AccountId\": 2337582.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bill999\", \"Location\": \"Starkville, MS, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 50390, \"PostId\": 50390, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"98477fd8-2b87-4836-8bda-522cb2a90526\", \"Text\": \"I did not see the rationale of using your \\\"group BIC/AIC\\\". Your proposed group BIC/AIC is comparing \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-10T01:45:50.920000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50384, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I did not see the rationale of using your \\\"group BIC/AIC\\\". Your proposed group BIC/AIC is compari\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7713, \"OwnerUserId\": 7713, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50390, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"BIC and AIC(c) and group data\", \"Tags\": \"<modeling><model-selection><aic><bic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to compare two models using the BIC and AICc. Doing so seems fairly straightforward \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-30T02:17:05.177000\", \"AccountId\": 1363943.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Pavel\", \"Location\": \"Berlin, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 94224, \"PostId\": 94224, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f72c24a6-4247-42bc-85d3-3080a74187dc\", \"Text\": \"For notational simplicity, I drop the subindex $i$ in the sequel. Observe that\\r\\n$\\\\mathbb{E}\\\\left(vx\\\\\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-15T06:41:40.570000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 94196, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For notational simplicity, I drop the subindex $i$ in the sequel. Observe that\\n$\\\\mathbb{E}\\\\left(v\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 41219, \"OwnerUserId\": 41219, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"identification of simultaneous equation model\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><econometrics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the following SEM can be identified:\\n$$\\ny_i = x_i \\\\alpha + z_i \\\\beta + u_i\\\\\\\\\\nz_i = x_i \\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-23T12:07:57.283000\", \"AccountId\": 5377965.0, \"DisplayName\": \"random user\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 50398, \"PostId\": 50398, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"65139b9e-14a3-4f48-91a9-e7bd56f1f1d3\", \"Text\": \"Let me rephrase your question a little bit. The original regression $(1)$ is\\r\\n$$\\r\\nY=\\\\beta_1 X +\\\\beta\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-10T05:39:35.493000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50388, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let me rephrase your question a little bit. The original regression $(1)$ is\\n$$\\nY=\\\\beta_1 X +\\\\bet\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17924, \"OwnerUserId\": 17924, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50398, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regression with interaction term that is a function of other regressors\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><interaction><interpretation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the simple interaction equation where moderator M determines the effect of X on Y.\\n$$\\nY=\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-14T20:53:44.973000\", \"AccountId\": 1545230.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Trevor\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 50399, \"PostId\": 50399, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9b6585a3-c9f5-4e5d-b327-4fd0bce879cb\", \"Text\": \"Chris Genest has another introductory paper \\\"Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Copula Model\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-10T06:13:30.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 32298, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Chris Genest has another introductory paper \\\"<a href=\\\"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/downlo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 8819, \"OwnerUserId\": 8819, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50413, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Introductory reading on Copulas\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><references><marginal-distribution><copula>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For some time now, I have been looking for a good introductory reading on Copulas for my seminar.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-28T08:53:10.213000\", \"AccountId\": 1521894.0, \"DisplayName\": null, \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.stats.stackexchange.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a professional with interests in data mining, machine learning and statistical inference</p>\"}]}, {\"Id\": 94545, \"PostId\": 223767, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fe89b31d-fd6b-44da-ab2f-79d5011ea98c\", \"Text\": \"I'm trying to fit a model of the form $Y=aX+b$ based on a number of $(X,Y)$ observations with non-in\", \"Comment\": \"format math notation in latex\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-04T19:46:55.493000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 94545, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 223779, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Least squares regression with variance-covariance matrix of observations\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><covariance-matrix><generalized-least-squares>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to fit a model of the form $Y=aX+b$ based on a number of $(X,Y)$ observations with non\", \"AccountId\": 1784917.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mathieu\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 50276, \"PostId\": 50276, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ac9d5b89-9ca0-452a-b5b4-8fd7f2149829\", \"Text\": \"You could use heteroskedasticity robust standard error estimators, e.g. White's estimator, when you \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-08T23:25:16.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50268, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You could use heteroskedasticity robust standard error estimators, e.g. White's estimator, when y\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19691, \"OwnerUserId\": 19691, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The homogeneity of error variance in MMR with continuous moderator?\", \"Tags\": \"<interaction>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was wondering if I have to worry about the homogeneity of error variance assumption (which stat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-08T21:13:56.327000\", \"AccountId\": 3021338.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ed_Roll\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 50713, \"PostId\": 50713, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"45df9a2d-166d-480d-b9d5-1dcda9c74b0f\", \"Text\": \"Simply put: the simple OLS estimator will be inconsistent when $U_{1}$\\r\\nor $U_{0}$ is not mean indep\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-13T19:27:28.033000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50704, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Simply put: the simple OLS estimator will be inconsistent when $U_{1}$\\nor $U_{0}$ is not mean ind\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 15788, \"PostId\": 50713, \"UserId\": 15788, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Wow, nice explanation! Thanks a lot for your help!\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-14T15:28:32.230000\", \"AccountId\": 2444308.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stat Tistician\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Interested in Finance, Statistics, Application and Implementation</p>\\n\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50704, \"OwnerUserId\": 15788, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50713, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why can't I use OLS for switching regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am not sure about the exact reason, why I can't use the simple OLS for switching regression.</p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-13T15:40:13.750000\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 123047, \"PostId\": 50713, \"UserId\": 123047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a243a3c9-3f88-4c94-bf3a-ecf1751d0dd0\", \"Text\": \"Simply put: the simple OLS estimator will be inconsistent when $U_{1}$\\r\\nor $U_{0}$ is not mean indep\", \"Comment\": \"Three edits: 1. Switched minus to plus in the definition of the error V_i, 2. Added \\\\lambda to the e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-23T14:00:36.910000\", \"AccountId\": 11037387.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Epiousios\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 80633, \"PostId\": 80633, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ff49662f-3eed-4413-a77f-5180cb2d650d\", \"Text\": \"I may prove it under the assumption that $\\\\mathrm{E}\\\\left|Y\\\\right|<\\\\infty$. In order\\r\\nto prove $X_{n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-18T06:16:19.980000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 80622, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I may prove it under the assumption that $\\\\mathrm{E}\\\\left|Y\\\\right|<\\\\infty$. In order\\nto prove \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20404, \"OwnerUserId\": 20404, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 80642, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Convergence in distribution of sum implies marginal convergence?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mathematical-statistics><convergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X_n, X, Y$ be random variables such that $X_n + cY \\\\stackrel{d}{\\\\rightarrow} X + cY $ for ev\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-31T08:18:07.093000\", \"AccountId\": 1594076.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stacy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I enjoy Statistics and I'm here to learn from all the knowledgeable people around here! Hopefully\"}]}, {\"Id\": 111350, \"PostId\": 111350, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"18b6ad3a-ae2e-4fb9-a41b-947882438d52\", \"Text\": \"The intuition is that it is possible that the pair $(Y,Z)$ or $(Y,W)$\\r\\ncannot determine $X$; but $(Y\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-06T05:07:06.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111330, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The intuition is that it is possible that the pair $(Y,Z)$ or $(Y,W)$\\ncannot determine $X$; but $\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20164, \"OwnerUserId\": 20164, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 111350, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Given $P(X\\\\perp Y\\\\;|\\\\;Z)$ and $P(X\\\\perp Y\\\\;|\\\\;W)$, prove or disprove that $P(X\\\\perp Y\\\\;|\\\\;Z, W)$\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><conditional-probability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given $P(X\\\\perp Y\\\\;|\\\\;Z)$ and $P(X\\\\perp Y\\\\;|\\\\;W)$, prove or disprove that $P(X\\\\perp Y\\\\;|\\\\;Z, W)$<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-23T04:03:08.323000\", \"AccountId\": 1324757.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Set\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 222961, \"PostId\": 222961, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"378e3654-03e8-4bbc-a0e7-830fc013ac83\", \"Text\": \"For $n = 2$, $p(\\\\gamma(x) = 1) = p(x_{1} - x_{2} > 0)$. Let $z_{1,2} = x_{1} - x_{2}$. Obviously, $z\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-07T11:22:36.273000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 222959, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For $n = 2$, $p(\\\\gamma(x) = 1) = p(x_{1} - x_{2} > 0)$. Let $z_{1,2} = x_{1} - x_{2}$. Obvious\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 22504, \"OwnerUserId\": 22504, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 222961, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution of the a random variable defined on the index of a set of independent random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Scenario 1: Let $X_i,i\\\\in I$ where $I$ is the index set. For simplicity let $I$ be the finite set\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-09T09:37:17.683000\", \"AccountId\": 2734996.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Chamberlain Mbah\", \"Location\": \"Gent, Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://chambox.github.io/about/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am passionate about a lot of interesting technologies, unfortunately there are only 24 hours in\"}]}, {\"Id\": 50861, \"PostId\": 50861, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"23adba1e-1a5c-4ce7-a2ce-a9d85d7fca62\", \"Text\": \"Here is a counter example. Let $X_{n}$, $n=1,2,\\\\ldots$, be\\r\\na sequence of random variables, whose di\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-16T06:38:58.030000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50827, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is a counter example. Let $X_{n}$, $n=1,2,\\\\ldots$, be\\na sequence of random variables, whose \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12985, \"OwnerUserId\": 12985, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bounded in probability and finite expectation\", \"Tags\": \"<asymptotics><bounds>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $x_t = O_p(1)$, meaning that for all $\\\\varepsilon > 0$ there exists $M_{\\\\varepsilon} < \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-12-07T20:45:17.423000\", \"AccountId\": 2123916.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kolibris\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-10-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-07-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-01-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-07-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"Id\": 19620, \"AccountId\": 3012200.0, \"DisplayName\": \"semibruin\", \"Location\": \"Los Angeles, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-06T02:23:16.343000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 10950, \"PostId\": 31842, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"R also has a package called \\\"copula\\\", which can simulate most standard copulas.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-17T12:52:35.947000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 10950, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to simulate from a Gaussian copula?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><simulation><copula>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that I have two univariate marginal distributions, say $F$ and $G$, which I can simulate \", \"AccountId\": 1851089.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tilo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 35364, \"PostId\": 222053, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You may want to check out Theorem 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 of Herman Bierens' book \\\"Topics in advanced econom\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-27T00:46:43.513000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 35364, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When is logistic regression MLE consistent and asymptotically normal?\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><asymptotics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Logistic regression model is defined as</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\\\mathbb{P}\\\\left\\\\{ Y = 1\\\\mid X\\\\right\\\\}=\\\\frac{e^{\", \"AccountId\": 3190734.0, \"DisplayName\": \"3x89g2\", \"Location\": \"Los Angeles, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 162259, \"PostId\": 232848, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If $W$ is nonrandom (since you said it is known), you in general need $E(X_{i} \\\\varepsilon_{i*}) = 0\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-14T17:01:43.280000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 162259, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Misspecified regression & asymptotics\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><asymptotics><weighted-regression><misspecification>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the weighted regression coefficient</p>\\n\\n<p>$\\\\hat{\\\\beta} = (X'WX)^{-1}X'WY$</p>\\n\\n<p>wher\", \"AccountId\": 13445963.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Guillaume F.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 166540, \"PostId\": 235691, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you want the effect of \\\"national spending\\\" to vary across local branch. You may consider panel mo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-25T07:55:29.150000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166540, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variables common to all individuals in a panel\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><panel-data><econometrics><application><research-design>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been tasked with evaluating the efficiency of different marketing tools for a microfinance\", \"AccountId\": 11626938.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matthew B.F.\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Student in economics and philosophy.\\nInterested in programmation as a tool for economic modelling\"}, {\"Id\": 1790, \"PostId\": 50982, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user815423426 I think the comparison depends on the loss function you have. Diebold and Mariano (20\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-16T02:13:53.420000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1790, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 57600, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing distributions of generalization performance\", \"Tags\": \"<cross-validation><model-selection>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say that I have two learning methods for a <strong>classification</strong> problem, $A$ and $B$, \", \"AccountId\": 106330.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Amelio Vazquez-Reina\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/amelio/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm passionate about people, technology and research.</p>\\n<p>Some of my favorite quotes:</p>\\n<ul>\"}, {\"Id\": 11190, \"PostId\": 51370, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In your simple normal distribution example, the MLE of $\\\\sigma^2$ is simply $(n_1+n_2)^{-1}(\\\\sum_{i=\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-27T15:20:36.120000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11190, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 51409, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fitting multiple distributions with a joint parameter\", \"Tags\": \"<estimation><maximum-likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to fit multiple distributions that share one of their parameters. As a simple exampl\", \"AccountId\": 1437899.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bitwise\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 26533, \"PostId\": 111297, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Are you aware that as bandwidth, the variable $h_n$, or $h$ in your notation, goes to zero as $n$ go\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-29T09:44:53.840000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26533, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 111305, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Understanding Big/Little $O_p$/$o_p$ Notation for Estimators\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><nonparametric><nonlinear-regression><convergence><semiparametric>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am reading a Text about Single Index Models (SIM), where a SIM is defined as</p>\\n\\n<p>$E[Y|X=x] \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 111304, \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111297, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We have $\\\\sqrt{h_n} = o_p(1)$. Note that $\\\\sqrt{h_n}O_p(1) = O_p(\\\\sqrt{h_n})$. Using the result t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-05T17:26:33.477000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 364333, \"PostId\": 111304, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"02a62160-8771-4a83-b5fd-96c55022d3c2\", \"Text\": \"We have $\\\\sqrt{h_n} = o_p(1)$. Note that $\\\\sqrt{h_n}O_p(1) = O_p(\\\\sqrt{h_n})$. Using the result that\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-05T17:26:33.477000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 3822934.0, \"DisplayName\": \"random_guy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am here to learn more and more about statistics.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 20270, \"PostId\": 51919, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When your data has clusters, cross-sectional dependence is possible. You may adjust the S.E. as @And\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-25T23:37:59.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20270, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"If you run OLS regression on cross sectional data, should you test for autocorrelation in residuals?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><least-squares><autocorrelation><residuals><cross-section>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a set of observations, independent of time. I am wondering whether I should run any autoco\", \"AccountId\": 3095507.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user28479\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 9456, \"PostId\": 51914, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@user34790 You may take a look of the book \\\"Bayesian data analysis\\\" (chapter 3) by A. Gelman et al..\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-30T14:25:34.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9456, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confusion related to derivation of conditional distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><conditional-probability><gamma-distribution><gibbs>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was reading this paper <a href=\\\"http://stat.duke.edu/phd-program/gcc/resources/ResourcesDocumen\", \"AccountId\": 1615191.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user34790\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 11490, \"PostId\": 56768, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In econometrics, there is a systematic approach called BLP model studying your problem. A good refer\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-09T21:22:33.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11490, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 57271, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating hidden transfers of market share\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><logistic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we have yearly data representing the market share of three companies,\\nsay A, B and C. In \", \"AccountId\": 1920491.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matteo Fasiolo\", \"Location\": \"Bristol, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Postdoc in Statistics at the University of Bristol. Previously working on statistical inference f\"}, {\"Id\": 50911, \"PostId\": 50911, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for your award, and I am glad that the post helps.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-16T17:34:24.447000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 47356, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>First, in the Roy model, $\\\\sigma_{\\\\varepsilon}^{2}$ is normalized\\nto be $1$ for identification re\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 162486, \"PostId\": 50911, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"083ba553-68ca-4f58-894b-94e54b086df5\", \"Text\": \"First, in the Roy model, $\\\\sigma_{\\\\varepsilon}^{2}$ is normalized\\r\\nto be $1$ for identification reas\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-16T17:34:24.447000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 18312, \"OwnerUserId\": 18312, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50911, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Properties of bivariate standard normal and implied conditional probability in the Roy model\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><causality><bivariate><truncation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Sorry for the long title, but my problem is quite specific and hard to explain in one title.</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-25T14:50:29.410000\", \"AccountId\": 2815238.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ivanov\", \"Location\": \"Moscow, Russia and Berlin, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Studying Econometrics in Moscow and in Berlin.</p>\\n\\n<p>I am looking forward to participate in thi\"}]}, {\"Id\": 18192, \"PostId\": 51429, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The following paper by Ruppert (2002) might give you some help. D. Ruppert. Selecting the number of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-22T11:14:39.353000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18192, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 52340, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Piecewise linear regression with knots as parameters\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><splines><piecewise-linear>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to fit a piecewise linear regression with knots as parameters. I would like to know \", \"AccountId\": 2229535.0, \"DisplayName\": \"PAC\", \"Location\": \"Paris\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://mastodon.social/@pac\", \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52146, \"OwnerUserId\": 18192, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Generalized method of moments versus standard least squares estimation\", \"Tags\": \"<r><method-of-moments><generalized-moments>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was thinking that in a very standard case such as a simple linear model with iid errors and no \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T10:58:55.380000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 94172, \"PostId\": 52146, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think this is due to 'gmm()' function. The general formula of the s.d. of a GMM estimator depends \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T17:56:32.420000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 855, \"PostId\": 50895, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"xspline\\\" is more cute.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-03T17:00:30.193000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 855, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50826, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The <a href=\\\"http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/graphics/html/xspline.html\\\" rel=\\\"nofoll\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 599, \"OwnerUserId\": 599, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50895, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Drawing smooth 2D curves with 2D spline in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><data-visualization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The problem I am running into here is the following: there is a set of 4 points in 2D, and I need\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T15:20:22.923000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50843, \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50826, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Your question can be treated as a polynomial interpolation problem. The following example might h\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-15T22:12:28.400000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 162180, \"PostId\": 50843, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b74e31f8-c468-4c5a-bbfa-9d34147214f9\", \"Text\": \"Your question can be treated as a polynomial interpolation problem. The following example might help\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-15T22:12:28.400000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 299003.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ming K\", \"Location\": \"California, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 37021.0, \"DisplayName\": \"xan\", \"Location\": \"North Carolina\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://packedbars.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data visualization, C++, Java, Forth, Tie-dye</p>\\n\\n<p>I work for SAS Institute on <a href=\\\"http:/\"}, {\"Id\": 26458, \"PostId\": 223734, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, it is true. c.f. van der Vaart's asymptotic statistics (theorem 2.4).\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-28T05:09:00.587000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26458, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Convergence in distribution implies bounded in probability?\", \"Tags\": \"<convergence><asymptotics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am told this is true (and obvious). I intuitively, it makes sense, but I cannot think of a form\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 420756, \"PostId\": 223734, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Theorem 2.4 is on page 8.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-24T08:35:36.367000\"}], \"AccountId\": 2900022.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DanRoDuq\", \"Location\": \"Ottawa, ON, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 29557, \"PostId\": 70512, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When there is no unobservable heterogeneity in panel data, we essentially have $n$ iid time series, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-29T21:01:36.177000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 29557, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Panel data visualization\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><panel-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does anyone know how to graph changes in a dependent variable <em>over time</em>, based on change\", \"AccountId\": 4248998.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Heath\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 11333, \"PostId\": 51419, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Your question is relevant to this post, http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/54687/how-can-a-vec\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-03T16:55:43.370000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11333, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Find a projection of a $k$-simplex with minimal \\\"radius\\\"\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><optimization><fitting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I asked the following question on <a href=\\\"https://math.stackexchange.com/q/445987/35778\\\">Math.S\", \"AccountId\": 1651891.0, \"DisplayName\": \"S.B.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 728, \"PostId\": 51459, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The specification test your mentioned is a special case of Pearson's chi-square test. There are many\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-19T15:31:09.537000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 728, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"A test of whether a sample has a specified distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><normal-distribution><binomial-distribution><autocorrelation><goodness-of-fit>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we have an iid sample $X_1, \\\\dots, X_n$. We want to test if it has a standard normal dist\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 92889, \"PostId\": 51459, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, your intuition is right. Its power is low. Also, the test is sorta arbitrary in the sense that \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-22T22:56:50.853000\"}], \"AccountId\": 52354.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Elitists are oppressive, anti-intellectual, ultra-conservative, and cancerous to the society, env\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52181, \"OwnerUserId\": 728, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 52197, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is the fixed effect in a fixed effect model a random variable or not?\", \"Tags\": \"<fixed-effects-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>From <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_effects_estimator\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">Wikipedia</a>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T17:41:43.733000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52196, \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 52181, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I think the main difference between fixed and random effects is that the unobserved individual ef\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T21:27:44.973000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 94201, \"PostId\": 52196, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@PAC I just checked the textbook (p.g. 700 of Cameron and Trivedi: Microeconometrics). The standard \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T23:21:49.830000\"}, {\"Id\": 94196, \"PostId\": 52196, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@PAC Right, you made a good point. \\\"Mean independence\\\" is the key issue. Let me edit the answer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T21:55:40.620000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 167277, \"PostId\": 52196, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9f04d449-c722-4895-b3c8-eb84b3101fae\", \"Text\": \"I think the main difference between fixed and random effects is that the unobserved individual effec\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-30T21:27:44.973000\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 235154, \"PostId\": 235154, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@EricFail I replaced `-c(1:5)` with regular expression. It is more generic now. In general, you woul\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-19T18:07:38.063000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 234807, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The following code implemented the practice of putting interaction between <code>Female</code> du\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 818290, \"PostId\": 235154, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"23d5787c-04db-4c37-84eb-48821587f891\", \"Text\": \"The following code implemented the practice of putting interaction between `Female` dummy and year.\\r\", \"Comment\": \"use regular expression to match variable names.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-20T04:45:56.667000\"}, {\"Id\": 818108, \"PostId\": 235154, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e2e61c9f-5b3f-4b13-be71-8d963d4c4644\", \"Text\": \"The following code implemented the practice of putting interaction between `Female` dummy and year.\\r\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-19T18:07:38.063000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7747, \"OwnerUserId\": 7747, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 235154, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Eric Fail\", \"Title\": \"comparing groups in repeated measures FE models, with a nested error component, estimated using plm\", \"Tags\": \"<r><hypothesis-testing><repeated-measures><nested-data><plm>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have estimated some repeated measures Fixed Effects models, with a nested error component, base\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-01T06:36:06.453000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 438676, \"PostId\": 234807, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Don't think F test would work here, since your current two models (female and male) are not nested. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-18T22:50:18.287000\"}], \"AccountId\": 1370285.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eric Fail\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 4462, \"PostId\": 170204, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When there are hundreds of products, there would be an issue of variables selection. Here variables \", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-09-21T07:49:04.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4462, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"own and cross elasticity for many products\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><econometrics><interaction><interpretation><elasticity>\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"http://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings13/425-2013.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow norefe\", \"AccountId\": 106438.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cs0815\", \"Location\": \"Somewhere\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 30699, \"PostId\": 108671, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you are satisfied with analyzing these time series individually, there is a old model called DAR \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-21T08:09:11.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30699, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Analysis of Ordinal Value Time Series\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><pattern-recognition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have to analyze a number of ordinal value time series with different lengths. Just to be clear:\", \"AccountId\": 4357891.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stochazesthai\", \"Location\": \"Italy\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 15392, \"PostId\": 109706, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You were estimating a finite mixture model. Did you use the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-03T12:45:10.053000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15392, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Singular Hessian/Observed information Matrix at optimal solution\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><fisher-information><singular-matrix><hessian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to estimate the standard errors of an maximum likelihood estimate (multidimensional) \", \"AccountId\": 2311787.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Good Guy Mike\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>\\\"The same past data can confirm a theory and its exact opposite! If you survive until tomorrow, i\"}, {\"Id\": 448, \"PostId\": 109709, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It seems you are considering the inequality between the components in $v$. You may want to use Gini \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-29T14:14:28.053000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 448, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding vectors with an extreme component\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><estimation><distance-functions>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm looking for a function that measures if a vector component dominates all the rest. Let </p>\\n\\n\", \"AccountId\": 90604.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hooked\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://thoppe.github.io/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"http://thoppe.github.io/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">http://thoppe.github.io/</a></p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"h\"}, {\"Id\": 52095, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@DilipSarwate As an extreme estimator, the probability limit of MLE $\\\\hat{\\\\theta}$ is the solution o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T17:04:24.877000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 52806, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to understand $E_0(\\\\log f(x;\\\\theta)-\\\\log f(x;\\\\theta_0)) \\\\leq 0$ but $E_0(f(x;\\\\theta)-f(x;\\\\theta_\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This problem is about maximum likelihood estimation. Let $f\\\\left(x;\\\\theta\\\\right)$\\nbe a parametric\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 94027, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The conjecture is wrong. I have found a counter-example in discrete case.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T17:49:13.123000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 166898, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2379c2e3-c712-4006-9133-75c15a10446a\", \"Text\": \"<maximum-likelihood>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T17:04:24.877000\"}, {\"Id\": 166899, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2379c2e3-c712-4006-9133-75c15a10446a\", \"Text\": \"This problem is about maximum likelihood estimation. Let $f\\\\left(x;\\\\theta\\\\right)$\\r\\nbe a parametric d\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T17:04:24.877000\"}, {\"Id\": 166900, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2379c2e3-c712-4006-9133-75c15a10446a\", \"Text\": \"Can we prove $E_0\\\\left\\\\{ f\\\\left(x;\\\\theta\\\\right)-f\\\\left(x;\\\\theta_{0}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\} \\\\leq0$ in MLE?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T17:04:24.877000\"}, {\"Id\": 166912, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4b48085c-9ebe-47b1-9944-2d071582457c\", \"Text\": \"This problem is about maximum likelihood estimation. Let $f\\\\left(x;\\\\theta\\\\right)$\\r\\nbe a parametric d\", \"Comment\": \"reframe the question and provide a counter example\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T18:05:40.037000\"}, {\"Id\": 166913, \"PostId\": 52095, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4b48085c-9ebe-47b1-9944-2d071582457c\", \"Text\": \"How to understand $E_0(\\\\log f(x;\\\\theta)-\\\\log f(x;\\\\theta_0)) \\\\leq 0$ but $E_0(f(x;\\\\theta)-f(x;\\\\theta_\", \"Comment\": \"reframe the question and provide a counter example\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-29T18:05:40.037000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20473, \"OwnerUserId\": 20473, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 52095, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The Kullback-Leibler Information inequality holds for the logarithms of <em>any two</em> densitie\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-02T14:24:21.923000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 95676, \"PostId\": 52806, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@ Alecos Papadopoulos Thanks for your answer. It clarified a lot. The right thing I shall expect is \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-12T06:33:01.777000\"}, {\"Id\": 95677, \"PostId\": 52806, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"...As a monotone transformation, we expect that $\\\\sum_{i=1}^{n}\\\\log f\\\\left(X_{i};\\\\theta_{0}\\\\right)\\\\g\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-12T06:34:24.783000\"}], \"AccountId\": 3083068.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alecos Papadopoulos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alecospapadopoulos.wordpress.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD in Economics with a heavy dose of, and a not-so-secret love for, Econometrics and Statistics.\"}]}, {\"Id\": 17459, \"PostId\": 51196, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I would consider non-parametric or semiparametric methods whenever possible.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-30T20:03:23.573000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 17459, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 51202, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Reference on how to choose models\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><statistical-significance><data-mining>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wonder if there is any good and easy to understand book on reviewing on when should a particula\", \"AccountId\": 1017741.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jack2019\", \"Location\": \"New York\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data scientist + Programmer</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 3966, \"PostId\": 48377, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't understand the $\\\\log$ transformation. How can you take $\\\\log Y$ when $Y$ is negative?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-08-12T14:02:09.337000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3966, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 59233, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing AIC of a model and its log-transformed version\", \"Tags\": \"<data-transformation><aic><likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p><em>The essence of my question is this:</em></p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Let $Y \\\\in \\\\mathbb{R}^n$ be a\", \"AccountId\": 510182.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stijn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 77005, \"PostId\": 234747, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It seems that it should $var(S \\\\vert \\\\lambda, \\\\theta) = E(N^2 \\\\vert \\\\lambda) var(X \\\\vert \\\\theta) + v\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-25T15:33:15.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77005, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Help justifying a conditional variance step?\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><variance><central-limit-theorem>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The problem runs: \\\"The count of claims $N$ obeys a Poisson distribution with mean $\\\\lambda$; the\", \"AccountId\": 7717165.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StatsUndergrad\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 50774, \"PostId\": 50774, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This selection process fits your strategy. Based on such a selection problem, your problem becomes a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-15T04:56:26.847000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50472, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is a variation of the selection model in econometrics. The validity of the estimates\\nusing o\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 161899, \"PostId\": 50774, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6ef0973f-208d-48e1-a2d9-5d3b664401b9\", \"Text\": \"This is a variation of the selection model in econometrics. The validity of the estimates\\r\\nusing onl\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-15T04:56:26.847000\"}, {\"Id\": 162113, \"PostId\": 50774, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e4bd5750-c11c-41a1-9ca8-222d172edf12\", \"Text\": \"This is a variation of the selection model in econometrics. The validity of the estimates\\r\\nusing onl\", \"Comment\": \"Additional comments about using $D_i$ as an explanatory variable\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-15T17:42:33.353000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3179, \"OwnerUserId\": 3179, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50774, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating logistic regression coefficients in a case-control design when the outcome variable is no\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><case-control-study>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider sampling data from a population of size $N$ in the following way: For $k=1, ..., N$ </p>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-06-02T17:45:51.720000\", \"AccountId\": 510004.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Macro\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 51024, \"PostId\": 51024, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I did not assume $x_i$ are nonrandom in the large sample case. But I did assume that $x_i$ are nonra\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-17T20:33:55.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50668, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Your question is indeed asking for the finite sample distribution\\nof $r_{N}$. To address your que\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 162947, \"PostId\": 51024, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"763ca14c-5f6c-410b-9d13-65712641ad8e\", \"Text\": \"Your question is indeed asking for the finite sample distribution\\r\\nof $r_{N}$. To address your quest\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-17T20:33:55.060000\"}, {\"Id\": 163011, \"PostId\": 51024, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b4477c6-26c6-40e4-b7e3-72a8170c087f\", \"Text\": \"Your question is indeed asking for the finite sample distribution\\r\\nof $r_{N}$. To address your quest\", \"Comment\": \"Clarify the nonrandom assumption about $x_i$\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-18T00:10:18.630000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 8234, \"OwnerUserId\": 8234, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistics of sample correlation for uniformly distributed samples\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><matlab><uniform-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am computing the sample correlation between two vectors of uncorrelated and uniformly distribut\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-25T18:59:15.343000\", \"AccountId\": 446796.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arrigo Benedetti\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 915, \"PostId\": 173116, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Let $Y_{it}$ be the outcome of $i$ in period $t$. Let $X_{it}$ be the vector of covariates, includin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-15T19:12:26.487000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 915, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to analyze the longitudinal effect of blood pressure and its treatment on outcome\", \"Tags\": \"<modeling><panel-data><treatment>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say I have an observational dataset over 20 years with blood-pressure measured each year for 1000\", \"AccountId\": 135699.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Misha\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 236009, \"PostId\": 236009, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@doubled I would write $Y = X\\\\beta + W\\\\gamma + U$, rather than $Y = \\\\hat{X}\\\\beta + W \\\\gamma + D$. Wr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-28T03:05:33.077000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 235618, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes and no. If $x$ and $w$ are correlated, the endogeneity of $w$ will bias the estimation of $\\\\b\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 440801, \"PostId\": 236009, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@doubled In case you are unfamiliar with 'linear projection' in econometrics, check out the first fe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-30T04:06:47.763000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 821323, \"PostId\": 236009, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9ac3e680-f119-4088-bc6c-296ad38957ea\", \"Text\": \"Yes and no. If $x$ and $w$ are correlated, the endogeneity of $w$ will bias the estimation of $\\\\beta\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-28T03:05:33.077000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 166447, \"OwnerUserId\": 166447, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 236009, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it true that if one coefficient in a linear model is endogenous, then any individual coefficient \", \"Tags\": \"<regression><econometrics><instrumental-variables><endogeneity>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This question is related to <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/96912/bias-of-more\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-23T21:44:45.897000\", \"AccountId\": 13830315.0, \"DisplayName\": \"doubled\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Love learning!</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 44162, \"PostId\": 113748, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There could be two concerns for using nonlinear 1st step specification. One is about consistency, an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-19T12:05:08.873000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44162, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Nonlinear first-stage specification in 2SLS\", \"Tags\": \"<nonlinear-regression><2sls>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My question is <strong>whether there are any substantial benefits</strong> from specifying a nonl\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 211436, \"PostId\": 113748, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The efficiency concern can be understood by observing the variance formula of the 2SLS estimators. R\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-29T17:45:16.667000\"}], \"AccountId\": 5462956.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zlqs1985\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 116860, \"PostId\": 237083, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"To some extent, I think we are interested in stationary distribution of an AR process for the same r\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-04T20:06:07.167000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 116860, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Intuitive explanation/motivation of stationary distribution of a process\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><markov-process><stationarity><autoregressive><intuition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Often, in literature, authors have been interested in finding the stationary distribution of a ti\", \"AccountId\": 7074640.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Shanks\", \"Location\": \"Saudi Arabia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>A Ph.D. student.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 20203, \"PostId\": 51615, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You are asking the validity of pooled OLS estimation in panel data model. When the individual or ci\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-23T23:25:22.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20203, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Implication for OLS of not using time component with panel data?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><least-squares><panel-data><assumptions>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a subset of data from a panel covering 100 cities and 20 years but the subset for some rea\", \"AccountId\": 3085215.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20093, \"PostId\": 51286, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There are two types of \\\"stationarity\\\": strong and weak stationary.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-20T12:27:00.080000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20093, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is \\\"stationarity\\\" assumed in time series data?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><stationarity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A stochastic process is composed of a sequence of random variables ordered by time,<br>\\nand a tim\", \"AccountId\": 3071704.0, \"DisplayName\": \"noname\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 26660, \"PostId\": 111262, \"UserId\": 19620, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"When the number of groups is large and each group has small size, you have to use the cluster-robust\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-31T18:10:16.077000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26660, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"cluster standard errors with small group sizes but large number of groups\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><econometrics><clustered-standard-errors>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have tried looking for cluster standard errors and the only reference that I found are that pro\", \"AccountId\": 3188464.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user90831\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 119828, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-07-06T02:33:30.187000\"}, {\"Id\": 47644, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Caucus\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-09-26T04:23:28.483000\"}, {\"Id\": 242213, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-07-06T02:32:00.220000\"}, {\"Id\": 113793, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Critic\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-05-21T05:14:38.303000\"}, {\"Id\": 44210, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-08-12T06:35:14.240000\"}, {\"Id\": 42710, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Mortarboard\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-20T14:40:43.360000\"}, {\"Id\": 71906, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-07-06T02:27:52.803000\"}, {\"Id\": 93437, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Revival\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-12-14T22:19:47.380000\"}, {\"Id\": 42257, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-15T17:44:27.503000\"}, {\"Id\": 42783, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-21T20:18:13.033000\"}, {\"Id\": 288076, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Custodian\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-03-14T21:37:41.220000\"}, {\"Id\": 174924, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-07-06T02:25:58.480000\"}, {\"Id\": 42359, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Revival\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-16T17:51:33.347000\"}, {\"Id\": 41852, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Teacher\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-09T19:51:29.887000\"}, {\"Id\": 41883, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Informed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-10T01:56:43.060000\"}, {\"Id\": 310699, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-07-06T02:26:47.123000\"}, {\"Id\": 153520, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Necromancer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-02-24T12:49:42.160000\"}, {\"Id\": 43966, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-08-08T09:51:01.933000\"}, {\"Id\": 72649, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Tumbleweed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-07-15T05:26:36.030000\"}, {\"Id\": 92629, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-12-08T19:00:50.787000\"}, {\"Id\": 42454, \"UserId\": 19620, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-07-17T16:35:59.297000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 171325, \"PostId\": 171325, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a371e682-ce49-4c79-b858-b9d33d763658\", \"Text\": \"For simplicity, consider $y_{i,t} = \\\\rho y_{i,t-1} + a_{i} + e_{i,t}$. Let $\\\\hat{\\\\rho}$ be the Arell\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-11T04:22:17.170000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 170846, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For simplicity, consider $y_{i,t} = \\\\rho y_{i,t-1} + a_{i} + e_{i,t}$. Let $\\\\hat{\\\\rho}$ be the Ar\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 92809, \"OwnerUserId\": 92809, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 171325, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Recovering fixed effects after Arrellano-Bond estimation in panel data\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><econometrics><panel-data><fixed-effects-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a data of 74 countries and 15 time periods and want to estimate a dynamic panel model like\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-20T06:24:56.090000\", \"AccountId\": 9477174.0, \"DisplayName\": \"john1990\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 111393, \"PostId\": 111393, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d10113a1-ff00-4f90-a992-38d7b2c72a82\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\nThroughout my answer, the usual conditional mean independence\\r\\n$\\\\mathbb{E}(\\\\varepsilon_{i}\\\\vert X_\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-06T18:51:42.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 110372, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Throughout my answer, the usual conditional mean independence\\n$\\\\mathbb{E}(\\\\varepsilon_{i}\\\\vert X_\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 35258, \"OwnerUserId\": 35258, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 111393, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpretation of Saturated Model vs. Model with Interaction and One Main Effect\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><interaction><least-squares>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say that I have two regressions:</p>\\n\\n<p>1) $Y_i = \\\\alpha_0 + \\\\alpha_1 X_i + \\\\alpha_2 X_i*Z_i + \\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-24T19:26:04.873000\", \"AccountId\": 2337582.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bill999\", \"Location\": \"Starkville, MS, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 50390, \"PostId\": 50390, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"98477fd8-2b87-4836-8bda-522cb2a90526\", \"Text\": \"I did not see the rationale of using your \\\"group BIC/AIC\\\". Your proposed group BIC/AIC is comparing \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-10T01:45:50.920000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50384, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I did not see the rationale of using your \\\"group BIC/AIC\\\". Your proposed group BIC/AIC is compari\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7713, \"OwnerUserId\": 7713, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50390, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"BIC and AIC(c) and group data\", \"Tags\": \"<modeling><model-selection><aic><bic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to compare two models using the BIC and AICc. Doing so seems fairly straightforward \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-30T02:17:05.177000\", \"AccountId\": 1363943.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Pavel\", \"Location\": \"Berlin, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 94224, \"PostId\": 94224, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f72c24a6-4247-42bc-85d3-3080a74187dc\", \"Text\": \"For notational simplicity, I drop the subindex $i$ in the sequel. Observe that\\r\\n$\\\\mathbb{E}\\\\left(vx\\\\\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-15T06:41:40.570000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 94196, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For notational simplicity, I drop the subindex $i$ in the sequel. Observe that\\n$\\\\mathbb{E}\\\\left(v\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 41219, \"OwnerUserId\": 41219, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"identification of simultaneous equation model\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><econometrics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the following SEM can be identified:\\n$$\\ny_i = x_i \\\\alpha + z_i \\\\beta + u_i\\\\\\\\\\nz_i = x_i \\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-23T12:07:57.283000\", \"AccountId\": 5377965.0, \"DisplayName\": \"random user\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 50398, \"PostId\": 50398, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"65139b9e-14a3-4f48-91a9-e7bd56f1f1d3\", \"Text\": \"Let me rephrase your question a little bit. The original regression $(1)$ is\\r\\n$$\\r\\nY=\\\\beta_1 X +\\\\beta\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-10T05:39:35.493000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50388, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let me rephrase your question a little bit. The original regression $(1)$ is\\n$$\\nY=\\\\beta_1 X +\\\\bet\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17924, \"OwnerUserId\": 17924, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50398, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regression with interaction term that is a function of other regressors\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><interaction><interpretation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the simple interaction equation where moderator M determines the effect of X on Y.\\n$$\\nY=\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-14T20:53:44.973000\", \"AccountId\": 1545230.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Trevor\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 50399, \"PostId\": 50399, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9b6585a3-c9f5-4e5d-b327-4fd0bce879cb\", \"Text\": \"Chris Genest has another introductory paper \\\"Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Copula Model\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-10T06:13:30.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 32298, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Chris Genest has another introductory paper \\\"<a href=\\\"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/downlo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 8819, \"OwnerUserId\": 8819, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50413, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Introductory reading on Copulas\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><references><marginal-distribution><copula>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For some time now, I have been looking for a good introductory reading on Copulas for my seminar.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-28T08:53:10.213000\", \"AccountId\": 1521894.0, \"DisplayName\": null, \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.stats.stackexchange.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a professional with interests in data mining, machine learning and statistical inference</p>\"}]}, {\"Id\": 94545, \"PostId\": 223767, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fe89b31d-fd6b-44da-ab2f-79d5011ea98c\", \"Text\": \"I'm trying to fit a model of the form $Y=aX+b$ based on a number of $(X,Y)$ observations with non-in\", \"Comment\": \"format math notation in latex\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-04T19:46:55.493000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 94545, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 223779, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Least squares regression with variance-covariance matrix of observations\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><covariance-matrix><generalized-least-squares>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to fit a model of the form $Y=aX+b$ based on a number of $(X,Y)$ observations with non\", \"AccountId\": 1784917.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mathieu\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 50276, \"PostId\": 50276, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ac9d5b89-9ca0-452a-b5b4-8fd7f2149829\", \"Text\": \"You could use heteroskedasticity robust standard error estimators, e.g. White's estimator, when you \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-08T23:25:16.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50268, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You could use heteroskedasticity robust standard error estimators, e.g. White's estimator, when y\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19691, \"OwnerUserId\": 19691, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The homogeneity of error variance in MMR with continuous moderator?\", \"Tags\": \"<interaction>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was wondering if I have to worry about the homogeneity of error variance assumption (which stat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-08T21:13:56.327000\", \"AccountId\": 3021338.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ed_Roll\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 50713, \"PostId\": 50713, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"45df9a2d-166d-480d-b9d5-1dcda9c74b0f\", \"Text\": \"Simply put: the simple OLS estimator will be inconsistent when $U_{1}$\\r\\nor $U_{0}$ is not mean indep\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-13T19:27:28.033000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50704, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Simply put: the simple OLS estimator will be inconsistent when $U_{1}$\\nor $U_{0}$ is not mean ind\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 15788, \"PostId\": 50713, \"UserId\": 15788, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Wow, nice explanation! Thanks a lot for your help!\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-14T15:28:32.230000\", \"AccountId\": 2444308.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stat Tistician\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Interested in Finance, Statistics, Application and Implementation</p>\\n\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50704, \"OwnerUserId\": 15788, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 50713, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why can't I use OLS for switching regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am not sure about the exact reason, why I can't use the simple OLS for switching regression.</p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-13T15:40:13.750000\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 123047, \"PostId\": 50713, \"UserId\": 123047, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a243a3c9-3f88-4c94-bf3a-ecf1751d0dd0\", \"Text\": \"Simply put: the simple OLS estimator will be inconsistent when $U_{1}$\\r\\nor $U_{0}$ is not mean indep\", \"Comment\": \"Three edits: 1. Switched minus to plus in the definition of the error V_i, 2. Added \\\\lambda to the e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-23T14:00:36.910000\", \"AccountId\": 11037387.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Epiousios\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 80633, \"PostId\": 80633, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ff49662f-3eed-4413-a77f-5180cb2d650d\", \"Text\": \"I may prove it under the assumption that $\\\\mathrm{E}\\\\left|Y\\\\right|<\\\\infty$. In order\\r\\nto prove $X_{n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-18T06:16:19.980000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 80622, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I may prove it under the assumption that $\\\\mathrm{E}\\\\left|Y\\\\right|<\\\\infty$. In order\\nto prove \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20404, \"OwnerUserId\": 20404, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 80642, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Convergence in distribution of sum implies marginal convergence?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mathematical-statistics><convergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X_n, X, Y$ be random variables such that $X_n + cY \\\\stackrel{d}{\\\\rightarrow} X + cY $ for ev\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-31T08:18:07.093000\", \"AccountId\": 1594076.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stacy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I enjoy Statistics and I'm here to learn from all the knowledgeable people around here! Hopefully\"}]}, {\"Id\": 111350, \"PostId\": 111350, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"18b6ad3a-ae2e-4fb9-a41b-947882438d52\", \"Text\": \"The intuition is that it is possible that the pair $(Y,Z)$ or $(Y,W)$\\r\\ncannot determine $X$; but $(Y\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-06T05:07:06.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111330, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The intuition is that it is possible that the pair $(Y,Z)$ or $(Y,W)$\\ncannot determine $X$; but $\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20164, \"OwnerUserId\": 20164, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 111350, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Given $P(X\\\\perp Y\\\\;|\\\\;Z)$ and $P(X\\\\perp Y\\\\;|\\\\;W)$, prove or disprove that $P(X\\\\perp Y\\\\;|\\\\;Z, W)$\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><conditional-probability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given $P(X\\\\perp Y\\\\;|\\\\;Z)$ and $P(X\\\\perp Y\\\\;|\\\\;W)$, prove or disprove that $P(X\\\\perp Y\\\\;|\\\\;Z, W)$<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-23T04:03:08.323000\", \"AccountId\": 1324757.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Set\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 222961, \"PostId\": 222961, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"378e3654-03e8-4bbc-a0e7-830fc013ac83\", \"Text\": \"For $n = 2$, $p(\\\\gamma(x) = 1) = p(x_{1} - x_{2} > 0)$. Let $z_{1,2} = x_{1} - x_{2}$. Obviously, $z\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-07T11:22:36.273000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 222959, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For $n = 2$, $p(\\\\gamma(x) = 1) = p(x_{1} - x_{2} > 0)$. Let $z_{1,2} = x_{1} - x_{2}$. Obvious\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 22504, \"OwnerUserId\": 22504, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 222961, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution of the a random variable defined on the index of a set of independent random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Scenario 1: Let $X_i,i\\\\in I$ where $I$ is the index set. For simplicity let $I$ be the finite set\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-09T09:37:17.683000\", \"AccountId\": 2734996.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Chamberlain Mbah\", \"Location\": \"Gent, Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://chambox.github.io/about/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am passionate about a lot of interesting technologies, unfortunately there are only 24 hours in\"}]}, {\"Id\": 50861, \"PostId\": 50861, \"UserId\": 19620, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"23adba1e-1a5c-4ce7-a2ce-a9d85d7fca62\", \"Text\": \"Here is a counter example. Let $X_{n}$, $n=1,2,\\\\ldots$, be\\r\\na sequence of random variables, whose di\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-16T06:38:58.030000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50827, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is a counter example. Let $X_{n}$, $n=1,2,\\\\ldots$, be\\na sequence of random variables, whose \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12985, \"OwnerUserId\": 12985, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bounded in probability and finite expectation\", \"Tags\": \"<asymptotics><bounds>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $x_t = O_p(1)$, meaning that for all $\\\\varepsilon > 0$ there exists $M_{\\\\varepsilon} < \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-12-07T20:45:17.423000\", \"AccountId\": 2123916.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kolibris\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-10-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-07-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-01-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-07-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19620, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":87,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"Id\": 145220, \"AccountId\": 12243668.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Neil New\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T16:38:39.183000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 215722, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 145220, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you for your help so far. I was more surprised that my primary outcome variable with a p=0.47 \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T16:39:26.567000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Cox regression Not significant on univariate but significant on multivariate\", \"Tags\": \"<cox-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am doing an observational review of survival times between two groups who received a different \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 67002, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Björn I wouldn't trust anyone's PK analysis, including industry's. The models are 19$^{th}$ century\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-29T07:53:53.147000\", \"AccountId\": 7541642.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Carl\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a nuclear physician, and a scientist. My interest in statistics is for writing journal artic\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 105577, \"PostId\": 178190, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Non-parametric data are not usually tested for difference of mean values. What you want to know put \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-09T23:15:03.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105577, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bootstrap: How to do a Confidence interval for the difference of two means? (Different sample distri\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mean><bootstrap>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can I apply a bootstrap from 2 samples that have different non-parametric distributions to get th\", \"AccountId\": 4037728.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Slobodanip\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 403988, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Björn (+1) for OP so he isn't frightened off. Expand your comment to be an answer and I'll upvote t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T18:48:05.903000\"}, {\"Id\": 244378, \"PostId\": 321048, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A bit confusing in the sense that it depends on how many friends are participating. For example if t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-23T07:06:56.673000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 244378, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Conditional probability?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's consider this hypothetical game, in which there are 10 cards, and one of the cards is marke\", \"AccountId\": 19354490.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andrey\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 66523, \"PostId\": 333191, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The word you need is **marketing**. That is a field all on its own. Although some statistics is invo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-19T14:30:06.133000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 66523, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Modelling members who will switch to a new to product when it's launched\", \"Tags\": \"<r><forecasting><marketing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been asked to build a model that will help estimate how many insurance plan members will m\", \"AccountId\": 3525500.0, \"DisplayName\": \"TheGoat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 204167, \"PostId\": 204167, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"https://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/transformations/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-12T23:44:37.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 204157, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Well, that didn't work. Try eliminating parameters with the least contributory p(CB)=0.951 the fi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 132472, \"OwnerUserId\": 132472, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 204167, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regression result shows small $R^2$ fit and large p value?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><p-value><r-squared>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I designed a model for my dissertation which has 7 predictors based on existing theories. After d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-12T21:38:42.367000\", \"AccountId\": 11735028.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Christina\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 160927, \"PostId\": 160927, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@GeoMatt22 I am not sure that sampling point-pairs to build a PDF will work, one would think so, I'l\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-17T17:03:14.743000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can bootstrap be used to establish confidence intervals for Theil regression parameters?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><nonparametric><bootstrap><monte-carlo><jackknife>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/44806/references-for-methods-for-calculatin\"}, {\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 223091, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I do not understand why one would use strata for that purpose as compared to, for example, doing mul\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to construct confidence limits based on small stratified samples of finite populations?\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><survey><small-sample><stratification><hypergeometric-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Imagine a business wishes to audit its transactions.</strong> It has a database summariz\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\"}, {\"Id\": 51205, \"PostId\": 207765, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Cliff_AB Can you give me an answer for the biexponential mixture case, please? I am finding the cup\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-12T22:25:40.190000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 51205, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 207758, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X_1$ be the random variable from component 1, and $X_2$ be the random variable from componen\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 207758, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to transform an exponential density mixture model from independent to dependent terms?\", \"Tags\": \"<independence><exponential-distribution><non-independent><mixture-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Keep in mind that I do not recommend <strong>univariate</strong> mixture models for pharmacokinet\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-17T21:52:58.740000\"}], \"AccountId\": 6297817.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Cliff AB\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://cliffstats.weebly.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Applied statistician and (shameless plug) author of \\\"icenReg\\\", an R-package for regression analys\"}, {\"Id\": 56326, \"PostId\": 116863, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"sentiment analysis is not mainstream. Show data, method, and references if you want to get a nibble \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-29T05:20:56.063000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 56326, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"compare multiple algorithms in the same dataset\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><dataset><multiple-comparisons>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to do a comparison between multiple algorithms when they applied to the same dataset. For \", \"AccountId\": 6672143.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Leen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 960, \"PostId\": 240440, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Maximum likelihood minimizes the error of fit to a set of observations, it is not an optimization wi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-18T10:55:08.240000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 960, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 240301, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I am not completely satisfied with my answer, but here goes.</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li><p>To an extent, you a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 59612, \"OwnerUserId\": 59612, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When is the AIC a good model selection criterion for forecasting and when is it not?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><aic><bic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to wrap my head around why the AIC and other similar ICs work as proxies for out of sa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-16T21:21:24.333000\", \"AccountId\": 4926742.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Skander H.\", \"Location\": \"Seattle, WA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>AI / ML / Data Science person.</p>\\n<p>More practitioner than advanced theoretician.</p>\\n<p>I spen\"}], \"AccountId\": 204092.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stephan Kolassa\", \"Location\": \"Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephankolassa\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><em>If you would like to <a href=\\\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephankolassa/?lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apag\"}, {\"Id\": 60252, \"PostId\": 127483, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"One answer is that interactions that reduce VIF can be useful.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-25T19:55:16.340000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 60252, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are interactions only useful in the context of regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><interaction><terminology>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have always read the term interaction in the context of regression. Should we also consider int\", \"AccountId\": 7016474.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DerTom\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 129032, \"PostId\": 200822, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This looks like a textbook problem. If so, it needs a `self-study` tag and the rules for [self-study\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-13T18:40:54.380000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 129032, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 200846, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Proof that the floor of an exponential random variable is a geometric variable\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><density-function><exponential-distribution><geometric-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For any real number $x$,$[x]$ represents the smallest integer greater than or equal to $x$.\\nIf $X\", \"AccountId\": 10689452.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Vishal\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 131194, \"PostId\": 223976, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Also, sometimes fitting the curve itself is not even appropriate.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-01T08:24:13.727000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 131194, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 224566, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the Difference between Inductive Reasoning and Statistical Inference?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><inference><terminology>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In my seminar work I used the following sentence:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Overfitting stands out a\", \"AccountId\": 11672464.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Laksan Nathan\", \"Location\": \"Mainz, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://biasedml.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>You need to understand the data before you can analyze it.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 120720, \"PostId\": 222837, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Pakk Do you mean something like \\\"a convolution written as a continuous function is a model for the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-05T10:39:01.763000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 120720, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 222832, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<h1>Notation, upper and lower case</h1>\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation_in_probab\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 222832, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 260556, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is the sum of two random variables a convolution?\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><terminology><cumulative-distribution-function><mixture-distribution><convolution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For long time I did not understand why the \\\"sum\\\" of two random variables is <a href=\\\"https://en.w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-06T09:46:18.460000\"}], \"AccountId\": 7195484.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sextus Empiricus\", \"Location\": \"Sion, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/martijn-weterings-7035609a/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/lShkO.jpg\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\"}, {\"Id\": 147793, \"PostId\": 147793, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It is true that I was not assuming the the base problem changed for every dart thrown. What you impl\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-20T19:51:51.397000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 146824, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let's consider this as a physical problem, which may help to clarify the question. Suppose a larg\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 4685, \"OwnerUserId\": 4685, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to reconcile results from many incremental hypothesis tests?\", \"Tags\": \"<repeated-measures><inference><non-independent><sequential-analysis>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm considering a series of controlled experiments (e.g. A/B tests) measuring the performance of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-05T12:11:06.187000\", \"AccountId\": 954809.0, \"DisplayName\": \"oDDsKooL\", \"Location\": \"France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.oddskool.net\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>part-time statistician, software engineer</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 90661, \"PostId\": 162466, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@eipi10 Indeed, so I changed question to reflect content. Your comment was good enough to be an answ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-30T03:34:39.210000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 90661, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How many samples required to reduce standard error to a specified figure?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><standard-deviation><sample-size><standard-error>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a large batch of product that I am testing for protein content (target = 12%). I know the \", \"AccountId\": 9295667.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Damien\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 114641, \"PostId\": 187053, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Would you please provide some links to what you are talking about so as to make it more accessible t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-19T02:04:49.193000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114641, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Inverting conditional probabilities with bayes\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I'm a bit confused about the bridge between urn type Bayes problems and more complex stuff lik\", \"AccountId\": 10716750.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John MacDonald\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 89593, \"PostId\": 175044, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Logistic-1/2 is sigmoidal, logistic is not. Rectifiers function used to convert alternating current \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-20T01:24:24.560000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89593, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 175149, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Neural Network misclassification using logistic function\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><neural-networks>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been training a fully connected neural network I've developed so that it can learn the <a hr\", \"AccountId\": 6711919.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tulians\", \"Location\": \"Gonnet, Argentina\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Computer engineer. Keen on ML and IoT, love music, specially classical guitar.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 233996, \"PostId\": 233996, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Glen_b If I had to guess I would say it is Student's-t with 200 df and the difference between ND an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-08T23:34:27.367000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 89613, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Well, here is one but I will not prove it, only show it in simulation.</p>\\n<p>Make two beta distr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16665, \"OwnerUserId\": 16665, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What Ratio of Independent Distributions gives a Normal Distribution?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><normal-distribution><mathematical-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The ratio of two independent normal distributions give a Cauchy distribution. The t-distribution \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-09T11:06:49.033000\", \"AccountId\": 2339529.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Remi.b\", \"Location\": \"Lausanne, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 257541, \"PostId\": 257541, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5bcd7c88-d51f-420d-8792-99ee5bb21340\", \"Text\": \">1. Should I use the gender (or any data correlated to it) as an input\\r\\n and try to correct their\", \"Comment\": \"added 988 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-20T08:30:37.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 256085, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <ol>\\n <li>Should I use the gender (or any data correlated to it) as an input\\n and t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15663, \"OwnerUserId\": 15663, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 256834, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Avoiding social discrimination in model building\", \"Tags\": \"<predictive-models><modeling><model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have questions inspired from the Amazon recent recruitment scandal, where they were accused of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-11T10:40:53.923000\", \"AccountId\": 2247995.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lucas Morin\", \"Location\": \"France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data & Model Audit @ SGCIB</p>\\n<p>Kaggle GM (Notebooks)</p>\\n<p>Mostly working in Python. Also\"}]}, {\"Id\": 186275, \"PostId\": 186275, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ac29f825-e3f6-4d74-8039-aae35db8207c\", \"Text\": \"That is, what is the $\\\\underset{n \\\\to \\\\infty}{\\\\lim} \\\\max (X_i-X_{i-1})$, where $1<i\\\\leq n$, and $X_i\", \"Comment\": \"added 433 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-11T19:41:50.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 186276, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does the maximum distance between adjacent values vary for increasing $n$\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><random-variable><beta-distribution><extreme-value><cauchy-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>That is, when is the $\\\\underset{n \\\\to \\\\infty}{\\\\lim} \\\\max (X_i-X_{i-1})\\\\rightarrow 0$, where $1<\"}, {\"Id\": 170497, \"PostId\": 170497, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eaff28fe-240e-4d4f-9df7-91e63d309590\", \"Text\": \"It came as a bit of a shock to me the first time I did a normal distribution Monte Carlo simulation \", \"Comment\": \"added 617 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-05T05:27:13.517000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 170950, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why are we using a biased and misleading standard deviation formula for $\\\\sigma$ of a normal distrib\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><standard-deviation><expected-value><unbiased-estimator><umvue>\", \"Body\": \"<p>It came as a bit of a shock to me the first time I did a normal distribution Monte Carlo simulati\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 572098, \"PostId\": 170497, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 33, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"7573d91d-2459-4ddc-9f60-e55b509f2daa\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"4395\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-07T22:29:43.303000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 175291, \"PostId\": 175291, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6f5a4eaf-ad70-4607-bc45-b6fd2b1d5bdb\", \"Text\": \"The problem, restated, is: Why is the number of combinations of 8 random binary digits taken as 0 to\", \"Comment\": \"added 11 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-16T19:43:02.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 175287, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The problem, restated, is: Why is the number of combinations of 8 random binary digits taken as 0\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 102462, \"OwnerUserId\": 102462, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 175289, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is generating 8 random bits uniform on (0, 255)?\", \"Tags\": \"<binomial-distribution><random-generation><uniform-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am generating 8 random bits (either a 0 or a 1) and concatenating them together to form an 8-bi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-16T19:34:35.980000\", \"AccountId\": 7237010.0, \"DisplayName\": \"glassy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 174162, \"PostId\": 174162, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b0099981-8930-47a5-8bdc-dc5eedaf91b9\", \"Text\": \"If there are enough counts then one can use the http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/165235/cent\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-06T16:13:25.840000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 174158, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If there are enough counts then one can use the <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/question\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 101493, \"OwnerUserId\": 101493, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it ok to assume normal distribution to count data if the QQ plot indicates normal distributed res\", \"Tags\": \"<poisson-distribution><negative-binomial-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a Y count variable (# of predation events) which is overdispersed. </p>\\n\\n<p>Thus I should\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-06T15:33:04.127000\", \"AccountId\": 9982068.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Julian Nicholas\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 91050, \"PostId\": 163401, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eac263eb-79a8-4264-a6ca-60dcef23f66b\", \"Text\": \"Should I use autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to forecast Market Size?\", \"Comment\": \"acronym punctuation reference\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-04T09:02:23.553000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 91050, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should I use autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to forecast Market Size?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><time-series><forecasting><arima><marketing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have historical sales data and used <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoregressive_integ\", \"AccountId\": 6465492.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Prakash Mokariya\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 168608, \"PostId\": 168608, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1d61121d-4cad-4cb2-9b8b-70417cf8c82a\", \"Text\": \"The modern definition of [intraclass correlation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraclass_correlati\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-18T16:46:15.313000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 152808, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The modern definition of <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraclass_correlation#Modern_ICC\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6805, \"OwnerUserId\": 6805, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 168608, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What's the difference between concordance correlation and intraclass correlation?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><terminology><intraclass-correlation><agreement-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understand there are various formulae for calculating an intraclass correlation, and various fo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-13T02:09:08.377000\", \"AccountId\": 1243097.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1205901 - Слава Україні\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 252088, \"PostId\": 252088, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1070e4b9-bdc7-49e8-8756-869597a94246\", \"Text\": \"For this particular problem, Spearman rho, apart from noise, will be [larger than](https://en.wikipe\", \"Comment\": \"added 680 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-27T20:56:59.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 247816, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For this particular problem, Spearman rho, apart from noise, will be <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 177377, \"OwnerUserId\": 177377, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation, Scatter graph\", \"Tags\": \"<spearman-rho><scatterplot><kendall-tau><correlation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have river flow rates for two separate rivers</p>\\n\\n<p>The data produced this scatter graph for \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-15T11:23:55.897000\", \"AccountId\": 5397820.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Erstwhistle\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 150448, \"PostId\": 150448, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b091f343-cae0-4d0a-b60d-c7fd2ee1d921\", \"Text\": \"Interesting problem. This looks like a simple independent probability problem rather than a statisti\", \"Comment\": \"added 267 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-14T05:50:30.783000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 34423, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Interesting problem. This looks like an independent probability problem rather than a statistics \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 658, \"OwnerUserId\": 658, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Hypothesis testing for Pareto distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><pareto-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wish to to some simple hypothesis testing of the form provided by T-Tests and ANOVA. However, m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-12T20:48:53.613000\", \"AccountId\": 140666.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Xodarap\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 331991, \"PostId\": 331991, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"60d05ef0-4a2c-4f18-addd-237ea32c3523\", \"Text\": \"Yes, in some circumstances, no in others. For example, if a bias results from a self-inconsistent as\", \"Comment\": \"added 683 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-10T08:56:47.360000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 331973, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes, in some circumstances, no in others. For example, if a bias results from a self-inconsistent\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 253483, \"OwnerUserId\": 253483, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it true that an estimator will always asymptotically be consistent if it is biased in finite samp\", \"Tags\": \"<econometrics><bias><consistency>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is it true that an estimator will always asymptotically be consistent if it is biased in finite s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-10T04:23:12.657000\", \"AccountId\": 19589639.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user14336952\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 327973, \"PostId\": 327973, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"20dcd6f2-2005-4171-b10f-3f523795d89b\", \"Text\": \"Well, for one thing, one cannot derive a gamma distribution by assuming a discrete non-negative inte\", \"Comment\": \"added 21 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-29T02:00:40.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 87692, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Well, for one thing, one cannot derive a gamma distribution by assuming a discrete non-negative i\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17551, \"OwnerUserId\": 17551, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Gamma distribution different derivations\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><gamma-distribution><intuition>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>According to this link - \\n<a href=\\\"http://cnx.org/contents/2d28fe6a-5000-454e-a2b9-6fbca9e9b56c@3\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-03T03:22:27.247000\", \"AccountId\": 2047045.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ryu576\", \"Location\": \"Kirkland, WA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://ryu577.github.io/web/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm currently a Data Scientist at Microsoft. Check out some of the things I've been up to: <a hre\"}]}, {\"Id\": 161905, \"PostId\": 161905, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a8a1584f-d72b-43c9-ad15-026fcb35e8d1\", \"Text\": \"Take the natural logarithm of the values and plot those. Or, plot the native values on a logarithmi\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-26T04:22:09.430000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 161898, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/fBlm0.png\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.co\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 74301, \"OwnerUserId\": 74301, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 161905, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to disperse data so that it can be seen clearly on a graph\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><data-transformation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have several sets of points. Example of a set is as the following:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>[4.392576848\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-26T08:50:10.230000\", \"AccountId\": 3060975.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kosta\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 162948, \"PostId\": 162948, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bbe6099c-adf1-42db-8312-71ca8afccd54\", \"Text\": \"Yes, you can accurately say that there is an additional time, with one nit-picking caveat. That is, \", \"Comment\": \"added 2 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-04T16:25:45.077000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 162943, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes, you can accurately say that there is an additional time, with one nit-picking caveat. That i\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 91082, \"OwnerUserId\": 91082, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"\\\"Additional\\\" standard deviation?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><standard-deviation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a train station where trains arrive at certain intervals called headways. I know the distr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-04T15:12:22.077000\", \"AccountId\": 9323716.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anita\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 162570, \"PostId\": 162570, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6eca4adf-beba-48fe-976e-765a6b5a85c1\", \"Text\": \"The individual day values should not be corrected, in the long term, they have the same mean and SD \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-30T23:58:17.633000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 162561, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The individual day values should not be corrected, in the long term, they have the same mean and \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 90742, \"OwnerUserId\": 90742, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mean and SD of daily log returns\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mean><standard-deviation><finance><logarithm>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume a given stock's log returns are normally distributed, its average annual log return = 100%\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-30T22:00:47.793000\", \"AccountId\": 9301511.0, \"DisplayName\": \"James\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 187590, \"PostId\": 187590, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"381a7517-ec94-4ca3-bf4b-4c8cd6f2faf8\", \"Text\": \"There are undoubtedly many way to provide such a justification. The simplest is that a logic gate ca\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T09:46:41.847000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187588, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are undoubtedly many way to provide such a justification. The simplest is that a logic gate\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 115253, \"OwnerUserId\": 115253, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187590, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"ML: RELU versus ln(1+exp(X))\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wasn't able to find this question in SE, possibly as I am new to ML:</p>\\n<p>When deciding on an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T09:01:01.703000\", \"AccountId\": 8691351.0, \"DisplayName\": \"RiskyScientist\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD in Theoretical Physics, University of California. About 20 publications, mainly in Phys Rev. \"}]}, {\"Id\": 171915, \"PostId\": 171915, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9950c4b5-244c-46a4-9097-e628e69f2dab\", \"Text\": \"Q1: Show quantitatively that OLS regression can be applied inconsistently for linear parameters esti\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 2568 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-15T04:28:46.143000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 223690, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When are OLS linear regression parameters inaccurate?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><least-squares><terminology><accuracy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Q1: Show quantitatively that OLS regression can be applied inconsistently for linear parameters e\"}, {\"Id\": 222142, \"PostId\": 222142, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8e7738ed-c8f7-48bc-a539-05012716b7c0\", \"Text\": \"What is the convolution of a normal distribution with a gamma distribution?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-27T16:45:46.123000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 222143, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the convolution of a normal distribution with a gamma distribution?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution><gamma-distribution><convolution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a closed form expression for the convolution of a normal distribution (ND) with a gamma \"}, {\"Id\": 248280, \"PostId\": 248280, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9fdc385d-4ed7-46c1-8144-0f77ae6ecff7\", \"Text\": \"**Thank-you to @AdamO for offering much discussion and points of contention to this post. I am undel\", \"Comment\": \"added 60 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-21T22:17:12.317000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 248068, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>A number of readers of this post think that Pearl has authored the definitive opinion on \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 865816, \"PostId\": 248280, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a77bceb8-c011-4507-a54a-17ff360c68c4\", \"Text\": \"You are correct. \\r\\n\\r\\nA [spurious correlation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_relationship) i\", \"Comment\": \"added 250 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T23:14:06.423000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 177838, \"OwnerUserId\": 177838, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can you infer causality from correlation in this example of dictator game?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><causality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've just had en exam where we were presented with two variables. In a dictator game where a dict\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-19T11:51:03.927000\", \"AccountId\": 14577335.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JonnyBravo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 214749, \"PostId\": 214749, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e9af833a-080a-4a46-a608-bf5526cde60d\", \"Text\": \"[Reparameterization](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Reparameterization.html) means the substitution of\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-18T15:36:30.677000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214745, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Reparameterization.html\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Reparame\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 123014, \"OwnerUserId\": 123014, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 214749, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is distribution parameterization?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><terminology><multinomial-distribution><softmax>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I encountered this term in the Stanford notes about softmax regression: </p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-23T09:06:21.063000\", \"AccountId\": 11179932.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nikola Ancevski\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 256232, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 256224, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>It is not entirely clear what is being asked. However, a few points are worth mentioning. The fir\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-09T10:56:09.923000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 150335, \"OwnerUserId\": 150335, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 256238, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpreting linear and polynomial predictors in LMM\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><polynomial>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using linear mixed models to investigate change over time on the score on a questionnaire, w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-13T11:18:29.867000\", \"AccountId\": 12881274.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MarkD\", \"Location\": \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 160329, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 149054, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This question by caveman is popular, but there were no attempted answers for months until my <str\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-13T00:33:11.747000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 67976, \"OwnerUserId\": 67976, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) score of a model mean?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><model-selection><aic><entropy><information-theory>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have seen some questions here about what it means in layman terms, but these are too layman for\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-12T20:30:43.360000\", \"AccountId\": 7623782.0, \"DisplayName\": \"caveman\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://cave.mn\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I love internet points. I come here to collect them. In fact I think Internet points are worth mo\"}]}, {\"Id\": 180093, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 180086, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_revenue_test\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">total reve\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-24T19:01:00.987000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 107529, \"OwnerUserId\": 107529, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"hypothesis test based on a log linear equation\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><hypothesis-testing><econometrics><terminology>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The question I have to answer is the following:</p>\\n\\n<p>Check statistically at the 0.01 level of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-24T16:53:25.343000\", \"AccountId\": 10327087.0, \"DisplayName\": \"katie ps\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 58011, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Arrg, that was meant to be univariate, not university. Swype does that sometimes.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-23T14:39:03.497000\", \"AccountId\": 6835077.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Björn\", \"Location\": \"Europe\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Biostatistician working in pharmaceutical drug development with an interest in Bayesian statistic\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 20949, \"PostId\": 163818, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"One thought is that if you know (or are willing to assume) the prior $p(a)$ and the conditional prio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-20T12:30:59.073000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20949, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to construct prior for two variables based on known distribution of their product?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><prior><hierarchical-bayesian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Building a hierarchical Bayes model, and I am interested in Bayesian inference of two parameters \", \"AccountId\": 1532745.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Count Zero\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24790, \"PostId\": 225873, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Or latent response models.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-12T06:44:52.040000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24790, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 225870, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If the 5 outcome variables are meant to measure the same latent concept, the questions you have t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 156464, \"OwnerUserId\": 156464, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Logistic regression with multiple outcome variables (all categorical)\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><categorical-data><multivariate-analysis><multivariate-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am completely in over my head with logistic regression at the moment, so what follows is probab\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-31T16:44:43.717000\", \"AccountId\": 13266897.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Amelia M.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 1288345.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Isabella Ghement\", \"Location\": \"Richmond, BC, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ghement.ca\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am an independent statistical consultant and trainer who is passionate about statistics and R p\"}, {\"Id\": 110288, \"PostId\": 182891, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you have enough reviewers and enough of them reviewed multiple composers, then you can fit the se\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-17T06:20:19.003000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 110288, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random effects when there are repeated measures for only *some* participants\", \"Tags\": \"<multilevel-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'd be really grateful for some advice here. I apologise if this question is rather elementary, \", \"AccountId\": 10480208.0, \"DisplayName\": \"claudeb\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 116530, \"PostId\": 188770, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What do you mean by grouped? Sum of counts and observation times with all predictors shared at the g\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-02T16:52:12.330000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 116530, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Implication of grouped and ungrouped data for Poisson Regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><generalized-linear-model><poisson-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Poisson regression can be conducted using Grouped and ungrouped data. There should be some differ\", \"AccountId\": 10813402.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fesco\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24715, \"PostId\": 212682, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Another thing to mention is that you could of course use mixtures of beta distributions, if a single\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T21:19:06.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 212681, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>One possible choice is the <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_distribution\\\" rel=\\\"norefer\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 141221, \"OwnerUserId\": 141221, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 212682, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution that has a range from 0 to 1 and with peak between them?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a distribution or can I work from another distribution to create a distribution like tha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-23T09:56:53.840000\", \"AccountId\": 6307585.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stan Callewaert\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 2242720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": \"Warsaw, Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Before I had studied Chan for thirty years, I saw mountains as\\nmountains, and rivers\"}, {\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 127659, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I am not quite clear on the question: Are you meta-analyzing reported results of individual studies \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 503, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can last observation carried forward (LOCF) be used in a meta analysis?\", \"Tags\": \"<missing-data><meta-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In an article I am reviewing, the authors used LOCF for missing data. In ordinary studies, I wou\", \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\"}, {\"Id\": 32130, \"PostId\": 134556, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In principle the method would be to integrate out the parameters $a$, $b$, $n$ and $m$. However, I b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-21T14:44:36.350000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 32130, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it possible to find the distribution parameters of a normal hierarchical model given specific val\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><hierarchical-bayesian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to find out if it is possible to calculate the distribution parameters, i.e., determ\", \"AccountId\": 4503330.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user45928\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 403978, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why exactly are you surprised? In principle I would not ever trust a university analysis of observat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T18:15:37.137000\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 127123, \"UserId\": 58011, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Revival\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-08-26T12:33:16.223000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 178218, \"PostId\": 178218, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5ed13353-7fbd-48f9-b7a1-9bd81b83d90f\", \"Text\": \"With this sample size it will be usually not possible to reliably detetmine whether the regression r\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-10T07:31:50.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 178178, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>With this sample size it will be usually not possible to reliably detetmine whether the regressio\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 105568, \"OwnerUserId\": 105568, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Wilcoxon signed-Rank test or paired t-test?\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test><wilcoxon-signed-rank>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a sample of size 30, being studied for effect of a surgical procedure on certain substance\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-09T21:46:18.583000\", \"AccountId\": 10217580.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fatma\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 197216, \"PostId\": 197216, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b40194b-de1e-4eeb-9a06-211516fb3f7e\", \"Text\": \"This data does not tell you much about the intervention due to the lack of a control group. Any caus\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-12T07:57:22.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 197211, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This data does not tell you much about the intervention due to the lack of a control group. Any c\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 125094, \"OwnerUserId\": 125094, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 197216, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to analyze trends of multiple patients' data before and after an intervention\", \"Tags\": \"<experiment-design><trend><intervention-analysis><test-for-trend>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have data for 200 patients' blood sugar levels before and after an intervention. There are mult\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-11T16:38:24.740000\", \"AccountId\": 10781231.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Simran Parmar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 190654, \"PostId\": 190654, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5c8ab0d8-a511-4a9f-add3-c82744905fa1\", \"Text\": \"If you assume the proportion to be the exact same in all trials, you can just consider this as $y:=y\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-16T20:30:41.470000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 190619, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If you assume the proportion to be the exact same in all trials, you can just consider this as $y\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 118335, \"OwnerUserId\": 118335, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which transformation should be used when conducting meta-analysis of single proportions?\", \"Tags\": \"<data-transformation><meta-analysis>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The goal of my meta-analysis project is to combine proportions from studies without a control gro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-16T16:41:07.593000\", \"AccountId\": 10911832.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Naike Wang\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 159503, \"PostId\": 159503, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2cb4f409-448c-4253-ab7c-04b09e529e4a\", \"Text\": \"Since you usually assume missing at random (MAR) conditional on the observed data when doing multipl\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-05T08:56:20.250000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 159469, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Since you usually assume missing at random (MAR) conditional on the observed data when doing mult\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 87758, \"OwnerUserId\": 87758, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 159503, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variables to be included in multiple imputation\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><spss><multiple-imputation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>1) Do we include all the variables during multiple imputation regardless of their missing value s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-29T13:32:31.640000\", \"AccountId\": 9096672.0, \"DisplayName\": \"James Rufus\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 214234, \"PostId\": 214234, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"620b97c6-7e68-4f14-a2b7-dae78848fe70\", \"Text\": \"Why would it not be? Cox regression assumes a baseline hazard function that can change over time in \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-13T13:17:48.943000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214233, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Why would it not be? Cox regression assumes a baseline hazard function that can change over time \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 73503, \"OwnerUserId\": 73503, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it appropriate to use Cox regression when risk of event is higher at the start of study?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><predictive-models><cox-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>as per title, like to check if it is appropriate to use Cox regression when the risk of event app\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-17T07:00:53.177000\", \"AccountId\": 8059523.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rey\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 205194, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 205171, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When there are several plausible models model uncertainty should not be ignored. If you select ju\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-22T04:40:35.790000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 32224, \"OwnerUserId\": 32224, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 205194, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Choice of models with nearly equal AIC values?\", \"Tags\": \"<linear-model><model-selection><aic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using AIC to compare a collection of submodels for a multivariate linear model. The best two\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-22T21:49:38.323000\", \"AccountId\": 1651031.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user21412\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 119830, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 119808, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If your estimates are independent and the likelihood on which each parameter estimate is based is\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-27T07:54:53.997000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 51353, \"OwnerUserId\": 51353, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 119824, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variance of an average of random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><error-propagation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This seems like it should be a pretty common problem. I have four estimates of fishing effort, e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-14T22:41:14.603000\", \"AccountId\": 6309947.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David Robichaud\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 159396, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 159359, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Whether a covariate is significant or not is a function of a number of things such as sample size\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-04T06:42:02.880000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 56078, \"OwnerUserId\": 56078, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Keep or drop insignificant covariates in forecasting?\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><forecasting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When I run a multiple regression for forecasting purpose, is it better to drop insignificant cova\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-25T08:57:45.743000\", \"AccountId\": 6682344.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andrea\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 254048, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 254035, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a much harder question than one would think and I doubt there are clear answers. The answ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-14T17:20:33.767000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 90137, \"OwnerUserId\": 90137, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 254046, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the definition of dataset (for Bonferroni purposes)?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-comparisons>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm having difficulties finding a clear rule for when a series of test should be considered a mul\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-25T10:44:46.400000\", \"AccountId\": 7726398.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JMenezes\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 330424, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 330062, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>To some extent, it depends on how well each of these ideas performs. Of course, it's pretty expen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-24T11:15:27.550000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 176932, \"OwnerUserId\": 176932, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to detrend in a stacked model?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><time-series><boosting><stacking>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have user data (x) for customers (i) in the period between 2010 and 2020 (t). I want \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-10T18:58:31.300000\", \"AccountId\": 13674803.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michieldo\", \"Location\": \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.churned.nl\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 189248, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 189181, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I do not know what you mean by \\\"df\\\" and how this parameter (or whatever it is) influences the pri\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-06T06:27:29.750000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 91577, \"OwnerUserId\": 91577, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using *EDIT* non-informative priors to account for perfect separation in logistic regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><bayesian><prior><separation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In generating logistic regressions for treatment-survival data, perfect separation is a problem i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-09T01:53:03.940000\", \"AccountId\": 9243737.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hamilthj\", \"Location\": \"Victoria, BC, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>In the process of writing my thesis on stress tolerance in intertidal invertebrates. New to R, bu\"}]}, {\"Id\": 188230, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 188228, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Logistic regression does of course provide predicted probabilities. You simply obtain them by bac\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-27T16:27:55.477000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 115924, \"OwnerUserId\": 115924, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability models in SAS\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sas>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What sort of tests are available in SAS that allow you to figure out what the probability of an e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-27T16:17:37.360000\", \"AccountId\": 10782335.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Beth Bennett\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 815493, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 215722, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 749070, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 145220, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0cd1cc59-aa91-41cb-85ec-a0264561c32f\", \"Text\": \"<cox-model>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T16:39:26.567000\"}, {\"Id\": 749071, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 145220, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0cd1cc59-aa91-41cb-85ec-a0264561c32f\", \"Text\": \"I am doing an observational review of survival times between two groups who received a different dru\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T16:39:26.567000\"}, {\"Id\": 749072, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 145220, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0cd1cc59-aa91-41cb-85ec-a0264561c32f\", \"Text\": \"Cox regression Not significant on univariate but significant on multivariate\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T16:39:26.567000\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 275007, \"UserId\": 145220, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-12-30T18:46:17.913000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"Id\": 145220, \"AccountId\": 12243668.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Neil New\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T16:38:39.183000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 215722, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 145220, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you for your help so far. I was more surprised that my primary outcome variable with a p=0.47 \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T16:39:26.567000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Cox regression Not significant on univariate but significant on multivariate\", \"Tags\": \"<cox-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am doing an observational review of survival times between two groups who received a different \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 67002, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Björn I wouldn't trust anyone's PK analysis, including industry's. The models are 19$^{th}$ century\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-29T07:53:53.147000\", \"AccountId\": 7541642.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Carl\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a nuclear physician, and a scientist. My interest in statistics is for writing journal artic\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 105577, \"PostId\": 178190, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Non-parametric data are not usually tested for difference of mean values. What you want to know put \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-09T23:15:03.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105577, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bootstrap: How to do a Confidence interval for the difference of two means? (Different sample distri\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mean><bootstrap>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can I apply a bootstrap from 2 samples that have different non-parametric distributions to get th\", \"AccountId\": 4037728.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Slobodanip\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 403988, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Björn (+1) for OP so he isn't frightened off. Expand your comment to be an answer and I'll upvote t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T18:48:05.903000\"}, {\"Id\": 244378, \"PostId\": 321048, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A bit confusing in the sense that it depends on how many friends are participating. For example if t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-23T07:06:56.673000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 244378, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Conditional probability?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's consider this hypothetical game, in which there are 10 cards, and one of the cards is marke\", \"AccountId\": 19354490.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andrey\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 66523, \"PostId\": 333191, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The word you need is **marketing**. That is a field all on its own. Although some statistics is invo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-19T14:30:06.133000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 66523, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Modelling members who will switch to a new to product when it's launched\", \"Tags\": \"<r><forecasting><marketing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been asked to build a model that will help estimate how many insurance plan members will m\", \"AccountId\": 3525500.0, \"DisplayName\": \"TheGoat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 204167, \"PostId\": 204167, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"https://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/transformations/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-12T23:44:37.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 204157, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Well, that didn't work. Try eliminating parameters with the least contributory p(CB)=0.951 the fi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 132472, \"OwnerUserId\": 132472, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 204167, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regression result shows small $R^2$ fit and large p value?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><p-value><r-squared>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I designed a model for my dissertation which has 7 predictors based on existing theories. After d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-12T21:38:42.367000\", \"AccountId\": 11735028.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Christina\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 160927, \"PostId\": 160927, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@GeoMatt22 I am not sure that sampling point-pairs to build a PDF will work, one would think so, I'l\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-17T17:03:14.743000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can bootstrap be used to establish confidence intervals for Theil regression parameters?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><nonparametric><bootstrap><monte-carlo><jackknife>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/44806/references-for-methods-for-calculatin\"}, {\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 223091, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I do not understand why one would use strata for that purpose as compared to, for example, doing mul\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to construct confidence limits based on small stratified samples of finite populations?\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><survey><small-sample><stratification><hypergeometric-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Imagine a business wishes to audit its transactions.</strong> It has a database summariz\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\"}, {\"Id\": 51205, \"PostId\": 207765, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Cliff_AB Can you give me an answer for the biexponential mixture case, please? I am finding the cup\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-12T22:25:40.190000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 51205, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 207758, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X_1$ be the random variable from component 1, and $X_2$ be the random variable from componen\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 207758, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to transform an exponential density mixture model from independent to dependent terms?\", \"Tags\": \"<independence><exponential-distribution><non-independent><mixture-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Keep in mind that I do not recommend <strong>univariate</strong> mixture models for pharmacokinet\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-17T21:52:58.740000\"}], \"AccountId\": 6297817.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Cliff AB\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://cliffstats.weebly.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Applied statistician and (shameless plug) author of \\\"icenReg\\\", an R-package for regression analys\"}, {\"Id\": 56326, \"PostId\": 116863, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"sentiment analysis is not mainstream. Show data, method, and references if you want to get a nibble \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-29T05:20:56.063000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 56326, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"compare multiple algorithms in the same dataset\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><dataset><multiple-comparisons>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to do a comparison between multiple algorithms when they applied to the same dataset. For \", \"AccountId\": 6672143.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Leen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 960, \"PostId\": 240440, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Maximum likelihood minimizes the error of fit to a set of observations, it is not an optimization wi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-18T10:55:08.240000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 960, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 240301, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I am not completely satisfied with my answer, but here goes.</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li><p>To an extent, you a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 59612, \"OwnerUserId\": 59612, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When is the AIC a good model selection criterion for forecasting and when is it not?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><aic><bic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to wrap my head around why the AIC and other similar ICs work as proxies for out of sa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-16T21:21:24.333000\", \"AccountId\": 4926742.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Skander H.\", \"Location\": \"Seattle, WA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>AI / ML / Data Science person.</p>\\n<p>More practitioner than advanced theoretician.</p>\\n<p>I spen\"}], \"AccountId\": 204092.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stephan Kolassa\", \"Location\": \"Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephankolassa\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><em>If you would like to <a href=\\\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephankolassa/?lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apag\"}, {\"Id\": 60252, \"PostId\": 127483, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"One answer is that interactions that reduce VIF can be useful.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-25T19:55:16.340000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 60252, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are interactions only useful in the context of regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><interaction><terminology>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have always read the term interaction in the context of regression. Should we also consider int\", \"AccountId\": 7016474.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DerTom\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 129032, \"PostId\": 200822, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This looks like a textbook problem. If so, it needs a `self-study` tag and the rules for [self-study\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-13T18:40:54.380000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 129032, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 200846, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Proof that the floor of an exponential random variable is a geometric variable\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><density-function><exponential-distribution><geometric-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For any real number $x$,$[x]$ represents the smallest integer greater than or equal to $x$.\\nIf $X\", \"AccountId\": 10689452.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Vishal\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 131194, \"PostId\": 223976, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Also, sometimes fitting the curve itself is not even appropriate.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-01T08:24:13.727000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 131194, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 224566, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the Difference between Inductive Reasoning and Statistical Inference?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><inference><terminology>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In my seminar work I used the following sentence:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Overfitting stands out a\", \"AccountId\": 11672464.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Laksan Nathan\", \"Location\": \"Mainz, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://biasedml.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>You need to understand the data before you can analyze it.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 120720, \"PostId\": 222837, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Pakk Do you mean something like \\\"a convolution written as a continuous function is a model for the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-05T10:39:01.763000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 120720, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 222832, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<h1>Notation, upper and lower case</h1>\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation_in_probab\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 222832, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 260556, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is the sum of two random variables a convolution?\", \"Tags\": \"<density-function><terminology><cumulative-distribution-function><mixture-distribution><convolution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For long time I did not understand why the \\\"sum\\\" of two random variables is <a href=\\\"https://en.w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-06T09:46:18.460000\"}], \"AccountId\": 7195484.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sextus Empiricus\", \"Location\": \"Sion, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/martijn-weterings-7035609a/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/lShkO.jpg\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\"}, {\"Id\": 147793, \"PostId\": 147793, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It is true that I was not assuming the the base problem changed for every dart thrown. What you impl\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-20T19:51:51.397000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 146824, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let's consider this as a physical problem, which may help to clarify the question. Suppose a larg\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 4685, \"OwnerUserId\": 4685, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to reconcile results from many incremental hypothesis tests?\", \"Tags\": \"<repeated-measures><inference><non-independent><sequential-analysis>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm considering a series of controlled experiments (e.g. A/B tests) measuring the performance of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-05T12:11:06.187000\", \"AccountId\": 954809.0, \"DisplayName\": \"oDDsKooL\", \"Location\": \"France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.oddskool.net\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>part-time statistician, software engineer</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 90661, \"PostId\": 162466, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@eipi10 Indeed, so I changed question to reflect content. Your comment was good enough to be an answ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-30T03:34:39.210000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 90661, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How many samples required to reduce standard error to a specified figure?\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><standard-deviation><sample-size><standard-error>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a large batch of product that I am testing for protein content (target = 12%). I know the \", \"AccountId\": 9295667.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Damien\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 114641, \"PostId\": 187053, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Would you please provide some links to what you are talking about so as to make it more accessible t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-19T02:04:49.193000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114641, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Inverting conditional probabilities with bayes\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I'm a bit confused about the bridge between urn type Bayes problems and more complex stuff lik\", \"AccountId\": 10716750.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John MacDonald\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 89593, \"PostId\": 175044, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Logistic-1/2 is sigmoidal, logistic is not. Rectifiers function used to convert alternating current \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-20T01:24:24.560000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 89593, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 175149, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Neural Network misclassification using logistic function\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><neural-networks>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been training a fully connected neural network I've developed so that it can learn the <a hr\", \"AccountId\": 6711919.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tulians\", \"Location\": \"Gonnet, Argentina\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Computer engineer. Keen on ML and IoT, love music, specially classical guitar.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 233996, \"PostId\": 233996, \"UserId\": 67002, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Glen_b If I had to guess I would say it is Student's-t with 200 df and the difference between ND an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-08T23:34:27.367000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 89613, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Well, here is one but I will not prove it, only show it in simulation.</p>\\n<p>Make two beta distr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16665, \"OwnerUserId\": 16665, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What Ratio of Independent Distributions gives a Normal Distribution?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><normal-distribution><mathematical-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The ratio of two independent normal distributions give a Cauchy distribution. The t-distribution \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-09T11:06:49.033000\", \"AccountId\": 2339529.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Remi.b\", \"Location\": \"Lausanne, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 257541, \"PostId\": 257541, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5bcd7c88-d51f-420d-8792-99ee5bb21340\", \"Text\": \">1. Should I use the gender (or any data correlated to it) as an input\\r\\n and try to correct their\", \"Comment\": \"added 988 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-20T08:30:37.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 256085, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <ol>\\n <li>Should I use the gender (or any data correlated to it) as an input\\n and t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15663, \"OwnerUserId\": 15663, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 256834, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Avoiding social discrimination in model building\", \"Tags\": \"<predictive-models><modeling><model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have questions inspired from the Amazon recent recruitment scandal, where they were accused of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-11T10:40:53.923000\", \"AccountId\": 2247995.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lucas Morin\", \"Location\": \"France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data & Model Audit @ SGCIB</p>\\n<p>Kaggle GM (Notebooks)</p>\\n<p>Mostly working in Python. Also\"}]}, {\"Id\": 186275, \"PostId\": 186275, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ac29f825-e3f6-4d74-8039-aae35db8207c\", \"Text\": \"That is, what is the $\\\\underset{n \\\\to \\\\infty}{\\\\lim} \\\\max (X_i-X_{i-1})$, where $1<i\\\\leq n$, and $X_i\", \"Comment\": \"added 433 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-11T19:41:50.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 186276, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does the maximum distance between adjacent values vary for increasing $n$\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><random-variable><beta-distribution><extreme-value><cauchy-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>That is, when is the $\\\\underset{n \\\\to \\\\infty}{\\\\lim} \\\\max (X_i-X_{i-1})\\\\rightarrow 0$, where $1<\"}, {\"Id\": 170497, \"PostId\": 170497, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eaff28fe-240e-4d4f-9df7-91e63d309590\", \"Text\": \"It came as a bit of a shock to me the first time I did a normal distribution Monte Carlo simulation \", \"Comment\": \"added 617 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-05T05:27:13.517000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 170950, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why are we using a biased and misleading standard deviation formula for $\\\\sigma$ of a normal distrib\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><standard-deviation><expected-value><unbiased-estimator><umvue>\", \"Body\": \"<p>It came as a bit of a shock to me the first time I did a normal distribution Monte Carlo simulati\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 572098, \"PostId\": 170497, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 33, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"7573d91d-2459-4ddc-9f60-e55b509f2daa\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"4395\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-07T22:29:43.303000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 175291, \"PostId\": 175291, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6f5a4eaf-ad70-4607-bc45-b6fd2b1d5bdb\", \"Text\": \"The problem, restated, is: Why is the number of combinations of 8 random binary digits taken as 0 to\", \"Comment\": \"added 11 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-16T19:43:02.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 175287, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The problem, restated, is: Why is the number of combinations of 8 random binary digits taken as 0\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 102462, \"OwnerUserId\": 102462, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 175289, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is generating 8 random bits uniform on (0, 255)?\", \"Tags\": \"<binomial-distribution><random-generation><uniform-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am generating 8 random bits (either a 0 or a 1) and concatenating them together to form an 8-bi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-16T19:34:35.980000\", \"AccountId\": 7237010.0, \"DisplayName\": \"glassy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 174162, \"PostId\": 174162, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b0099981-8930-47a5-8bdc-dc5eedaf91b9\", \"Text\": \"If there are enough counts then one can use the http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/165235/cent\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-06T16:13:25.840000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 174158, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If there are enough counts then one can use the <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/question\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 101493, \"OwnerUserId\": 101493, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it ok to assume normal distribution to count data if the QQ plot indicates normal distributed res\", \"Tags\": \"<poisson-distribution><negative-binomial-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a Y count variable (# of predation events) which is overdispersed. </p>\\n\\n<p>Thus I should\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-06T15:33:04.127000\", \"AccountId\": 9982068.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Julian Nicholas\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 91050, \"PostId\": 163401, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eac263eb-79a8-4264-a6ca-60dcef23f66b\", \"Text\": \"Should I use autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to forecast Market Size?\", \"Comment\": \"acronym punctuation reference\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-04T09:02:23.553000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 91050, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should I use autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to forecast Market Size?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><time-series><forecasting><arima><marketing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have historical sales data and used <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoregressive_integ\", \"AccountId\": 6465492.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Prakash Mokariya\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 168608, \"PostId\": 168608, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1d61121d-4cad-4cb2-9b8b-70417cf8c82a\", \"Text\": \"The modern definition of [intraclass correlation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraclass_correlati\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-18T16:46:15.313000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 152808, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The modern definition of <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraclass_correlation#Modern_ICC\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6805, \"OwnerUserId\": 6805, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 168608, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What's the difference between concordance correlation and intraclass correlation?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><terminology><intraclass-correlation><agreement-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understand there are various formulae for calculating an intraclass correlation, and various fo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-13T02:09:08.377000\", \"AccountId\": 1243097.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1205901 - Слава Україні\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 252088, \"PostId\": 252088, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1070e4b9-bdc7-49e8-8756-869597a94246\", \"Text\": \"For this particular problem, Spearman rho, apart from noise, will be [larger than](https://en.wikipe\", \"Comment\": \"added 680 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-27T20:56:59.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 247816, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For this particular problem, Spearman rho, apart from noise, will be <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 177377, \"OwnerUserId\": 177377, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation, Scatter graph\", \"Tags\": \"<spearman-rho><scatterplot><kendall-tau><correlation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have river flow rates for two separate rivers</p>\\n\\n<p>The data produced this scatter graph for \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-15T11:23:55.897000\", \"AccountId\": 5397820.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Erstwhistle\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 150448, \"PostId\": 150448, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b091f343-cae0-4d0a-b60d-c7fd2ee1d921\", \"Text\": \"Interesting problem. This looks like a simple independent probability problem rather than a statisti\", \"Comment\": \"added 267 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-14T05:50:30.783000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 34423, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Interesting problem. This looks like an independent probability problem rather than a statistics \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 658, \"OwnerUserId\": 658, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Hypothesis testing for Pareto distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><pareto-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wish to to some simple hypothesis testing of the form provided by T-Tests and ANOVA. However, m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-12T20:48:53.613000\", \"AccountId\": 140666.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Xodarap\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 331991, \"PostId\": 331991, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"60d05ef0-4a2c-4f18-addd-237ea32c3523\", \"Text\": \"Yes, in some circumstances, no in others. For example, if a bias results from a self-inconsistent as\", \"Comment\": \"added 683 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-10T08:56:47.360000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 331973, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes, in some circumstances, no in others. For example, if a bias results from a self-inconsistent\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 253483, \"OwnerUserId\": 253483, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it true that an estimator will always asymptotically be consistent if it is biased in finite samp\", \"Tags\": \"<econometrics><bias><consistency>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is it true that an estimator will always asymptotically be consistent if it is biased in finite s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-10T04:23:12.657000\", \"AccountId\": 19589639.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user14336952\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 327973, \"PostId\": 327973, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"20dcd6f2-2005-4171-b10f-3f523795d89b\", \"Text\": \"Well, for one thing, one cannot derive a gamma distribution by assuming a discrete non-negative inte\", \"Comment\": \"added 21 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-29T02:00:40.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 87692, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Well, for one thing, one cannot derive a gamma distribution by assuming a discrete non-negative i\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17551, \"OwnerUserId\": 17551, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Gamma distribution different derivations\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><gamma-distribution><intuition>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>According to this link - \\n<a href=\\\"http://cnx.org/contents/2d28fe6a-5000-454e-a2b9-6fbca9e9b56c@3\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-03T03:22:27.247000\", \"AccountId\": 2047045.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ryu576\", \"Location\": \"Kirkland, WA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://ryu577.github.io/web/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm currently a Data Scientist at Microsoft. Check out some of the things I've been up to: <a hre\"}]}, {\"Id\": 161905, \"PostId\": 161905, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a8a1584f-d72b-43c9-ad15-026fcb35e8d1\", \"Text\": \"Take the natural logarithm of the values and plot those. Or, plot the native values on a logarithmi\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-26T04:22:09.430000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 161898, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/fBlm0.png\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.co\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 74301, \"OwnerUserId\": 74301, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 161905, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to disperse data so that it can be seen clearly on a graph\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><data-transformation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have several sets of points. Example of a set is as the following:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>[4.392576848\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-26T08:50:10.230000\", \"AccountId\": 3060975.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kosta\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 162948, \"PostId\": 162948, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bbe6099c-adf1-42db-8312-71ca8afccd54\", \"Text\": \"Yes, you can accurately say that there is an additional time, with one nit-picking caveat. That is, \", \"Comment\": \"added 2 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-04T16:25:45.077000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 162943, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes, you can accurately say that there is an additional time, with one nit-picking caveat. That i\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 91082, \"OwnerUserId\": 91082, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"\\\"Additional\\\" standard deviation?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><standard-deviation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a train station where trains arrive at certain intervals called headways. I know the distr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-04T15:12:22.077000\", \"AccountId\": 9323716.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anita\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 162570, \"PostId\": 162570, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6eca4adf-beba-48fe-976e-765a6b5a85c1\", \"Text\": \"The individual day values should not be corrected, in the long term, they have the same mean and SD \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-30T23:58:17.633000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 162561, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The individual day values should not be corrected, in the long term, they have the same mean and \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 90742, \"OwnerUserId\": 90742, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mean and SD of daily log returns\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mean><standard-deviation><finance><logarithm>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume a given stock's log returns are normally distributed, its average annual log return = 100%\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-30T22:00:47.793000\", \"AccountId\": 9301511.0, \"DisplayName\": \"James\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 187590, \"PostId\": 187590, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"381a7517-ec94-4ca3-bf4b-4c8cd6f2faf8\", \"Text\": \"There are undoubtedly many way to provide such a justification. The simplest is that a logic gate ca\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T09:46:41.847000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187588, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are undoubtedly many way to provide such a justification. The simplest is that a logic gate\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 115253, \"OwnerUserId\": 115253, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187590, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"ML: RELU versus ln(1+exp(X))\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wasn't able to find this question in SE, possibly as I am new to ML:</p>\\n<p>When deciding on an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T09:01:01.703000\", \"AccountId\": 8691351.0, \"DisplayName\": \"RiskyScientist\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD in Theoretical Physics, University of California. About 20 publications, mainly in Phys Rev. \"}]}, {\"Id\": 171915, \"PostId\": 171915, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9950c4b5-244c-46a4-9097-e628e69f2dab\", \"Text\": \"Q1: Show quantitatively that OLS regression can be applied inconsistently for linear parameters esti\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 2568 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-15T04:28:46.143000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 223690, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When are OLS linear regression parameters inaccurate?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><least-squares><terminology><accuracy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Q1: Show quantitatively that OLS regression can be applied inconsistently for linear parameters e\"}, {\"Id\": 222142, \"PostId\": 222142, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8e7738ed-c8f7-48bc-a539-05012716b7c0\", \"Text\": \"What is the convolution of a normal distribution with a gamma distribution?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-27T16:45:46.123000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 222143, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the convolution of a normal distribution with a gamma distribution?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution><gamma-distribution><convolution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a closed form expression for the convolution of a normal distribution (ND) with a gamma \"}, {\"Id\": 248280, \"PostId\": 248280, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9fdc385d-4ed7-46c1-8144-0f77ae6ecff7\", \"Text\": \"**Thank-you to @AdamO for offering much discussion and points of contention to this post. I am undel\", \"Comment\": \"added 60 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-21T22:17:12.317000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 248068, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><strong>A number of readers of this post think that Pearl has authored the definitive opinion on \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 865816, \"PostId\": 248280, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a77bceb8-c011-4507-a54a-17ff360c68c4\", \"Text\": \"You are correct. \\r\\n\\r\\nA [spurious correlation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_relationship) i\", \"Comment\": \"added 250 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T23:14:06.423000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 177838, \"OwnerUserId\": 177838, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can you infer causality from correlation in this example of dictator game?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><causality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've just had en exam where we were presented with two variables. In a dictator game where a dict\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-19T11:51:03.927000\", \"AccountId\": 14577335.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JonnyBravo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 214749, \"PostId\": 214749, \"UserId\": 67002, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e9af833a-080a-4a46-a608-bf5526cde60d\", \"Text\": \"[Reparameterization](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Reparameterization.html) means the substitution of\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-18T15:36:30.677000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214745, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Reparameterization.html\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Reparame\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 123014, \"OwnerUserId\": 123014, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 214749, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is distribution parameterization?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><terminology><multinomial-distribution><softmax>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I encountered this term in the Stanford notes about softmax regression: </p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-23T09:06:21.063000\", \"AccountId\": 11179932.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nikola Ancevski\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 256232, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 256224, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>It is not entirely clear what is being asked. However, a few points are worth mentioning. The fir\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-09T10:56:09.923000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 150335, \"OwnerUserId\": 150335, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 256238, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpreting linear and polynomial predictors in LMM\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><polynomial>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using linear mixed models to investigate change over time on the score on a questionnaire, w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-13T11:18:29.867000\", \"AccountId\": 12881274.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MarkD\", \"Location\": \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 160329, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 149054, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This question by caveman is popular, but there were no attempted answers for months until my <str\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-13T00:33:11.747000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 67976, \"OwnerUserId\": 67976, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) score of a model mean?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><model-selection><aic><entropy><information-theory>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have seen some questions here about what it means in layman terms, but these are too layman for\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-12T20:30:43.360000\", \"AccountId\": 7623782.0, \"DisplayName\": \"caveman\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://cave.mn\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I love internet points. I come here to collect them. In fact I think Internet points are worth mo\"}]}, {\"Id\": 180093, \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 180086, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_revenue_test\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">total reve\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-24T19:01:00.987000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 107529, \"OwnerUserId\": 107529, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"hypothesis test based on a log linear equation\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><hypothesis-testing><econometrics><terminology>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The question I have to answer is the following:</p>\\n\\n<p>Check statistically at the 0.01 level of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-24T16:53:25.343000\", \"AccountId\": 10327087.0, \"DisplayName\": \"katie ps\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 67002, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 58011, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Arrg, that was meant to be univariate, not university. Swype does that sometimes.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-23T14:39:03.497000\", \"AccountId\": 6835077.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Björn\", \"Location\": \"Europe\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Biostatistician working in pharmaceutical drug development with an interest in Bayesian statistic\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 20949, \"PostId\": 163818, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"One thought is that if you know (or are willing to assume) the prior $p(a)$ and the conditional prio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-20T12:30:59.073000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20949, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to construct prior for two variables based on known distribution of their product?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><prior><hierarchical-bayesian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Building a hierarchical Bayes model, and I am interested in Bayesian inference of two parameters \", \"AccountId\": 1532745.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Count Zero\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24790, \"PostId\": 225873, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Or latent response models.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-12T06:44:52.040000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24790, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 225870, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If the 5 outcome variables are meant to measure the same latent concept, the questions you have t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 156464, \"OwnerUserId\": 156464, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Logistic regression with multiple outcome variables (all categorical)\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><categorical-data><multivariate-analysis><multivariate-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am completely in over my head with logistic regression at the moment, so what follows is probab\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-31T16:44:43.717000\", \"AccountId\": 13266897.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Amelia M.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 1288345.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Isabella Ghement\", \"Location\": \"Richmond, BC, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ghement.ca\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am an independent statistical consultant and trainer who is passionate about statistics and R p\"}, {\"Id\": 110288, \"PostId\": 182891, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you have enough reviewers and enough of them reviewed multiple composers, then you can fit the se\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-17T06:20:19.003000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 110288, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random effects when there are repeated measures for only *some* participants\", \"Tags\": \"<multilevel-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'd be really grateful for some advice here. I apologise if this question is rather elementary, \", \"AccountId\": 10480208.0, \"DisplayName\": \"claudeb\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 116530, \"PostId\": 188770, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What do you mean by grouped? Sum of counts and observation times with all predictors shared at the g\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-02T16:52:12.330000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 116530, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Implication of grouped and ungrouped data for Poisson Regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><generalized-linear-model><poisson-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Poisson regression can be conducted using Grouped and ungrouped data. There should be some differ\", \"AccountId\": 10813402.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fesco\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24715, \"PostId\": 212682, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Another thing to mention is that you could of course use mixtures of beta distributions, if a single\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T21:19:06.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 212681, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>One possible choice is the <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_distribution\\\" rel=\\\"norefer\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 141221, \"OwnerUserId\": 141221, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 212682, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution that has a range from 0 to 1 and with peak between them?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a distribution or can I work from another distribution to create a distribution like tha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-23T09:56:53.840000\", \"AccountId\": 6307585.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stan Callewaert\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 2242720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": \"Warsaw, Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Before I had studied Chan for thirty years, I saw mountains as\\nmountains, and rivers\"}, {\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 127659, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I am not quite clear on the question: Are you meta-analyzing reported results of individual studies \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 503, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can last observation carried forward (LOCF) be used in a meta analysis?\", \"Tags\": \"<missing-data><meta-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In an article I am reviewing, the authors used LOCF for missing data. In ordinary studies, I wou\", \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\"}, {\"Id\": 32130, \"PostId\": 134556, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In principle the method would be to integrate out the parameters $a$, $b$, $n$ and $m$. However, I b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-21T14:44:36.350000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 32130, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it possible to find the distribution parameters of a normal hierarchical model given specific val\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><hierarchical-bayesian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to find out if it is possible to calculate the distribution parameters, i.e., determ\", \"AccountId\": 4503330.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user45928\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 403978, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 58011, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why exactly are you surprised? In principle I would not ever trust a university analysis of observat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T18:15:37.137000\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 127123, \"UserId\": 58011, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Revival\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-08-26T12:33:16.223000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 178218, \"PostId\": 178218, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5ed13353-7fbd-48f9-b7a1-9bd81b83d90f\", \"Text\": \"With this sample size it will be usually not possible to reliably detetmine whether the regression r\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-10T07:31:50.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 178178, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>With this sample size it will be usually not possible to reliably detetmine whether the regressio\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 105568, \"OwnerUserId\": 105568, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Wilcoxon signed-Rank test or paired t-test?\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test><wilcoxon-signed-rank>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a sample of size 30, being studied for effect of a surgical procedure on certain substance\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-09T21:46:18.583000\", \"AccountId\": 10217580.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fatma\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 197216, \"PostId\": 197216, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b40194b-de1e-4eeb-9a06-211516fb3f7e\", \"Text\": \"This data does not tell you much about the intervention due to the lack of a control group. Any caus\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-12T07:57:22.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 197211, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This data does not tell you much about the intervention due to the lack of a control group. Any c\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 125094, \"OwnerUserId\": 125094, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 197216, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to analyze trends of multiple patients' data before and after an intervention\", \"Tags\": \"<experiment-design><trend><intervention-analysis><test-for-trend>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have data for 200 patients' blood sugar levels before and after an intervention. There are mult\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-11T16:38:24.740000\", \"AccountId\": 10781231.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Simran Parmar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 190654, \"PostId\": 190654, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5c8ab0d8-a511-4a9f-add3-c82744905fa1\", \"Text\": \"If you assume the proportion to be the exact same in all trials, you can just consider this as $y:=y\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-16T20:30:41.470000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 190619, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If you assume the proportion to be the exact same in all trials, you can just consider this as $y\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 118335, \"OwnerUserId\": 118335, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which transformation should be used when conducting meta-analysis of single proportions?\", \"Tags\": \"<data-transformation><meta-analysis>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The goal of my meta-analysis project is to combine proportions from studies without a control gro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-16T16:41:07.593000\", \"AccountId\": 10911832.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Naike Wang\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 159503, \"PostId\": 159503, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2cb4f409-448c-4253-ab7c-04b09e529e4a\", \"Text\": \"Since you usually assume missing at random (MAR) conditional on the observed data when doing multipl\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-05T08:56:20.250000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 159469, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Since you usually assume missing at random (MAR) conditional on the observed data when doing mult\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 87758, \"OwnerUserId\": 87758, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 159503, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variables to be included in multiple imputation\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><spss><multiple-imputation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>1) Do we include all the variables during multiple imputation regardless of their missing value s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-29T13:32:31.640000\", \"AccountId\": 9096672.0, \"DisplayName\": \"James Rufus\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 214234, \"PostId\": 214234, \"UserId\": 58011, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"620b97c6-7e68-4f14-a2b7-dae78848fe70\", \"Text\": \"Why would it not be? Cox regression assumes a baseline hazard function that can change over time in \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-13T13:17:48.943000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214233, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Why would it not be? Cox regression assumes a baseline hazard function that can change over time \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 73503, \"OwnerUserId\": 73503, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it appropriate to use Cox regression when risk of event is higher at the start of study?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><predictive-models><cox-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>as per title, like to check if it is appropriate to use Cox regression when the risk of event app\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-17T07:00:53.177000\", \"AccountId\": 8059523.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rey\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 205194, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 205171, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When there are several plausible models model uncertainty should not be ignored. If you select ju\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-22T04:40:35.790000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 32224, \"OwnerUserId\": 32224, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 205194, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Choice of models with nearly equal AIC values?\", \"Tags\": \"<linear-model><model-selection><aic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using AIC to compare a collection of submodels for a multivariate linear model. The best two\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-22T21:49:38.323000\", \"AccountId\": 1651031.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user21412\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 119830, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 119808, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If your estimates are independent and the likelihood on which each parameter estimate is based is\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-27T07:54:53.997000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 51353, \"OwnerUserId\": 51353, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 119824, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variance of an average of random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><error-propagation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This seems like it should be a pretty common problem. I have four estimates of fishing effort, e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-14T22:41:14.603000\", \"AccountId\": 6309947.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David Robichaud\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 159396, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 159359, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Whether a covariate is significant or not is a function of a number of things such as sample size\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-04T06:42:02.880000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 56078, \"OwnerUserId\": 56078, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Keep or drop insignificant covariates in forecasting?\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><forecasting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When I run a multiple regression for forecasting purpose, is it better to drop insignificant cova\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-25T08:57:45.743000\", \"AccountId\": 6682344.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andrea\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 254048, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 254035, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a much harder question than one would think and I doubt there are clear answers. The answ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-14T17:20:33.767000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 90137, \"OwnerUserId\": 90137, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 254046, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the definition of dataset (for Bonferroni purposes)?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-comparisons>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm having difficulties finding a clear rule for when a series of test should be considered a mul\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-25T10:44:46.400000\", \"AccountId\": 7726398.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JMenezes\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 330424, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 330062, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>To some extent, it depends on how well each of these ideas performs. Of course, it's pretty expen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-24T11:15:27.550000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 176932, \"OwnerUserId\": 176932, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to detrend in a stacked model?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><time-series><boosting><stacking>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have user data (x) for customers (i) in the period between 2010 and 2020 (t). I want \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-10T18:58:31.300000\", \"AccountId\": 13674803.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michieldo\", \"Location\": \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.churned.nl\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 189248, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 189181, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I do not know what you mean by \\\"df\\\" and how this parameter (or whatever it is) influences the pri\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-06T06:27:29.750000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 91577, \"OwnerUserId\": 91577, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using *EDIT* non-informative priors to account for perfect separation in logistic regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><bayesian><prior><separation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In generating logistic regressions for treatment-survival data, perfect separation is a problem i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-09T01:53:03.940000\", \"AccountId\": 9243737.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hamilthj\", \"Location\": \"Victoria, BC, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>In the process of writing my thesis on stress tolerance in intertidal invertebrates. New to R, bu\"}]}, {\"Id\": 188230, \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 188228, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Logistic regression does of course provide predicted probabilities. You simply obtain them by bac\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-27T16:27:55.477000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 115924, \"OwnerUserId\": 115924, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability models in SAS\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sas>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What sort of tests are available in SAS that allow you to figure out what the probability of an e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-27T16:17:37.360000\", \"AccountId\": 10782335.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Beth Bennett\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 58011, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 815493, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 215722, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 749070, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 145220, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0cd1cc59-aa91-41cb-85ec-a0264561c32f\", \"Text\": \"<cox-model>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T16:39:26.567000\"}, {\"Id\": 749071, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 145220, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0cd1cc59-aa91-41cb-85ec-a0264561c32f\", \"Text\": \"I am doing an observational review of survival times between two groups who received a different dru\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T16:39:26.567000\"}, {\"Id\": 749072, \"PostId\": 215722, \"UserId\": 145220, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0cd1cc59-aa91-41cb-85ec-a0264561c32f\", \"Text\": \"Cox regression Not significant on univariate but significant on multivariate\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-30T16:39:26.567000\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 275007, \"UserId\": 145220, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-12-30T18:46:17.913000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 145220, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":88,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 231245, \"Id\": 231245, \"AccountId\": 10754021.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Davide\", \"Location\": \"Milano, MI, Italia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T07:20:59.213000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 305425, \"PostId\": 305425, \"UserId\": 231245, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It will tell you how confident is your model for the single prediction. I just want a measure of how\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T07:31:31.230000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 231245, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Accuracy score from confidence interval\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><confidence-interval><accuracy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have an algorithm which is able to make a prediction and given a confidence interval ( ex. 0.95\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 100488, \"PostId\": 305425, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't understand. Can you elaborate what is an \\\"accuracy score\\\"? What will this tell you?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-27T10:27:24.970000\", \"AccountId\": 3562378.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2974951\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 188438, \"PostId\": 259396, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Plenty of material on this site https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/mixed-model?sort=vo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-30T11:27:37.980000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188438, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Analysis of repeated measures at different timing\", \"Tags\": \"<repeated-measures><group-differences>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'd like to ask how can analyse data of different patients if they have repeated measures at diff\", \"AccountId\": 15230697.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ale\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 261331, \"PostId\": 261331, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Philip Well if they are highly correlated then they carry similar information so you don't necessar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-21T09:08:52.717000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 261109, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>But that's exactly what an Elastic Net is doing (in part). The Elastic Net penalty uses both the \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 179274, \"OwnerUserId\": 179274, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 261331, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to check if covariates in multiple regression is explaining the same?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><validation><information-theory><elastic-net>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am a master's student doing my thesis at the moment and have come to the point of determining \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-02T10:25:45.123000\", \"AccountId\": 10458477.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Philip\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Currently an engaged MSc student in Finance and Accounting with a focus on mathematical economics\"}]}, {\"Id\": 157804, \"PostId\": 260602, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The two are not directly related, so I don't think you can infer anything about the other.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-10T12:43:14.837000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157804, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 260607, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How would heteroskedasticity look like with negative correlation?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><econometrics><heteroscedasticity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I hope I formulated the question correctly, but I am purely interested in heteroskedasticity: cov\", \"AccountId\": 7461259.0, \"DisplayName\": \"strateeg32\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 252421, \"PostId\": 252421, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"We try to avoid using terms such as \\\"best\\\" since this is very hard to determine, nonetheless your ap\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-30T10:01:43.207000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"John Fitz\", \"Title\": \"Improving a regression model in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have currently taken a sample from <a href=\\\"https://data.world/data-society/capital-bikeshare-2\"}, {\"Id\": 187418, \"PostId\": 257762, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"As I've already mentioned, there exist tests to compare distribution, Shapiro-Wilks, Kolmogorov-Smir\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-22T02:10:24.263000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 187418, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Test to determine whether the empirical distribution for a given day is an outlier compared with oth\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><dataset><outliers>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say you have multiple data samples from different days (or some other unit of time) and you want \", \"AccountId\": 1117733.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stackedAE\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 94312, \"PostId\": 259419, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't think it exists. The closest thing I found is this https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-02T21:28:24.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 94312, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"(multiple) fractional outcomes & autoregression\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><forecasting><autoregressive><vector-autoregression><many-categories>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let me start with a broad description of the problem and I will then describe my approach (that m\", \"AccountId\": 9039498.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joanna F\", \"Location\": \"Warszawa, Polska\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD student in Microeconomics;</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 211088, \"PostId\": 283425, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@CatM I don't know how the predictive R-squared is estimated, but given that mixed models already ha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-15T00:46:05.123000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 211088, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"linear mixed effects models - overfit: how to calculate predictive R squared\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><r-squared>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using R to build the random structure of my model but I am ending up with a very complex mod\", \"AccountId\": 14797902.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CatM\", \"Location\": \"York, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Cats are awesome.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 174638, \"PostId\": 244505, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why did you divide your sample in two? Two regression models on separated data are probably going to\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-17T17:53:48.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 174638, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is there any relationship between step-wise multiple Regression analysis results and ANOVA results?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><anova>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I performed two separate regression analyses by dividing my total sample into 'Male' and 'Female'\", \"AccountId\": 14365242.0, \"DisplayName\": \"meeta\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 202785, \"PostId\": 278196, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't know what you are asking here. Your title does not match with your body. Can you be more pre\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-10T16:54:57.333000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 202785, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 278330, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does multivariate regression consider the correlation among response when estimating the paramet\", \"Tags\": \"<multivariate-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have read a few posts about multivariate regression, where the response is a matrix instead of \", \"AccountId\": 3634320.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kaixu\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 200975, \"PostId\": 244546, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Unless you have additional information which you can use to \\\"fix\\\" your data it is not possible to do\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-21T19:21:49.977000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 200975, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"mrpeverill\", \"Title\": \"Meta-analysis of different binnings of the same continuous variable\", \"Tags\": \"<meta-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am conducting a meta-analysis in which household income is the IV. Unfortunately, for a variety\", \"AccountId\": 3351413.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mrpeverill\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 172972, \"PostId\": 285704, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber I don't know, but we can pretend it is.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-30T13:36:29.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 172972, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence Interval of a bounded variable\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given a random variable <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> which can take values on <span cl\", \"AccountId\": 4529628.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3680510\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 3484, \"PostId\": 253876, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you treat the percentile as a quotient $x/(x+y)$ you can use a binomial test.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-06-29T08:54:16.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3484, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is there any statistical test for the difference between two percentiles?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance><quantiles>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know the R function <code>t.test</code> to perform the statistical test for the difference bewt\", \"AccountId\": 8556.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alessandro Jacopson\", \"Location\": \"Italy\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a programmer.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 190244, \"PostId\": 260572, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Tell me if this is correct: there are two groups of animals, A and B (control and abnormal). You too\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-14T17:53:23.383000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 190244, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which statistical test should be used for several samples frequency distributions?\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><frequency>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the frequency distribution of muscle fiber size from several control and several problem a\", \"AccountId\": 15334874.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user237717\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 253841, \"PostId\": 332370, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A confidence interval is estimated for a parameter, such as mean, not on the sample size. What exact\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-14T07:57:01.833000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 253841, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence interval for given sample size\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><logistic><sample-size>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My data has a binary dependent variable and 3 categorical independent variables•</p>\\n<p>Populatio\", \"AccountId\": 20208133.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nese Akkaş\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 174898, \"PostId\": 248629, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You normalize each variable (feature) separately, for all samples.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-20T02:11:32.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 174898, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the correct way of normalizing data in machine learning?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><normalization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I generate input data for my model at different temperatures. At each temperature I generate 1000\", \"AccountId\": 14305915.0, \"DisplayName\": \"herry\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 170889, \"PostId\": 326936, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you add multiple uncertain events... the result will be even more uncertain. I think you are look\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-08T15:47:26.280000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 170889, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"making a single prediction based on multiple predictions with associated uncertainties (eg ensemble \", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><linear-model><error-propagation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have a set of predictions <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$y_i$</span> and associated un\", \"AccountId\": 12120144.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alexis Drakopoulos\", \"Location\": \"London, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://alexis-drakopoulos.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi! I'm an Machine Learning Engineer passionate about writing clean maintainable code. My interes\"}, {\"Id\": 207627, \"PostId\": 279139, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You would use an ANOVA to test whether the quadratic term significantly improves the model.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-02T02:31:22.560000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 207627, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical Signifigance Quadratics in Multiple Regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>To test the statistical significance of a variable you choose to make quadratic in a multiple reg\", \"AccountId\": 16253990.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matt Curry\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 200472, \"PostId\": 312361, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Fishers test or Chi-square test?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-16T14:17:00.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 200472, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 312366, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is there any hypothesis test for two binomial distribution without normal approximation?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><binomial-distribution><z-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say we are running an A/B testing and each data point has a binary response. We would like \", \"AccountId\": 10145117.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Isa_R\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 205699, \"PostId\": 276949, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What kind of correlation are you calculating on categorical variables?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-12T07:41:34.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 205699, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Normalization in correlation matrices\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><normalization><matrix>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am investigating the correlation factors for 13 categorical variables (1401 observations). To b\", \"AccountId\": 16121574.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Emilie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 81916, \"PostId\": 244146, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The scores that are in the table (acc., spec., sens., f1) cannot be compared or tested for differenc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-21T15:55:31.510000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 81916, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 245096, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to find a statistical significance difference of classification results?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification><statistical-significance>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to compare some metrics on the <strong><em>\\\"same data set\\\"</em></strong>. So, I calcu\", \"AccountId\": 8678361.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jeza\", \"Location\": \"UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am MSc student in statistics department at UK</p>\\n\\n<p>I am passionate of \\nBig-Data\\nMachine-Lear\"}, {\"Id\": 207848, \"PostId\": 280223, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is this what you are looking for https://arxiv.org/pdf/1602.05822.pdf?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-05T15:02:09.513000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 207848, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution of inbag matrix when sampling with replacement\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><bootstrap><density-function>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say I take a random sample of size <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$M$</span> from a sample of size \", \"AccountId\": 16451970.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user8675309\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 208609, \"PostId\": 280464, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@n149i12 This just got a lot more complicated. You cannot enforce such a rule in most algorithms, bu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-14T10:50:56.773000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 208609, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clustering groups of data with Machine Learning\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><clustering><python>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to cluster objects. There are two attributes (one categorial and one numerical). They shou\", \"AccountId\": 16507183.0, \"DisplayName\": \"n149i12\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 116702, \"PostId\": 247933, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You would want a balanced design.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-03T20:25:30.270000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 116702, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sample size for 2 groups vs. one large group to measure spread?\", \"Tags\": \"<sample-size><group-differences>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I hope this question can simply be answered conceptually, without a specific dataset. \\nI am plann\", \"AccountId\": 10771941.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Inkling\", \"Location\": \"Nijmegen, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD student in Cognitive Neuroscience.\\nTopics of interest: memory, emotion and sleep</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 222661, \"PostId\": 296235, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"No such thing as best, which metric you use depends entirely on your goal.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-23T09:46:20.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 222661, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Best measure of prediction accuracy\", \"Tags\": \"<r><predictive-models><error><accuracy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have developed a predictive model in R which predicts a numerical value.\\nTo, check model accura\", \"AccountId\": 17597049.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tsu\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 173615, \"PostId\": 253156, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Your data may be trash, try other classifiers, see if they perform any better, if not...\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-06T21:00:53.387000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 173615, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to deal with a negative Kappa in classification?\", \"Tags\": \"<prediction><model-evaluation><weka><cohens-kappa>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset with one binary class to be predicted, with 18 binary predictors and 17400 rows.\", \"AccountId\": 2225084.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bruno\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 186210, \"PostId\": 256374, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you show us some plots of your data?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-10T10:25:05.423000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 186210, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to define the cut off point?\", \"Tags\": \"<group-differences>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have population of 218 people operated on after a certain event. They are operated on from day \", \"AccountId\": 15096310.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bojan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 209791, \"PostId\": 281880, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"k Nearest Neighbors?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-29T08:39:09.463000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 209791, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What are the techniques to predict revenue of a new shop using nearest shops?\", \"Tags\": \"<prediction><spatial>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying assign a revenue for a new shop based on location. I have the data of nearest few sho\", \"AccountId\": 16596615.0, \"DisplayName\": \"VINURA PERERA\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 191013, \"PostId\": 281985, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Have you tried a regular linear model already? How were the residuals? Also, is your real data also \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-21T09:13:53.737000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 191013, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bell-curve shape regression\", \"Tags\": \"<nonlinear-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to fit some data that looks like a bell-curve: we reach a maximum at some value close\", \"AccountId\": 14795440.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David\", \"Location\": \"Lugo, España\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistics professional and enthusiast</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 170178, \"PostId\": 281093, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"So you have multiple time series? Any other variables? How are stocks adjusted? Is it deterministic?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-31T20:34:04.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 170178, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Best approach to an event detection classifier model\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><time-series><categorical-data><modeling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Probably my title is not as precise as I'd like it to, but bear with me, the problem is quite str\", \"AccountId\": 13097275.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Juan C\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 177377, \"PostId\": 247816, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Pearson should work fine.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-15T11:23:55.897000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 177377, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation, Scatter graph\", \"Tags\": \"<spearman-rho><scatterplot><kendall-tau><correlation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have river flow rates for two separate rivers</p>\\n\\n<p>The data produced this scatter graph for \", \"AccountId\": 5397820.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Erstwhistle\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 207911, \"PostId\": 280333, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"MAE is absolute difference so it is different from SD, which is squared distance. it's closer to MSE\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-06T10:43:49.327000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 207911, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can MAE be interpreted as the average standard deviation around the true value of a prediction?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><probability><confidence-interval><standard-deviation><accuracy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>MAE is defined as the Mean Absolute Error, that is how far on average the prediction (derived fro\", \"AccountId\": 3736635.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bjarke Kingo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 57214, \"PostId\": 322980, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@BruceET Why do you care how the housing prices are distributed? This is not relevant for the t-test\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-11T17:22:01.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 322976, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Housing prices seem unlikely to be normally distributed so a two-sample Wilcoxon (rank sum) test \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 245725, \"OwnerUserId\": 245725, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it valid to conduct a two sample t-test in this situation?\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><t-test><mean>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know this is a real easy question, but I'm a little unsecure based on all that I read.\\nI have a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-10T06:36:20.140000\", \"AccountId\": 19482469.0, \"DisplayName\": \"robink\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 5902228.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BruceET\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco Bay Area\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Bruce E. Trumbo, 12 December 1937 – 8 July 2022</p>\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://www.dignitymemorial.com/o\"}, {\"Id\": 160716, \"PostId\": 254731, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A paired test would be used if you are comparing the same object twice (before - after). In your cas\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-02T09:48:43.700000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 160716, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Paired T-Test Event Impact\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><t-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to test whether the mean of a variable Z is significantly different after an event occured\", \"AccountId\": 13485729.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eric\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 205471, \"PostId\": 276716, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What do you mean p-value**s**? If you've done a fisher test you should have gotten one p-value.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-10T09:18:28.430000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 205471, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fisher's Exact Test and bonferroni correction in r\", \"Tags\": \"<r><fishers-exact-test><bonferroni>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I try to find out whether there are significant differences in Categories between several groups.\", \"AccountId\": 16290455.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mol\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 224617, \"PostId\": 298465, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In that case you can use the non-parametric version of the paired t-test: Wilcoxon signed-rank test.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-13T09:51:37.510000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 224617, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 298582, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical tests for comparing (black box) model performance on two datasets\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><hypothesis-testing><model-evaluation><method-comparison>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>I have two datasets, dataA (real images) and dataB (generat\", \"AccountId\": 17753748.0, \"DisplayName\": \"krtlfs\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 244057, \"PostId\": 320652, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"So you do have the SD of each item group per month? If so, can you edit your question with this info\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-19T09:52:00.350000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 244057, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating standard deviation without original measurements\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><mean><standard-deviation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume I have the monthly data for the price of items like this:</p>\\n<p>num_items = [10, 22, 13, \", \"AccountId\": 13525424.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bt3780\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 154075, \"PostId\": 298472, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What are you doing and why? What is IETD?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-15T14:58:45.863000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 154075, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Rainfall duration is continuous or discrete?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><continuous-data><discrete-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have 38 years of hourly rainfall data. The volume is hourly recorded like this </p>\\n\\n\", \"AccountId\": 9890381.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mia\", \"Location\": \"Malaysia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistics student. Currently learning how to code Archimedean and Liouville copulas in R.</p>\\n<p\"}, {\"Id\": 180994, \"PostId\": 257790, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hard to tell, you should try and see what comes of it. Random forests would be a first choice, very \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-18T18:52:47.273000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 180994, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 257814, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Would machine learning techniques help if the linear and nonlinear relationships is so weak?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><linear-model><nonlinear-regression><nonlinear><nonlinearity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a cross sectional data set at hand contains four predictors to predict one outcome, I empl\", \"AccountId\": 14776808.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ameer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 303340, \"PostId\": 303340, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Chinti That is not strictly true. RF uses feature bagging during model building, meaning it samples\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-31T09:17:43.847000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 303338, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Intuition might tell you that adding more variables should make the model better, and to some deg\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 208722, \"OwnerUserId\": 208722, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Selecting the best features for random forest training\", \"Tags\": \"<python><feature-selection><random-forest><scikit-learn>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>By trial and error I found that my random forest regressor from sklearn is giving higher RMSE whe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-15T13:40:05.020000\", \"AccountId\": 15319536.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Chinti\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 285131, \"PostId\": 285131, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Dave Can you post the output in your question?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-03T08:23:23.257000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 285088, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The interaction term does what you said, it estimates the interaction between A and B. For contin\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 44322, \"OwnerUserId\": 44322, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How should the interaction between two dichotomous effects coded predictors be interpreted?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><interaction>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is in the context of a linear mixed effects model, though I'm not sure that changes things.<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-21T20:38:44.770000\", \"AccountId\": 5662926.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dave\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a PhD student from Canada studying cognitive psychology.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 152888, \"PostId\": 258757, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Check the `id.n` argument in the plot function, `number of points to be labelled in each plot, start\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-07T00:33:29.917000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 152888, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"model diagnostic using plot(model) in r: return the suspicious values\", \"Tags\": \"<model><lm><diagnostic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>plot(model) gives us a number of diagnostic plots with regards to the model we build. In these pl\", \"AccountId\": 10776651.0, \"DisplayName\": \"N. Doe\", \"Location\": \"Edinburgh\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 166858, \"PostId\": 254735, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The interpretation would be similar to when you have right or left skewed p-values. When you have mo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-28T00:54:42.463000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166858, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 254739, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does a p value histogram that is \\\"normally\\\" distributed mean?\", \"Tags\": \"<p-value><multiple-comparisons><histogram>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I performed 100 tests and and want to correct for multiple comparisons. Before I do so,\", \"AccountId\": 13856094.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hank Lin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Medical Student</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 186667, \"PostId\": 256900, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What is `true +ve/ true -ve`? What is your system? What is the model used? How does this model use s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-15T08:00:30.687000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 186667, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What calculation to show what is really \\\"statistical significant\\\" result that justify the choice of \", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Sorry for the a bit vague question. Here is the situation why I want to know the answer.</p>\\n\\n<p>\", \"AccountId\": 5461860.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user4343712\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 186809, \"PostId\": 257054, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you classify them into \\\"not bought\\\" and \\\"don't know\\\" or something similar? As in do you have thi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-16T07:43:39.053000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 186809, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Building a binary classifier on uncertain 0's\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><bias><training-error>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When building models to predict probability of sales etc. Its intuitive to select customers who a\", \"AccountId\": 13236714.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rob\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 124201, \"PostId\": 257366, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"$R^2$ is highly dependent on your data so you cannot firmly say that this one is too low, although a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-03T14:53:07.107000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 124201, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Linear Regression For Binary Independent Variables - Interpretation\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><interpretation><binary-data><linear>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset where I want to predict inflow (people joining a platform) but my all independen\", \"AccountId\": 11235070.0, \"DisplayName\": \"James Taylor\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 184350, \"PostId\": 254505, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't use Weka or MATLAB so I can't help you there. But it's true feature selection wrapper method\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-19T12:12:26.327000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 184350, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"SVM and correlation\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><svm><feature-selection><weka><rbf-kernel>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can anyone guide me about the feature selection based on correlation using SVM? RBF kernel check \", \"AccountId\": 9640558.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arooj\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 180266, \"PostId\": 283652, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What is the CI of the mean? Are you not referring to the CI of the coefficients?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-12T10:31:52.123000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 180266, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bootstrapping regression coefficient for time series\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><confidence-interval><bootstrap><iid>\", \"Body\": \"<p>One of the fundamental assumptions of bootstrap is that the samples are independent and identical\", \"AccountId\": 10232649.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eric Kim\", \"Location\": \"Austin, TX, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 110128, \"PostId\": 243946, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If these are categorical variables then you can build a simple random forest classification model `r\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-16T07:38:57.770000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 110128, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Classification using n-grams\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><bag-of-words>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have $10000$ samples of 6-lettered strings of the following type<br>\\nLeft &nbs\", \"AccountId\": 4878424.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bandit_king28\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 70333, \"PostId\": 258721, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"So in summary, you have two methods A and B which you want to compare for differences, both methods \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-10T14:55:34.860000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 70333, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"comparing sensitivities\", \"Tags\": \"<sample-size><mcnemar-test><sensitivity-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>We want to compare two sampling methods. All patients will go through a DNA test for diagnosis(po\", \"AccountId\": 7812547.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Azita\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 258157, \"PostId\": 258157, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Honestly if you only want to \\\"distinguish\\\" the objects you could just plot them and see which ones a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-25T10:09:08.633000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 185627, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sufficient set of features for distinguishing items\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><inference>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My input is a set of objects having different values with respect to a set of features (F1, F2, F\"}, {\"Id\": 158479, \"PostId\": 281783, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/245835/range-of-values-of-skewness-and-kurtosis-for-normal\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-15T10:42:33.250000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 158479, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Measures of Uncertainty in Higher Order Moments\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><mean><skewness><moments><kurtosis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a sample of data and compute the mean. I am able to quantity uncertainty in this b\", \"AccountId\": 11827848.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kieran108\", \"Location\": \"Coventry, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/mathsys/people/students/2016intake/kalair/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD student working on large scale data analytics and modelling of complex systems.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 166726, \"PostId\": 260995, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Talking about \\\"lower\\\" / \\\"upper\\\" levels is only relevant in a nested design, this does not matter in \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-26T20:15:32.620000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166726, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"order of levels in crossed design\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><repeated-measures><experiment-design>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How can I determine if a factor <code>A</code> is nested in <code>B</code> or <code>B</code> is n\", \"AccountId\": 13847857.0, \"DisplayName\": \"locus\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 176373, \"PostId\": 246490, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Small sample sizes are not necessarily a problem, it depends on your data and the population. Usuall\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-05T08:58:40.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 176373, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 248618, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Build a statistical model based on small sample size\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><sample-size><model><small-sample><chemometrics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I hope my question is not too wide and that this is the right place to ask it.\\nI'm working in the\", \"AccountId\": 4862056.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user88484\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 322304, \"UserId\": 100488, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-09-13T06:35:25.967000\"}, {\"Id\": 322079, \"UserId\": 100488, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-09-12T04:05:12.737000\"}, {\"Id\": 205494, \"UserId\": 100488, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-12-27T11:57:29.343000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 306086, \"PostId\": 306086, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"41649b6a-e9d5-443b-8f47-6e3cc9ab5d0e\", \"Text\": \"This is not really done. Anyway, a simple example off the top of my head would be:\\r\\n\\r\\n1. Normalize r\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-21T06:22:39.290000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 305425, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is not really done. Anyway, a simple example off the top of my head would be:</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>\"}, {\"Id\": 276588, \"PostId\": 276588, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3481d6b5-76b0-42cf-b501-e40bdf6007bf\", \"Text\": \"As mentioned by neilfws in the comments, you can use an ANOVA. Put the data in standard format, that\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-09T06:11:04.843000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 276576, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>As mentioned by neilfws in the comments, you can use an ANOVA. Put the data in standard format, t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 128622, \"OwnerUserId\": 128622, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 276588, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Perro \", \"Title\": \"Statistically comparing 3 groups - Test for statistical difference\", \"Tags\": \"<r><anova><group-differences>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I will like to perform and statistical comparison between 3 groups, in order to determine if stat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-10T00:57:59.847000\", \"AccountId\": 11520546.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Perro \", \"Location\": \"Stillwater, OK, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 305418, \"PostId\": 305418, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2ddb6bce-13de-4da8-a36a-b406070f649a\", \"Text\": \"This is a very basic probability question\\r\\n\\r\\n$P(A \\\\text{ or } B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A \\\\text{ and } B)$\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T05:06:04.520000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 305417, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is a very basic probability question</p>\\n\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$P(A \\\\text{ or } B\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 231231, \"OwnerUserId\": 231231, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability of A, Probability of B, Find either A or B\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><mathematical-statistics><conditional-probability><descriptive-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The probability of dinning in Restaurant A is 0.55 while the probability of dinning in restaurant\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T03:35:20.077000\", \"AccountId\": 18302129.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Amandeep Chawla\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 243834, \"PostId\": 243834, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d4ee1b54-0438-4dfb-8475-ef903f700f54\", \"Text\": \"A simple simulation shows that for the standard normal distribution the sample variance approaches t\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-11T07:59:12.760000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 243826, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A simple simulation shows that for the standard normal distribution the sample variance approache\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 170080, \"OwnerUserId\": 170080, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 243839, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What will happen to the sample variance as sample size increases?\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><inference><descriptive-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to know what will happen to the sample variance (not sample mean variance) as sample\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-31T02:45:03.800000\", \"AccountId\": 14062399.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Math Avengers\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 283053, \"PostId\": 283053, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"559951a5-9265-40fc-855f-75b810de085c\", \"Text\": \"Simulating random walk with \\\"known\\\" prediction\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-11T09:02:53.453000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 283062, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Simulating random walk with \\\"known\\\" prediction\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><random-walk>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose a random walk that looks a bit like this</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>set.seed(420)\\nx=rnorm(1000)\\ny=re\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 988288, \"PostId\": 283053, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"559951a5-9265-40fc-855f-75b810de085c\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><random-walk>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-11T09:02:53.453000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 319800, \"PostId\": 319800, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e1dd274-bec2-4948-ab15-d85d6e9dba05\", \"Text\": \"Your first proposed approach is actually more correct, that is calculate the individual proportions \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-11T08:53:26.567000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 319799, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Your first proposed approach is actually more correct, that is calculate the individual proportio\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 243414, \"OwnerUserId\": 243414, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 319800, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Transforming means/averages into percentages/relative numbers\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mean><percentage>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The question might be simply, but I am still a bit confused, so any help would be much appreciate\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-11T08:05:35.380000\", \"AccountId\": 19271792.0, \"DisplayName\": \"emily_lole\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 254725, \"PostId\": 254725, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 13, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5e826bc1-76d2-4e69-a737-e7992c3022bd\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":143489,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"user2974951\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-21T10:03:37.457000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 254643, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is a standard exercise with the binomial distribution. You are asking what is the probabilit\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 184487, \"OwnerUserId\": 184487, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 254725, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Hypothesis testing help\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need some guidance to the following hypothesis (pardon my poor English and wrong use of technic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-20T17:57:12.867000\", \"AccountId\": 14983878.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Desmond\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 260495, \"PostId\": 260495, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fe4ce0c1-a501-4a12-a8fd-90c96c4f9f87\", \"Text\": \"A regular one-sample t-test. By default a t-test tests whether the sample mean is different from 0, \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-14T07:47:31.860000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 260492, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A regular one-sample t-test. By default a t-test tests whether the sample mean is different from \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 190159, \"OwnerUserId\": 190159, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What statistical method will I use if I want to compare 10 caloric values of rice samples to a sugge\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We've conducted a comparative study on the caloric values of rice sample from different food stal\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-14T06:45:44.480000\", \"AccountId\": 15330704.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Skyey X\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 299315, \"PostId\": 299315, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"35d34223-afc5-4c6f-9af8-8fe93bf8291d\", \"Text\": \"Here is my simulation repeated 3000 times of how much rice consumption we can expect for the whole p\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-20T07:03:42.303000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 299012, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is my simulation repeated 3000 times of how much rice consumption we can expect for the whol\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 73662, \"OwnerUserId\": 73662, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do you know when you are 90% sure or 99% sure?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><confidence-interval><uncertainty>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The problem is a follow up to my previous one, so a lot of contextual data can be found at:\\n<a hr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-18T20:05:03.203000\", \"AccountId\": 7485736.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alwaysaskingquestions\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I drew the puppy in my profile pic :)</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 294460, \"PostId\": 294460, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fbf155fc-ae58-44e9-8050-675fc09238e7\", \"Text\": \"The approach that is currently used is wrong for many reasons, see https://stats.stackexchange.com/q\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-06T10:09:13.583000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 294457, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The approach that is currently used is wrong for many reasons, see <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackex\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 110199, \"OwnerUserId\": 110199, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 294460, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Moving away from stepwise type of model building\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><predictive-models><model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I do a lot of studies in which we have a disease/outcome and then we collect a lot of information\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-16T15:12:07.553000\", \"AccountId\": 1196840.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Paze\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>A medical student with the lifelong goal of wanting to understand my own research better through \"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 256767, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 256750, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Not sure I understand, but if you are asking how to compare two standard deviations (from video A\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-14T07:25:47.573000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 186529, \"OwnerUserId\": 186529, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculate variance between two groups\", \"Tags\": \"<variance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to ask some fairly basic questions so please bear with me.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have a group au\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-14T02:15:01.117000\", \"AccountId\": 15118234.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Saleem Ahmed\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 173091, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 173100, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predict function tuning for random forest\", \"Tags\": \"<r><random-forest>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have created a random forest object in R (using the <code>randomForest</code> package) with <co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-27T10:35:50.773000\"}, {\"Id\": 278831, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 278818, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What do you mean by <code>the median is centered when the data is normalized</code>? Centered how\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-30T13:29:25.970000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 119829, \"OwnerUserId\": 119829, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 278831, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Measured data not normalized - but should it be?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><repeated-measures><normalization><measurement>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm analyzing some data at the moment and I just stumbled over the situation that a part of itsee\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-29T07:24:39.513000\", \"AccountId\": 9081714.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ben\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 257336, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 257331, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You are estimating the variance of the statistic, <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$p$</span> in this\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-18T08:48:07.283000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 178162, \"OwnerUserId\": 178162, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 267318, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Standard deviation of sum of samples from Bernoulli/Binomial\", \"Tags\": \"<binomial-distribution><standard-deviation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This should be simple I hope. In lecture notes from a physics course, the professor writes:</p>\\n\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-22T19:16:20.820000\", \"AccountId\": 5311155.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 223551, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Deriving Wilk's distribution for two normal independent variables\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><mathematical-statistics><maximum-likelihood><likelihood-ratio>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X$ and $Y$ be two independent, normal random variables with known and equal variances, let $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-13T10:22:51.380000\"}, {\"Id\": 329823, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 329822, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Yes you can approximate split points and potentially save some time. Some implementations already\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-18T07:44:54.883000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 77868, \"OwnerUserId\": 77868, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 329823, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can we build decision trees faster if we use an approximate local maximum search method to find spli\", \"Tags\": \"<random-forest><cart><boosting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In CART and similar algorithms, when we want to create a split, we iterate over all possible spli\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-04T21:33:57.983000\", \"AccountId\": 1713990.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Euphe\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 260501, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 260471, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>To compare the means of two samples one would use a t-test. <strong>NOTE:</strong> a t-test makes\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-14T08:19:26.797000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 107258, \"OwnerUserId\": 107258, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparison of the mean of a binary variable from two independent sets\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><t-test><spss><mean><binary-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two sets of data, one is akin to high performing companies, and the other contains low per\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-22T20:23:47.017000\", \"AccountId\": 4076773.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Actaeonis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 280216, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 280170, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is not a good approach, because it does not consider any interactions between any of the var\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-12T11:25:35.617000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 67642, \"OwnerUserId\": 67642, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"multiple hypothesis tests for features selection (classification)\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><classification><model-selection>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am wondering whether running multiple hypothesis tests (t-test / Mann Whitney) as a first step \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-08T13:29:21.783000\", \"AccountId\": 6860839.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arnold Klein\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data science enthusiast and machine learner.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 258715, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 258686, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a bad situation. If the values are missing because some people do not read one of the new\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-30T08:50:36.637000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 188372, \"OwnerUserId\": 188372, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 258715, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing proportions from overlapping samples\", \"Tags\": \"<independence><proportion><mcnemar-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm looking to compare the read rate of an email newsletter with the read rate of another newslet\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-29T23:01:00.637000\", \"AccountId\": 15227137.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MattStan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1197936, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 305425, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1068650, \"PostId\": 305425, \"UserId\": 231245, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8b302c7d-3be3-4f55-a7bc-3d28afb55a14\", \"Text\": \"Accuracy score from confidence interval\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T07:31:31.230000\"}, {\"Id\": 1068651, \"PostId\": 305425, \"UserId\": 231245, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8b302c7d-3be3-4f55-a7bc-3d28afb55a14\", \"Text\": \"I have an algorithm which is able to make a prediction and given a confidence interval ( ex. 0.95 ) \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T07:31:31.230000\"}, {\"Id\": 1068649, \"PostId\": 305425, \"UserId\": 231245, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8b302c7d-3be3-4f55-a7bc-3d28afb55a14\", \"Text\": \"<regression><confidence-interval><accuracy>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T07:31:31.230000\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 422909, \"UserId\": 231245, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-04-16T08:00:35.420000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 231245, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 231245, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 231245, \"Id\": 231245, \"AccountId\": 10754021.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Davide\", \"Location\": \"Milano, MI, Italia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T07:20:59.213000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 305425, \"PostId\": 305425, \"UserId\": 231245, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It will tell you how confident is your model for the single prediction. I just want a measure of how\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T07:31:31.230000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 231245, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Accuracy score from confidence interval\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><confidence-interval><accuracy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have an algorithm which is able to make a prediction and given a confidence interval ( ex. 0.95\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 100488, \"PostId\": 305425, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't understand. Can you elaborate what is an \\\"accuracy score\\\"? What will this tell you?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-27T10:27:24.970000\", \"AccountId\": 3562378.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2974951\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 188438, \"PostId\": 259396, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Plenty of material on this site https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/mixed-model?sort=vo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-30T11:27:37.980000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 188438, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Analysis of repeated measures at different timing\", \"Tags\": \"<repeated-measures><group-differences>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'd like to ask how can analyse data of different patients if they have repeated measures at diff\", \"AccountId\": 15230697.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ale\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 261331, \"PostId\": 261331, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Philip Well if they are highly correlated then they carry similar information so you don't necessar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-21T09:08:52.717000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 261109, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>But that's exactly what an Elastic Net is doing (in part). The Elastic Net penalty uses both the \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 179274, \"OwnerUserId\": 179274, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 261331, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to check if covariates in multiple regression is explaining the same?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><validation><information-theory><elastic-net>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am a master's student doing my thesis at the moment and have come to the point of determining \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-02T10:25:45.123000\", \"AccountId\": 10458477.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Philip\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Currently an engaged MSc student in Finance and Accounting with a focus on mathematical economics\"}]}, {\"Id\": 157804, \"PostId\": 260602, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The two are not directly related, so I don't think you can infer anything about the other.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-10T12:43:14.837000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 157804, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 260607, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How would heteroskedasticity look like with negative correlation?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><econometrics><heteroscedasticity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I hope I formulated the question correctly, but I am purely interested in heteroskedasticity: cov\", \"AccountId\": 7461259.0, \"DisplayName\": \"strateeg32\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 252421, \"PostId\": 252421, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"We try to avoid using terms such as \\\"best\\\" since this is very hard to determine, nonetheless your ap\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-30T10:01:43.207000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"John Fitz\", \"Title\": \"Improving a regression model in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have currently taken a sample from <a href=\\\"https://data.world/data-society/capital-bikeshare-2\"}, {\"Id\": 187418, \"PostId\": 257762, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"As I've already mentioned, there exist tests to compare distribution, Shapiro-Wilks, Kolmogorov-Smir\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-22T02:10:24.263000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 187418, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Test to determine whether the empirical distribution for a given day is an outlier compared with oth\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><dataset><outliers>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say you have multiple data samples from different days (or some other unit of time) and you want \", \"AccountId\": 1117733.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stackedAE\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 94312, \"PostId\": 259419, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't think it exists. The closest thing I found is this https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-02T21:28:24.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 94312, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"(multiple) fractional outcomes & autoregression\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><forecasting><autoregressive><vector-autoregression><many-categories>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let me start with a broad description of the problem and I will then describe my approach (that m\", \"AccountId\": 9039498.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joanna F\", \"Location\": \"Warszawa, Polska\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD student in Microeconomics;</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 211088, \"PostId\": 283425, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@CatM I don't know how the predictive R-squared is estimated, but given that mixed models already ha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-15T00:46:05.123000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 211088, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"linear mixed effects models - overfit: how to calculate predictive R squared\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><r-squared>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using R to build the random structure of my model but I am ending up with a very complex mod\", \"AccountId\": 14797902.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CatM\", \"Location\": \"York, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Cats are awesome.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 174638, \"PostId\": 244505, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why did you divide your sample in two? Two regression models on separated data are probably going to\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-17T17:53:48.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 174638, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is there any relationship between step-wise multiple Regression analysis results and ANOVA results?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><anova>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I performed two separate regression analyses by dividing my total sample into 'Male' and 'Female'\", \"AccountId\": 14365242.0, \"DisplayName\": \"meeta\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 202785, \"PostId\": 278196, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't know what you are asking here. Your title does not match with your body. Can you be more pre\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-10T16:54:57.333000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 202785, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 278330, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does multivariate regression consider the correlation among response when estimating the paramet\", \"Tags\": \"<multivariate-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have read a few posts about multivariate regression, where the response is a matrix instead of \", \"AccountId\": 3634320.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kaixu\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 200975, \"PostId\": 244546, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Unless you have additional information which you can use to \\\"fix\\\" your data it is not possible to do\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-21T19:21:49.977000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 200975, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"mrpeverill\", \"Title\": \"Meta-analysis of different binnings of the same continuous variable\", \"Tags\": \"<meta-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am conducting a meta-analysis in which household income is the IV. Unfortunately, for a variety\", \"AccountId\": 3351413.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mrpeverill\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 172972, \"PostId\": 285704, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber I don't know, but we can pretend it is.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-30T13:36:29.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 172972, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence Interval of a bounded variable\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given a random variable <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X$</span> which can take values on <span cl\", \"AccountId\": 4529628.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3680510\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 3484, \"PostId\": 253876, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you treat the percentile as a quotient $x/(x+y)$ you can use a binomial test.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-06-29T08:54:16.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3484, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is there any statistical test for the difference between two percentiles?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance><quantiles>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know the R function <code>t.test</code> to perform the statistical test for the difference bewt\", \"AccountId\": 8556.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alessandro Jacopson\", \"Location\": \"Italy\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a programmer.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 190244, \"PostId\": 260572, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Tell me if this is correct: there are two groups of animals, A and B (control and abnormal). You too\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-14T17:53:23.383000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 190244, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which statistical test should be used for several samples frequency distributions?\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><frequency>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the frequency distribution of muscle fiber size from several control and several problem a\", \"AccountId\": 15334874.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user237717\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 253841, \"PostId\": 332370, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A confidence interval is estimated for a parameter, such as mean, not on the sample size. What exact\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-14T07:57:01.833000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 253841, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence interval for given sample size\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><logistic><sample-size>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My data has a binary dependent variable and 3 categorical independent variables•</p>\\n<p>Populatio\", \"AccountId\": 20208133.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nese Akkaş\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 174898, \"PostId\": 248629, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You normalize each variable (feature) separately, for all samples.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-20T02:11:32.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 174898, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the correct way of normalizing data in machine learning?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><normalization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I generate input data for my model at different temperatures. At each temperature I generate 1000\", \"AccountId\": 14305915.0, \"DisplayName\": \"herry\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 170889, \"PostId\": 326936, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you add multiple uncertain events... the result will be even more uncertain. I think you are look\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-08T15:47:26.280000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 170889, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"making a single prediction based on multiple predictions with associated uncertainties (eg ensemble \", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><linear-model><error-propagation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have a set of predictions <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$y_i$</span> and associated un\", \"AccountId\": 12120144.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alexis Drakopoulos\", \"Location\": \"London, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://alexis-drakopoulos.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi! I'm an Machine Learning Engineer passionate about writing clean maintainable code. My interes\"}, {\"Id\": 207627, \"PostId\": 279139, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You would use an ANOVA to test whether the quadratic term significantly improves the model.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-02T02:31:22.560000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 207627, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical Signifigance Quadratics in Multiple Regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>To test the statistical significance of a variable you choose to make quadratic in a multiple reg\", \"AccountId\": 16253990.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matt Curry\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 200472, \"PostId\": 312361, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Fishers test or Chi-square test?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-16T14:17:00.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 200472, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 312366, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is there any hypothesis test for two binomial distribution without normal approximation?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><binomial-distribution><z-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say we are running an A/B testing and each data point has a binary response. We would like \", \"AccountId\": 10145117.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Isa_R\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 205699, \"PostId\": 276949, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What kind of correlation are you calculating on categorical variables?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-12T07:41:34.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 205699, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Normalization in correlation matrices\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><normalization><matrix>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am investigating the correlation factors for 13 categorical variables (1401 observations). To b\", \"AccountId\": 16121574.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Emilie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 81916, \"PostId\": 244146, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The scores that are in the table (acc., spec., sens., f1) cannot be compared or tested for differenc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-21T15:55:31.510000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 81916, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 245096, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to find a statistical significance difference of classification results?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><classification><statistical-significance>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to compare some metrics on the <strong><em>\\\"same data set\\\"</em></strong>. So, I calcu\", \"AccountId\": 8678361.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jeza\", \"Location\": \"UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am MSc student in statistics department at UK</p>\\n\\n<p>I am passionate of \\nBig-Data\\nMachine-Lear\"}, {\"Id\": 207848, \"PostId\": 280223, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is this what you are looking for https://arxiv.org/pdf/1602.05822.pdf?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-05T15:02:09.513000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 207848, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution of inbag matrix when sampling with replacement\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><sampling><bootstrap><density-function>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say I take a random sample of size <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$M$</span> from a sample of size \", \"AccountId\": 16451970.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user8675309\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 208609, \"PostId\": 280464, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@n149i12 This just got a lot more complicated. You cannot enforce such a rule in most algorithms, bu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-14T10:50:56.773000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 208609, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clustering groups of data with Machine Learning\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><clustering><python>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to cluster objects. There are two attributes (one categorial and one numerical). They shou\", \"AccountId\": 16507183.0, \"DisplayName\": \"n149i12\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 116702, \"PostId\": 247933, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You would want a balanced design.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-03T20:25:30.270000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 116702, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sample size for 2 groups vs. one large group to measure spread?\", \"Tags\": \"<sample-size><group-differences>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I hope this question can simply be answered conceptually, without a specific dataset. \\nI am plann\", \"AccountId\": 10771941.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Inkling\", \"Location\": \"Nijmegen, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD student in Cognitive Neuroscience.\\nTopics of interest: memory, emotion and sleep</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 222661, \"PostId\": 296235, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"No such thing as best, which metric you use depends entirely on your goal.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-23T09:46:20.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 222661, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Best measure of prediction accuracy\", \"Tags\": \"<r><predictive-models><error><accuracy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have developed a predictive model in R which predicts a numerical value.\\nTo, check model accura\", \"AccountId\": 17597049.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tsu\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 173615, \"PostId\": 253156, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Your data may be trash, try other classifiers, see if they perform any better, if not...\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-06T21:00:53.387000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 173615, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to deal with a negative Kappa in classification?\", \"Tags\": \"<prediction><model-evaluation><weka><cohens-kappa>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset with one binary class to be predicted, with 18 binary predictors and 17400 rows.\", \"AccountId\": 2225084.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bruno\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 186210, \"PostId\": 256374, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you show us some plots of your data?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-10T10:25:05.423000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 186210, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to define the cut off point?\", \"Tags\": \"<group-differences>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have population of 218 people operated on after a certain event. They are operated on from day \", \"AccountId\": 15096310.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bojan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 209791, \"PostId\": 281880, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"k Nearest Neighbors?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-29T08:39:09.463000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 209791, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What are the techniques to predict revenue of a new shop using nearest shops?\", \"Tags\": \"<prediction><spatial>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying assign a revenue for a new shop based on location. I have the data of nearest few sho\", \"AccountId\": 16596615.0, \"DisplayName\": \"VINURA PERERA\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 191013, \"PostId\": 281985, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Have you tried a regular linear model already? How were the residuals? Also, is your real data also \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-21T09:13:53.737000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 191013, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bell-curve shape regression\", \"Tags\": \"<nonlinear-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to fit some data that looks like a bell-curve: we reach a maximum at some value close\", \"AccountId\": 14795440.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David\", \"Location\": \"Lugo, España\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistics professional and enthusiast</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 170178, \"PostId\": 281093, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"So you have multiple time series? Any other variables? How are stocks adjusted? Is it deterministic?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-31T20:34:04.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 170178, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Best approach to an event detection classifier model\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><time-series><categorical-data><modeling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Probably my title is not as precise as I'd like it to, but bear with me, the problem is quite str\", \"AccountId\": 13097275.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Juan C\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 177377, \"PostId\": 247816, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Pearson should work fine.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-15T11:23:55.897000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 177377, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation, Scatter graph\", \"Tags\": \"<spearman-rho><scatterplot><kendall-tau><correlation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have river flow rates for two separate rivers</p>\\n\\n<p>The data produced this scatter graph for \", \"AccountId\": 5397820.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Erstwhistle\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 207911, \"PostId\": 280333, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"MAE is absolute difference so it is different from SD, which is squared distance. it's closer to MSE\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-06T10:43:49.327000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 207911, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can MAE be interpreted as the average standard deviation around the true value of a prediction?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><probability><confidence-interval><standard-deviation><accuracy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>MAE is defined as the Mean Absolute Error, that is how far on average the prediction (derived fro\", \"AccountId\": 3736635.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bjarke Kingo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 57214, \"PostId\": 322980, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@BruceET Why do you care how the housing prices are distributed? This is not relevant for the t-test\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-11T17:22:01.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 322976, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Housing prices seem unlikely to be normally distributed so a two-sample Wilcoxon (rank sum) test \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 245725, \"OwnerUserId\": 245725, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it valid to conduct a two sample t-test in this situation?\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><t-test><mean>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know this is a real easy question, but I'm a little unsecure based on all that I read.\\nI have a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-10T06:36:20.140000\", \"AccountId\": 19482469.0, \"DisplayName\": \"robink\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 5902228.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BruceET\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco Bay Area\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Bruce E. Trumbo, 12 December 1937 – 8 July 2022</p>\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://www.dignitymemorial.com/o\"}, {\"Id\": 160716, \"PostId\": 254731, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A paired test would be used if you are comparing the same object twice (before - after). In your cas\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-02T09:48:43.700000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 160716, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Paired T-Test Event Impact\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><t-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to test whether the mean of a variable Z is significantly different after an event occured\", \"AccountId\": 13485729.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eric\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 205471, \"PostId\": 276716, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What do you mean p-value**s**? If you've done a fisher test you should have gotten one p-value.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-10T09:18:28.430000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 205471, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fisher's Exact Test and bonferroni correction in r\", \"Tags\": \"<r><fishers-exact-test><bonferroni>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I try to find out whether there are significant differences in Categories between several groups.\", \"AccountId\": 16290455.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mol\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 224617, \"PostId\": 298465, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In that case you can use the non-parametric version of the paired t-test: Wilcoxon signed-rank test.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-13T09:51:37.510000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 224617, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 298582, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical tests for comparing (black box) model performance on two datasets\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><hypothesis-testing><model-evaluation><method-comparison>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>I have two datasets, dataA (real images) and dataB (generat\", \"AccountId\": 17753748.0, \"DisplayName\": \"krtlfs\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 244057, \"PostId\": 320652, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"So you do have the SD of each item group per month? If so, can you edit your question with this info\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-19T09:52:00.350000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 244057, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating standard deviation without original measurements\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><mean><standard-deviation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume I have the monthly data for the price of items like this:</p>\\n<p>num_items = [10, 22, 13, \", \"AccountId\": 13525424.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bt3780\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 154075, \"PostId\": 298472, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What are you doing and why? What is IETD?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-15T14:58:45.863000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 154075, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Rainfall duration is continuous or discrete?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><continuous-data><discrete-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have 38 years of hourly rainfall data. The volume is hourly recorded like this </p>\\n\\n\", \"AccountId\": 9890381.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mia\", \"Location\": \"Malaysia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistics student. Currently learning how to code Archimedean and Liouville copulas in R.</p>\\n<p\"}, {\"Id\": 180994, \"PostId\": 257790, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hard to tell, you should try and see what comes of it. Random forests would be a first choice, very \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-18T18:52:47.273000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 180994, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 257814, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Would machine learning techniques help if the linear and nonlinear relationships is so weak?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><linear-model><nonlinear-regression><nonlinear><nonlinearity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a cross sectional data set at hand contains four predictors to predict one outcome, I empl\", \"AccountId\": 14776808.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ameer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 303340, \"PostId\": 303340, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Chinti That is not strictly true. RF uses feature bagging during model building, meaning it samples\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-31T09:17:43.847000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 303338, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Intuition might tell you that adding more variables should make the model better, and to some deg\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 208722, \"OwnerUserId\": 208722, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Selecting the best features for random forest training\", \"Tags\": \"<python><feature-selection><random-forest><scikit-learn>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>By trial and error I found that my random forest regressor from sklearn is giving higher RMSE whe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-15T13:40:05.020000\", \"AccountId\": 15319536.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Chinti\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 285131, \"PostId\": 285131, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Dave Can you post the output in your question?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-03T08:23:23.257000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 285088, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The interaction term does what you said, it estimates the interaction between A and B. For contin\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 44322, \"OwnerUserId\": 44322, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How should the interaction between two dichotomous effects coded predictors be interpreted?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><interaction>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is in the context of a linear mixed effects model, though I'm not sure that changes things.<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-21T20:38:44.770000\", \"AccountId\": 5662926.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dave\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a PhD student from Canada studying cognitive psychology.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 152888, \"PostId\": 258757, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Check the `id.n` argument in the plot function, `number of points to be labelled in each plot, start\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-07T00:33:29.917000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 152888, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"model diagnostic using plot(model) in r: return the suspicious values\", \"Tags\": \"<model><lm><diagnostic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>plot(model) gives us a number of diagnostic plots with regards to the model we build. In these pl\", \"AccountId\": 10776651.0, \"DisplayName\": \"N. Doe\", \"Location\": \"Edinburgh\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 166858, \"PostId\": 254735, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The interpretation would be similar to when you have right or left skewed p-values. When you have mo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-28T00:54:42.463000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166858, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 254739, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does a p value histogram that is \\\"normally\\\" distributed mean?\", \"Tags\": \"<p-value><multiple-comparisons><histogram>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I performed 100 tests and and want to correct for multiple comparisons. Before I do so,\", \"AccountId\": 13856094.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hank Lin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Medical Student</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 186667, \"PostId\": 256900, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What is `true +ve/ true -ve`? What is your system? What is the model used? How does this model use s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-15T08:00:30.687000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 186667, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What calculation to show what is really \\\"statistical significant\\\" result that justify the choice of \", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Sorry for the a bit vague question. Here is the situation why I want to know the answer.</p>\\n\\n<p>\", \"AccountId\": 5461860.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user4343712\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 186809, \"PostId\": 257054, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you classify them into \\\"not bought\\\" and \\\"don't know\\\" or something similar? As in do you have thi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-16T07:43:39.053000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 186809, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Building a binary classifier on uncertain 0's\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><bias><training-error>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When building models to predict probability of sales etc. Its intuitive to select customers who a\", \"AccountId\": 13236714.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rob\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 124201, \"PostId\": 257366, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"$R^2$ is highly dependent on your data so you cannot firmly say that this one is too low, although a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-03T14:53:07.107000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 124201, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Linear Regression For Binary Independent Variables - Interpretation\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><interpretation><binary-data><linear>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset where I want to predict inflow (people joining a platform) but my all independen\", \"AccountId\": 11235070.0, \"DisplayName\": \"James Taylor\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 184350, \"PostId\": 254505, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't use Weka or MATLAB so I can't help you there. But it's true feature selection wrapper method\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-19T12:12:26.327000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 184350, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"SVM and correlation\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><svm><feature-selection><weka><rbf-kernel>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can anyone guide me about the feature selection based on correlation using SVM? RBF kernel check \", \"AccountId\": 9640558.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arooj\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 180266, \"PostId\": 283652, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What is the CI of the mean? Are you not referring to the CI of the coefficients?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-12T10:31:52.123000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 180266, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bootstrapping regression coefficient for time series\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><confidence-interval><bootstrap><iid>\", \"Body\": \"<p>One of the fundamental assumptions of bootstrap is that the samples are independent and identical\", \"AccountId\": 10232649.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eric Kim\", \"Location\": \"Austin, TX, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 110128, \"PostId\": 243946, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If these are categorical variables then you can build a simple random forest classification model `r\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-16T07:38:57.770000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 110128, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Classification using n-grams\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><bag-of-words>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have $10000$ samples of 6-lettered strings of the following type<br>\\nLeft &nbs\", \"AccountId\": 4878424.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bandit_king28\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 70333, \"PostId\": 258721, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"So in summary, you have two methods A and B which you want to compare for differences, both methods \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-10T14:55:34.860000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 70333, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"comparing sensitivities\", \"Tags\": \"<sample-size><mcnemar-test><sensitivity-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>We want to compare two sampling methods. All patients will go through a DNA test for diagnosis(po\", \"AccountId\": 7812547.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Azita\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 258157, \"PostId\": 258157, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Honestly if you only want to \\\"distinguish\\\" the objects you could just plot them and see which ones a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-25T10:09:08.633000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 185627, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sufficient set of features for distinguishing items\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><inference>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My input is a set of objects having different values with respect to a set of features (F1, F2, F\"}, {\"Id\": 158479, \"PostId\": 281783, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/245835/range-of-values-of-skewness-and-kurtosis-for-normal\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-15T10:42:33.250000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 158479, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Measures of Uncertainty in Higher Order Moments\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><mean><skewness><moments><kurtosis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a sample of data and compute the mean. I am able to quantity uncertainty in this b\", \"AccountId\": 11827848.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kieran108\", \"Location\": \"Coventry, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/mathsys/people/students/2016intake/kalair/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD student working on large scale data analytics and modelling of complex systems.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 166726, \"PostId\": 260995, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Talking about \\\"lower\\\" / \\\"upper\\\" levels is only relevant in a nested design, this does not matter in \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-26T20:15:32.620000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166726, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"order of levels in crossed design\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><repeated-measures><experiment-design>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How can I determine if a factor <code>A</code> is nested in <code>B</code> or <code>B</code> is n\", \"AccountId\": 13847857.0, \"DisplayName\": \"locus\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 176373, \"PostId\": 246490, \"UserId\": 100488, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Small sample sizes are not necessarily a problem, it depends on your data and the population. Usuall\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-05T08:58:40.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 176373, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 248618, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Build a statistical model based on small sample size\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><sample-size><model><small-sample><chemometrics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I hope my question is not too wide and that this is the right place to ask it.\\nI'm working in the\", \"AccountId\": 4862056.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user88484\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 322304, \"UserId\": 100488, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-09-13T06:35:25.967000\"}, {\"Id\": 322079, \"UserId\": 100488, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-09-12T04:05:12.737000\"}, {\"Id\": 205494, \"UserId\": 100488, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-12-27T11:57:29.343000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 306086, \"PostId\": 306086, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"41649b6a-e9d5-443b-8f47-6e3cc9ab5d0e\", \"Text\": \"This is not really done. Anyway, a simple example off the top of my head would be:\\r\\n\\r\\n1. Normalize r\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-21T06:22:39.290000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 305425, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is not really done. Anyway, a simple example off the top of my head would be:</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>\"}, {\"Id\": 276588, \"PostId\": 276588, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3481d6b5-76b0-42cf-b501-e40bdf6007bf\", \"Text\": \"As mentioned by neilfws in the comments, you can use an ANOVA. Put the data in standard format, that\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-09T06:11:04.843000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 276576, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>As mentioned by neilfws in the comments, you can use an ANOVA. Put the data in standard format, t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 128622, \"OwnerUserId\": 128622, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 276588, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Perro \", \"Title\": \"Statistically comparing 3 groups - Test for statistical difference\", \"Tags\": \"<r><anova><group-differences>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I will like to perform and statistical comparison between 3 groups, in order to determine if stat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-10T00:57:59.847000\", \"AccountId\": 11520546.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Perro \", \"Location\": \"Stillwater, OK, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 305418, \"PostId\": 305418, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2ddb6bce-13de-4da8-a36a-b406070f649a\", \"Text\": \"This is a very basic probability question\\r\\n\\r\\n$P(A \\\\text{ or } B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A \\\\text{ and } B)$\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T05:06:04.520000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 305417, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is a very basic probability question</p>\\n\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$P(A \\\\text{ or } B\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 231231, \"OwnerUserId\": 231231, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability of A, Probability of B, Find either A or B\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><mathematical-statistics><conditional-probability><descriptive-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The probability of dinning in Restaurant A is 0.55 while the probability of dinning in restaurant\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T03:35:20.077000\", \"AccountId\": 18302129.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Amandeep Chawla\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 243834, \"PostId\": 243834, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d4ee1b54-0438-4dfb-8475-ef903f700f54\", \"Text\": \"A simple simulation shows that for the standard normal distribution the sample variance approaches t\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-11T07:59:12.760000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 243826, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A simple simulation shows that for the standard normal distribution the sample variance approache\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 170080, \"OwnerUserId\": 170080, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 243839, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What will happen to the sample variance as sample size increases?\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><inference><descriptive-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to know what will happen to the sample variance (not sample mean variance) as sample\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-31T02:45:03.800000\", \"AccountId\": 14062399.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Math Avengers\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 283053, \"PostId\": 283053, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"559951a5-9265-40fc-855f-75b810de085c\", \"Text\": \"Simulating random walk with \\\"known\\\" prediction\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-11T09:02:53.453000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 283062, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Simulating random walk with \\\"known\\\" prediction\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><random-walk>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose a random walk that looks a bit like this</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>set.seed(420)\\nx=rnorm(1000)\\ny=re\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 988288, \"PostId\": 283053, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"559951a5-9265-40fc-855f-75b810de085c\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><random-walk>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-11T09:02:53.453000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 319800, \"PostId\": 319800, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e1dd274-bec2-4948-ab15-d85d6e9dba05\", \"Text\": \"Your first proposed approach is actually more correct, that is calculate the individual proportions \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-11T08:53:26.567000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 319799, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Your first proposed approach is actually more correct, that is calculate the individual proportio\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 243414, \"OwnerUserId\": 243414, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 319800, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Transforming means/averages into percentages/relative numbers\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mean><percentage>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The question might be simply, but I am still a bit confused, so any help would be much appreciate\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-11T08:05:35.380000\", \"AccountId\": 19271792.0, \"DisplayName\": \"emily_lole\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 254725, \"PostId\": 254725, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 13, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5e826bc1-76d2-4e69-a737-e7992c3022bd\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":143489,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"user2974951\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-21T10:03:37.457000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 254643, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is a standard exercise with the binomial distribution. You are asking what is the probabilit\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 184487, \"OwnerUserId\": 184487, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 254725, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Hypothesis testing help\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need some guidance to the following hypothesis (pardon my poor English and wrong use of technic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-20T17:57:12.867000\", \"AccountId\": 14983878.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Desmond\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 260495, \"PostId\": 260495, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fe4ce0c1-a501-4a12-a8fd-90c96c4f9f87\", \"Text\": \"A regular one-sample t-test. By default a t-test tests whether the sample mean is different from 0, \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-14T07:47:31.860000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 260492, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A regular one-sample t-test. By default a t-test tests whether the sample mean is different from \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 190159, \"OwnerUserId\": 190159, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What statistical method will I use if I want to compare 10 caloric values of rice samples to a sugge\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We've conducted a comparative study on the caloric values of rice sample from different food stal\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-14T06:45:44.480000\", \"AccountId\": 15330704.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Skyey X\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 299315, \"PostId\": 299315, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"35d34223-afc5-4c6f-9af8-8fe93bf8291d\", \"Text\": \"Here is my simulation repeated 3000 times of how much rice consumption we can expect for the whole p\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-20T07:03:42.303000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 299012, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is my simulation repeated 3000 times of how much rice consumption we can expect for the whol\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 73662, \"OwnerUserId\": 73662, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do you know when you are 90% sure or 99% sure?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><confidence-interval><uncertainty>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The problem is a follow up to my previous one, so a lot of contextual data can be found at:\\n<a hr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-18T20:05:03.203000\", \"AccountId\": 7485736.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alwaysaskingquestions\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I drew the puppy in my profile pic :)</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 294460, \"PostId\": 294460, \"UserId\": 100488, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fbf155fc-ae58-44e9-8050-675fc09238e7\", \"Text\": \"The approach that is currently used is wrong for many reasons, see https://stats.stackexchange.com/q\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-06T10:09:13.583000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 294457, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The approach that is currently used is wrong for many reasons, see <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackex\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 110199, \"OwnerUserId\": 110199, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 294460, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Moving away from stepwise type of model building\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><predictive-models><model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I do a lot of studies in which we have a disease/outcome and then we collect a lot of information\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-16T15:12:07.553000\", \"AccountId\": 1196840.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Paze\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>A medical student with the lifelong goal of wanting to understand my own research better through \"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 256767, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 256750, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Not sure I understand, but if you are asking how to compare two standard deviations (from video A\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-14T07:25:47.573000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 186529, \"OwnerUserId\": 186529, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculate variance between two groups\", \"Tags\": \"<variance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to ask some fairly basic questions so please bear with me.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have a group au\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-14T02:15:01.117000\", \"AccountId\": 15118234.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Saleem Ahmed\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 173091, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 173100, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predict function tuning for random forest\", \"Tags\": \"<r><random-forest>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have created a random forest object in R (using the <code>randomForest</code> package) with <co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-27T10:35:50.773000\"}, {\"Id\": 278831, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 278818, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What do you mean by <code>the median is centered when the data is normalized</code>? Centered how\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-30T13:29:25.970000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 119829, \"OwnerUserId\": 119829, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 278831, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Measured data not normalized - but should it be?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><repeated-measures><normalization><measurement>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm analyzing some data at the moment and I just stumbled over the situation that a part of itsee\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-29T07:24:39.513000\", \"AccountId\": 9081714.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ben\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 257336, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 257331, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You are estimating the variance of the statistic, <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$p$</span> in this\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-18T08:48:07.283000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 178162, \"OwnerUserId\": 178162, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 267318, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Standard deviation of sum of samples from Bernoulli/Binomial\", \"Tags\": \"<binomial-distribution><standard-deviation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This should be simple I hope. In lecture notes from a physics course, the professor writes:</p>\\n\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-22T19:16:20.820000\", \"AccountId\": 5311155.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 223551, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Deriving Wilk's distribution for two normal independent variables\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><mathematical-statistics><maximum-likelihood><likelihood-ratio>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X$ and $Y$ be two independent, normal random variables with known and equal variances, let $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-13T10:22:51.380000\"}, {\"Id\": 329823, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 329822, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Yes you can approximate split points and potentially save some time. Some implementations already\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-18T07:44:54.883000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 77868, \"OwnerUserId\": 77868, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 329823, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can we build decision trees faster if we use an approximate local maximum search method to find spli\", \"Tags\": \"<random-forest><cart><boosting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In CART and similar algorithms, when we want to create a split, we iterate over all possible spli\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-04T21:33:57.983000\", \"AccountId\": 1713990.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Euphe\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 260501, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 260471, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>To compare the means of two samples one would use a t-test. <strong>NOTE:</strong> a t-test makes\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-14T08:19:26.797000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 107258, \"OwnerUserId\": 107258, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparison of the mean of a binary variable from two independent sets\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><t-test><spss><mean><binary-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two sets of data, one is akin to high performing companies, and the other contains low per\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-22T20:23:47.017000\", \"AccountId\": 4076773.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Actaeonis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 280216, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 280170, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is not a good approach, because it does not consider any interactions between any of the var\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-12T11:25:35.617000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 67642, \"OwnerUserId\": 67642, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"multiple hypothesis tests for features selection (classification)\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><classification><model-selection>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am wondering whether running multiple hypothesis tests (t-test / Mann Whitney) as a first step \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-08T13:29:21.783000\", \"AccountId\": 6860839.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arnold Klein\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data science enthusiast and machine learner.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 258715, \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 258686, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a bad situation. If the values are missing because some people do not read one of the new\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-30T08:50:36.637000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 188372, \"OwnerUserId\": 188372, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 258715, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing proportions from overlapping samples\", \"Tags\": \"<independence><proportion><mcnemar-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm looking to compare the read rate of an email newsletter with the read rate of another newslet\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-29T23:01:00.637000\", \"AccountId\": 15227137.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MattStan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100488, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1197936, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 305425, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1068650, \"PostId\": 305425, \"UserId\": 231245, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8b302c7d-3be3-4f55-a7bc-3d28afb55a14\", \"Text\": \"Accuracy score from confidence interval\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T07:31:31.230000\"}, {\"Id\": 1068651, \"PostId\": 305425, \"UserId\": 231245, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8b302c7d-3be3-4f55-a7bc-3d28afb55a14\", \"Text\": \"I have an algorithm which is able to make a prediction and given a confidence interval ( ex. 0.95 ) \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T07:31:31.230000\"}, {\"Id\": 1068649, \"PostId\": 305425, \"UserId\": 231245, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8b302c7d-3be3-4f55-a7bc-3d28afb55a14\", \"Text\": \"<regression><confidence-interval><accuracy>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-16T07:31:31.230000\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 422909, \"UserId\": 231245, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-04-16T08:00:35.420000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 231245, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 231245, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":89,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"Id\": 147163, \"AccountId\": 4755606.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3844454\", \"Location\": \"Seville, Spain\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T11:48:27.160000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 220325, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks. I have heard about the inverse variance weighting but did not remember what was for.\\nRegardi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-10T16:35:51.917000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Standard error of the mean of two estimates\", \"Tags\": \"<standard-error><meta-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been googling for a while to find an answer to this question. I am sure there is plenty of\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 68652, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 68652, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you are planning on possibly doing more than either metafor or meta are well used and further sup\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-21T14:04:37.277000\", \"AccountId\": 7682891.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mdewey\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.dewey.myzen.co.uk/home.html\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Applied statistician in health research.</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 217547, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 68652, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@amoeba has really answered all your questions. Just for the record the behaviour of some methods fo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:00:18.173000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"GLMM with highly unbalanced data and statistical power\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><lme4-nlme><bootstrap><statistical-power><combining-p-values>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Although I have used R to explain my question, I think and hope this is of general interest and i\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 22, \"RelatedPostId\": 166126, \"PostId\": 217547, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T19:09:32.720000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 166137, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can a meta-analysis of studies which are all \\\"not statistically signficant\\\" lead to a \\\"significant\\\" \", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><meta-analysis><combining-p-values>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A meta-analysis includes a bunch of studies, all of which reported a P value greater than 0.05. I\", \"AccountId\": 504968.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Harvey Motulsky\", \"Location\": \"Santa Monica CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.graphpad.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am the founder of <a href=\\\"http://www.graphpad.com\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">GraphPad Software\"}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 407166, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user10619\", \"Text\": \"It is not clear how you want to define variable B? two levels or it could be eithe 0 or 1. Also, it\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T13:40:06.507000\"}, {\"Id\": 407167, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you. I did not realize that using the Fisher's method does not make any sense here because the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T13:42:16.593000\"}, {\"Id\": 407172, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@subhash c. davar\\nvarB is a categorical predictor with two levels [0,1]. Please let me understand wh\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T13:48:04.810000\"}, {\"Id\": 407177, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user10619\", \"Text\": \"You have two other variables C and D with 5 and 12 levels. I think 0; 1 classification can not be co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T14:06:06.497000\"}, {\"Id\": 20410, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 20410, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(1) You don't need to care about power after you already found a significant result. (2) I definitel\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-31T11:19:00.203000\", \"AccountId\": 3117327.0, \"DisplayName\": \"amoeba\", \"Location\": \"St. Petersburg ⇨ Freiburg ⇨ London ⇨ Lisboa ⇨ Tübingen\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Born but to die, and reas'ning but to err.</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 407150, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 20410, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"PS. You might consider modeling varC and varD as random, perhaps even including random slopes as wel\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:27:04.813000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 755604, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 20410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f20ea1dd-93ab-49e6-9022-d4a7097a2bcb\", \"Text\": \"Although I have used R to explain my question, I think and hope this is of general interest and is n\", \"Comment\": \"added 10 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:28:42.670000\"}, {\"Id\": 755605, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 20410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d907c587-7737-4296-97bc-e8e3fabd9150\", \"Text\": \"<mixed-model><lme4-nlme><bootstrap><statistical-power><combining-p-values>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:43:07.633000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 823468, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 217547, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 823152, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 217547, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 755594, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0650a047-070c-4d68-a141-9dac7105d916\", \"Text\": \"Although I have used R to explain my question, I think and hope this is of general interest and is n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:00:18.173000\"}, {\"Id\": 755595, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0650a047-070c-4d68-a141-9dac7105d916\", \"Text\": \"GLMM with highly unbalanced data and statistical power\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:00:18.173000\"}, {\"Id\": 755600, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dda5ee15-6239-461e-bbe0-6e57f7334f8c\", \"Text\": \"Although I have used R to explain my question, I think and hope this is of general interest and is n\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 3 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:16:09.920000\"}, {\"Id\": 755593, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0650a047-070c-4d68-a141-9dac7105d916\", \"Text\": \"<mixed-model><bootstrap><statistical-power><combining-p-values>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:00:18.173000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 412033, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 68652, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you need to do this at all often you might want to invest in learning software to do it. Both Sta\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-11T13:19:05.907000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 51379, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 51379, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-variance_weighting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-15T10:33:19.127000\", \"AccountId\": 3289443.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jarle Tufto\", \"Location\": \"Trondheim, Norway\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ntnu.edu/employees/jarle.tufto\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 765475, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f84bb78c-7245-4fae-a28f-7ae1f7ca5b0c\", \"Text\": \"I have been googling for a while to find an answer to this question. I am sure there is plenty of in\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 6 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-10T19:02:04.410000\"}, {\"Id\": 765447, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5a22fadf-1fc7-4a03-8218-6f109d652e64\", \"Text\": \"I have been googling for a while to find an answer to this question. I am sure there is plenty of in\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-10T16:35:51.917000\"}, {\"Id\": 765448, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5a22fadf-1fc7-4a03-8218-6f109d652e64\", \"Text\": \"Standard error of the mean of two estimates\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-10T16:35:51.917000\"}, {\"Id\": 765449, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5a22fadf-1fc7-4a03-8218-6f109d652e64\", \"Text\": \"<standard-error><meta-analysis>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-10T16:35:51.917000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 248730, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you @IrishStat for your exhaustive answer. I have just reproduced, in R, the procedure in http\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T09:25:28.890000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 248512, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In my opinion one should generally follow <a href=\\\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160216193539/htt\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 2149, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"send me an email so I can be of efficient help\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-23T13:29:56.240000\", \"AccountId\": 509726.0, \"DisplayName\": \"IrishStat\", \"Location\": \"Warminster, PA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Dave (dave@autobox.com) is currently a Senior Consultant at Automatic Forecasting Systems (215-3\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 84750, \"PostId\": 202979, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"when he asked \\\"How do we carry out the Data inspections for #3\\\" , this inadvertently keyed me to thi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-25T22:43:34.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 84750, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 202977, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are plenty of procedures for checking the validity of those assumptions.</p>\\n\\n<p>For indepe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 106651, \"OwnerUserId\": 106651, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 202979, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Assumptions for Regression Analysis\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><nonlinear-regression><assumptions>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>These are the important assumptions we need to verify before conducting the actual regression an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-17T22:40:50.957000\", \"AccountId\": 9262049.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Vyas\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 4804886.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Guilherme Marthe\", \"Location\": \"São Paulo - State of São Paulo, Brazil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Economist studying statistics at the IME-USP in Brazil. :D</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 18463, \"PostId\": 47681, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The -.383 value id based upon the doubly differenced X series. It is then applied to the suitably di\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-30T08:04:50.197000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18463, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Applying ARIMA in R\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><arima><autocorrelation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Small question as a follow up from this topic:\\n<a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions\", \"AccountId\": 2834789.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user26296\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 119344, \"PostId\": 119344, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Multivariate regression coefficient: indicates the change in the dependent\\nvariable associated with \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-21T20:31:11.233000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 119329, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The correlation coefficient is the unconditional simple relationship between Y and x1 . The regre\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 57920, \"OwnerUserId\": 57920, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 119344, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why beta sign is different than correlation sign?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><correlation><least-squares><regression-coefficients>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to interpret the sign of my 5 x-variables against y-variable. The sign of some coeffi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-21T17:01:17.237000\", \"AccountId\": 6827710.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Asaad\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 236312, \"PostId\": 236312, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Significance testing requires standard errors . AIC optimization fits assumed models thus generating\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-02T01:30:05.447000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 236301, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Bravo @stans , auto.arima in a brute force list-based procedure that tries a fixed set of models \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 167154, \"OwnerUserId\": 167154, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 236312, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Time series model estimation - Unsignificant coefficients\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><arima>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Im trying to estimate the best model for my dataset using R. I tried both auto.arima function as \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-01T20:46:36.907000\", \"AccountId\": 13877471.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BorisD\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 244298, \"PostId\": 244298, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The problem may be as simple as trying to fit a perfect series ... numerical issues can arise yieldi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-14T19:32:45.960000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 243175, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If there is untreated deterministic structure in the model residuals this inflates the error vari\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 49719, \"OwnerUserId\": 49719, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Ljung-Box test on a out of sample residue with good forecast\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><statsmodels>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>To test the <a href=\\\"https://github.com/facebook/prophet\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">fbprophet</a>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-20T14:55:28.563000\", \"AccountId\": 117311.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ivan\", \"Location\": \"São Carlos, State of São Paulo, Brazil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://ispmarin.github.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data Science Manager</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 169693, \"PostId\": 169693, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"ok I still would like to see (csv file) the data as what you are asking for is an approach that will\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-28T21:25:19.803000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 169689, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Detecting Level Shifts <a href=\\\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2287980?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 56050, \"OwnerUserId\": 56050, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 169693, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Automatically find a threshold on 1d data\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><threshold>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have values a set of values that are plotted on the image (I sorted them for the convinience). \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-24T18:26:38.073000\", \"AccountId\": 6680085.0, \"DisplayName\": \"fractile\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 21281, \"PostId\": 21281, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \":Bruder A Transfer Function (multivariate Box-Jenkins) can have a PDL(polynomial distributed lag) st\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-29T13:22:56.327000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 21279, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The Box-Jenkins approach incorporates all well-known forecasting models except multiplicative mod\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6884, \"OwnerUserId\": 6884, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 21281, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What common forecasting models can be seen as special cases of ARIMA models?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><cross-validation><arima>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This morning I woke up wondering (this could be due to the fact that last night I didn't get much\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-16T07:39:19.853000\", \"AccountId\": 1253320.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bruder\", \"Location\": \"Italy\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://none\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mechanical Engineer currently trying to tap into the secrets of time-series analysis for business\"}]}, {\"Id\": 9195, \"PostId\": 52371, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Statistical characteristics that summarize the data can be used to suggest an appropriate model.Reca\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-16T02:36:30.450000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9195, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 52369, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can't really say much about this data without knowing where the data comes from. To forecast \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20448, \"OwnerUserId\": 20448, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predicting the next few numbers\", \"Tags\": \"<forecasting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have data that looks like this </p>\\n\\n<p><img src=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/2CdaI.png\\\" alt=\\\"ent\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-01T14:51:00.993000\", \"AccountId\": 20884.0, \"DisplayName\": \"masfenix\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.dailytip.net\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 549847.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mike Flynn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1805, \"PostId\": 9363, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You are right R would be the best of two bad choices.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-18T02:04:11.150000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1805, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 9349, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If you are at all familiar with <a href=\\\"http://www.r-project.org/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">R</a> (if you'\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 2820, \"OwnerUserId\": 2820, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predicting forecasts for next 12 months using Box-Jenkins\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><arima><box-jenkins>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am building a Box-Jenkins model in Excel using solver. The model is AR(2).\\nThe data that I have\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-05-03T12:08:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 509927.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Abhishek \", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 139823.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Zach\", \"Location\": \"Boston, MA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.datacamp.com/courses/advanced-deep-learning-with-keras-in-python\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Interested in Data Science?? I currently teach 2 online classes through DataCamp. </p>\\n\\n<p>Check \"}, {\"Id\": 184257, \"PostId\": 298518, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Perhaps multiplying through by the denominator polynomial is what he is referring to.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-18T16:15:17.283000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 184257, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 298541, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Gradual mean shift intervention\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><intervention-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In Cryers textbook: Time Series Analysis: With Applications in R, I came across this: </p>\\n\\n<p><s\", \"AccountId\": 2660909.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Frank\", \"Location\": \"NYC, NY, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 33251, \"PostId\": 124106, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What country is the data from ? It appears that you are not taking into account different kinds of p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T20:41:33.540000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33251, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R Time series forecasting: Having issues selecting fourier pairs for ARIMA with regressors\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><forecasting><arima>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been working on some various time series forecasts and I've begun to notice a trend (pardon \", \"AccountId\": 3487545.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JRW\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 165090, \"PostId\": 248740, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you wish to post your daily sales data , starting date and country of origin , I will try and com\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-10T12:10:40.997000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 165090, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Define prediction interval for a monthly sales pattern\", \"Tags\": \"<r><distributions><confidence-interval><curve-fitting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The point of my analysis is to develop an alert system to detect when the sales of the current mo\", \"AccountId\": 12494659.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Pedro Schuller\", \"Location\": \"Porto, Portugal\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://linktr.ee/pedro.schuller\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Industrial Engineer and Machine Learning enthusiast from Porto, Portugal</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 463323, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You said \\\":I want to know whether count2 correlates with some time delay lag with count1. ... I unde\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T19:12:42.073000\"}, {\"Id\": 209525, \"PostId\": 209525, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't use the DF test as it assumes that there no pulses/level shifts/seasonal pulses/time trends \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-01T12:05:00.723000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 209523, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>At a glance your data appears to potentially have seasonality. It is another question as to the k\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46828, \"OwnerUserId\": 46828, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to detect seasonality from plotted data without using tools or libraries\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><stationarity><seasonality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to know how to understand whether my dataset, which I have plotted below using Excel, cont\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-04T09:04:01.423000\", \"AccountId\": 5199232.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Devi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 463328, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"and solve for how count1 predicts count2\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T19:39:55.520000\"}, {\"Id\": 302479, \"PostId\": 302479, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"That would be telling .The proof is in the pudding .\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-23T01:12:58.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 302439, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Does anybody know if this is the case? </p>\\n\\n<p>Yes your are right it regrettably does not incorp\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 228241, \"OwnerUserId\": 228241, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Forecasting a time series $(x_t,{\\\\bf Y_t})$ where all we care about is forecasting $x_t$\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><multivariate-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider a multivariate time series <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$(x_t,{\\\\bf Y}_t)$</span> <span c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-22T18:11:09.603000\", \"AccountId\": 18031006.0, \"DisplayName\": \"LostStatistician18\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 17551, \"PostId\": 17551, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \":mpiktas you would think ... but the approximate standard error of an ACF is 1/sqrt(nob) thus all AC\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-08T15:59:25.570000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 17548, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>the model that you are using may be the problem </p>\\n\\n<p>1.5314 -0.55 </p>\\n\\n<p>indicates that \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 5364, \"OwnerUserId\": 5364, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Univariate time series forecasting based on auto.arima \", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><forecasting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have univariate time series data (windspeed at a particular place) measured at 1 hour interval \", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-18T15:19:50.597000\", \"AccountId\": 1049885.0, \"DisplayName\": \"r00kie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 253097, \"PostId\": 253097, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"49215f8c-81af-4ec6-92ec-95fa3b23a237\", \"Text\": \"My suggested approach encompasses models that are much more general than ARIMA as they include the p\", \"Comment\": \"added 538 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-06T09:55:49.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 253075, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>My suggested approach encompasses models that are much more general than ARIMA as they include th\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 182462, \"OwnerUserId\": 182462, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it possible to automate time series forecasting?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><python>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to build an algorithm that would be able to analyze any time series and \\\"automatical\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-01T23:19:13.097000\", \"AccountId\": 14863152.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StatsNewbie123\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 219584, \"PostId\": 219584, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1422902d-82f8-4e9b-9e03-b8b803616b46\", \"Text\": \"Hourly data ( and I have seen lots of hourly data sets ) are best handled by incorporating day-of-th\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-04T17:53:10.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 219579, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Hourly data ( and I have seen lots of hourly data sets ) are best handled by incorporating day-of\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 149217, \"OwnerUserId\": 149217, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How many lags for a VAR model for hourly data?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><model-selection><vector-autoregression><lags>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am doing VAR analysis of 5 years long data. It is hourly data, so 1~24 hours every day and this\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-04T17:12:11.597000\", \"AccountId\": 12697718.0, \"DisplayName\": \"junmouse\", \"Location\": \"대한민국 Seoul\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 10472, \"PostId\": 10472, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f11a5d8-4424-4be4-b7ae-bf0461e020b1\", \"Text\": \"You have time series data and one develops an equation for intra-day usage which may use either an a\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-06-03T10:32:18.730000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 10471, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have time series data and one develops an equation for intra-day usage which may use either a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3186, \"OwnerUserId\": 3186, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 10472, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Victor Lin\", \"Title\": \"What's the best formula to fit the distribution of website user number over a day\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a web-site, and I found the distribution of user number in a day have an obvious pattern. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-06-03T10:53:18.440000\", \"AccountId\": 12664.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fang-Pen Lin\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://fangpenlin.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Master Generalist Software Engineer, Senior Software Engineer at Niantic, opinions are my own.</p\"}]}, {\"Id\": 866413, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d5d39a08-36cc-4f35-a59c-19e56be03130\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T09:25:28.890000\"}, {\"Id\": 268273, \"PostId\": 268273, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b2826fd3-71a2-46d4-81c3-47f4da504d78\", \"Text\": \"I don't use or recommend auto.arima for a few reasons BUT I do know some things about the Box-Cox la\", \"Comment\": \"added 14 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-19T16:47:20.587000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 268271, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I don't use or recommend auto.arima if anomalies (pulses) or level shifts or local time trends or\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 134259, \"OwnerUserId\": 134259, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"auto.arima throws error wrong length for 'fixed'\", \"Tags\": \"<r><forecasting><arima><error-message>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using auto.arima from the R forecast package.\\nWhen using this function with lambda parameter\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-28T13:13:28.930000\", \"AccountId\": 11874444.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CD.\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco, CA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 866449, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72967767-80ff-4a9b-9cc7-b0cabb25747c\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 934 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T10:53:40.127000\"}, {\"Id\": 866453, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"886c2496-a910-4bc1-97ba-1f7240192b3c\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 13 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T11:02:14.400000\"}, {\"Id\": 866463, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e4c10fa3-d279-49cc-8782-19baec6f3aae\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 13 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T11:07:25.940000\"}, {\"Id\": 866465, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3d4dd14a-ec53-45c1-a21f-a883ba90db45\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 13 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T11:12:26.957000\"}, {\"Id\": 866467, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9037d325-a537-478c-a581-2f25d761092e\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 2 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T11:18:18.343000\"}, {\"Id\": 866481, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2f4972e3-8c50-4590-a75e-7f89016530d7\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 111 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T11:48:04.753000\"}, {\"Id\": 303173, \"PostId\": 303173, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5b3bf4ac-2efd-41c6-8fe7-51d588b34dec\", \"Text\": \"or maybe the dominant seasonality is deterministic in form …. think 23 possible hourly effects .. th\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-29T19:13:37.013000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 303171, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>or maybe the dominant seasonality is deterministic in form …. think 23 possible hourly effects ..\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 227144, \"OwnerUserId\": 227144, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Optimal Lag Selection Indicates Lag 98\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><model-selection><aic><vector-autoregression><lags>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to identify the optimal lag for my multivariate time series and currently I am gettin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-10T12:40:30.137000\", \"AccountId\": 17680831.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sally_ar\", \"Location\": \"Toronto, ON, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am further enhancing my data analytics skills by including machine learning and AI to my toolbo\"}]}, {\"Id\": 866495, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1a18c381-6134-4513-9cd7-96e3485896c5\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 350 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T12:29:06.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 866497, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7cdc6c18-24a8-4a88-a3df-31683d251615\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"BIS IS \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T12:34:24.260000\"}, {\"Id\": 287660, \"PostId\": 287660, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2476062f-d247-4832-880b-961631732446\", \"Text\": \"Your approach to time series analysis is quite arbitrary and will not yield the kind information tha\", \"Comment\": \"added 31 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-28T19:02:49.550000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 287401, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Your approach to time series analysis is quite arbitrary and will not yield the kind information \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17224, \"OwnerUserId\": 17224, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Identifying pattern in timeseries using Mean\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><time-series>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have time series data which has 5 days worth of data. The pattern of the is mostly stable (assu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-24T15:23:03.547000\", \"AccountId\": 1102504.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kosa\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://NA\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Programmer</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 866521, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"527fa66f-82a6-4929-b69a-36b3a9cb0418\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 157 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T14:06:57.823000\"}, {\"Id\": 248170, \"PostId\": 248170, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fecc70a4-f647-4ced-8938-6526c7f6e092\", \"Text\": \"After being advised that the 48 values were MONTHLY.. A useful model was automatically constructed b\", \"Comment\": \"added 375 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-20T13:15:48.980000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 248080, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>After being advised that the 48 values were MONTHLY.. A useful model was automatically constructe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 177847, \"OwnerUserId\": 177847, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Negative Forecast using Holt-Winters\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><forecasting><data-transformation><exponential-smoothing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I tried to use Holt-Winters for forecasting, but it gives me negative values, but since these are\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-19T13:46:59.313000\", \"AccountId\": 14578043.0, \"DisplayName\": \"paty26s\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 866544, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4be58fa7-381c-4b92-a522-5d02caf85ef2\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 122 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T15:10:28.103000\"}, {\"Id\": 99341, \"PostId\": 99341, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8abbe555-c388-4cb1-addc-660054c0fd36\", \"Text\": \"I suggest using monthly data and then accumulating the forecasts to an annual level . The forecast u\", \"Comment\": \"added 204 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-10T23:59:24.390000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 99340, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I suggest using monthly data and then accumulating the forecasts to an annual level . The forecas\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 45572, \"OwnerUserId\": 45572, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can I remove seasonal autocorrelation through aggregation?\", \"Tags\": \"<autocorrelation><aggregation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have monthly time series data and there is autocorrelation? I can solve for this using lagged d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-10T23:51:13.650000\", \"AccountId\": 5768580.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Steve85\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 866613, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b01f0559-a694-4a6d-b52c-f62a29d0afb2\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 460 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T19:33:07.417000\"}, {\"Id\": 290393, \"PostId\": 290393, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"01d172db-af1e-4863-8e05-2d4cc020b00e\", \"Text\": \"stats.stackexchange.com/questions/437053/… discusses how to form a useful model i.e. extract latent \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-23T19:41:59.550000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 290340, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>stats.stackexchange.com/questions/437053/… discusses how to form a useful model i.e. extract late\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 89377, \"OwnerUserId\": 89377, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Uni-variate hourly time series anomaly detection by TBATS\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><anomaly-detection><univariate><tbats>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have hourly and +4 years length of air pollution data (PM10). It has 24 (daily), 168 (weekly) a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-17T07:32:49.023000\", \"AccountId\": 268869.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sezen\", \"Location\": \"Turkey\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ismailsezen.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"an ordinary coder!\"}]}, {\"Id\": 248351, \"PostId\": 248351, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8448e74b-7425-49a3-8cb8-60d01b460c22\", \"Text\": \"Outliers can occur in patches thus making them level shifts . Outliers can occur systematically ...s\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-22T13:49:50.167000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 248349, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Outliers can occur in patches thus making them level shifts . Outliers can occur systematically .\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 178037, \"OwnerUserId\": 178037, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Usage of tsclean() in time series data\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><forecasting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the scenario, where I have many time series data. I have to make predictions for all.I m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-21T18:47:14.730000\", \"AccountId\": 13631481.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jefe23984\", \"Location\": \"Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 185336, \"PostId\": 185336, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2c14f854-98a9-44ce-a06f-26bcd998ce73\", \"Text\": \"The statistic/characterization/summary that you are looking for is \\\"there has been a downward trend \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-03T21:12:45.647000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 185333, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The statistic/characterization/summary that you are looking for is \\\"there has been a downward tre\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 112614, \"OwnerUserId\": 112614, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 185336, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Best way to describe changes in performance through time.\", \"Tags\": \"<descriptive-statistics><median><mean-absolute-deviation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm wondering how to explain changes in production/performance metrics quarter to quarter. In the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-03T20:32:09.767000\", \"AccountId\": 10604862.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mr. Geologist\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 24026, \"PostId\": 24026, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8ce7b31f-71af-4fa8-9e90-3d5eb96b26df\", \"Text\": \"The impact of level shifts , seasonal pulses and local time trends ... in addition to one-time pulse\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 9 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-26T00:58:19.170000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 24025, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The impact of level shifts , seasonal pulses and local time trends ... in addition to one-time pu\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6672, \"OwnerUserId\": 6672, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pitfalls in time series analysis\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><self-study>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am just starting out self-learning in time series analysis. I have noticed that there are a num\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-07T01:02:53.447000\", \"AccountId\": 73202.0, \"DisplayName\": \"naught101\", \"Location\": \"Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.naught101.org\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Contact:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Skype: naught101</p>\\n \\n <p>XMPP/Googletalk: naught101@jabber.or\"}]}, {\"Id\": 283532, \"PostId\": 283532, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2958e16d-785d-4601-905b-c91e8e66f88b\", \"Text\": \"The appropriate parametric method is called Intervention Detection http://docplayer.net/12080848-Out\", \"Comment\": \"added 58 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-16T12:45:34.737000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 283447, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The appropriate parametric method is called Intervention Detection <a href=\\\"http://docplayer.net/\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 283447, \"OwnerUserId\": 211111, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 283546, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Simple outlier detection for time series\", \"Tags\": \"<python><anomaly-detection>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wanted to generate a very simple example of anomaly detection for time series. So I created sam\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-15T10:08:13.817000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 9576, \"PostId\": 9576, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9ace9671-10ef-4145-b00f-a034ae07a501\", \"Text\": \"r square of 97.2\\r\\n\\r\\n\\r\\nEstimation/Diagnostic Checking for Variable Y Y \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-05-08T17:51:27.797000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 9435, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>r square of 97.2</p>\\n\\n<p>Estimation/Diagnostic Checking for Variable Y Y<br>\\n \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 667, \"OwnerUserId\": 667, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Data mining: How should I go about finding the functional form?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><algorithms><model-selection><data-mining>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm curious about repeatable procedures that can be used to discover the functional form of the f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T10:13:51.707000\", \"AccountId\": 23344.0, \"DisplayName\": \"knorv\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 276068, \"PostId\": 276068, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8861ba07-792b-4060-aab0-6fedeba8e397\", \"Text\": \"Simple tests for trend/seasonality simply don't work as Gaussian Violations ( arima structure , late\", \"Comment\": \"added 155 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-03T10:17:02.507000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 276022, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>My expert and well-trained eye gets tired and bored and thusly often fails to deliver subtlety...\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 204866, \"OwnerUserId\": 204866, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Trend & Seasonality Determination in Time Series without looking at Graph\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><seasonality><trend><test-for-trend>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Most of the articles I have read describe determining Trends and Seasonal (TS) effects through ro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-02T21:57:55.157000\", \"AccountId\": 10873795.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Munish\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 38526, \"PostId\": 38526, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eaef16d5-dcf3-4f88-8091-1d4c1aeb526a\", \"Text\": \"Exponential smoothing (Brown's method) is a particular variant of an ARIMA model (0,1,1) . In genera\", \"Comment\": \"added 188 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-12T21:33:27.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 35225, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Exponential smoothing (Brown's method) is a particular variant of an ARIMA model (0,1,1) . In gen\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12317, \"OwnerUserId\": 12317, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence intervals for exponential smoothing\", \"Tags\": \"<exponential-smoothing><confidence-interval><state-space-models>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using exponential smoothing (Brown's method) for forecasting. The forecast can be calculated \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-13T16:30:16.867000\", \"AccountId\": 2039954.0, \"DisplayName\": \"adam\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 211308, \"PostId\": 211308, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5a648d04-ba7d-4817-a2d7-f5a7b2788989\", \"Text\": \"keep in mind that there is a presumption of no pulses, no level shifts , no seasonal pulses and no l\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-15T12:04:50.840000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 211306, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>keep in mind that there is a presumption of no pulses, no level shifts , no seasonal pulses and n\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 98358, \"OwnerUserId\": 98358, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Selection of an ARIMA model looking at the ACF and PACF\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><arima><model-selection>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using the table below as model selection tool (at least as starting point)</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-06T08:45:10.353000\", \"AccountId\": 4635416.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user158013\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 54484, \"PostId\": 54484, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"792145d2-72c9-40de-8fe5-0cbe903d03d9\", \"Text\": \"You say you sent me the data , I don't recall ever receiving it. Can upu please contact me at my ema\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-09-01T13:08:31.803000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 37938, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You say you sent me the data , I don't recall ever receiving it. Can upu please contact me at my \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12835, \"OwnerUserId\": 12835, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to forecast number of donations?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to forecast/predict the number of donations expected to be received at multiple locat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-12-02T20:22:45.917000\", \"AccountId\": 2056766.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1834300\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 58422, \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 58401, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You can just use the history of Y or also your suggested causal. I have not seen “sample of sale\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-29T13:00:03.613000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 22544, \"OwnerUserId\": 22544, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 58422, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What model should one use for this short time series?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><time-series><multiple-regression><predictive-models>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Below I have quarterly total sales on the left (dependent variable), and a sample of the sales on\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-10T03:48:14.553000\", \"AccountId\": 3384364.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hype\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 173906, \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 173902, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The solution is known generally as a Transfer Function sometimes as a Dynamic Regression <a href=\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-04T14:39:54.287000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 74454, \"OwnerUserId\": 74454, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Autocorrelation and GLS\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><autocorrelation><generalized-least-squares>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If autocorrelation in a model is detected by the Breusch-Godfrey test for r-th order autocorrelat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-28T15:33:54.800000\", \"AccountId\": 4514752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Badalyan\", \"Location\": \"Spain\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Economics student at King's College London.\\nFormer IB Higher level mathematics, economics and his\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 463292, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Following the previous comment. Unfortunately, I have no idea on how to handle the violating assumpt\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T16:50:52.393000\"}, {\"Id\": 463477, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you! answers to **two questions** would help a lot:\\n1. these time series are **count data** th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-26T15:48:37.487000\"}, {\"Id\": 463479, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Also, I would like to add an element that may be important: there were harsh environmental condition\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-26T15:57:18.613000\"}, {\"Id\": 463743, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you for the help! as a summary I may say that Autobox, the software @IrisStat has used here (o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-28T15:39:37.567000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 962438, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 248730, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-28T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 248512, \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 248730, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which test for lagged effect of one time series on another?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><autocorrelation><cross-correlation><lags><ardl>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a data set with three variables: year (21 consecutive years) and two time series which are\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T16:54:56.853000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 865682, \"PostId\": 248512, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cc2bc6ea-58e1-4511-9ef2-dd6f21629d89\", \"Text\": \"<r><time-series><autocorrelation><cross-correlation><ardl>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T16:54:56.853000\"}, {\"Id\": 866261, \"PostId\": 248512, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f6465f23-bd1e-4bbd-87c4-5ef7306abf31\", \"Text\": \"Which test for lagged effect of one time series on another?\", \"Comment\": \"edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-24T21:05:24.303000\"}, {\"Id\": 865680, \"PostId\": 248512, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cc2bc6ea-58e1-4511-9ef2-dd6f21629d89\", \"Text\": \"I have a data set with three variables: year (21 consecutive years) and two time series which are co\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T16:54:56.853000\"}, {\"Id\": 865681, \"PostId\": 248512, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cc2bc6ea-58e1-4511-9ef2-dd6f21629d89\", \"Text\": \"Which test for time-delayed effect of one time series on another\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T16:54:56.853000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 222085, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Regarding the question 1) I have found that GVIF should be used in my case. This statistic is availa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-27T08:20:04.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multicollinearity between predictors used to simulate data?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><simulation><multicollinearity><variance-inflation-factor>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have simulated a dataset containing individual level variables that results from two processes.\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 11615, \"RelatedPostId\": 55823, \"PostId\": 222085, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-15T10:12:52.207000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11615, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 74059, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which variance inflation factor should I be using: $\\\\text{GVIF}$ or $\\\\text{GVIF}^{1/(2\\\\cdot\\\\text{df}\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multicollinearity><variance-inflation-factor>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm 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\"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"18783bc2-be50-42a9-b893-e8fc736044a3\", \"Text\": \"I have simulated a dataset containing individual level variables that results from two processes. \\r\\n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-27T08:20:04.703000\"}, {\"Id\": 771575, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"18783bc2-be50-42a9-b893-e8fc736044a3\", \"Text\": \"Multicollinearity between predictors used to simulate data\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-27T08:20:04.703000\"}, {\"Id\": 771578, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4406ddab-76d4-4c2c-b15e-62be07638400\", \"Text\": \"I have simulated a dataset containing individual level variables that results from two processes. \\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"improved formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-27T08:43:57.850000\"}, {\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a5a546d-711d-4875-9e2e-dd6246dc21d9\", \"Text\": \"<regression><simulation><multicollinearity><variance-inflation-factor>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1085508, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a5a546d-711d-4875-9e2e-dd6246dc21d9\", \"Text\": \"I have simulated a dataset containing individual level variables that results from two processes. \\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-22T17:00:20.203000\"}, {\"Id\": 1085509, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a5a546d-711d-4875-9e2e-dd6246dc21d9\", \"Text\": \"Multicollinearity between predictors used to simulate data?\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-22T17:00:20.203000\"}]}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 277780, \"UserId\": 147163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-01-18T12:10:45.540000\"}, {\"Id\": 277782, \"UserId\": 147163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-01-18T12:21:02.130000\"}, {\"Id\": 330535, \"UserId\": 147163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Informed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-10-28T15:43:29.027000\"}, {\"Id\": 330538, \"UserId\": 147163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": 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\"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"Id\": 147163, \"AccountId\": 4755606.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3844454\", \"Location\": \"Seville, Spain\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T11:48:27.160000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 220325, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks. I have heard about the inverse variance weighting but did not remember what was for.\\nRegardi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-10T16:35:51.917000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Standard error of the mean of two estimates\", \"Tags\": \"<standard-error><meta-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been googling for a while to find an answer to this question. I am sure there is plenty of\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 68652, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 68652, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you are planning on possibly doing more than either metafor or meta are well used and further sup\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-21T14:04:37.277000\", \"AccountId\": 7682891.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mdewey\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.dewey.myzen.co.uk/home.html\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Applied statistician in health research.</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 217547, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 68652, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@amoeba has really answered all your questions. Just for the record the behaviour of some methods fo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:00:18.173000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"GLMM with highly unbalanced data and statistical power\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><lme4-nlme><bootstrap><statistical-power><combining-p-values>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Although I have used R to explain my question, I think and hope this is of general interest and i\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 22, \"RelatedPostId\": 166126, \"PostId\": 217547, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T19:09:32.720000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 166137, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can a meta-analysis of studies which are all \\\"not statistically signficant\\\" lead to a \\\"significant\\\" \", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><meta-analysis><combining-p-values>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A meta-analysis includes a bunch of studies, all of which reported a P value greater than 0.05. I\", \"AccountId\": 504968.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Harvey Motulsky\", \"Location\": \"Santa Monica CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.graphpad.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am the founder of <a href=\\\"http://www.graphpad.com\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">GraphPad Software\"}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 407166, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user10619\", \"Text\": \"It is not clear how you want to define variable B? two levels or it could be eithe 0 or 1. Also, it\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T13:40:06.507000\"}, {\"Id\": 407167, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you. I did not realize that using the Fisher's method does not make any sense here because the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T13:42:16.593000\"}, {\"Id\": 407172, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@subhash c. davar\\nvarB is a categorical predictor with two levels [0,1]. Please let me understand wh\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T13:48:04.810000\"}, {\"Id\": 407177, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user10619\", \"Text\": \"You have two other variables C and D with 5 and 12 levels. I think 0; 1 classification can not be co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T14:06:06.497000\"}, {\"Id\": 20410, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 20410, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(1) You don't need to care about power after you already found a significant result. (2) I definitel\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-31T11:19:00.203000\", \"AccountId\": 3117327.0, \"DisplayName\": \"amoeba\", \"Location\": \"St. Petersburg ⇨ Freiburg ⇨ London ⇨ Lisboa ⇨ Tübingen\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Born but to die, and reas'ning but to err.</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 407150, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 20410, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"PS. You might consider modeling varC and varD as random, perhaps even including random slopes as wel\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:27:04.813000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 755604, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 20410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f20ea1dd-93ab-49e6-9022-d4a7097a2bcb\", \"Text\": \"Although I have used R to explain my question, I think and hope this is of general interest and is n\", \"Comment\": \"added 10 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:28:42.670000\"}, {\"Id\": 755605, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 20410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d907c587-7737-4296-97bc-e8e3fabd9150\", \"Text\": \"<mixed-model><lme4-nlme><bootstrap><statistical-power><combining-p-values>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:43:07.633000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 823468, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 217547, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 823152, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 217547, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 755594, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0650a047-070c-4d68-a141-9dac7105d916\", \"Text\": \"Although I have used R to explain my question, I think and hope this is of general interest and is n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:00:18.173000\"}, {\"Id\": 755595, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0650a047-070c-4d68-a141-9dac7105d916\", \"Text\": \"GLMM with highly unbalanced data and statistical power\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:00:18.173000\"}, {\"Id\": 755600, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dda5ee15-6239-461e-bbe0-6e57f7334f8c\", \"Text\": \"Although I have used R to explain my question, I think and hope this is of general interest and is n\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 3 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:16:09.920000\"}, {\"Id\": 755593, \"PostId\": 217547, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0650a047-070c-4d68-a141-9dac7105d916\", \"Text\": \"<mixed-model><bootstrap><statistical-power><combining-p-values>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-18T12:00:18.173000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 412033, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 68652, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you need to do this at all often you might want to invest in learning software to do it. Both Sta\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-11T13:19:05.907000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 51379, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 51379, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-variance_weighting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-15T10:33:19.127000\", \"AccountId\": 3289443.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jarle Tufto\", \"Location\": \"Trondheim, Norway\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ntnu.edu/employees/jarle.tufto\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 765475, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f84bb78c-7245-4fae-a28f-7ae1f7ca5b0c\", \"Text\": \"I have been googling for a while to find an answer to this question. I am sure there is plenty of in\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 6 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-10T19:02:04.410000\"}, {\"Id\": 765447, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5a22fadf-1fc7-4a03-8218-6f109d652e64\", \"Text\": \"I have been googling for a while to find an answer to this question. I am sure there is plenty of in\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-10T16:35:51.917000\"}, {\"Id\": 765448, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5a22fadf-1fc7-4a03-8218-6f109d652e64\", \"Text\": \"Standard error of the mean of two estimates\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-10T16:35:51.917000\"}, {\"Id\": 765449, \"PostId\": 220325, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5a22fadf-1fc7-4a03-8218-6f109d652e64\", \"Text\": \"<standard-error><meta-analysis>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-10T16:35:51.917000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 248730, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you @IrishStat for your exhaustive answer. I have just reproduced, in R, the procedure in http\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T09:25:28.890000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 248512, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In my opinion one should generally follow <a href=\\\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160216193539/htt\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 2149, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"send me an email so I can be of efficient help\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-23T13:29:56.240000\", \"AccountId\": 509726.0, \"DisplayName\": \"IrishStat\", \"Location\": \"Warminster, PA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Dave (dave@autobox.com) is currently a Senior Consultant at Automatic Forecasting Systems (215-3\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 84750, \"PostId\": 202979, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"when he asked \\\"How do we carry out the Data inspections for #3\\\" , this inadvertently keyed me to thi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-25T22:43:34.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 84750, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 202977, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are plenty of procedures for checking the validity of those assumptions.</p>\\n\\n<p>For indepe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 106651, \"OwnerUserId\": 106651, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 202979, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Assumptions for Regression Analysis\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><nonlinear-regression><assumptions>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>These are the important assumptions we need to verify before conducting the actual regression an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-17T22:40:50.957000\", \"AccountId\": 9262049.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Vyas\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 4804886.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Guilherme Marthe\", \"Location\": \"São Paulo - State of São Paulo, Brazil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Economist studying statistics at the IME-USP in Brazil. :D</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 18463, \"PostId\": 47681, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The -.383 value id based upon the doubly differenced X series. It is then applied to the suitably di\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-30T08:04:50.197000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18463, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Applying ARIMA in R\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><arima><autocorrelation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Small question as a follow up from this topic:\\n<a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions\", \"AccountId\": 2834789.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user26296\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 119344, \"PostId\": 119344, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Multivariate regression coefficient: indicates the change in the dependent\\nvariable associated with \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-21T20:31:11.233000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 119329, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The correlation coefficient is the unconditional simple relationship between Y and x1 . The regre\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 57920, \"OwnerUserId\": 57920, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 119344, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why beta sign is different than correlation sign?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><correlation><least-squares><regression-coefficients>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to interpret the sign of my 5 x-variables against y-variable. The sign of some coeffi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-21T17:01:17.237000\", \"AccountId\": 6827710.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Asaad\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 236312, \"PostId\": 236312, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Significance testing requires standard errors . AIC optimization fits assumed models thus generating\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-02T01:30:05.447000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 236301, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Bravo @stans , auto.arima in a brute force list-based procedure that tries a fixed set of models \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 167154, \"OwnerUserId\": 167154, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 236312, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Time series model estimation - Unsignificant coefficients\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><arima>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Im trying to estimate the best model for my dataset using R. I tried both auto.arima function as \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-01T20:46:36.907000\", \"AccountId\": 13877471.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BorisD\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 244298, \"PostId\": 244298, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The problem may be as simple as trying to fit a perfect series ... numerical issues can arise yieldi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-14T19:32:45.960000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 243175, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If there is untreated deterministic structure in the model residuals this inflates the error vari\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 49719, \"OwnerUserId\": 49719, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Ljung-Box test on a out of sample residue with good forecast\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><statsmodels>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>To test the <a href=\\\"https://github.com/facebook/prophet\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">fbprophet</a>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-20T14:55:28.563000\", \"AccountId\": 117311.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ivan\", \"Location\": \"São Carlos, State of São Paulo, Brazil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://ispmarin.github.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data Science Manager</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 169693, \"PostId\": 169693, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"ok I still would like to see (csv file) the data as what you are asking for is an approach that will\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-28T21:25:19.803000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 169689, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Detecting Level Shifts <a href=\\\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2287980?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 56050, \"OwnerUserId\": 56050, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 169693, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Automatically find a threshold on 1d data\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><threshold>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have values a set of values that are plotted on the image (I sorted them for the convinience). \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-24T18:26:38.073000\", \"AccountId\": 6680085.0, \"DisplayName\": \"fractile\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 21281, \"PostId\": 21281, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \":Bruder A Transfer Function (multivariate Box-Jenkins) can have a PDL(polynomial distributed lag) st\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-29T13:22:56.327000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 21279, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The Box-Jenkins approach incorporates all well-known forecasting models except multiplicative mod\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6884, \"OwnerUserId\": 6884, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 21281, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What common forecasting models can be seen as special cases of ARIMA models?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><cross-validation><arima>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This morning I woke up wondering (this could be due to the fact that last night I didn't get much\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-16T07:39:19.853000\", \"AccountId\": 1253320.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bruder\", \"Location\": \"Italy\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://none\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mechanical Engineer currently trying to tap into the secrets of time-series analysis for business\"}]}, {\"Id\": 9195, \"PostId\": 52371, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Statistical characteristics that summarize the data can be used to suggest an appropriate model.Reca\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-16T02:36:30.450000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9195, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 52369, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can't really say much about this data without knowing where the data comes from. To forecast \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20448, \"OwnerUserId\": 20448, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predicting the next few numbers\", \"Tags\": \"<forecasting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have data that looks like this </p>\\n\\n<p><img src=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/2CdaI.png\\\" alt=\\\"ent\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-01T14:51:00.993000\", \"AccountId\": 20884.0, \"DisplayName\": \"masfenix\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.dailytip.net\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 549847.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mike Flynn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1805, \"PostId\": 9363, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You are right R would be the best of two bad choices.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-18T02:04:11.150000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1805, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 9349, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If you are at all familiar with <a href=\\\"http://www.r-project.org/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">R</a> (if you'\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 2820, \"OwnerUserId\": 2820, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predicting forecasts for next 12 months using Box-Jenkins\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><arima><box-jenkins>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am building a Box-Jenkins model in Excel using solver. The model is AR(2).\\nThe data that I have\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-05-03T12:08:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 509927.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Abhishek \", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 139823.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Zach\", \"Location\": \"Boston, MA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.datacamp.com/courses/advanced-deep-learning-with-keras-in-python\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Interested in Data Science?? I currently teach 2 online classes through DataCamp. </p>\\n\\n<p>Check \"}, {\"Id\": 184257, \"PostId\": 298518, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Perhaps multiplying through by the denominator polynomial is what he is referring to.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-18T16:15:17.283000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 184257, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 298541, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Gradual mean shift intervention\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><intervention-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In Cryers textbook: Time Series Analysis: With Applications in R, I came across this: </p>\\n\\n<p><s\", \"AccountId\": 2660909.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Frank\", \"Location\": \"NYC, NY, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 33251, \"PostId\": 124106, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What country is the data from ? It appears that you are not taking into account different kinds of p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T20:41:33.540000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33251, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R Time series forecasting: Having issues selecting fourier pairs for ARIMA with regressors\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><forecasting><arima>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been working on some various time series forecasts and I've begun to notice a trend (pardon \", \"AccountId\": 3487545.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JRW\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 165090, \"PostId\": 248740, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you wish to post your daily sales data , starting date and country of origin , I will try and com\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-10T12:10:40.997000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 165090, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Define prediction interval for a monthly sales pattern\", \"Tags\": \"<r><distributions><confidence-interval><curve-fitting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The point of my analysis is to develop an alert system to detect when the sales of the current mo\", \"AccountId\": 12494659.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Pedro Schuller\", \"Location\": \"Porto, Portugal\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://linktr.ee/pedro.schuller\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Industrial Engineer and Machine Learning enthusiast from Porto, Portugal</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 463323, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You said \\\":I want to know whether count2 correlates with some time delay lag with count1. ... I unde\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T19:12:42.073000\"}, {\"Id\": 209525, \"PostId\": 209525, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't use the DF test as it assumes that there no pulses/level shifts/seasonal pulses/time trends \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-01T12:05:00.723000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 209523, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>At a glance your data appears to potentially have seasonality. It is another question as to the k\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46828, \"OwnerUserId\": 46828, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to detect seasonality from plotted data without using tools or libraries\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><stationarity><seasonality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to know how to understand whether my dataset, which I have plotted below using Excel, cont\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-04T09:04:01.423000\", \"AccountId\": 5199232.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Devi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 463328, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"and solve for how count1 predicts count2\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T19:39:55.520000\"}, {\"Id\": 302479, \"PostId\": 302479, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"That would be telling .The proof is in the pudding .\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-23T01:12:58.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 302439, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Does anybody know if this is the case? </p>\\n\\n<p>Yes your are right it regrettably does not incorp\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 228241, \"OwnerUserId\": 228241, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Forecasting a time series $(x_t,{\\\\bf Y_t})$ where all we care about is forecasting $x_t$\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><multivariate-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider a multivariate time series <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$(x_t,{\\\\bf Y}_t)$</span> <span c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-22T18:11:09.603000\", \"AccountId\": 18031006.0, \"DisplayName\": \"LostStatistician18\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 17551, \"PostId\": 17551, \"UserId\": 2149, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \":mpiktas you would think ... but the approximate standard error of an ACF is 1/sqrt(nob) thus all AC\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-08T15:59:25.570000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 17548, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>the model that you are using may be the problem </p>\\n\\n<p>1.5314 -0.55 </p>\\n\\n<p>indicates that \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 5364, \"OwnerUserId\": 5364, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Univariate time series forecasting based on auto.arima \", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><forecasting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have univariate time series data (windspeed at a particular place) measured at 1 hour interval \", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-18T15:19:50.597000\", \"AccountId\": 1049885.0, \"DisplayName\": \"r00kie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 253097, \"PostId\": 253097, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"49215f8c-81af-4ec6-92ec-95fa3b23a237\", \"Text\": \"My suggested approach encompasses models that are much more general than ARIMA as they include the p\", \"Comment\": \"added 538 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-06T09:55:49.753000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 253075, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>My suggested approach encompasses models that are much more general than ARIMA as they include th\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 182462, \"OwnerUserId\": 182462, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it possible to automate time series forecasting?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><python>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to build an algorithm that would be able to analyze any time series and \\\"automatical\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-01T23:19:13.097000\", \"AccountId\": 14863152.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StatsNewbie123\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 219584, \"PostId\": 219584, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1422902d-82f8-4e9b-9e03-b8b803616b46\", \"Text\": \"Hourly data ( and I have seen lots of hourly data sets ) are best handled by incorporating day-of-th\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-04T17:53:10.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 219579, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Hourly data ( and I have seen lots of hourly data sets ) are best handled by incorporating day-of\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 149217, \"OwnerUserId\": 149217, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How many lags for a VAR model for hourly data?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><model-selection><vector-autoregression><lags>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am doing VAR analysis of 5 years long data. It is hourly data, so 1~24 hours every day and this\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-04T17:12:11.597000\", \"AccountId\": 12697718.0, \"DisplayName\": \"junmouse\", \"Location\": \"대한민국 Seoul\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 10472, \"PostId\": 10472, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f11a5d8-4424-4be4-b7ae-bf0461e020b1\", \"Text\": \"You have time series data and one develops an equation for intra-day usage which may use either an a\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-06-03T10:32:18.730000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 10471, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have time series data and one develops an equation for intra-day usage which may use either a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3186, \"OwnerUserId\": 3186, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 10472, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Victor Lin\", \"Title\": \"What's the best formula to fit the distribution of website user number over a day\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a web-site, and I found the distribution of user number in a day have an obvious pattern. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-06-03T10:53:18.440000\", \"AccountId\": 12664.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fang-Pen Lin\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://fangpenlin.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Master Generalist Software Engineer, Senior Software Engineer at Niantic, opinions are my own.</p\"}]}, {\"Id\": 866413, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d5d39a08-36cc-4f35-a59c-19e56be03130\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T09:25:28.890000\"}, {\"Id\": 268273, \"PostId\": 268273, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b2826fd3-71a2-46d4-81c3-47f4da504d78\", \"Text\": \"I don't use or recommend auto.arima for a few reasons BUT I do know some things about the Box-Cox la\", \"Comment\": \"added 14 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-19T16:47:20.587000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 268271, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I don't use or recommend auto.arima if anomalies (pulses) or level shifts or local time trends or\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 134259, \"OwnerUserId\": 134259, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"auto.arima throws error wrong length for 'fixed'\", \"Tags\": \"<r><forecasting><arima><error-message>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using auto.arima from the R forecast package.\\nWhen using this function with lambda parameter\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-28T13:13:28.930000\", \"AccountId\": 11874444.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CD.\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco, CA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 866449, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72967767-80ff-4a9b-9cc7-b0cabb25747c\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 934 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T10:53:40.127000\"}, {\"Id\": 866453, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"886c2496-a910-4bc1-97ba-1f7240192b3c\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 13 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T11:02:14.400000\"}, {\"Id\": 866463, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e4c10fa3-d279-49cc-8782-19baec6f3aae\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 13 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T11:07:25.940000\"}, {\"Id\": 866465, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3d4dd14a-ec53-45c1-a21f-a883ba90db45\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 13 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T11:12:26.957000\"}, {\"Id\": 866467, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9037d325-a537-478c-a581-2f25d761092e\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 2 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T11:18:18.343000\"}, {\"Id\": 866481, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2f4972e3-8c50-4590-a75e-7f89016530d7\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 111 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T11:48:04.753000\"}, {\"Id\": 303173, \"PostId\": 303173, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5b3bf4ac-2efd-41c6-8fe7-51d588b34dec\", \"Text\": \"or maybe the dominant seasonality is deterministic in form …. think 23 possible hourly effects .. th\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-29T19:13:37.013000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 303171, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>or maybe the dominant seasonality is deterministic in form …. think 23 possible hourly effects ..\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 227144, \"OwnerUserId\": 227144, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Optimal Lag Selection Indicates Lag 98\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><model-selection><aic><vector-autoregression><lags>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to identify the optimal lag for my multivariate time series and currently I am gettin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-10T12:40:30.137000\", \"AccountId\": 17680831.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sally_ar\", \"Location\": \"Toronto, ON, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am further enhancing my data analytics skills by including machine learning and AI to my toolbo\"}]}, {\"Id\": 866495, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1a18c381-6134-4513-9cd7-96e3485896c5\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 350 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T12:29:06.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 866497, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7cdc6c18-24a8-4a88-a3df-31683d251615\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"BIS IS \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T12:34:24.260000\"}, {\"Id\": 287660, \"PostId\": 287660, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2476062f-d247-4832-880b-961631732446\", \"Text\": \"Your approach to time series analysis is quite arbitrary and will not yield the kind information tha\", \"Comment\": \"added 31 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-28T19:02:49.550000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 287401, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Your approach to time series analysis is quite arbitrary and will not yield the kind information \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17224, \"OwnerUserId\": 17224, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Identifying pattern in timeseries using Mean\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><time-series>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have time series data which has 5 days worth of data. The pattern of the is mostly stable (assu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-24T15:23:03.547000\", \"AccountId\": 1102504.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kosa\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://NA\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Programmer</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 866521, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"527fa66f-82a6-4929-b69a-36b3a9cb0418\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 157 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T14:06:57.823000\"}, {\"Id\": 248170, \"PostId\": 248170, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fecc70a4-f647-4ced-8938-6526c7f6e092\", \"Text\": \"After being advised that the 48 values were MONTHLY.. A useful model was automatically constructed b\", \"Comment\": \"added 375 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-20T13:15:48.980000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 248080, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>After being advised that the 48 values were MONTHLY.. A useful model was automatically constructe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 177847, \"OwnerUserId\": 177847, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Negative Forecast using Holt-Winters\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><forecasting><data-transformation><exponential-smoothing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I tried to use Holt-Winters for forecasting, but it gives me negative values, but since these are\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-19T13:46:59.313000\", \"AccountId\": 14578043.0, \"DisplayName\": \"paty26s\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 866544, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4be58fa7-381c-4b92-a522-5d02caf85ef2\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 122 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T15:10:28.103000\"}, {\"Id\": 99341, \"PostId\": 99341, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8abbe555-c388-4cb1-addc-660054c0fd36\", \"Text\": \"I suggest using monthly data and then accumulating the forecasts to an annual level . The forecast u\", \"Comment\": \"added 204 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-10T23:59:24.390000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 99340, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I suggest using monthly data and then accumulating the forecasts to an annual level . The forecas\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 45572, \"OwnerUserId\": 45572, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can I remove seasonal autocorrelation through aggregation?\", \"Tags\": \"<autocorrelation><aggregation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have monthly time series data and there is autocorrelation? I can solve for this using lagged d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-10T23:51:13.650000\", \"AccountId\": 5768580.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Steve85\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 866613, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b01f0559-a694-4a6d-b52c-f62a29d0afb2\", \"Text\": \"In my opinion one should generally follow https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/75/ and\", \"Comment\": \"added 460 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T19:33:07.417000\"}, {\"Id\": 290393, \"PostId\": 290393, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"01d172db-af1e-4863-8e05-2d4cc020b00e\", \"Text\": \"stats.stackexchange.com/questions/437053/… discusses how to form a useful model i.e. extract latent \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-23T19:41:59.550000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 290340, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>stats.stackexchange.com/questions/437053/… discusses how to form a useful model i.e. extract late\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 89377, \"OwnerUserId\": 89377, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Uni-variate hourly time series anomaly detection by TBATS\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><anomaly-detection><univariate><tbats>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have hourly and +4 years length of air pollution data (PM10). It has 24 (daily), 168 (weekly) a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-17T07:32:49.023000\", \"AccountId\": 268869.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sezen\", \"Location\": \"Turkey\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ismailsezen.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"an ordinary coder!\"}]}, {\"Id\": 248351, \"PostId\": 248351, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8448e74b-7425-49a3-8cb8-60d01b460c22\", \"Text\": \"Outliers can occur in patches thus making them level shifts . Outliers can occur systematically ...s\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-22T13:49:50.167000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 248349, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Outliers can occur in patches thus making them level shifts . Outliers can occur systematically .\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 178037, \"OwnerUserId\": 178037, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Usage of tsclean() in time series data\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><forecasting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider the scenario, where I have many time series data. I have to make predictions for all.I m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-21T18:47:14.730000\", \"AccountId\": 13631481.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jefe23984\", \"Location\": \"Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 185336, \"PostId\": 185336, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2c14f854-98a9-44ce-a06f-26bcd998ce73\", \"Text\": \"The statistic/characterization/summary that you are looking for is \\\"there has been a downward trend \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-03T21:12:45.647000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 185333, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The statistic/characterization/summary that you are looking for is \\\"there has been a downward tre\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 112614, \"OwnerUserId\": 112614, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 185336, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Best way to describe changes in performance through time.\", \"Tags\": \"<descriptive-statistics><median><mean-absolute-deviation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm wondering how to explain changes in production/performance metrics quarter to quarter. In the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-03T20:32:09.767000\", \"AccountId\": 10604862.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mr. Geologist\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 24026, \"PostId\": 24026, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8ce7b31f-71af-4fa8-9e90-3d5eb96b26df\", \"Text\": \"The impact of level shifts , seasonal pulses and local time trends ... in addition to one-time pulse\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 9 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-26T00:58:19.170000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 24025, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The impact of level shifts , seasonal pulses and local time trends ... in addition to one-time pu\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6672, \"OwnerUserId\": 6672, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pitfalls in time series analysis\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><self-study>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am just starting out self-learning in time series analysis. I have noticed that there are a num\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-07T01:02:53.447000\", \"AccountId\": 73202.0, \"DisplayName\": \"naught101\", \"Location\": \"Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.naught101.org\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Contact:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>Skype: naught101</p>\\n \\n <p>XMPP/Googletalk: naught101@jabber.or\"}]}, {\"Id\": 283532, \"PostId\": 283532, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2958e16d-785d-4601-905b-c91e8e66f88b\", \"Text\": \"The appropriate parametric method is called Intervention Detection http://docplayer.net/12080848-Out\", \"Comment\": \"added 58 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-16T12:45:34.737000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 283447, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The appropriate parametric method is called Intervention Detection <a href=\\\"http://docplayer.net/\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 283447, \"OwnerUserId\": 211111, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 283546, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Simple outlier detection for time series\", \"Tags\": \"<python><anomaly-detection>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wanted to generate a very simple example of anomaly detection for time series. So I created sam\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-15T10:08:13.817000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 9576, \"PostId\": 9576, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9ace9671-10ef-4145-b00f-a034ae07a501\", \"Text\": \"r square of 97.2\\r\\n\\r\\n\\r\\nEstimation/Diagnostic Checking for Variable Y Y \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-05-08T17:51:27.797000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 9435, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>r square of 97.2</p>\\n\\n<p>Estimation/Diagnostic Checking for Variable Y Y<br>\\n \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 667, \"OwnerUserId\": 667, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Data mining: How should I go about finding the functional form?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><algorithms><model-selection><data-mining>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm curious about repeatable procedures that can be used to discover the functional form of the f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T10:13:51.707000\", \"AccountId\": 23344.0, \"DisplayName\": \"knorv\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 276068, \"PostId\": 276068, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8861ba07-792b-4060-aab0-6fedeba8e397\", \"Text\": \"Simple tests for trend/seasonality simply don't work as Gaussian Violations ( arima structure , late\", \"Comment\": \"added 155 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-03T10:17:02.507000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 276022, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>My expert and well-trained eye gets tired and bored and thusly often fails to deliver subtlety...\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 204866, \"OwnerUserId\": 204866, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Trend & Seasonality Determination in Time Series without looking at Graph\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><seasonality><trend><test-for-trend>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Most of the articles I have read describe determining Trends and Seasonal (TS) effects through ro\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-02T21:57:55.157000\", \"AccountId\": 10873795.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Munish\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 38526, \"PostId\": 38526, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eaef16d5-dcf3-4f88-8091-1d4c1aeb526a\", \"Text\": \"Exponential smoothing (Brown's method) is a particular variant of an ARIMA model (0,1,1) . In genera\", \"Comment\": \"added 188 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-12T21:33:27.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 35225, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Exponential smoothing (Brown's method) is a particular variant of an ARIMA model (0,1,1) . In gen\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12317, \"OwnerUserId\": 12317, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence intervals for exponential smoothing\", \"Tags\": \"<exponential-smoothing><confidence-interval><state-space-models>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using exponential smoothing (Brown's method) for forecasting. The forecast can be calculated \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-13T16:30:16.867000\", \"AccountId\": 2039954.0, \"DisplayName\": \"adam\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 211308, \"PostId\": 211308, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5a648d04-ba7d-4817-a2d7-f5a7b2788989\", \"Text\": \"keep in mind that there is a presumption of no pulses, no level shifts , no seasonal pulses and no l\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-15T12:04:50.840000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 211306, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>keep in mind that there is a presumption of no pulses, no level shifts , no seasonal pulses and n\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 98358, \"OwnerUserId\": 98358, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Selection of an ARIMA model looking at the ACF and PACF\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><arima><model-selection>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using the table below as model selection tool (at least as starting point)</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-06T08:45:10.353000\", \"AccountId\": 4635416.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user158013\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 54484, \"PostId\": 54484, \"UserId\": 2149, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"792145d2-72c9-40de-8fe5-0cbe903d03d9\", \"Text\": \"You say you sent me the data , I don't recall ever receiving it. Can upu please contact me at my ema\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-09-01T13:08:31.803000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 37938, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You say you sent me the data , I don't recall ever receiving it. Can upu please contact me at my \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12835, \"OwnerUserId\": 12835, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to forecast number of donations?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to forecast/predict the number of donations expected to be received at multiple locat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-12-02T20:22:45.917000\", \"AccountId\": 2056766.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1834300\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 58422, \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 58401, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You can just use the history of Y or also your suggested causal. I have not seen “sample of sale\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-29T13:00:03.613000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 22544, \"OwnerUserId\": 22544, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 58422, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What model should one use for this short time series?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><time-series><multiple-regression><predictive-models>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Below I have quarterly total sales on the left (dependent variable), and a sample of the sales on\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-10T03:48:14.553000\", \"AccountId\": 3384364.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hype\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 173906, \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 173902, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The solution is known generally as a Transfer Function sometimes as a Dynamic Regression <a href=\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-04T14:39:54.287000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 74454, \"OwnerUserId\": 74454, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Autocorrelation and GLS\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><autocorrelation><generalized-least-squares>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If autocorrelation in a model is detected by the Breusch-Godfrey test for r-th order autocorrelat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-28T15:33:54.800000\", \"AccountId\": 4514752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Badalyan\", \"Location\": \"Spain\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Economics student at King's College London.\\nFormer IB Higher level mathematics, economics and his\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2149, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 463292, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Following the previous comment. Unfortunately, I have no idea on how to handle the violating assumpt\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-25T16:50:52.393000\"}, {\"Id\": 463477, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you! answers to **two questions** would help a lot:\\n1. these time series are **count data** th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-26T15:48:37.487000\"}, {\"Id\": 463479, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Also, I would like to add an element that may be important: there were harsh environmental condition\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-26T15:57:18.613000\"}, {\"Id\": 463743, \"PostId\": 248730, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thank you for the help! as a summary I may say that Autobox, the software @IrisStat has used here (o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-28T15:39:37.567000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 962438, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 248730, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-28T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 248512, \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 248730, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which test for lagged effect of one time series on another?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><autocorrelation><cross-correlation><lags><ardl>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a data set with three variables: year (21 consecutive years) and two time series which are\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T16:54:56.853000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 865682, \"PostId\": 248512, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cc2bc6ea-58e1-4511-9ef2-dd6f21629d89\", \"Text\": \"<r><time-series><autocorrelation><cross-correlation><ardl>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T16:54:56.853000\"}, {\"Id\": 866261, \"PostId\": 248512, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f6465f23-bd1e-4bbd-87c4-5ef7306abf31\", \"Text\": \"Which test for lagged effect of one time series on another?\", \"Comment\": \"edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-24T21:05:24.303000\"}, {\"Id\": 865680, \"PostId\": 248512, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cc2bc6ea-58e1-4511-9ef2-dd6f21629d89\", \"Text\": \"I have a data set with three variables: year (21 consecutive years) and two time series which are co\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T16:54:56.853000\"}, {\"Id\": 865681, \"PostId\": 248512, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cc2bc6ea-58e1-4511-9ef2-dd6f21629d89\", \"Text\": \"Which test for time-delayed effect of one time series on another\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T16:54:56.853000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 222085, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 147163, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Regarding the question 1) I have found that GVIF should be used in my case. This statistic is availa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-27T08:20:04.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multicollinearity between predictors used to simulate data?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><simulation><multicollinearity><variance-inflation-factor>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have simulated a dataset containing individual level variables that results from two processes.\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 11615, \"RelatedPostId\": 55823, \"PostId\": 222085, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-15T10:12:52.207000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11615, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 74059, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which variance inflation factor should I be using: $\\\\text{GVIF}$ or $\\\\text{GVIF}^{1/(2\\\\cdot\\\\text{df}\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multicollinearity><variance-inflation-factor>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to interpret variance inflation factors using the <code>vif</code> function in the R p\", \"AccountId\": 1012608.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jay\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 841835, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 222085, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-27T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1215980, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 222085, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-22T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 771573, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"18783bc2-be50-42a9-b893-e8fc736044a3\", \"Text\": \"<simulation><multicollinearity><variance-inflation-factor>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-27T08:20:04.703000\"}, {\"Id\": 771574, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"18783bc2-be50-42a9-b893-e8fc736044a3\", \"Text\": \"I have simulated a dataset containing individual level variables that results from two processes. \\r\\n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-27T08:20:04.703000\"}, {\"Id\": 771575, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"18783bc2-be50-42a9-b893-e8fc736044a3\", \"Text\": \"Multicollinearity between predictors used to simulate data\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-27T08:20:04.703000\"}, {\"Id\": 771578, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 147163, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4406ddab-76d4-4c2c-b15e-62be07638400\", \"Text\": \"I have simulated a dataset containing individual level variables that results from two processes. \\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"improved formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-27T08:43:57.850000\"}, {\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a5a546d-711d-4875-9e2e-dd6246dc21d9\", \"Text\": \"<regression><simulation><multicollinearity><variance-inflation-factor>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1085508, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a5a546d-711d-4875-9e2e-dd6246dc21d9\", \"Text\": \"I have simulated a dataset containing individual level variables that results from two processes. \\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-22T17:00:20.203000\"}, {\"Id\": 1085509, \"PostId\": 222085, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a5a546d-711d-4875-9e2e-dd6246dc21d9\", \"Text\": \"Multicollinearity between predictors used to simulate data?\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-22T17:00:20.203000\"}]}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 277780, \"UserId\": 147163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-01-18T12:10:45.540000\"}, {\"Id\": 277782, \"UserId\": 147163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-01-18T12:21:02.130000\"}, {\"Id\": 330535, \"UserId\": 147163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Informed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-10-28T15:43:29.027000\"}, {\"Id\": 330538, \"UserId\": 147163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-10-28T15:50:17.580000\"}, {\"Id\": 330540, \"UserId\": 147163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-10-28T15:55:23.580000\"}, {\"Id\": 330166, \"UserId\": 147163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Tumbleweed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-10-25T20:30:24.807000\"}, {\"Id\": 330606, \"UserId\": 147163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-10-29T04:05:09.360000\"}, {\"Id\": 428798, \"UserId\": 147163, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-05-17T09:42:37.367000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 147163, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":90,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"Id\": 18513, \"AccountId\": 2076911.0, \"DisplayName\": \"goldisfine\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-31T21:17:53.117000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 102772, \"PostId\": 102772, \"UserId\": 18513, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Sorry if my question is unclear. I will try to rephrase: Why isn't $\\\\alpha_j \\\\sim N(\\\\mu, \\\\tau^2)$ e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T22:21:37.797000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 102785, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How is Group Level Term Estimated in Multilevel Model?\", \"Tags\": \"<multilevel-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understand from reading Gelman and Hill that for a multilevel model such as this one</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 30778, \"PostId\": 102772, \"UserId\": 30778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Not sure if I quite understand your question, but a weighted average (point estimate) does not inclu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-22T15:44:33.497000\", \"AccountId\": 3771174.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alexis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alexisdinno.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>Alexis Dinno</strong> is a social epidemiologist at the Oregon Health & Science Unive\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 335663, \"PostId\": 102772, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7acf533b-655e-4c64-9865-41688172b1fd\", \"Text\": \"<multilevel-analysis>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T22:21:37.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 335664, \"PostId\": 102772, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7acf533b-655e-4c64-9865-41688172b1fd\", \"Text\": \"How is Group Level Term Estimated in Multilevel Model?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T22:21:37.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 335665, \"PostId\": 102772, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7acf533b-655e-4c64-9865-41688172b1fd\", \"Text\": \"I understand from reading Gelman and Hill that for a multilevel model such as this one\\r\\n\\r\\n$$ y_i \\\\si\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T22:21:37.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 335677, \"PostId\": 102772, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c395bd14-beb8-4cb8-880c-01aeaafac0e4\", \"Text\": \"I understand from reading Gelman and Hill that for a multilevel model such as this one\\r\\n\\r\\n$$ y_i \\\\si\", \"Comment\": \"Clarifying question in the last paragraph.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T22:48:53.773000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 47440, \"OwnerUserId\": 47440, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 102772, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Mr. GoldIsFine,</p>\\n\\n<p>It is not 100% clear to me if you're asking for a mathematical response o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-13T18:04:34.333000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 191210, \"PostId\": 102785, \"UserId\": 18513, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Small follow-up question: why is $\\\\Pi = (\\\\tau, \\\\sigma)$ rather than $(\\\\tau, \\\\mu)$, since $\\\\tau$ and \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-20T17:00:35.630000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 383084, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 102785, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-07T00:00:00\"}], \"AccountId\": 3165483.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jlimahaverford\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 102782, \"PostId\": 102782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber I really did see that post before (have the tab open from the morning). Mike Lawrence does a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T23:25:55.187000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does (1|g1/g2) mean in a lmer formula?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multilevel-analysis><lme4-nlme>\", \"Body\": \"<p>What does this formula mean?</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>lmer(y ~ (1|g1/g2))\\n</code></pre>\\n\\n<p>equivalently:<\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 11941, \"RelatedPostId\": 11941, \"PostId\": 102782, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-17T21:50:47.643000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 11948, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"DBR\", \"Title\": \"R's lmer cheat sheet\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><random-effects-model><fixed-effects-model><lme4-nlme>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There's a lot of discussion going on on this forum about the proper way to specify various hierar\"}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 102782, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Isn't the answer available at http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/13166/rs-lmer-cheat-sheet/131\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 26432, \"PostId\": 69018, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Charles It is difficult to see how a continuous version of a zip code could be used as a surrogate \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-27T18:16:05.697000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26432, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 70321, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to deal with nominal variable with too many levels?\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><generalized-linear-model><modeling><categorical-data><many-categories>\", \"Body\": \"<p>currently I'm trying to model a response variable y, and I have zip code as my independent variab\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 130040, \"PostId\": 69018, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber if zip code is being used as a marker for distance from something or socioeconomic status (1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-28T19:21:33.173000\"}, {\"Id\": 144257, \"PostId\": 69018, \"UserId\": 18513, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber I do think that there is some merit to the argument of charles. See this infographic which d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T18:06:50.830000\"}, {\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 69018, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Fused lasso, or have a look at: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/227125/preprocess-categor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 56730, \"PostId\": 56730, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2a7c290b-094a-4728-8a6e-5e0a49119a83\", \"Text\": \"<hypothesis-testing><t-test><interpretation>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-03T13:27:11.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can a t-test be used to compare the distributions between groups of data?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><t-test><interpretation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understand that the t-test is used to test the difference in means for two populations when the\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 216237, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 56730, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-03T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 183731, \"PostId\": 56730, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f68f99ee-483e-414f-b138-4e8c6fb19d09\", \"Text\": \"I understand that the t-test is used to test the difference in means for two populations when the po\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-03T13:27:11.597000\"}, {\"Id\": 183732, \"PostId\": 56730, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f68f99ee-483e-414f-b138-4e8c6fb19d09\", \"Text\": \"How can a t-test be used to compare the distributions between groups of data?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-03T13:27:11.597000\"}, {\"Id\": 183733, \"PostId\": 56730, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f68f99ee-483e-414f-b138-4e8c6fb19d09\", \"Text\": \"<t-test>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-03T13:27:11.597000\"}, {\"Id\": 183751, \"PostId\": 56730, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0e960c85-9c5f-4ffc-869a-5376ab014bd5\", \"Text\": \"I understand that the t-test is used to test the difference in means for two populations when the po\", \"Comment\": \"added 665 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-03T13:46:26.420000\"}, {\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 56730, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"1661b177-98c9-4272-bf08-fbcf71929063\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 77524, \"PostId\": 77524, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3207d220-2311-436d-b565-f820a9394f27\", \"Text\": \"I'm sure that you would have thought of this already if this were the case, but if the test set has \", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T17:49:33.483000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 25912, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'm sure that you would have thought of this already if this were the case, but if the test set h\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 669315, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 77524, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-21T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 670251, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 77524, \"VoteTypeId\": 16, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-22T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 253051, \"PostId\": 77524, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"86370ecb-7801-4a2b-96be-12c714d983dc\", \"Text\": \"I'm sure that you would have thought of this already if this were the case, but if the test set has \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T17:49:33.483000\"}, {\"Id\": 605566, \"PostId\": 77524, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 24, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ee83a243-c4c0-4c69-870f-fc892dc0f27e\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"Proposed by 73547 approved by 8336, 99274 edit id of 21345\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-22T00:18:34.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 49319, \"PostId\": 77524, \"UserId\": 49319, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ee83a243-c4c0-4c69-870f-fc892dc0f27e\", \"Text\": \"I'm sure that you would have thought of this already if this were the case, but if the test set has \", \"Comment\": \"added the term from literature for the idea discussed.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-14T18:33:51.690000\", \"AccountId\": 219809.0, \"DisplayName\": \"discipulus\", \"Location\": \"Finland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 8859, \"OwnerUserId\": 8859, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 25914, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random forest: how to handle new factor levels in test set?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><categorical-data><random-forest>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to make predictions using a random forest model in R.</p>\\n\\n<p>However I get errors si\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-29T23:41:32.850000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 8363, \"PostId\": 25912, \"UserId\": 8363, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I see know reason why values in the test would have to be in the training set. The idea of classifi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-02T14:04:04.697000\", \"AccountId\": 1454110.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michael R. Chernick\", \"Location\": \"Holland, Pennsylvania, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Michael Ross Chernick --- 01-01-2021<br />\\n<a href=\\\"https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2021/\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 465924, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 25912, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 100170, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 25912, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 618931, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 25912, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-11T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 623925, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 25912, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-22T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 710809, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 25912, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-10T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 894432, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 25912, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-09T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 78646, \"PostId\": 25912, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": \"user88\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"248d6605-c8ab-4686-9dcd-72ed82a6f195\", \"Text\": \"Random forest and new factor levels in test set\", \"Comment\": \"edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-30T08:46:47.770000\"}, {\"Id\": 5237, \"PostId\": 25912, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a39e2c43-86a3-4c17-ac16-312b53b7557b\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to make predictions using a random forest model in R.\\r\\n\\r\\nHowever I get errors since some\", \"Comment\": \"light editing & formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-09T04:43:15.613000\", \"AccountId\": 1028075.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gung - Reinstate Monica\", \"Location\": \"Kingdom of Zhao\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Long\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Stack Exchange's actions have been reprehensible. Monica Cellio, a popular and well-respected vo\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 190596, \"PostId\": 102782, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber, I'm a big fan of that answer, but I wonder if there is some room for someone to elaborate s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T23:31:57.610000\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7812, \"OwnerUserId\": 7812, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 25912, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If the test set has a lot of these points with new factor values then I'm not sure what the best \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-04T05:46:06.827000\", \"AccountId\": 1340342.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bogdanovist\", \"Location\": \"Sydney, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 1526580.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Benoit_Plante\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 657830, \"PostId\": 69018, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f5fddd19-9254-49f8-bc0d-8194d81b05e4\", \"Text\": \"<logistic><generalized-linear-model><modeling><categorical-data><many-categories>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-16T23:44:11.567000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 290675, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 69018, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 290709, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 69018, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 714775, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 69018, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-17T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 256581, \"PostId\": 69018, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": \"user88\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6e581053-88ae-4aaa-b944-79c308e2219d\", \"Text\": \"How to deal with nominal variable with too many levels?\", \"Comment\": \"edited body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T18:46:15.500000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 78581, \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 69018, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm not sure whether this is 100 percent valid, but one thing that strikes me is that you might c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T18:11:06.123000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 60853, \"PostId\": 78581, \"UserId\": 60853, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"why the downvote?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-05T10:27:25.447000\", \"AccountId\": 3186716.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user90772\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 867675, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 78581, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 714774, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 78581, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-17T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 256572, \"PostId\": 78581, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6d926bc0-ff80-4867-8821-41df14a57548\", \"Text\": \"I'm not sure whether this is 100 percent valid, but one thing that strikes me is that you might conv\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T18:11:06.123000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 3499421.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2926523\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 375626, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 102782, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1018392, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 102782, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-27T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 335695, \"PostId\": 102782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b1642a9-968c-4199-9e4c-71df53b1dacb\", \"Text\": \"What does this formula mean?\\r\\n\\r\\n lmer(y ~ (1|g1/g2))\\r\\n\\r\\nequivalently:\\r\\n\\r\\n lmer(y ~ (1|g1) + (1\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T23:25:55.187000\"}, {\"Id\": 335696, \"PostId\": 102782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b1642a9-968c-4199-9e4c-71df53b1dacb\", \"Text\": \"What does (1|g1/g2) mean in a lmer formula?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T23:25:55.187000\"}, {\"Id\": 335697, \"PostId\": 102782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b1642a9-968c-4199-9e4c-71df53b1dacb\", \"Text\": \"<r><multilevel-analysis><lme4-nlme>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T23:25:55.187000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 103503, \"PostId\": 103503, \"UserId\": 18513, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I can try to come up with an example, but I cannot share the data that I am working with so will tak\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-24T20:42:01.027000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"STAN slowed by rank deficiency?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multilevel-analysis><stan>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does having a set of predictors which are not linearly separable slow down the model fit in STAN?\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 20773, \"PostId\": 103503, \"UserId\": 20773, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you post code for a reproducible example?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-13T16:12:25.523000\", \"AccountId\": 3123897.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ellis Valentiner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 424636, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 103503, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 338163, \"PostId\": 103503, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a215833-1bb7-463b-b00b-974b1ac30b41\", \"Text\": \"Does having a set of predictors which are not linearly separable slow down the model fit in STAN? If\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-24T20:42:01.027000\"}, {\"Id\": 338164, \"PostId\": 103503, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a215833-1bb7-463b-b00b-974b1ac30b41\", \"Text\": \"STAN slowed by rank deficiency?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-24T20:42:01.027000\"}, {\"Id\": 338165, \"PostId\": 103503, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a215833-1bb7-463b-b00b-974b1ac30b41\", \"Text\": \"<r><multilevel-analysis><stan>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-24T20:42:01.027000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 48895, \"OwnerUserId\": 48895, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103503, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Yes, it does. I think you are introducing multicollinearity and your model is not identified. Sta\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-08T08:20:46.443000\", \"AccountId\": 2980765.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stijn\", \"Location\": \"Perth, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.business.uwa.edu.au/school/staff-profiles?type=profile&dn=cn%3DStijn%20Masschelein%2Cou%3\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am working as a management accounting lecturer at UWA. My lecture notes can be found <a href=\\\"h\"}]}, {\"Id\": 6333, \"PostId\": 19825, \"UserId\": 18513, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think that this post could include how to actually determine, with R code, how to extract the pred\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-18T21:03:46.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6333, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 19811, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This question is amenable to a decision tree analysis technique. With a continuous outcome, the s\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 4964, \"PostId\": 19825, \"UserId\": 4964, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Michelle: Thank you for this information and help. It seems like decision trees will give me many p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-21T14:55:27.643000\", \"AccountId\": 352325.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stepthom\", \"Location\": \"Kingston, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 32653, \"PostId\": 19825, \"UserId\": 4964, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Michelle: Thanks again for your update. I'm still having trouble understanding if this fully answer\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-04T13:33:41.423000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19811, \"OwnerUserId\": 4964, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 19825, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to determine the combination of factor levels for which the response variable is highest\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><anova><cart>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have run an experiment with 5 categorical factors. The factors have anywhere between 2 and 8 le\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-02T20:16:44.803000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 76400, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 19825, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 76404, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 19825, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 362429, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 19825, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-09T00:00:00\"}], \"AccountId\": 1020034.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michelle\", \"Location\": \"New Zealand\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://NA\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Social scientist/applied statistician, and have worked in the welfare, health, justice, and defen\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 121372, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-07-16T22:02:08.163000\"}, {\"Id\": 106053, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-03-25T16:21:37.993000\"}, {\"Id\": 99413, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Critic\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-02-09T06:17:21.530000\"}, {\"Id\": 78940, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-09-23T01:39:59.050000\"}, {\"Id\": 50279, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-11-04T19:43:29.830000\"}, {\"Id\": 461425, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-12-15T01:41:56.667000\"}, {\"Id\": 48251, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-10-03T15:16:43.473000\"}, {\"Id\": 300190, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-05-10T23:51:14\"}, {\"Id\": 73385, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Tumbleweed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-07-22T17:21:05.500000\"}, {\"Id\": 290987, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-03-28T05:18:13.380000\"}, {\"Id\": 79043, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Curious\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-09-24T02:07:57.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 129766, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-09-14T22:14:25.943000\"}, {\"Id\": 40191, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-06-13T13:40:53.993000\"}, {\"Id\": 190736, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-10-08T19:40:02.543000\"}, {\"Id\": 272665, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-12-14T03:37:07.047000\"}, {\"Id\": 215895, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Teacher\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-02-21T23:08:21.247000\"}, {\"Id\": 395622, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-11-14T00:25:16.250000\"}, {\"Id\": 130434, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-09-19T00:45:09.893000\"}, {\"Id\": 399242, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-11-27T09:00:11.097000\"}, {\"Id\": 329721, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-10-23T16:10:31.497000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 102397, \"PostId\": 102397, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6912ec15-0ea7-4159-a595-ad0b253d576c\", \"Text\": \"I'm fitting regression and classification trees. I thought that the algorithm to fit the tree led to\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-13T21:42:09.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is the rpart CART algorithm deterministic? Why are the plots for the CP different?\", \"Tags\": \"<cart><rpart>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm fitting regression and classification trees. I thought that the algorithm to fit the tree led\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 334603, \"PostId\": 102397, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7f064a6b-a653-46a2-8d50-f142330b0d91\", \"Text\": \"I'm fitting regression and classification trees. I thought that the algorithm to fit the tree led to\", \"Comment\": \"added 49 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-14T19:41:19.800000\"}, {\"Id\": 334392, \"PostId\": 102397, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6912ec15-0ea7-4159-a595-ad0b253d576c\", \"Text\": \"Is the rpart CART algorithm deterministic? Why are the plots for the CP different?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-13T21:42:09.413000\"}, {\"Id\": 334393, \"PostId\": 102397, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6912ec15-0ea7-4159-a595-ad0b253d576c\", \"Text\": \"<cart><rpart>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-13T21:42:09.413000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 58545, \"OwnerUserId\": 58545, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 102397, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I believe @Christoph is correct. Yes, the algorithm is deterministic. Using <code>printcp</code> \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-01T04:49:09.163000\", \"AccountId\": 4249905.0, \"DisplayName\": \"digitgopher\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Thanks for helping to make the SE community such a nice corner of the internet. Helpful people an\"}]}, {\"Id\": 103015, \"PostId\": 103015, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f776f9d-ef62-4e3a-b54e-ce6de92b7186\", \"Text\": \"I am building a hierarchical model for prediction purposes, and I am considering modeling the varian\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-19T21:41:24.390000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to say whether the variances of multiple groups are different?\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><f-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am building a hierarchical model for prediction purposes, and I am considering modeling the var\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 336446, \"PostId\": 103015, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f776f9d-ef62-4e3a-b54e-ce6de92b7186\", \"Text\": \"How to say whether the variances of multiple groups are different?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-19T21:41:24.390000\"}, {\"Id\": 336447, \"PostId\": 103015, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f776f9d-ef62-4e3a-b54e-ce6de92b7186\", \"Text\": \"<variance><f-test>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-19T21:41:24.390000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 103592, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fea025f4-dc08-4030-9f98-acf3afac0645\", \"Text\": \"I'm looking at an example of a random effects model with 2 random effects fit by Peter Li demonstrat\", \"Comment\": \"added 154 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T15:41:45.220000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When is mu_a used in this STAN example?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><bayesian><multilevel-analysis><stan>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm looking at an example of a random effects model with 2 random effects fit by Peter Li demonst\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 16431, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 16431, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"My guess is that there is a typo here and it should read a ~ normal(mu_a,sigma_a) and similarly for \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-02T00:18:16.663000\", \"AccountId\": 2493621.0, \"DisplayName\": \"TrynnaDoStat\", \"Location\": \"San Diego, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>"When all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail."</p>\\n\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 103619, \"PostId\": 103619, \"UserId\": 16431, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"512f364e-d4b1-4036-abef-ef3504b86d0c\", \"Text\": \"I believe this is a typo. Peter Li's github is saying this code is for a model in Chapter 13 of Gelm\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T18:38:08.260000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16431, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103592, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I believe this is a typo. Peter Li's github is saying this code is for a model in Chapter 13 of G\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 378006, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 103619, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 383073, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 103619, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-07T00:00:00\"}]}, {\"Id\": 338463, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 16431, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b0e81975-27b6-457a-9533-3711c26e534f\", \"Text\": \"<r><bayesian><multilevel-analysis><stan>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T16:05:25.933000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 24715, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I agree with @TrynnaDoStat - in this example `mu_a` and `mu_b` are just random values drawn from $N(\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T21:19:06.223000\", \"AccountId\": 2242720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": \"Warsaw, Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Before I had studied Chan for thirty years, I saw mountains as\\nmountains, and rivers\"}, {\"Id\": 16043, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 16043, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What is the model supposed to do?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-20T23:59:56.610000\", \"AccountId\": 2523286.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sycorax\", \"Location\": \"Washington, DC, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 192366, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 16043, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@TrynnaDoStat I also agree.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T18:07:27.923000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 377870, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 103592, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 377912, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 103592, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 338454, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0db5d44c-c430-4552-8708-f9f7b7f50f25\", \"Text\": \"<r><multilevel-analysis><stan>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T15:41:45.220000\"}, {\"Id\": 338455, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0db5d44c-c430-4552-8708-f9f7b7f50f25\", \"Text\": \"When is mu_a used in this STAN example?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T15:41:45.220000\"}, {\"Id\": 338456, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0db5d44c-c430-4552-8708-f9f7b7f50f25\", \"Text\": \"I'm looking at an example of a random effects model with 2 random effects fit by Peter Li demonstrat\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T15:41:45.220000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 98022, \"PostId\": 98022, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ee77051f-abe3-49e1-99b0-a5d0e2cad9ad\", \"Text\": \"How do you fit a multilevel regression model in R where you want to include a group-level regression\", \"Comment\": \"added 189 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-27T23:50:45.003000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"goldisfine\", \"Title\": \"How do you fit a group level regression for a multilevel model using the lme4 package in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><lme4-nlme>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How do you fit a multilevel regression model in R where you want to include a group-level regress\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 24402, \"PostId\": 98022, \"UserId\": 24402, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm not sure that I understand your question (fit the country level model, then the MLM ??). You hav\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T03:15:49.293000\", \"AccountId\": 1690358.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alexwhitworth\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.linkedin.com/in/alexwhitworth\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>By day:</strong> Data Scientist working primarily in R, Python, and SQL <br> <br>\\n<strong\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 319186, \"PostId\": 98022, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"226da657-3724-40fa-9fcb-e95558c19e4c\", \"Text\": \"<r><lme4-nlme>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-27T23:50:45.003000\"}, {\"Id\": 319187, \"PostId\": 98022, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"226da657-3724-40fa-9fcb-e95558c19e4c\", \"Text\": \"How do you fit a multilevel regression model in R where you want to include a group-level regression\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-27T23:50:45.003000\"}, {\"Id\": 319188, \"PostId\": 98022, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"226da657-3724-40fa-9fcb-e95558c19e4c\", \"Text\": \"How do you fit a group level regression for a multilevel model using the lme4 package in R?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-27T23:50:45.003000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 134255, \"PostId\": 134255, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25b30f49-d5dd-46a7-90c6-b2a6b208b65c\", \"Text\": \"<r><causalimpact>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T04:00:47.460000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 134258, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Extracting Statistics from CausalImpact Summary\", \"Tags\": \"<r><causalimpact>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say I have a CausalImpact Summary like this:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>> summary(impact)\\nPosterior infer\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 442043, \"PostId\": 134255, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25b30f49-d5dd-46a7-90c6-b2a6b208b65c\", \"Text\": \"Extracting Statistics from CausalImpact Summary\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T04:00:47.460000\"}, {\"Id\": 442044, \"PostId\": 134255, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25b30f49-d5dd-46a7-90c6-b2a6b208b65c\", \"Text\": \"Say I have a CausalImpact Summary like this:\\r\\n\\r\\n > summary(impact)\\r\\n Posterior inference {Caus\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T04:00:47.460000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 80390, \"PostId\": 80390, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"93530491-df63-4b01-b820-17cec0322379\", \"Text\": \"Actual value falling within prediction interval rather than predicted value falling within actual va\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-15T17:20:38.987000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Actual value falling within prediction interval rather than predicted value falling within actual va\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><prediction>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to predict a price for an item on the website. I'm interested in classifying the predi\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 262355, \"PostId\": 80390, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"36f474c1-1525-4487-a155-f669d7f2eb75\", \"Text\": \"I'm trying to predict a price for an item on the website. I'm interested in classifying the predicti\", \"Comment\": \"Caveat about interval\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-15T18:10:35.533000\"}, {\"Id\": 262341, \"PostId\": 80390, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"93530491-df63-4b01-b820-17cec0322379\", \"Text\": \"<probability><prediction>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-15T17:20:38.987000\"}, {\"Id\": 262342, \"PostId\": 80390, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"93530491-df63-4b01-b820-17cec0322379\", \"Text\": \"I'm trying to predict a price for an item on the website. I'm interested in classifying the predicti\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-15T17:20:38.987000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 139535, \"PostId\": 139535, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"135d8962-5c79-4bbc-8245-833ef3a12b0e\", \"Text\": \"I'm using Google Research's Causal Impact package, and I'd like to understand more fully how the pac\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-08T19:09:47.747000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does CausalImpact Prevent Overfitting\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><bias><overfitting><causalimpact>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using Google Research's Causal Impact package, and I'd like to understand more fully how the \", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1166370, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 139535, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-04T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 459979, \"PostId\": 139535, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"135d8962-5c79-4bbc-8245-833ef3a12b0e\", \"Text\": \"How does CausalImpact Prevent Overfitting\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-08T19:09:47.747000\"}, {\"Id\": 459980, \"PostId\": 139535, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"135d8962-5c79-4bbc-8245-833ef3a12b0e\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><bias><overfitting><causalimpact>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-08T19:09:47.747000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 60939, \"OwnerUserId\": 60939, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 139535, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>First of all, as a courtesy to other people reading this, I would like to provide the <a href=\\\"ht\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T11:26:12.947000\", \"AccountId\": 2145847.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MightyCurious\", \"Location\": \"Munich\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data science professional, mathematician, curious individual</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 48579, \"PostId\": 48579, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"04473019-8dc1-4b39-8232-dcf9acf8724e\", \"Text\": \"Modularity: I understand that modularity is supposed to represent sophistication of structure on a m\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-12T19:43:56.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Understanding Gephi statistics\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Modularity: I understand that modularity is supposed to represent sophistication of structure on \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 87207, \"PostId\": 48579, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user88\", \"Text\": \"Can you please elaborate?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-12T20:32:46.220000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 460919, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 48579, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-06T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 153396, \"PostId\": 48579, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": \"user88\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d53937a3-b24e-4378-89d7-17ea1b405054\", \"Text\": \"Modularity: I understand that modularity is supposed to represent sophistication of structure on a m\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 3 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-12T20:32:27.627000\"}, {\"Id\": 153590, \"PostId\": 48579, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"29243864-cb77-49ce-8a73-e9d6fca1ad32\", \"Text\": \"Modularity: I understand that modularity is supposed to represent sophistication of structure on a m\", \"Comment\": \"Attempted to clarify questions.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-13T13:39:39.630000\"}, {\"Id\": 153368, \"PostId\": 48579, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"04473019-8dc1-4b39-8232-dcf9acf8724e\", \"Text\": \"<data-visualization>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-12T19:43:56.543000\"}, {\"Id\": 153369, \"PostId\": 48579, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"04473019-8dc1-4b39-8232-dcf9acf8724e\", \"Text\": \"Understanding Gephi Statistics\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-12T19:43:56.543000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 58438, \"PostId\": 58438, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1beb9baa-bf4e-4dd6-af1d-89de5ea45c89\", \"Text\": \"How do residuals affect the t-stat?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-29T14:52:38.303000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do residuals affect the t-statistic?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><t-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Could a t-statistic for a simple regression relationship with a smaller sum of squared residuals \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 10060, \"PostId\": 58438, \"UserId\": 10060, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"For t-statistics, the effect (aka observed slope - hypothesized slope) is the numerator and the stan\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-02T18:48:06.957000\", \"AccountId\": 1643640.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Penguin_Knight\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hello! When I'm not catching fishies I love to hack into the Antarctic research base's wifi, chec\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 189719, \"PostId\": 58438, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1beb9baa-bf4e-4dd6-af1d-89de5ea45c89\", \"Text\": \"<regression><t-test>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-29T14:52:38.303000\"}, {\"Id\": 189720, \"PostId\": 58438, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1beb9baa-bf4e-4dd6-af1d-89de5ea45c89\", \"Text\": \"Could a t-stat of a plot with a smaller sum of squared residuals but a smaller or less positive slop\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-29T14:52:38.303000\"}, {\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 58438, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6e04fd6a-dfb5-4116-99c6-1082cab36a0b\", \"Text\": \"Could a t-statistic for a simple regression relationship with a smaller sum of squared residuals but\", \"Comment\": \"clarified question on basis of tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 189819, \"PostId\": 58438, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6e04fd6a-dfb5-4116-99c6-1082cab36a0b\", \"Text\": \"How do residuals affect the t-statistic?\", \"Comment\": \"clarified question on basis of tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-29T23:11:52.517000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 104155, \"PostId\": 104155, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"725518f8-948d-42a3-9b58-c2e7cae3cb7b\", \"Text\": \"<r><cart><party>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-31T00:17:39.087000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 104180, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the test statistics used for a conditional inference regression tree?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><cart><party>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In <a href=\\\"http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/party/vignettes/party.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer\\\">Ho\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 159010, \"RelatedPostId\": 104155, \"PostId\": 228700, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-18T19:16:41.267000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 159010, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 228706, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Test statistics used for a conditional inference regression tree?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><cart><rpart><party>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Following the question asked previously about the interpretation of the Test Statistic used for C\", \"AccountId\": 13394925.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ismael\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 124550, \"RelatedPostId\": 104155, \"PostId\": 238753, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-06T12:23:59.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 124550, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Ctree - concerning the splitting criteria\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><cart><party>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a technical question concerning the choice of the splitting criteria for the recursive par\", \"AccountId\": 11268937.0, \"DisplayName\": \"R.B\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 839622, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 104155, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-22T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 340328, \"PostId\": 104155, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"725518f8-948d-42a3-9b58-c2e7cae3cb7b\", \"Text\": \"In [Hothorn et al][1], the test statistic is specified as\\r\\n\\r\\n$$ T_j(L_n, w) = vec(\\\\sum w_i g_j(X_{ji\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-31T00:17:39.087000\"}, {\"Id\": 340329, \"PostId\": 104155, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"725518f8-948d-42a3-9b58-c2e7cae3cb7b\", \"Text\": \"What is the test statistics used for a conditional inference regression tree?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-31T00:17:39.087000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 40403, \"OwnerUserId\": 40403, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 104155, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If both the regressor $X_{ji}$ and the response $Y_i$ are numeric, then both $g(\\\\cdot)$ and $h(\\\\c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-08T08:45:50.373000\", \"AccountId\": 5299634.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Achim Zeileis\", \"Location\": \"Innsbruck, Austria\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.zeileis.org/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Affiliation: Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Statistics, Universität Innsbruck\"}]}, {\"Id\": 61337, \"PostId\": 61337, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1324d005-3d11-49e6-8ab7-0dfd9842b814\", \"Text\": \"Mathematical Explanations behing ANOVA\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-08T04:18:23.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mathematical Explanations behind ANOVA\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><references>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was wondering: could someone could direct me to papers (preferably) or textbooks that give stro\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 231149, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 61337, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-08T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 199556, \"PostId\": 61337, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1324d005-3d11-49e6-8ab7-0dfd9842b814\", \"Text\": \"I was wondering: could someone could direct me to papers (preferably) or textbooks that give strong \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-08T04:18:23.967000\"}, {\"Id\": 199557, \"PostId\": 61337, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1324d005-3d11-49e6-8ab7-0dfd9842b814\", \"Text\": \"<anova>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-08T04:18:23.967000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24608, \"OwnerUserId\": 24608, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 61337, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Try: <a href=\\\"http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0471184993\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">Linear Models</\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-08T16:36:53.187000\", \"AccountId\": 3700238.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user35858\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 86550, \"PostId\": 86550, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b8b69a11-6c7b-4841-b663-b581fc095c7a\", \"Text\": \"I fit a model with a factor with many levels and it takes R a really long time to fit that model. Wh\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:32:31.037000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 86556, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does it take R a long time to fit a model with a many-level factor?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><categorical-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I fit a model with a factor with many levels and it takes R a really long time to fit that model.\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 316453, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 86550, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 316647, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 86550, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 316657, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 86550, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 316468, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 86550, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 441370, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 86550, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-19T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 281645, \"PostId\": 86550, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 25, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"c6945d89-da38-46fb-9756-3968716e1b62\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"http://twitter.com/#!/StackStats/status/514344321194409984\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T09:23:36.923000\"}, {\"Id\": 281530, \"PostId\": 86550, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b8b69a11-6c7b-4841-b663-b581fc095c7a\", \"Text\": \"Why does it take R a long time to fit a model with a many-level factor?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:32:31.037000\"}, {\"Id\": 281531, \"PostId\": 86550, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b8b69a11-6c7b-4841-b663-b581fc095c7a\", \"Text\": \"<regression><categorical-data>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:32:31.037000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 73991, \"PostId\": 73991, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eade5a1c-253d-4b46-8eaa-47dc54378686\", \"Text\": \"I'm choosing a GAM, and when I try to do\\r\\n\\r\\n anova(model.1, model.2, test=\\\"F\\\")\\r\\n\\r\\nIt gives me a w\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-05T16:24:20.987000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When to use F-Test versus Chi-Square Test in Analysis of Deviance\", \"Tags\": \"<r><chi-squared-test><f-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm choosing a GAM, and when I try to do</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>anova(model.1, model.2, test=\\\"F\\\")\\n</code\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1289269, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 73991, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-24T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 275725, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 73991, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-05T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 241638, \"PostId\": 73991, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eade5a1c-253d-4b46-8eaa-47dc54378686\", \"Text\": \"<r><chi-squared-test><f-test>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-05T16:24:20.987000\"}, {\"Id\": 241637, \"PostId\": 73991, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eade5a1c-253d-4b46-8eaa-47dc54378686\", \"Text\": \"When to use F-Test versus Chi-Square Test in Analysis of Deviance\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-05T16:24:20.987000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 47782, \"PostId\": 47782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6ab60fa1-973b-458c-af8c-0bd8ba3e644b\", \"Text\": \"When is it appropriate to use linear regression for a binary outcome?\\r\\n\\r\\nI understand that it is con\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-31T21:17:53.117000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"OLS Regression for binary outcome\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><least-squares><binary-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When is it appropriate to use linear regression for a binary outcome?</p>\\n\\n<p>I understand that i\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 15027, \"PostId\": 47782, \"UserId\": 15027, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi @Sam Finegold and welcome to the site. As you have correctly said, the standard approach if you h\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-20T08:48:36.937000\", \"AccountId\": 2390441.0, \"DisplayName\": \"COOLSerdash\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 182654, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 47782, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-01T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 182465, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 47782, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 150518, \"PostId\": 47782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6ab60fa1-973b-458c-af8c-0bd8ba3e644b\", \"Text\": \"OLS Regression for binary outcome\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-31T21:17:53.117000\"}, {\"Id\": 150519, \"PostId\": 47782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6ab60fa1-973b-458c-af8c-0bd8ba3e644b\", \"Text\": \"<regression><logistic><least-squares><binary-data>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-31T21:17:53.117000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-07-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-07-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-01-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-10-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"Id\": 18513, \"AccountId\": 2076911.0, \"DisplayName\": \"goldisfine\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-31T21:17:53.117000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 102772, \"PostId\": 102772, \"UserId\": 18513, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Sorry if my question is unclear. I will try to rephrase: Why isn't $\\\\alpha_j \\\\sim N(\\\\mu, \\\\tau^2)$ e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T22:21:37.797000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 102785, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How is Group Level Term Estimated in Multilevel Model?\", \"Tags\": \"<multilevel-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understand from reading Gelman and Hill that for a multilevel model such as this one</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 30778, \"PostId\": 102772, \"UserId\": 30778, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Not sure if I quite understand your question, but a weighted average (point estimate) does not inclu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-22T15:44:33.497000\", \"AccountId\": 3771174.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alexis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alexisdinno.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>Alexis Dinno</strong> is a social epidemiologist at the Oregon Health & Science Unive\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 335663, \"PostId\": 102772, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7acf533b-655e-4c64-9865-41688172b1fd\", \"Text\": \"<multilevel-analysis>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T22:21:37.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 335664, \"PostId\": 102772, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7acf533b-655e-4c64-9865-41688172b1fd\", \"Text\": \"How is Group Level Term Estimated in Multilevel Model?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T22:21:37.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 335665, \"PostId\": 102772, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7acf533b-655e-4c64-9865-41688172b1fd\", \"Text\": \"I understand from reading Gelman and Hill that for a multilevel model such as this one\\r\\n\\r\\n$$ y_i \\\\si\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T22:21:37.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 335677, \"PostId\": 102772, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c395bd14-beb8-4cb8-880c-01aeaafac0e4\", \"Text\": \"I understand from reading Gelman and Hill that for a multilevel model such as this one\\r\\n\\r\\n$$ y_i \\\\si\", \"Comment\": \"Clarifying question in the last paragraph.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T22:48:53.773000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 47440, \"OwnerUserId\": 47440, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 102772, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Mr. GoldIsFine,</p>\\n\\n<p>It is not 100% clear to me if you're asking for a mathematical response o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-13T18:04:34.333000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 191210, \"PostId\": 102785, \"UserId\": 18513, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Small follow-up question: why is $\\\\Pi = (\\\\tau, \\\\sigma)$ rather than $(\\\\tau, \\\\mu)$, since $\\\\tau$ and \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-20T17:00:35.630000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 383084, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 102785, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-07T00:00:00\"}], \"AccountId\": 3165483.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jlimahaverford\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 102782, \"PostId\": 102782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber I really did see that post before (have the tab open from the morning). Mike Lawrence does a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T23:25:55.187000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does (1|g1/g2) mean in a lmer formula?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multilevel-analysis><lme4-nlme>\", \"Body\": \"<p>What does this formula mean?</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>lmer(y ~ (1|g1/g2))\\n</code></pre>\\n\\n<p>equivalently:<\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 11941, \"RelatedPostId\": 11941, \"PostId\": 102782, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-17T21:50:47.643000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 11948, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"DBR\", \"Title\": \"R's lmer cheat sheet\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><random-effects-model><fixed-effects-model><lme4-nlme>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There's a lot of discussion going on on this forum about the proper way to specify various hierar\"}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 102782, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Isn't the answer available at http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/13166/rs-lmer-cheat-sheet/131\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 26432, \"PostId\": 69018, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Charles It is difficult to see how a continuous version of a zip code could be used as a surrogate \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-27T18:16:05.697000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26432, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 70321, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to deal with nominal variable with too many levels?\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><generalized-linear-model><modeling><categorical-data><many-categories>\", \"Body\": \"<p>currently I'm trying to model a response variable y, and I have zip code as my independent variab\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 130040, \"PostId\": 69018, \"UserId\": 23637, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber if zip code is being used as a marker for distance from something or socioeconomic status (1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-28T19:21:33.173000\"}, {\"Id\": 144257, \"PostId\": 69018, \"UserId\": 18513, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber I do think that there is some merit to the argument of charles. See this infographic which d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T18:06:50.830000\"}, {\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 69018, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Fused lasso, or have a look at: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/227125/preprocess-categor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 56730, \"PostId\": 56730, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2a7c290b-094a-4728-8a6e-5e0a49119a83\", \"Text\": \"<hypothesis-testing><t-test><interpretation>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-03T13:27:11.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can a t-test be used to compare the distributions between groups of data?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><t-test><interpretation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understand that the t-test is used to test the difference in means for two populations when the\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 216237, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 56730, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-03T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 183731, \"PostId\": 56730, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f68f99ee-483e-414f-b138-4e8c6fb19d09\", \"Text\": \"I understand that the t-test is used to test the difference in means for two populations when the po\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-03T13:27:11.597000\"}, {\"Id\": 183732, \"PostId\": 56730, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f68f99ee-483e-414f-b138-4e8c6fb19d09\", \"Text\": \"How can a t-test be used to compare the distributions between groups of data?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-03T13:27:11.597000\"}, {\"Id\": 183733, \"PostId\": 56730, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f68f99ee-483e-414f-b138-4e8c6fb19d09\", \"Text\": \"<t-test>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-03T13:27:11.597000\"}, {\"Id\": 183751, \"PostId\": 56730, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0e960c85-9c5f-4ffc-869a-5376ab014bd5\", \"Text\": \"I understand that the t-test is used to test the difference in means for two populations when the po\", \"Comment\": \"added 665 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-03T13:46:26.420000\"}, {\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 56730, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"1661b177-98c9-4272-bf08-fbcf71929063\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 77524, \"PostId\": 77524, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3207d220-2311-436d-b565-f820a9394f27\", \"Text\": \"I'm sure that you would have thought of this already if this were the case, but if the test set has \", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T17:49:33.483000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 25912, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'm sure that you would have thought of this already if this were the case, but if the test set h\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 669315, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 77524, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-21T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 670251, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 77524, \"VoteTypeId\": 16, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-22T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 253051, \"PostId\": 77524, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"86370ecb-7801-4a2b-96be-12c714d983dc\", \"Text\": \"I'm sure that you would have thought of this already if this were the case, but if the test set has \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T17:49:33.483000\"}, {\"Id\": 605566, \"PostId\": 77524, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 24, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ee83a243-c4c0-4c69-870f-fc892dc0f27e\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"Proposed by 73547 approved by 8336, 99274 edit id of 21345\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-22T00:18:34.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 49319, \"PostId\": 77524, \"UserId\": 49319, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ee83a243-c4c0-4c69-870f-fc892dc0f27e\", \"Text\": \"I'm sure that you would have thought of this already if this were the case, but if the test set has \", \"Comment\": \"added the term from literature for the idea discussed.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-14T18:33:51.690000\", \"AccountId\": 219809.0, \"DisplayName\": \"discipulus\", \"Location\": \"Finland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 8859, \"OwnerUserId\": 8859, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 25914, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random forest: how to handle new factor levels in test set?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><categorical-data><random-forest>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to make predictions using a random forest model in R.</p>\\n\\n<p>However I get errors si\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-29T23:41:32.850000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 8363, \"PostId\": 25912, \"UserId\": 8363, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I see know reason why values in the test would have to be in the training set. The idea of classifi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-02T14:04:04.697000\", \"AccountId\": 1454110.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michael R. Chernick\", \"Location\": \"Holland, Pennsylvania, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Michael Ross Chernick --- 01-01-2021<br />\\n<a href=\\\"https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2021/\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 465924, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 25912, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 100170, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 25912, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 618931, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 25912, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-11T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 623925, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 25912, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-22T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 710809, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 25912, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-10T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 894432, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 25912, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-09T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 78646, \"PostId\": 25912, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": \"user88\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"248d6605-c8ab-4686-9dcd-72ed82a6f195\", \"Text\": \"Random forest and new factor levels in test set\", \"Comment\": \"edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-30T08:46:47.770000\"}, {\"Id\": 5237, \"PostId\": 25912, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a39e2c43-86a3-4c17-ac16-312b53b7557b\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to make predictions using a random forest model in R.\\r\\n\\r\\nHowever I get errors since some\", \"Comment\": \"light editing & formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-09T04:43:15.613000\", \"AccountId\": 1028075.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gung - Reinstate Monica\", \"Location\": \"Kingdom of Zhao\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Long\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Stack Exchange's actions have been reprehensible. Monica Cellio, a popular and well-respected vo\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 190596, \"PostId\": 102782, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@whuber, I'm a big fan of that answer, but I wonder if there is some room for someone to elaborate s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T23:31:57.610000\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7812, \"OwnerUserId\": 7812, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 25912, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If the test set has a lot of these points with new factor values then I'm not sure what the best \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-04T05:46:06.827000\", \"AccountId\": 1340342.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bogdanovist\", \"Location\": \"Sydney, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 1526580.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Benoit_Plante\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 657830, \"PostId\": 69018, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f5fddd19-9254-49f8-bc0d-8194d81b05e4\", \"Text\": \"<logistic><generalized-linear-model><modeling><categorical-data><many-categories>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-16T23:44:11.567000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 290675, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 69018, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 290709, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 69018, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 714775, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 69018, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-17T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 256581, \"PostId\": 69018, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": \"user88\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6e581053-88ae-4aaa-b944-79c308e2219d\", \"Text\": \"How to deal with nominal variable with too many levels?\", \"Comment\": \"edited body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T18:46:15.500000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 78581, \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 69018, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm not sure whether this is 100 percent valid, but one thing that strikes me is that you might c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T18:11:06.123000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 60853, \"PostId\": 78581, \"UserId\": 60853, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"why the downvote?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-05T10:27:25.447000\", \"AccountId\": 3186716.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user90772\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 867675, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 78581, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 714774, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 78581, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-17T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 256572, \"PostId\": 78581, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6d926bc0-ff80-4867-8821-41df14a57548\", \"Text\": \"I'm not sure whether this is 100 percent valid, but one thing that strikes me is that you might conv\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-24T18:11:06.123000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 3499421.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2926523\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 375626, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 102782, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1018392, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 102782, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-27T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 335695, \"PostId\": 102782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b1642a9-968c-4199-9e4c-71df53b1dacb\", \"Text\": \"What does this formula mean?\\r\\n\\r\\n lmer(y ~ (1|g1/g2))\\r\\n\\r\\nequivalently:\\r\\n\\r\\n lmer(y ~ (1|g1) + (1\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T23:25:55.187000\"}, {\"Id\": 335696, \"PostId\": 102782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b1642a9-968c-4199-9e4c-71df53b1dacb\", \"Text\": \"What does (1|g1/g2) mean in a lmer formula?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T23:25:55.187000\"}, {\"Id\": 335697, \"PostId\": 102782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b1642a9-968c-4199-9e4c-71df53b1dacb\", \"Text\": \"<r><multilevel-analysis><lme4-nlme>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T23:25:55.187000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 103503, \"PostId\": 103503, \"UserId\": 18513, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I can try to come up with an example, but I cannot share the data that I am working with so will tak\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-24T20:42:01.027000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"STAN slowed by rank deficiency?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multilevel-analysis><stan>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does having a set of predictors which are not linearly separable slow down the model fit in STAN?\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 20773, \"PostId\": 103503, \"UserId\": 20773, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you post code for a reproducible example?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-13T16:12:25.523000\", \"AccountId\": 3123897.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ellis Valentiner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 424636, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 103503, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 338163, \"PostId\": 103503, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a215833-1bb7-463b-b00b-974b1ac30b41\", \"Text\": \"Does having a set of predictors which are not linearly separable slow down the model fit in STAN? If\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-24T20:42:01.027000\"}, {\"Id\": 338164, \"PostId\": 103503, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a215833-1bb7-463b-b00b-974b1ac30b41\", \"Text\": \"STAN slowed by rank deficiency?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-24T20:42:01.027000\"}, {\"Id\": 338165, \"PostId\": 103503, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a215833-1bb7-463b-b00b-974b1ac30b41\", \"Text\": \"<r><multilevel-analysis><stan>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-24T20:42:01.027000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 48895, \"OwnerUserId\": 48895, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103503, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Yes, it does. I think you are introducing multicollinearity and your model is not identified. Sta\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-08T08:20:46.443000\", \"AccountId\": 2980765.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stijn\", \"Location\": \"Perth, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.business.uwa.edu.au/school/staff-profiles?type=profile&dn=cn%3DStijn%20Masschelein%2Cou%3\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am working as a management accounting lecturer at UWA. My lecture notes can be found <a href=\\\"h\"}]}, {\"Id\": 6333, \"PostId\": 19825, \"UserId\": 18513, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think that this post could include how to actually determine, with R code, how to extract the pred\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-18T21:03:46.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6333, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 19811, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This question is amenable to a decision tree analysis technique. With a continuous outcome, the s\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 4964, \"PostId\": 19825, \"UserId\": 4964, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Michelle: Thank you for this information and help. It seems like decision trees will give me many p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-21T14:55:27.643000\", \"AccountId\": 352325.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stepthom\", \"Location\": \"Kingston, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 32653, \"PostId\": 19825, \"UserId\": 4964, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Michelle: Thanks again for your update. I'm still having trouble understanding if this fully answer\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-04T13:33:41.423000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19811, \"OwnerUserId\": 4964, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 19825, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to determine the combination of factor levels for which the response variable is highest\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><anova><cart>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have run an experiment with 5 categorical factors. The factors have anywhere between 2 and 8 le\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-02T20:16:44.803000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 76400, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 19825, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 76404, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 19825, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 362429, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 19825, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-09T00:00:00\"}], \"AccountId\": 1020034.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michelle\", \"Location\": \"New Zealand\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://NA\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Social scientist/applied statistician, and have worked in the welfare, health, justice, and defen\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 121372, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-07-16T22:02:08.163000\"}, {\"Id\": 106053, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-03-25T16:21:37.993000\"}, {\"Id\": 99413, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Critic\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-02-09T06:17:21.530000\"}, {\"Id\": 78940, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-09-23T01:39:59.050000\"}, {\"Id\": 50279, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-11-04T19:43:29.830000\"}, {\"Id\": 461425, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-12-15T01:41:56.667000\"}, {\"Id\": 48251, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-10-03T15:16:43.473000\"}, {\"Id\": 300190, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-05-10T23:51:14\"}, {\"Id\": 73385, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Tumbleweed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-07-22T17:21:05.500000\"}, {\"Id\": 290987, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-03-28T05:18:13.380000\"}, {\"Id\": 79043, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Curious\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-09-24T02:07:57.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 129766, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-09-14T22:14:25.943000\"}, {\"Id\": 40191, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-06-13T13:40:53.993000\"}, {\"Id\": 190736, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-10-08T19:40:02.543000\"}, {\"Id\": 272665, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-12-14T03:37:07.047000\"}, {\"Id\": 215895, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Teacher\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-02-21T23:08:21.247000\"}, {\"Id\": 395622, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-11-14T00:25:16.250000\"}, {\"Id\": 130434, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-09-19T00:45:09.893000\"}, {\"Id\": 399242, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-11-27T09:00:11.097000\"}, {\"Id\": 329721, \"UserId\": 18513, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-10-23T16:10:31.497000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 102397, \"PostId\": 102397, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6912ec15-0ea7-4159-a595-ad0b253d576c\", \"Text\": \"I'm fitting regression and classification trees. I thought that the algorithm to fit the tree led to\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-13T21:42:09.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is the rpart CART algorithm deterministic? Why are the plots for the CP different?\", \"Tags\": \"<cart><rpart>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm fitting regression and classification trees. I thought that the algorithm to fit the tree led\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 334603, \"PostId\": 102397, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7f064a6b-a653-46a2-8d50-f142330b0d91\", \"Text\": \"I'm fitting regression and classification trees. I thought that the algorithm to fit the tree led to\", \"Comment\": \"added 49 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-14T19:41:19.800000\"}, {\"Id\": 334392, \"PostId\": 102397, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6912ec15-0ea7-4159-a595-ad0b253d576c\", \"Text\": \"Is the rpart CART algorithm deterministic? Why are the plots for the CP different?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-13T21:42:09.413000\"}, {\"Id\": 334393, \"PostId\": 102397, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6912ec15-0ea7-4159-a595-ad0b253d576c\", \"Text\": \"<cart><rpart>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-13T21:42:09.413000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 58545, \"OwnerUserId\": 58545, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 102397, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I believe @Christoph is correct. Yes, the algorithm is deterministic. Using <code>printcp</code> \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-01T04:49:09.163000\", \"AccountId\": 4249905.0, \"DisplayName\": \"digitgopher\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Thanks for helping to make the SE community such a nice corner of the internet. Helpful people an\"}]}, {\"Id\": 103015, \"PostId\": 103015, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f776f9d-ef62-4e3a-b54e-ce6de92b7186\", \"Text\": \"I am building a hierarchical model for prediction purposes, and I am considering modeling the varian\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-19T21:41:24.390000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to say whether the variances of multiple groups are different?\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><f-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am building a hierarchical model for prediction purposes, and I am considering modeling the var\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 336446, \"PostId\": 103015, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f776f9d-ef62-4e3a-b54e-ce6de92b7186\", \"Text\": \"How to say whether the variances of multiple groups are different?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-19T21:41:24.390000\"}, {\"Id\": 336447, \"PostId\": 103015, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5f776f9d-ef62-4e3a-b54e-ce6de92b7186\", \"Text\": \"<variance><f-test>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-19T21:41:24.390000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 103592, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fea025f4-dc08-4030-9f98-acf3afac0645\", \"Text\": \"I'm looking at an example of a random effects model with 2 random effects fit by Peter Li demonstrat\", \"Comment\": \"added 154 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T15:41:45.220000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When is mu_a used in this STAN example?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><bayesian><multilevel-analysis><stan>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm looking at an example of a random effects model with 2 random effects fit by Peter Li demonst\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 16431, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 16431, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"My guess is that there is a typo here and it should read a ~ normal(mu_a,sigma_a) and similarly for \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-02T00:18:16.663000\", \"AccountId\": 2493621.0, \"DisplayName\": \"TrynnaDoStat\", \"Location\": \"San Diego, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>"When all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail."</p>\\n\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 103619, \"PostId\": 103619, \"UserId\": 16431, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"512f364e-d4b1-4036-abef-ef3504b86d0c\", \"Text\": \"I believe this is a typo. Peter Li's github is saying this code is for a model in Chapter 13 of Gelm\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T18:38:08.260000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16431, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103592, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I believe this is a typo. Peter Li's github is saying this code is for a model in Chapter 13 of G\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 378006, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 103619, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 383073, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 103619, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-07T00:00:00\"}]}, {\"Id\": 338463, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 16431, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b0e81975-27b6-457a-9533-3711c26e534f\", \"Text\": \"<r><bayesian><multilevel-analysis><stan>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T16:05:25.933000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 24715, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I agree with @TrynnaDoStat - in this example `mu_a` and `mu_b` are just random values drawn from $N(\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T21:19:06.223000\", \"AccountId\": 2242720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": \"Warsaw, Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Before I had studied Chan for thirty years, I saw mountains as\\nmountains, and rivers\"}, {\"Id\": 16043, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 16043, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What is the model supposed to do?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-20T23:59:56.610000\", \"AccountId\": 2523286.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sycorax\", \"Location\": \"Washington, DC, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 192366, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 16043, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@TrynnaDoStat I also agree.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T18:07:27.923000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 377870, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 103592, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 377912, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 103592, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 338454, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0db5d44c-c430-4552-8708-f9f7b7f50f25\", \"Text\": \"<r><multilevel-analysis><stan>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T15:41:45.220000\"}, {\"Id\": 338455, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0db5d44c-c430-4552-8708-f9f7b7f50f25\", \"Text\": \"When is mu_a used in this STAN example?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T15:41:45.220000\"}, {\"Id\": 338456, \"PostId\": 103592, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0db5d44c-c430-4552-8708-f9f7b7f50f25\", \"Text\": \"I'm looking at an example of a random effects model with 2 random effects fit by Peter Li demonstrat\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T15:41:45.220000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 98022, \"PostId\": 98022, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ee77051f-abe3-49e1-99b0-a5d0e2cad9ad\", \"Text\": \"How do you fit a multilevel regression model in R where you want to include a group-level regression\", \"Comment\": \"added 189 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-27T23:50:45.003000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"goldisfine\", \"Title\": \"How do you fit a group level regression for a multilevel model using the lme4 package in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><lme4-nlme>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How do you fit a multilevel regression model in R where you want to include a group-level regress\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 24402, \"PostId\": 98022, \"UserId\": 24402, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm not sure that I understand your question (fit the country level model, then the MLM ??). You hav\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-03T03:15:49.293000\", \"AccountId\": 1690358.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alexwhitworth\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.linkedin.com/in/alexwhitworth\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>By day:</strong> Data Scientist working primarily in R, Python, and SQL <br> <br>\\n<strong\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 319186, \"PostId\": 98022, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"226da657-3724-40fa-9fcb-e95558c19e4c\", \"Text\": \"<r><lme4-nlme>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-27T23:50:45.003000\"}, {\"Id\": 319187, \"PostId\": 98022, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"226da657-3724-40fa-9fcb-e95558c19e4c\", \"Text\": \"How do you fit a multilevel regression model in R where you want to include a group-level regression\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-27T23:50:45.003000\"}, {\"Id\": 319188, \"PostId\": 98022, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"226da657-3724-40fa-9fcb-e95558c19e4c\", \"Text\": \"How do you fit a group level regression for a multilevel model using the lme4 package in R?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-27T23:50:45.003000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 134255, \"PostId\": 134255, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25b30f49-d5dd-46a7-90c6-b2a6b208b65c\", \"Text\": \"<r><causalimpact>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T04:00:47.460000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 134258, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Extracting Statistics from CausalImpact Summary\", \"Tags\": \"<r><causalimpact>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say I have a CausalImpact Summary like this:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>> summary(impact)\\nPosterior infer\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 442043, \"PostId\": 134255, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25b30f49-d5dd-46a7-90c6-b2a6b208b65c\", \"Text\": \"Extracting Statistics from CausalImpact Summary\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T04:00:47.460000\"}, {\"Id\": 442044, \"PostId\": 134255, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25b30f49-d5dd-46a7-90c6-b2a6b208b65c\", \"Text\": \"Say I have a CausalImpact Summary like this:\\r\\n\\r\\n > summary(impact)\\r\\n Posterior inference {Caus\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T04:00:47.460000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 80390, \"PostId\": 80390, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"93530491-df63-4b01-b820-17cec0322379\", \"Text\": \"Actual value falling within prediction interval rather than predicted value falling within actual va\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-15T17:20:38.987000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Actual value falling within prediction interval rather than predicted value falling within actual va\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><prediction>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to predict a price for an item on the website. I'm interested in classifying the predi\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 262355, \"PostId\": 80390, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"36f474c1-1525-4487-a155-f669d7f2eb75\", \"Text\": \"I'm trying to predict a price for an item on the website. I'm interested in classifying the predicti\", \"Comment\": \"Caveat about interval\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-15T18:10:35.533000\"}, {\"Id\": 262341, \"PostId\": 80390, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"93530491-df63-4b01-b820-17cec0322379\", \"Text\": \"<probability><prediction>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-15T17:20:38.987000\"}, {\"Id\": 262342, \"PostId\": 80390, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"93530491-df63-4b01-b820-17cec0322379\", \"Text\": \"I'm trying to predict a price for an item on the website. I'm interested in classifying the predicti\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-15T17:20:38.987000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 139535, \"PostId\": 139535, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"135d8962-5c79-4bbc-8245-833ef3a12b0e\", \"Text\": \"I'm using Google Research's Causal Impact package, and I'd like to understand more fully how the pac\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-08T19:09:47.747000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does CausalImpact Prevent Overfitting\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><bias><overfitting><causalimpact>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using Google Research's Causal Impact package, and I'd like to understand more fully how the \", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1166370, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 139535, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-04T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 459979, \"PostId\": 139535, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"135d8962-5c79-4bbc-8245-833ef3a12b0e\", \"Text\": \"How does CausalImpact Prevent Overfitting\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-08T19:09:47.747000\"}, {\"Id\": 459980, \"PostId\": 139535, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"135d8962-5c79-4bbc-8245-833ef3a12b0e\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><bias><overfitting><causalimpact>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-08T19:09:47.747000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 60939, \"OwnerUserId\": 60939, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 139535, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>First of all, as a courtesy to other people reading this, I would like to provide the <a href=\\\"ht\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T11:26:12.947000\", \"AccountId\": 2145847.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MightyCurious\", \"Location\": \"Munich\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data science professional, mathematician, curious individual</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 48579, \"PostId\": 48579, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"04473019-8dc1-4b39-8232-dcf9acf8724e\", \"Text\": \"Modularity: I understand that modularity is supposed to represent sophistication of structure on a m\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-12T19:43:56.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Understanding Gephi statistics\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Modularity: I understand that modularity is supposed to represent sophistication of structure on \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 87207, \"PostId\": 48579, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user88\", \"Text\": \"Can you please elaborate?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-12T20:32:46.220000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 460919, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 48579, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-06T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 153396, \"PostId\": 48579, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": \"user88\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d53937a3-b24e-4378-89d7-17ea1b405054\", \"Text\": \"Modularity: I understand that modularity is supposed to represent sophistication of structure on a m\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 3 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-12T20:32:27.627000\"}, {\"Id\": 153590, \"PostId\": 48579, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"29243864-cb77-49ce-8a73-e9d6fca1ad32\", \"Text\": \"Modularity: I understand that modularity is supposed to represent sophistication of structure on a m\", \"Comment\": \"Attempted to clarify questions.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-13T13:39:39.630000\"}, {\"Id\": 153368, \"PostId\": 48579, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"04473019-8dc1-4b39-8232-dcf9acf8724e\", \"Text\": \"<data-visualization>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-12T19:43:56.543000\"}, {\"Id\": 153369, \"PostId\": 48579, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"04473019-8dc1-4b39-8232-dcf9acf8724e\", \"Text\": \"Understanding Gephi Statistics\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-12T19:43:56.543000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 58438, \"PostId\": 58438, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1beb9baa-bf4e-4dd6-af1d-89de5ea45c89\", \"Text\": \"How do residuals affect the t-stat?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-29T14:52:38.303000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do residuals affect the t-statistic?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><t-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Could a t-statistic for a simple regression relationship with a smaller sum of squared residuals \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 10060, \"PostId\": 58438, \"UserId\": 10060, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"For t-statistics, the effect (aka observed slope - hypothesized slope) is the numerator and the stan\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-02T18:48:06.957000\", \"AccountId\": 1643640.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Penguin_Knight\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hello! When I'm not catching fishies I love to hack into the Antarctic research base's wifi, chec\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 189719, \"PostId\": 58438, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1beb9baa-bf4e-4dd6-af1d-89de5ea45c89\", \"Text\": \"<regression><t-test>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-29T14:52:38.303000\"}, {\"Id\": 189720, \"PostId\": 58438, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1beb9baa-bf4e-4dd6-af1d-89de5ea45c89\", \"Text\": \"Could a t-stat of a plot with a smaller sum of squared residuals but a smaller or less positive slop\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-29T14:52:38.303000\"}, {\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 58438, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6e04fd6a-dfb5-4116-99c6-1082cab36a0b\", \"Text\": \"Could a t-statistic for a simple regression relationship with a smaller sum of squared residuals but\", \"Comment\": \"clarified question on basis of tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 189819, \"PostId\": 58438, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6e04fd6a-dfb5-4116-99c6-1082cab36a0b\", \"Text\": \"How do residuals affect the t-statistic?\", \"Comment\": \"clarified question on basis of tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-29T23:11:52.517000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 104155, \"PostId\": 104155, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"725518f8-948d-42a3-9b58-c2e7cae3cb7b\", \"Text\": \"<r><cart><party>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-31T00:17:39.087000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 104180, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the test statistics used for a conditional inference regression tree?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><cart><party>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In <a href=\\\"http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/party/vignettes/party.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer\\\">Ho\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 159010, \"RelatedPostId\": 104155, \"PostId\": 228700, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-18T19:16:41.267000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 159010, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 228706, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Test statistics used for a conditional inference regression tree?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><cart><rpart><party>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Following the question asked previously about the interpretation of the Test Statistic used for C\", \"AccountId\": 13394925.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ismael\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 124550, \"RelatedPostId\": 104155, \"PostId\": 238753, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-06T12:23:59.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 124550, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Ctree - concerning the splitting criteria\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><cart><party>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a technical question concerning the choice of the splitting criteria for the recursive par\", \"AccountId\": 11268937.0, \"DisplayName\": \"R.B\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 839622, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 104155, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-22T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 340328, \"PostId\": 104155, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"725518f8-948d-42a3-9b58-c2e7cae3cb7b\", \"Text\": \"In [Hothorn et al][1], the test statistic is specified as\\r\\n\\r\\n$$ T_j(L_n, w) = vec(\\\\sum w_i g_j(X_{ji\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-31T00:17:39.087000\"}, {\"Id\": 340329, \"PostId\": 104155, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"725518f8-948d-42a3-9b58-c2e7cae3cb7b\", \"Text\": \"What is the test statistics used for a conditional inference regression tree?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-31T00:17:39.087000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 40403, \"OwnerUserId\": 40403, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 104155, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If both the regressor $X_{ji}$ and the response $Y_i$ are numeric, then both $g(\\\\cdot)$ and $h(\\\\c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-08T08:45:50.373000\", \"AccountId\": 5299634.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Achim Zeileis\", \"Location\": \"Innsbruck, Austria\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.zeileis.org/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Affiliation: Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Statistics, Universität Innsbruck\"}]}, {\"Id\": 61337, \"PostId\": 61337, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1324d005-3d11-49e6-8ab7-0dfd9842b814\", \"Text\": \"Mathematical Explanations behing ANOVA\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-08T04:18:23.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mathematical Explanations behind ANOVA\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><references>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was wondering: could someone could direct me to papers (preferably) or textbooks that give stro\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 231149, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 61337, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-08T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 199556, \"PostId\": 61337, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1324d005-3d11-49e6-8ab7-0dfd9842b814\", \"Text\": \"I was wondering: could someone could direct me to papers (preferably) or textbooks that give strong \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-08T04:18:23.967000\"}, {\"Id\": 199557, \"PostId\": 61337, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1324d005-3d11-49e6-8ab7-0dfd9842b814\", \"Text\": \"<anova>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-08T04:18:23.967000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24608, \"OwnerUserId\": 24608, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 61337, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Try: <a href=\\\"http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0471184993\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">Linear Models</\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-08T16:36:53.187000\", \"AccountId\": 3700238.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user35858\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 86550, \"PostId\": 86550, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b8b69a11-6c7b-4841-b663-b581fc095c7a\", \"Text\": \"I fit a model with a factor with many levels and it takes R a really long time to fit that model. Wh\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:32:31.037000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 86556, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does it take R a long time to fit a model with a many-level factor?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><categorical-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I fit a model with a factor with many levels and it takes R a really long time to fit that model.\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 316453, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 86550, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 316647, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 86550, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 316657, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 86550, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 316468, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 86550, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 441370, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 86550, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-19T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 281645, \"PostId\": 86550, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 25, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"c6945d89-da38-46fb-9756-3968716e1b62\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"http://twitter.com/#!/StackStats/status/514344321194409984\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T09:23:36.923000\"}, {\"Id\": 281530, \"PostId\": 86550, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b8b69a11-6c7b-4841-b663-b581fc095c7a\", \"Text\": \"Why does it take R a long time to fit a model with a many-level factor?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:32:31.037000\"}, {\"Id\": 281531, \"PostId\": 86550, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b8b69a11-6c7b-4841-b663-b581fc095c7a\", \"Text\": \"<regression><categorical-data>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-23T00:32:31.037000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 73991, \"PostId\": 73991, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eade5a1c-253d-4b46-8eaa-47dc54378686\", \"Text\": \"I'm choosing a GAM, and when I try to do\\r\\n\\r\\n anova(model.1, model.2, test=\\\"F\\\")\\r\\n\\r\\nIt gives me a w\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-05T16:24:20.987000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When to use F-Test versus Chi-Square Test in Analysis of Deviance\", \"Tags\": \"<r><chi-squared-test><f-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm choosing a GAM, and when I try to do</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>anova(model.1, model.2, test=\\\"F\\\")\\n</code\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1289269, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 73991, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-24T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 275725, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 73991, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-05T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 241638, \"PostId\": 73991, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eade5a1c-253d-4b46-8eaa-47dc54378686\", \"Text\": \"<r><chi-squared-test><f-test>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-05T16:24:20.987000\"}, {\"Id\": 241637, \"PostId\": 73991, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eade5a1c-253d-4b46-8eaa-47dc54378686\", \"Text\": \"When to use F-Test versus Chi-Square Test in Analysis of Deviance\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-05T16:24:20.987000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 47782, \"PostId\": 47782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6ab60fa1-973b-458c-af8c-0bd8ba3e644b\", \"Text\": \"When is it appropriate to use linear regression for a binary outcome?\\r\\n\\r\\nI understand that it is con\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-31T21:17:53.117000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"OLS Regression for binary outcome\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><least-squares><binary-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>When is it appropriate to use linear regression for a binary outcome?</p>\\n\\n<p>I understand that i\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 15027, \"PostId\": 47782, \"UserId\": 15027, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi @Sam Finegold and welcome to the site. As you have correctly said, the standard approach if you h\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-20T08:48:36.937000\", \"AccountId\": 2390441.0, \"DisplayName\": \"COOLSerdash\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 182654, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 47782, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-01T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 182465, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 47782, \"VoteTypeId\": 6, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 150518, \"PostId\": 47782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6ab60fa1-973b-458c-af8c-0bd8ba3e644b\", \"Text\": \"OLS Regression for binary outcome\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-31T21:17:53.117000\"}, {\"Id\": 150519, \"PostId\": 47782, \"UserId\": 18513, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6ab60fa1-973b-458c-af8c-0bd8ba3e644b\", \"Text\": \"<regression><logistic><least-squares><binary-data>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-31T21:17:53.117000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-07-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-07-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-01-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-10-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18513, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":91,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"Id\": 82153, \"AccountId\": 5085359.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DOMiguel\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-23T22:12:44.063000\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 313965, \"UserId\": 82153, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-07-24T16:30:15\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 238774, \"PostId\": 238774, \"UserId\": 82153, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, 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The training data is imbalance\", \"AccountId\": 5179602.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Christian Hinze\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 82439, \"PostId\": 218977, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0eb2f929-4add-4271-9fce-6d5df7eb7614\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"OriginalQuestionIds\\\":[224005],\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":113777,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"hxd1011\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":7555,\\\"DisplayN\", \"Comment\": \"101\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-28T03:55:00.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82439, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Use of this positive semi-definite matrix in optimization?\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><linear-algebra>\", \"Body\": \"<p>We know that any matrix of the form $A^TA$ is positive semi-definite where $A^T$ is the transpose\", \"AccountId\": 8717037.0, \"DisplayName\": \"M. 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Can you show us a plot \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-25T14:45:21.933000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 155513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation Between Binary Variable and Continuous\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><categorical-data><binary-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Y is a binary variable (0 or 1) and X is a continuous variable. </p>\\n\\n<p>What would be the best w\", \"AccountId\": 13221994.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ronicho\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 240914, \"PostId\": 240914, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@altabq: Cannot find it, maybe a replacement: https://www.r-bloggers.com/chicken-or-the-egg-granger\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-13T17:47:44.497000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 168379, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Partially answered in comments: </p>\\n\\n<p>Have you read Dave Gile's blog posts on testing Granger\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 95695, \"OwnerUserId\": 95695, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Determining Lag for Granger Causality\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><aic><bic><lags><granger-causality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to understand how to identify lag length to use for a Granger Causality test. The pr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-14T19:42:06.780000\", \"AccountId\": 7889633.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stuart C\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 26593, \"PostId\": 319564, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you have the data in a contingency table with genres x countries, maybe start with correspondence\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-30T12:24:17.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26593, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 319628, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding anomaly using statistical distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<paired-data><multivariate-normal-distribution><density-estimation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to find if a particular genre of books is more popular with people of a particular re\", \"AccountId\": 1994630.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kosmos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 39277, \"PostId\": 102097, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The problem with your \\\"example\\\", is that your two lists of numbers are not \\\"variables\\\" in any statis\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-17T20:29:36.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 39277, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 102089, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Correlation is a tricky concept, since it denotes that two variables show dependence based merely\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46492, \"OwnerUserId\": 46492, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can two linear regression variables be perfectly correlated but not share a single causal chain ance\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><causality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A causal chain lists event (or fact) $y$ with all its causal antecedents.</p>\\n\\n<p>We make a model\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-26T14:09:07.433000\", \"AccountId\": 3267754.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jtd\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 162946.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Juan Zamora\", \"Location\": \"Costa Rica\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 139590, \"PostId\": 210771, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Related: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/164222/joint-probability-distribution-of-k-le-n-\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-10T05:09:25.153000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 139590, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Order Statistics w/ Maximum\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><joint-distribution><order-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Let $X_1,X_2,\\\\dotsc$ be i.i.d. r.v.s with CDF $F$, and let $M_n = \\\\max(X_1,X_2, \\\\d\", \"AccountId\": 12217752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joseph Doe\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 6558, \"PostId\": 173815, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why TWO downvotes?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-31T20:21:03.093000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6558, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 173436, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>What do you plan to do with the outliers you detect? Deleting them without verifying that they a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 100805, \"OwnerUserId\": 100805, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Outlier detection methods which can run automatically on multiple univariate time-series?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><outliers>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Allow me to state my use-case through a simplified example: coffee-machines. It makes it easier t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-30T16:27:15.460000\", \"AccountId\": 8994655.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matthias V\", \"Location\": \"Ghent, Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 1213127.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Emil Friedman\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalconsulting.org\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 18880, \"PostId\": 110823, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/156465/estimating-multilevel-logistic-regression-models?rq\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-12T13:51:18.397000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18880, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimation Procedure of Multilevel Logistic Regression\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><logistic><references><multilevel-analysis><lme4-nlme>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know the estimation procedure for logistic regression is the iterative weighted least squares m\", \"AccountId\": 2727882.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ABC\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 136560, \"PostId\": 258381, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is there any reason you don't want to calculate the difference $B-A$? Maybe you want a symmetric ana\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-16T20:13:11.807000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 136560, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to model whether differences in two variables vary across the levels of a third variable?\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say we have a variable A (some interaction network metric, continuous, N=20), and we want to see \", \"AccountId\": 12001284.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Charly\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 18384, \"PostId\": 18384, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"56c41413-a09a-4d43-aef8-738cbefa17ae\", \"Text\": \"Requests for datasets are off-topic on this site. Use this tag for questions concerning creating, p\", \"Comment\": \"Removed markup in the excerpt as those have no effect\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-02T18:09:27.410000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 4, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"Requests for datasets are off-topic on this site. Use this tag for questions concerning creating, p\"}, {\"Id\": 104184, \"PostId\": 176870, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e71eb17d-4782-4f92-895e-2820b1a6c508\", \"Text\": \"<r><signal-processing><boxplot><noise><quality-control>\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-30T17:14:33.390000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 104184, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mathematical approach for finding baseline shifts in data\", \"Tags\": \"<r><signal-processing><boxplot><noise><quality-control>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a raw signal from a sensor which is attached in this question . The x-axis is time, and th\", \"AccountId\": 10141390.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ACE\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 263953, \"PostId\": 263953, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"57ed6fb9-3b5f-47a2-b59b-5ac35c61b399\", \"Text\": \"Well, we start with reading in the data in R and computing per mille (more natural with this data th\", \"Comment\": \"added 136 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-14T16:32:23.490000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 263946, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Well, we start with reading in the data in R and computing per mille (more natural with this data\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 193612, \"OwnerUserId\": 193612, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 263953, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing the distributions of proportions in two groups\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><distributions><chi-squared-test><proportion>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm comparing the total dog population in a region with the number of dogs in rehoming centres in\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-14T15:42:51.827000\", \"AccountId\": 15530417.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kirsty Wilson\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 152614, \"PostId\": 223701, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"03bde1d4-e273-4185-a836-ecbd332ebe0e\", \"Text\": \"This is a part of my lecture note.\\r\\n\\r\\nTo test whether **$\\\\beta_2 \\\\le 0$** at the 5% level of signifi\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 23 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-05T01:12:16.750000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 152614, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$H_0 : \\\\beta_2 \\\\le 0$ or $=0$\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a part of my lecture note.</p>\\n\\n<p>To test whether <strong>$\\\\beta_2 \\\\le 0$</strong> at th\", \"AccountId\": 11683107.0, \"DisplayName\": \"shk910\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Economics PhD</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 233256, \"PostId\": 308980, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"745a0604-1782-45e4-a9e1-38f2665f6fc1\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><hypothesis-testing><trend><change-point>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-30T14:25:08.863000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 233256, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 308990, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can I know if there is a breakpoint in a time series analysis?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><hypothesis-testing><trend><change-point>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to find a breakpoint in a time series. I have a set of prices from January up to now.\", \"AccountId\": 18419135.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dumb ML\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 124046, \"PostId\": 124046, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4d22ffa4-83df-433b-a09d-851313cc6ee8\", \"Text\": \"One idea, trying to use likelihood. Dice throws can be modelled by multinomial distributions. For t\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-08T11:38:36.317000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 123506, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>One idea, trying to use likelihood. Dice throws can be modelled by multinomial distributions. Fo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 60711, \"OwnerUserId\": 60711, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 124046, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Likelihood of two dice. One fair the other unfair\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><binomial-distribution><likelihood><multinomial-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>first of all sorry about the title. I couldn't think anything better.</p>\\n\\n<p>Let me describe the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-02T17:48:41.910000\", \"AccountId\": 7054464.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Osmar Guarino\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>42</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 72870, \"PostId\": 213498, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9de4cb31-21a6-43c0-b5f6-31f7be400ee1\", \"Text\": \"Variance of sample variance (proof explanation)\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 1 character in body; edited tags; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-09T14:53:29.100000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 72870, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 213522, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variance of sample variance (proof explanation)\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><variance>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here is the proof of Variance of sample variance. Can you please explain me the highlighted plac\", \"AccountId\": 6594296.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Daniel Yefimov\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 23900, \"PostId\": 305015, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9e1c0d54-3770-4134-930a-a8a955f87eda\", \"Text\": \"I have GPS data (every 20 minutes) on storks flight heights and am modelling several predictors usin\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-19T09:32:07.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23900, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to account for temporal autocorrelation in BRT models?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><autocorrelation><spatial><biostatistics><boosting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have GPS data (every 20 minutes) on storks flight heights and am modelling several predictors u\", \"AccountId\": 3024103.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JMarcelino\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 72626, \"PostId\": 139349, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bf559fe1-0cb3-4f6f-81cc-517ed96cf392\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression><logistic>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-07T09:48:42.730000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 72626, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"370 independent variables - LOGISTIC REGRESSION\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><logistic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to run logistic regression to predict binary outcome , however I have 300+ independent var\", \"AccountId\": 7990466.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Naziya\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 252540, \"PostId\": 284631, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7d063f29-905d-4726-9613-9ce57c18a64d\", \"Text\": \"<r><logistic><mgcv>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-30T09:17:01.267000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 252540, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"8armed\", \"Title\": \"Correct GAMM function for binary dependent variable\", \"Tags\": \"<r><logistic><mgcv>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking for help for how to implement a correct syntax for my Generalized mixed effect model\", \"AccountId\": 12043324.0, \"DisplayName\": \"8armed\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 50222, \"PostId\": 211492, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7f6cf243-2e4a-4db8-b3f7-91d883d009aa\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><simulation>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-28T08:04:36.917000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50222, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do I calculate the probability of a single trial of an event that will occur at least m times in\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><simulation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How do I calculate the probability of a single trial p of an event that will occur at least m tim\", \"AccountId\": 185892.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anton Andreev\", \"Location\": \"Bulgaria\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://debian.fmi.uni-sofia.bg/~toncho/myblog\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"http://bg.linkedin.com/in/antonandreev\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">http://bg.linkedin.com/in/antonan\"}, {\"Id\": 114367, \"PostId\": 304251, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8856e4fe-9b27-4a7c-844c-f3785fecba50\", \"Text\": \"I am new to Time Series, please help with showing why the equation below by taking the second order \", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-17T10:48:14.633000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114367, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 304259, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Time Series Stationarity Proof\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><stationarity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am new to Time Series, please help with showing why the equation below by taking the second ord\", \"AccountId\": 10355063.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Siyabonga Mbonambi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 90425, \"PostId\": 90425, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"129eb3c8-464a-4311-b303-03ee06d9e5a1\", \"Text\": \"So you have some observations $D_1, \\\\dots, D_n$ where each are an observation (or for example means \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-06T09:17:23.337000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 90382, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>So you have some observations <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$D_1, \\\\dots, D_n$</span> where each ar\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12501, \"OwnerUserId\": 12501, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Determine whether something is \\\"significantly maximal\\\"\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><multivariate-analysis><ranking>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<h3>The problem:</h3>\\n\\n<p>I have a measure $D_i$ that quantifies how well a single target \\\"feature\\\" \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-20T12:52:54.550000\", \"AccountId\": 1933309.0, \"DisplayName\": \"A. Donda\", \"Location\": \"University of Kulahari\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>– I'm a physicist working in cognitive neuroscience on statistical data analysis methods.<br>\\n– I\"}]}, {\"Id\": 191424, \"PostId\": 261704, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cada4c64-d69e-4e3f-a19f-f753248f6278\", \"Text\": \"I have this table:\\r\\n[![enter image description here][1]][1]\\r\\n\\r\\n [1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/04z4\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 20 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-25T03:30:32.003000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 191424, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 261738, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation between musical knowledge and some measured variables\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><correlation><categorical-data><contingency-tables>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have this table:</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/04z4i.png\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\", \"AccountId\": 5750797.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hugo Brito\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 8261, \"PostId\": 308922, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6528fa03-ac9a-43a8-9841-293270883c7a\", \"Text\": \"<normal-distribution><interpretation><intuition><differential-equations>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-27T06:24:56.157000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8261, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does this interpretation $\\\\phi'(x)=-x\\\\phi(x)$ of the normal distribution have any significance?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><interpretation><intuition><differential-equations>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For the standard normal distribution <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\phi(x)$</span>, we can see th\", \"AccountId\": 1224647.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bravo\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Garam masala.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 32156, \"PostId\": 75622, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6f7dcb02-ca8e-46ed-8681-7d42f3858c88\", \"Text\": \"<probability>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-21T21:38:26.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 32156, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 75625, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is It Correct to Talk About the Probability of an Event that Has Already Occurred and Is Not Repeata\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><philosophical>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a limited understanding of probability, PDFs, etc. When the Viking landers went to Mars, t\", \"AccountId\": 4505114.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Flynn\", \"Location\": \"Silicon Valley, CA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>By day compile statistical reports. In past have worked as a programmer using Pascal, AlgolW, Fo\"}, {\"Id\": 327430, \"PostId\": 327430, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"33a013cd-e08b-4fb7-9e5c-1225bd91ae7d\", \"Text\": \"With a binary response it is better to plan for using logistic regression. You can still use interac\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-24T03:04:14.380000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 327189, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>With a binary response it is better to plan for using logistic regression. You can still use inte\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 108884, \"OwnerUserId\": 108884, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 327430, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Design of experiments and building a logistic-regression-like model\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><experiment-design><marketing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider a population characterized in terms of a small number of categorical features (age categ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-07T01:45:04.920000\", \"AccountId\": 10401428.0, \"DisplayName\": \"arni\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 812172, \"PostId\": 219034, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"34eafd18-6bb0-42dc-89a6-b080e80f5d70\", \"Text\": \"<classification><natural-language><text-mining><multinomial-distribution><many-categories>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-05T14:56:40.740000\"}, {\"Id\": 166305, \"PostId\": 235439, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e0e94141-28c1-4c75-bce2-3844efb49ae7\", \"Text\": \"<references><panel-data><heteroscedasticity><fixed-effects-model><gretl>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-22T05:08:01.950000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166305, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the difference between HAC and PCSE?\", \"Tags\": \"<references><panel-data><heteroscedasticity><fixed-effects-model><gretl>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have data consist of 88 companies in 5 year (440 observations) and used 3 independent variables\", \"AccountId\": 13821032.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Silviana Gunarsih Santoso\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 137569, \"PostId\": 261574, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"51d45ce8-b72b-4675-9da0-da679c00f40d\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><optimization><experiment-design><hyperparameter><sensitivity-analysis>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-24T19:40:55.860000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137569, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Analyse sensitivity of hyper-parameters of Machine Learning Models\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><optimization><experiment-design><hyperparameter><sensitivity-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to analyse how sensitive my non neural net machine learning models are to the choice of th\", \"AccountId\": 8342057.0, \"DisplayName\": \"frank\", \"Location\": \"India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Student. PHP, Python, SQL and R. Also some amount of Data Science.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 230683, \"PostId\": 304838, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c4feba54-a570-4403-b507-be9648264b66\", \"Text\": \"<r><machine-learning><classification><dataset><bioinformatics>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-11T21:04:56.810000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 230683, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Giannis Lazaridis\", \"Title\": \"Problem with classification model of genomic data\", \"Tags\": \"<r><machine-learning><classification><dataset><bioinformatics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>First of all, I'd like to apologize for any spelling or grammar mistakes.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm having a pr\", \"AccountId\": 18238805.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Giannis Lazaridis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 113956, \"PostId\": 189363, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aacae7e9-7e95-42b3-9f40-1ab5b910061a\", \"Text\": \"I am examining whether a regulatory change affects profit margins (PM) and return on assets (ROA) us\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 13 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-13T12:34:49.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 113956, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Large coefficients in DiD\", \"Tags\": \"<regression-coefficients><multicollinearity><difference-in-difference>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am examining whether a regulatory change affects profit margins (PM) and return on assets (ROA)\", \"AccountId\": 10679669.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Henrik Dalriksson\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 31729, \"PostId\": 247855, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5d8e83bf-d46b-4a4a-8096-b212c3560a1d\", \"Text\": \"<probability><correlation><mathematical-statistics><joint-distribution><multivariate-normal-distribu\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-12T23:05:12.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 31729, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 247940, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When are correlated Normal random variables multivariate Normal?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><correlation><mathematical-statistics><joint-distribution><multivariate-normal-distribu\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know that there are many example of correlated normal random variables which are not jointly (m\", \"AccountId\": 3382095.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eli\", \"Location\": \"IN, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a statistician working in clinical research. I regularly use topics from survival analysis, \"}, {\"Id\": 266605, \"PostId\": 266605, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3ca4aa32-8106-4360-8f62-75e6d0105671\", \"Text\": \"I don't know about \\\"authoritative sources\\\", but I would say the notation from French Wikipedia is st\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-06T09:06:24.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 211024, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I don't know about \\\"authoritative sources\\\", but I would say the notation from French Wikipedia is\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 112313, \"OwnerUserId\": 112313, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correct way to speak and write about likelihoods\", \"Tags\": \"<terminology><likelihood>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We define likelihood of parameters <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\theta$</span> given observation\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-01T03:03:14.363000\", \"AccountId\": 5459888.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ahstat\", \"Location\": \"Europe\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://ahstat.github.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Please check out <a href=\\\"https://ahstat.github.io/about/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">https://ahst\"}]}, {\"Id\": 76580, \"PostId\": 144462, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f19d6e4d-86dc-4051-863a-58cc8fe8ff04\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-20T14:43:03.207000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 76580, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Adding Normal Distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let X = {32, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 41, 41, 41, 44, 44, 45, 46, 48} (Say the scores that student\", \"AccountId\": 8288480.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sajid Anjum\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 243208, \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 40902, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Q1: <code>glmnet</code> do not use (or need) a baseline category. The penalization takes care of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-04T20:10:32.770000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 14548, \"OwnerUserId\": 14548, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"model selection with glmnet\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><lasso><regularization><glmnet><categorical-encoding>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to fit a multinomial logit model using glmnet. I have a few questions:</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-05T00:45:04.990000\", \"AccountId\": 2327283.0, \"DisplayName\": \"abayesed\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 87715, \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 87703, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\require{txfonts}$</span>As you say, the use of <span class=\\\"math-c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-06T09:50:20.307000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 38639, \"OwnerUserId\": 38639, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 87715, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the correct notation for stating that random variables X and Y are independent?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><independence><notation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Often people put down $X\\\\perp\\\\ Y$ as independence, but this merely means that the expectation of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-06T04:02:24.137000\", \"AccountId\": 5132269.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ISIS Trainer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 210246, \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 5, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Wikipedia has an <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_function#Profile_likelihood\\\" r\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-06T14:58:02.040000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2012-10-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2012-04-12T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 246612, \"OwnerUserId\": 176464, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 238774, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The only way to answer your questions is to run a series of numerical experiments. Simply: take s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-06T09:50:01.883000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 42651, \"PostId\": 246612, \"UserId\": 42651, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi: They are really two different issues. the case where the variance is uncorrelated but non consta\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-18T15:06:52.460000\", \"AccountId\": 514228.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mlofton\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>focus is statistical time series but trying to learn about DSP.</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 459245, \"PostId\": 246612, \"UserId\": 42651, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Here's a bio on White. https://www.bateswhite.com/newsroom-news-38.html. Sadly, he died pretty you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-06T10:21:22.400000\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 176464, \"PostId\": 246612, \"UserId\": 176464, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5d96f110-c2ef-4167-ac6f-892498f7fd40\", \"Text\": \"The only way to answer your questions is to run a series of numerical experiments. Simply: take some\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-06T08:57:09.880000\", \"AccountId\": 7918649.0, \"DisplayName\": \"SparseSolverCodes\", \"Location\": \"Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ozemail.com.au/~comecau/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Over 30 years of experience in mathematical software development. Major work experiences: develop\", \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 176464, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 176464, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 176464, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"Id\": 82153, \"AccountId\": 5085359.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DOMiguel\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-23T22:12:44.063000\", \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 313965, \"UserId\": 82153, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-07-24T16:30:15\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 238774, \"PostId\": 238774, \"UserId\": 82153, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3052dea5-30df-4647-a82d-8971723be1ad\", \"Text\": \"First of all, I have to admit that I am not statistician so some of my nomenclature could not be ver\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-24T16:07:38.803000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Generalized least squares error estimation\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><correlation><predictive-models><references>\", \"Body\": \"<p>First of all, I have to admit that I am not statistician so some of my nomenclature could not be \", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 917764, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 238774, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-24T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 917929, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 238774, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-24T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 917967, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 238774, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-24T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 830994, \"PostId\": 238774, \"UserId\": 82153, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3052dea5-30df-4647-a82d-8971723be1ad\", \"Text\": \"Generalized least squares error estimation\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-24T16:07:38.803000\"}, {\"Id\": 830995, \"PostId\": 238774, \"UserId\": 82153, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3052dea5-30df-4647-a82d-8971723be1ad\", \"Text\": \"<regression><correlation><predictive-models>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-24T16:07:38.803000\"}, {\"Id\": 831698, \"PostId\": 238774, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 25, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"484600f0-3675-4587-9b09-a0bba9510697\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"https://twitter.com/StackStats/status/1022361006696263681\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-26T06:00:33.320000\"}, {\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 238774, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"9e34c668-f1cd-4725-ba9f-3a3bcd95cbb3\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 69696, \"PostId\": 139118, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 34, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b1697dde-3fd6-42ff-85b5-e56d5c96afdf\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"3607\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-03T03:03:12.473000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 69696, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to find a conditional CDF of a trapezoidal distribution?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><bayesian><uniform-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working on a game theory model of imperfect information, where players observe certain attrib\", \"AccountId\": 2450480.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sundance\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 7163, \"PostId\": 21423, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bf862d8f-2cb6-46ad-bd18-03e1a4931cf7\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":11887,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"kjetil b halvorsen\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":101426,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"mdewey\\\"},{\\\"Id\", \"Comment\": \"102\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-03T09:02:15.073000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7163, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Dealing with R type of variables when doing multiple imputation with the mi package\", \"Tags\": \"<r><missing-data><data-imputation>\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"http://www.jstatsoft.org/v45\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">Volume 45</a> of the <em>Journal of Statist\", \"AccountId\": 1295402.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nick\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 159408, \"PostId\": 320685, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 34, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2533d769-23da-463e-8724-19769ea0f419\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"8605\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-22T04:46:12.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 159408, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 320988, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Counting and percentages in EDA, analysis in binary classification\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><statistical-significance><data-visualization><descriptive-statistics><exploratory-da\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's asume we have a dataframe with <strong>100 clients, 70 males and 30 females, where 10% of t\", \"AccountId\": 13205569.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Chris\", \"Location\": \"Chile\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data Scientist</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 42732, \"PostId\": 94737, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 34, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"74c991bb-3d6d-4185-8f46-0c11c10a733e\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"1567\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-20T06:13:23.917000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 42732, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clustering into teams of fixed size\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><k-means><partitioning><semi-supervised-learning>\", \"Body\": 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href=\\\"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33522442/stationari\", \"AccountId\": 3657956.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 11515, \"PostId\": 38940, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"348b01cd-3d6a-4478-86fc-326c57291bc3\", \"Text\": \">Suppose the weather condition classified as \\\"sunny\\\" (S) or \\\"rainy\\\" (R). 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If I want to calculate the F-Measure\", \"AccountId\": 79704.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Aly\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.alykhantejani.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<h1>SOreadytohelp</h1>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 29317, \"PostId\": 70193, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"669cecd9-6d24-45cd-8691-53eacd472697\", \"Text\": \"I am experimenting with developing a linear model `lmodel1` which predicts a `temp` response variabl\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-24T10:00:00.933000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 29317, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 70195, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R: plotting a prediction model and understanding results\", \"Tags\": \"<r><data-visualization><predictive-models>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am experimenting with developing a linear model <code>lmodel1</code> which predicts a <code>tem\", \"AccountId\": 2056954.0, \"DisplayName\": \"lynx\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 425, \"PostId\": 425, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f9e68982-9634-45c7-95b9-b48a6b5c91cd\", \"Text\": \"One more [Dilbert cartoon][1]:\\r\\n\\r\\n![http://dilbert.com/fast/2008-05-08/][2]\\r\\n<sub>...</sub>\\r\\n\\r\\n [1]\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://assets.amuniversal.com/ with https://assets.amuniversal.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-21T15:53:59.553000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 414, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user88\", \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>One more <a href=\\\"http://dilbert.com/fast/2008-05-08/\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer\\\">Dilbert cartoon</a>:</p>\\n\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 4, \"OwnerUserId\": 4, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is your favorite \\\"data analysis\\\" cartoon?\", \"Tags\": \"<references><teaching><humor>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Data analysis cartoons can be useful for many reasons: they help communicate; they show that quan\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T19:03:57.227000\", \"AccountId\": 54503.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Shane\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statalgo.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Quantitative researcher focusing on statistics and machine learning methods in finance. Primarily\"}]}, {\"Id\": 84639, \"PostId\": 183496, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 50, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e456637f-4ad5-4b85-a43a-1a7ad6a6ca3e\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-24T19:52:18.643000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 84639, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Convolutionalizing fully connected layers to form an FCN in Keras\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><neural-networks><deep-learning><keras>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I trained a simple classifier to detect whether or not an image contains a lane line.</p>\\n\\n<pre><\", \"AccountId\": 1897160.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jessica Alan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/jeffalankonecki\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 42065, \"PostId\": 127058, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bd4d3dcb-f2ed-49d2-8d99-7c16c450ea31\", \"Text\": \"I have massively rewritten my original question to further explain the problem. It involves a regre\", \"Comment\": \"Commonmark migration\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-08T14:55:57.953000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 42065, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 127114, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Approaching a large machine learning problem\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><sampling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have massively rewritten my original question to further explain the problem. It involves a re\", \"AccountId\": 3158923.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joel Graff\", \"Location\": \"Illinois\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.linkedin.com/in/joelcgraff\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Professionally, I work as a civil engineer in the public sector. 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The training data is imbalance\", \"AccountId\": 5179602.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Christian Hinze\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 82439, \"PostId\": 218977, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0eb2f929-4add-4271-9fce-6d5df7eb7614\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"OriginalQuestionIds\\\":[224005],\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":113777,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"hxd1011\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":7555,\\\"DisplayN\", \"Comment\": \"101\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-28T03:55:00.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82439, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Use of this positive semi-definite matrix in optimization?\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><linear-algebra>\", \"Body\": \"<p>We know that any matrix of the form $A^TA$ is positive semi-definite where $A^T$ is the transpose\", \"AccountId\": 8717037.0, \"DisplayName\": \"M. 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Can you show us a plot \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-25T14:45:21.933000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 155513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation Between Binary Variable and Continuous\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><categorical-data><binary-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Y is a binary variable (0 or 1) and X is a continuous variable. </p>\\n\\n<p>What would be the best w\", \"AccountId\": 13221994.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ronicho\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 240914, \"PostId\": 240914, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@altabq: Cannot find it, maybe a replacement: https://www.r-bloggers.com/chicken-or-the-egg-granger\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-13T17:47:44.497000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 168379, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Partially answered in comments: </p>\\n\\n<p>Have you read Dave Gile's blog posts on testing Granger\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 95695, \"OwnerUserId\": 95695, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Determining Lag for Granger Causality\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><aic><bic><lags><granger-causality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to understand how to identify lag length to use for a Granger Causality test. The pr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-14T19:42:06.780000\", \"AccountId\": 7889633.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stuart C\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 26593, \"PostId\": 319564, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you have the data in a contingency table with genres x countries, maybe start with correspondence\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-30T12:24:17.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 26593, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 319628, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding anomaly using statistical distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<paired-data><multivariate-normal-distribution><density-estimation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to find if a particular genre of books is more popular with people of a particular re\", \"AccountId\": 1994630.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kosmos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 39277, \"PostId\": 102097, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The problem with your \\\"example\\\", is that your two lists of numbers are not \\\"variables\\\" in any statis\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-17T20:29:36.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 39277, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 102089, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Correlation is a tricky concept, since it denotes that two variables show dependence based merely\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46492, \"OwnerUserId\": 46492, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can two linear regression variables be perfectly correlated but not share a single causal chain ance\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><causality>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A causal chain lists event (or fact) $y$ with all its causal antecedents.</p>\\n\\n<p>We make a model\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-26T14:09:07.433000\", \"AccountId\": 3267754.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jtd\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 162946.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Juan Zamora\", \"Location\": \"Costa Rica\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 139590, \"PostId\": 210771, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Related: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/164222/joint-probability-distribution-of-k-le-n-\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-10T05:09:25.153000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 139590, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Order Statistics w/ Maximum\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><joint-distribution><order-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Let $X_1,X_2,\\\\dotsc$ be i.i.d. r.v.s with CDF $F$, and let $M_n = \\\\max(X_1,X_2, \\\\d\", \"AccountId\": 12217752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joseph Doe\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 6558, \"PostId\": 173815, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why TWO downvotes?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-31T20:21:03.093000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6558, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 173436, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>What do you plan to do with the outliers you detect? Deleting them without verifying that they a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 100805, \"OwnerUserId\": 100805, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Outlier detection methods which can run automatically on multiple univariate time-series?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><outliers>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Allow me to state my use-case through a simplified example: coffee-machines. It makes it easier t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-30T16:27:15.460000\", \"AccountId\": 8994655.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Matthias V\", \"Location\": \"Ghent, Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 1213127.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Emil Friedman\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalconsulting.org\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 18880, \"PostId\": 110823, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/156465/estimating-multilevel-logistic-regression-models?rq\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-12T13:51:18.397000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18880, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimation Procedure of Multilevel Logistic Regression\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><logistic><references><multilevel-analysis><lme4-nlme>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know the estimation procedure for logistic regression is the iterative weighted least squares m\", \"AccountId\": 2727882.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ABC\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 136560, \"PostId\": 258381, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is there any reason you don't want to calculate the difference $B-A$? Maybe you want a symmetric ana\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-16T20:13:11.807000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 136560, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to model whether differences in two variables vary across the levels of a third variable?\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say we have a variable A (some interaction network metric, continuous, N=20), and we want to see \", \"AccountId\": 12001284.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Charly\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 18384, \"PostId\": 18384, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"56c41413-a09a-4d43-aef8-738cbefa17ae\", \"Text\": \"Requests for datasets are off-topic on this site. Use this tag for questions concerning creating, p\", \"Comment\": \"Removed markup in the excerpt as those have no effect\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-02T18:09:27.410000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 4, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"Requests for datasets are off-topic on this site. Use this tag for questions concerning creating, p\"}, {\"Id\": 104184, \"PostId\": 176870, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e71eb17d-4782-4f92-895e-2820b1a6c508\", \"Text\": \"<r><signal-processing><boxplot><noise><quality-control>\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-30T17:14:33.390000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 104184, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mathematical approach for finding baseline shifts in data\", \"Tags\": \"<r><signal-processing><boxplot><noise><quality-control>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a raw signal from a sensor which is attached in this question . The x-axis is time, and th\", \"AccountId\": 10141390.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ACE\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 263953, \"PostId\": 263953, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"57ed6fb9-3b5f-47a2-b59b-5ac35c61b399\", \"Text\": \"Well, we start with reading in the data in R and computing per mille (more natural with this data th\", \"Comment\": \"added 136 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-14T16:32:23.490000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 263946, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Well, we start with reading in the data in R and computing per mille (more natural with this data\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 193612, \"OwnerUserId\": 193612, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 263953, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing the distributions of proportions in two groups\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><distributions><chi-squared-test><proportion>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm comparing the total dog population in a region with the number of dogs in rehoming centres in\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-14T15:42:51.827000\", \"AccountId\": 15530417.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kirsty Wilson\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 152614, \"PostId\": 223701, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"03bde1d4-e273-4185-a836-ecbd332ebe0e\", \"Text\": \"This is a part of my lecture note.\\r\\n\\r\\nTo test whether **$\\\\beta_2 \\\\le 0$** at the 5% level of signifi\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 23 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-05T01:12:16.750000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 152614, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$H_0 : \\\\beta_2 \\\\le 0$ or $=0$\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a part of my lecture note.</p>\\n\\n<p>To test whether <strong>$\\\\beta_2 \\\\le 0$</strong> at th\", \"AccountId\": 11683107.0, \"DisplayName\": \"shk910\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Economics PhD</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 233256, \"PostId\": 308980, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"745a0604-1782-45e4-a9e1-38f2665f6fc1\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><hypothesis-testing><trend><change-point>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-30T14:25:08.863000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 233256, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 308990, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can I know if there is a breakpoint in a time series analysis?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><hypothesis-testing><trend><change-point>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to find a breakpoint in a time series. I have a set of prices from January up to now.\", \"AccountId\": 18419135.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dumb ML\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 124046, \"PostId\": 124046, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4d22ffa4-83df-433b-a09d-851313cc6ee8\", \"Text\": \"One idea, trying to use likelihood. Dice throws can be modelled by multinomial distributions. For t\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-08T11:38:36.317000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 123506, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>One idea, trying to use likelihood. Dice throws can be modelled by multinomial distributions. Fo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 60711, \"OwnerUserId\": 60711, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 124046, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Likelihood of two dice. One fair the other unfair\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><binomial-distribution><likelihood><multinomial-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>first of all sorry about the title. I couldn't think anything better.</p>\\n\\n<p>Let me describe the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-02T17:48:41.910000\", \"AccountId\": 7054464.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Osmar Guarino\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>42</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 72870, \"PostId\": 213498, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9de4cb31-21a6-43c0-b5f6-31f7be400ee1\", \"Text\": \"Variance of sample variance (proof explanation)\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 1 character in body; edited tags; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-09T14:53:29.100000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 72870, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 213522, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variance of sample variance (proof explanation)\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><variance>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here is the proof of Variance of sample variance. Can you please explain me the highlighted plac\", \"AccountId\": 6594296.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Daniel Yefimov\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 23900, \"PostId\": 305015, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9e1c0d54-3770-4134-930a-a8a955f87eda\", \"Text\": \"I have GPS data (every 20 minutes) on storks flight heights and am modelling several predictors usin\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-19T09:32:07.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23900, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to account for temporal autocorrelation in BRT models?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><autocorrelation><spatial><biostatistics><boosting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have GPS data (every 20 minutes) on storks flight heights and am modelling several predictors u\", \"AccountId\": 3024103.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JMarcelino\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 72626, \"PostId\": 139349, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bf559fe1-0cb3-4f6f-81cc-517ed96cf392\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression><logistic>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-07T09:48:42.730000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 72626, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"370 independent variables - LOGISTIC REGRESSION\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><logistic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to run logistic regression to predict binary outcome , however I have 300+ independent var\", \"AccountId\": 7990466.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Naziya\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 252540, \"PostId\": 284631, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7d063f29-905d-4726-9613-9ce57c18a64d\", \"Text\": \"<r><logistic><mgcv>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-30T09:17:01.267000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 252540, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"8armed\", \"Title\": \"Correct GAMM function for binary dependent variable\", \"Tags\": \"<r><logistic><mgcv>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking for help for how to implement a correct syntax for my Generalized mixed effect model\", \"AccountId\": 12043324.0, \"DisplayName\": \"8armed\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 50222, \"PostId\": 211492, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7f6cf243-2e4a-4db8-b3f7-91d883d009aa\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><simulation>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-28T08:04:36.917000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50222, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do I calculate the probability of a single trial of an event that will occur at least m times in\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><simulation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How do I calculate the probability of a single trial p of an event that will occur at least m tim\", \"AccountId\": 185892.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anton Andreev\", \"Location\": \"Bulgaria\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://debian.fmi.uni-sofia.bg/~toncho/myblog\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"http://bg.linkedin.com/in/antonandreev\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\\\">http://bg.linkedin.com/in/antonan\"}, {\"Id\": 114367, \"PostId\": 304251, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8856e4fe-9b27-4a7c-844c-f3785fecba50\", \"Text\": \"I am new to Time Series, please help with showing why the equation below by taking the second order \", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-17T10:48:14.633000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114367, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 304259, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Time Series Stationarity Proof\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><stationarity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am new to Time Series, please help with showing why the equation below by taking the second ord\", \"AccountId\": 10355063.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Siyabonga Mbonambi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 90425, \"PostId\": 90425, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"129eb3c8-464a-4311-b303-03ee06d9e5a1\", \"Text\": \"So you have some observations $D_1, \\\\dots, D_n$ where each are an observation (or for example means \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-06T09:17:23.337000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 90382, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>So you have some observations <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$D_1, \\\\dots, D_n$</span> where each ar\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 12501, \"OwnerUserId\": 12501, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Determine whether something is \\\"significantly maximal\\\"\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><multivariate-analysis><ranking>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<h3>The problem:</h3>\\n\\n<p>I have a measure $D_i$ that quantifies how well a single target \\\"feature\\\" \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-20T12:52:54.550000\", \"AccountId\": 1933309.0, \"DisplayName\": \"A. Donda\", \"Location\": \"University of Kulahari\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>– I'm a physicist working in cognitive neuroscience on statistical data analysis methods.<br>\\n– I\"}]}, {\"Id\": 191424, \"PostId\": 261704, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cada4c64-d69e-4e3f-a19f-f753248f6278\", \"Text\": \"I have this table:\\r\\n[![enter image description here][1]][1]\\r\\n\\r\\n [1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/04z4\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 20 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-02-25T03:30:32.003000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 191424, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 261738, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation between musical knowledge and some measured variables\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><correlation><categorical-data><contingency-tables>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have this table:</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/04z4i.png\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\", \"AccountId\": 5750797.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hugo Brito\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 8261, \"PostId\": 308922, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6528fa03-ac9a-43a8-9841-293270883c7a\", \"Text\": \"<normal-distribution><interpretation><intuition><differential-equations>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-27T06:24:56.157000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8261, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does this interpretation $\\\\phi'(x)=-x\\\\phi(x)$ of the normal distribution have any significance?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><interpretation><intuition><differential-equations>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For the standard normal distribution <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\phi(x)$</span>, we can see th\", \"AccountId\": 1224647.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bravo\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Garam masala.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 32156, \"PostId\": 75622, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6f7dcb02-ca8e-46ed-8681-7d42f3858c88\", \"Text\": \"<probability>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-21T21:38:26.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 32156, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 75625, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is It Correct to Talk About the Probability of an Event that Has Already Occurred and Is Not Repeata\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><philosophical>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a limited understanding of probability, PDFs, etc. When the Viking landers went to Mars, t\", \"AccountId\": 4505114.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Flynn\", \"Location\": \"Silicon Valley, CA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>By day compile statistical reports. In past have worked as a programmer using Pascal, AlgolW, Fo\"}, {\"Id\": 327430, \"PostId\": 327430, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"33a013cd-e08b-4fb7-9e5c-1225bd91ae7d\", \"Text\": \"With a binary response it is better to plan for using logistic regression. You can still use interac\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-24T03:04:14.380000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 327189, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>With a binary response it is better to plan for using logistic regression. You can still use inte\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 108884, \"OwnerUserId\": 108884, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 327430, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Design of experiments and building a logistic-regression-like model\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic><experiment-design><marketing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider a population characterized in terms of a small number of categorical features (age categ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-07T01:45:04.920000\", \"AccountId\": 10401428.0, \"DisplayName\": \"arni\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 812172, \"PostId\": 219034, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"34eafd18-6bb0-42dc-89a6-b080e80f5d70\", \"Text\": \"<classification><natural-language><text-mining><multinomial-distribution><many-categories>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-05T14:56:40.740000\"}, {\"Id\": 166305, \"PostId\": 235439, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e0e94141-28c1-4c75-bce2-3844efb49ae7\", \"Text\": \"<references><panel-data><heteroscedasticity><fixed-effects-model><gretl>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-22T05:08:01.950000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 166305, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the difference between HAC and PCSE?\", \"Tags\": \"<references><panel-data><heteroscedasticity><fixed-effects-model><gretl>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have data consist of 88 companies in 5 year (440 observations) and used 3 independent variables\", \"AccountId\": 13821032.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Silviana Gunarsih Santoso\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 137569, \"PostId\": 261574, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"51d45ce8-b72b-4675-9da0-da679c00f40d\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><optimization><experiment-design><hyperparameter><sensitivity-analysis>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-24T19:40:55.860000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137569, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Analyse sensitivity of hyper-parameters of Machine Learning Models\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><optimization><experiment-design><hyperparameter><sensitivity-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to analyse how sensitive my non neural net machine learning models are to the choice of th\", \"AccountId\": 8342057.0, \"DisplayName\": \"frank\", \"Location\": \"India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Student. PHP, Python, SQL and R. Also some amount of Data Science.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 230683, \"PostId\": 304838, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c4feba54-a570-4403-b507-be9648264b66\", \"Text\": \"<r><machine-learning><classification><dataset><bioinformatics>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-11T21:04:56.810000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 230683, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Giannis Lazaridis\", \"Title\": \"Problem with classification model of genomic data\", \"Tags\": \"<r><machine-learning><classification><dataset><bioinformatics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>First of all, I'd like to apologize for any spelling or grammar mistakes.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm having a pr\", \"AccountId\": 18238805.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Giannis Lazaridis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 113956, \"PostId\": 189363, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aacae7e9-7e95-42b3-9f40-1ab5b910061a\", \"Text\": \"I am examining whether a regulatory change affects profit margins (PM) and return on assets (ROA) us\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 13 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-13T12:34:49.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 113956, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Large coefficients in DiD\", \"Tags\": \"<regression-coefficients><multicollinearity><difference-in-difference>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am examining whether a regulatory change affects profit margins (PM) and return on assets (ROA)\", \"AccountId\": 10679669.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Henrik Dalriksson\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 31729, \"PostId\": 247855, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5d8e83bf-d46b-4a4a-8096-b212c3560a1d\", \"Text\": \"<probability><correlation><mathematical-statistics><joint-distribution><multivariate-normal-distribu\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-12T23:05:12.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 31729, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 247940, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When are correlated Normal random variables multivariate Normal?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><correlation><mathematical-statistics><joint-distribution><multivariate-normal-distribu\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know that there are many example of correlated normal random variables which are not jointly (m\", \"AccountId\": 3382095.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eli\", \"Location\": \"IN, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a statistician working in clinical research. I regularly use topics from survival analysis, \"}, {\"Id\": 266605, \"PostId\": 266605, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3ca4aa32-8106-4360-8f62-75e6d0105671\", \"Text\": \"I don't know about \\\"authoritative sources\\\", but I would say the notation from French Wikipedia is st\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-06T09:06:24.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 211024, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I don't know about \\\"authoritative sources\\\", but I would say the notation from French Wikipedia is\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 112313, \"OwnerUserId\": 112313, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correct way to speak and write about likelihoods\", \"Tags\": \"<terminology><likelihood>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We define likelihood of parameters <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\theta$</span> given observation\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-01T03:03:14.363000\", \"AccountId\": 5459888.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ahstat\", \"Location\": \"Europe\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://ahstat.github.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Please check out <a href=\\\"https://ahstat.github.io/about/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">https://ahst\"}]}, {\"Id\": 76580, \"PostId\": 144462, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f19d6e4d-86dc-4051-863a-58cc8fe8ff04\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-20T14:43:03.207000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 76580, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Adding Normal Distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let X = {32, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 41, 41, 41, 44, 44, 45, 46, 48} (Say the scores that student\", \"AccountId\": 8288480.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sajid Anjum\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 243208, \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 40902, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Q1: <code>glmnet</code> do not use (or need) a baseline category. The penalization takes care of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-09-04T20:10:32.770000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 14548, \"OwnerUserId\": 14548, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"model selection with glmnet\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><lasso><regularization><glmnet><categorical-encoding>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to fit a multinomial logit model using glmnet. I have a few questions:</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-05T00:45:04.990000\", \"AccountId\": 2327283.0, \"DisplayName\": \"abayesed\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 87715, \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 87703, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\require{txfonts}$</span>As you say, the use of <span class=\\\"math-c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-06T09:50:20.307000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 38639, \"OwnerUserId\": 38639, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 87715, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the correct notation for stating that random variables X and Y are independent?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><independence><notation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Often people put down $X\\\\perp\\\\ Y$ as independence, but this merely means that the expectation of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-06T04:02:24.137000\", \"AccountId\": 5132269.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ISIS Trainer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 210246, \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 5, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Wikipedia has an <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_function#Profile_likelihood\\\" r\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-11-06T14:58:02.040000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2012-10-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2012-04-12T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 246612, \"OwnerUserId\": 176464, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 238774, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The only way to answer your questions is to run a series of numerical experiments. Simply: take s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-06T09:50:01.883000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 42651, \"PostId\": 246612, \"UserId\": 42651, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi: They are really two different issues. the case where the variance is uncorrelated but non consta\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-18T15:06:52.460000\", \"AccountId\": 514228.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mlofton\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>focus is statistical time series but trying to learn about DSP.</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 459245, \"PostId\": 246612, \"UserId\": 42651, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Here's a bio on White. https://www.bateswhite.com/newsroom-news-38.html. Sadly, he died pretty you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-06T10:21:22.400000\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 176464, \"PostId\": 246612, \"UserId\": 176464, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5d96f110-c2ef-4167-ac6f-892498f7fd40\", \"Text\": \"The only way to answer your questions is to run a series of numerical experiments. Simply: take some\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-06T08:57:09.880000\", \"AccountId\": 7918649.0, \"DisplayName\": \"SparseSolverCodes\", \"Location\": \"Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ozemail.com.au/~comecau/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Over 30 years of experience in mathematical software development. Major work experiences: develop\", \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 176464, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 176464, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 176464, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 82153, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":92,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"Id\": 4279, \"AccountId\": 326778.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jochen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://seehuhn.de/\", \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-09-06T19:42:20.070000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 122157, \"PostId\": 122157, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I believe there is a typo in the second displayed equation: should it be $m_1(x_{n-1}|x_{n-1}, \\\\ldot\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-20T15:53:31.730000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Updating a Bayes factor\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><marginal-distribution><sequential-analysis><bayes-factors>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A Bayes factor is defined in Bayesian testing of hypothesis and Bayesian model selection by the r\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 141915, \"RelatedPostId\": 122157, \"PostId\": 141915, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-29T14:46:14.770000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16926, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bayes Factor approximation\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><simulation><approximation><metropolis-hastings><bayes-factors>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A brute force method to approximate the Bayes Factor (the ratio of the denominators (normalizing \", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 24715, \"RelatedPostId\": 139463, \"PostId\": 141915, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T21:19:06.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 140127, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"ASA discusses limitations of $p$-values - what are the alternatives?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><bayesian><p-value><frequentist>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We already have multiple threads tagged as <a href=\\\"/questions/tagged/p-values\\\" class=\\\"post-tag\\\" \", \"AccountId\": 2242720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": \"Warsaw, Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Before I had studied Chan for thirty years, I saw mountains as\\nmountains, and rivers\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 311483, \"PostId\": 141915, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Actually according to [this](http://stats.stackexchange.com/a/201591/35989) $p$-values are consisten\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-02T08:15:09.623000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 154728, \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Approximate Metropolis algorithm - does it make sense?\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><markov-chain-montecarlo><cumulative-distribution-function><metropolis-hastings>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Some time ago Xi'an asked <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/154946/what-is-the-e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-24T19:44:15.683000\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 110791, \"RelatedPostId\": 110791, \"PostId\": 154728, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-01T09:24:38.890000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the equivalent for cdfs of MCMC for pdfs?\", \"Tags\": \"<multivariate-analysis><simulation><markov-chain-montecarlo><copula>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In conjunction with a <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/q/153661/7224\\\">Cross Validated que\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 51888, \"RelatedPostId\": 109877, \"PostId\": 110791, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-23T02:02:59.200000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 51888, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to simulate from a log-copula function?\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><copula>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does anybody know how to simulate from a log-copula function?</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm trying to simulate $(u,\", \"AccountId\": 6352343.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andrew Lin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 238325, \"PostId\": 110791, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The link \\\"the Laplace-Stieljes transform\\\" seems to be broken now.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-13T18:42:08.840000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 412204, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 110791, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 403789, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 110791, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 463188, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 110791, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-13T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 110791, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"822a8fb3-0111-4d22-96f7-d0b09aa274f2\", \"Text\": \"In conjunction with a [Cross Validated question][1] on simulating from a specific copula, that is, a\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\"}, {\"Id\": 5179, \"PostId\": 110791, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"05b890e1-2beb-4af8-b7b4-6397859ae2a2\", \"Text\": \"In conjunction with a [Cross Validated question][1] on simulating from a specific copula, that is, a\", \"Comment\": \"added 277 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-05T07:56:15.903000\", \"AccountId\": 844516.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Xi'an\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://xianblog.wordpress.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a professor of Statistics at Université Paris Dauphine (PSL), Paris, France, since 2000, and\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 286041, \"PostId\": 286041, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Concerning the \\\"intractability\\\" of the mixture representation, I beg to disagree. The components of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-12T08:47:07.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 286031, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If we denote<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$m_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} x_n\\\\mathbb I_{z_{n}=k}\\\\quad\\\\tex\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 536122, \"PostId\": 286041, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is an indicator function missing in the definition of the $m_k$?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-30T08:55:52.210000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1123813, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 286041, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1123691, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 286041, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1127247, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 286041, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-07T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 999146, \"PostId\": 286041, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6d4032b2-331b-4511-b849-368ba8e628b5\", \"Text\": \"If we denote$$m_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} x_n\\\\quad\\\\text{and}\\\\quad r_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} (1-x_n) \\\\mathbb \", \"Comment\": \"added 668 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-12T12:36:43.030000\"}, {\"Id\": 999151, \"PostId\": 286041, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"08f220db-f9fb-4057-9e2d-81ac9736dd6f\", \"Text\": \"If we denote$$m_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} x_n\\\\quad\\\\text{and}\\\\quad r_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} (1-x_n) \\\\mathbb \", \"Comment\": \"added 668 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-12T12:43:56.363000\"}, {\"Id\": 999155, \"PostId\": 286041, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f0fb7408-bbb6-4f74-9751-098db814d82b\", \"Text\": \"If we denote$$m_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} x_n\\\\quad\\\\text{and}\\\\quad r_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} (1-x_n) \\\\mathbb \", \"Comment\": \"added 98 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-12T13:05:13.483000\"}, {\"Id\": 1005312, \"PostId\": 286041, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3ed9d9dd-c36e-4f8d-9c95-203ec8f1859a\", \"Text\": \"If we denote$$m_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} x_n\\\\mathbb I_{z_{n}=k}\\\\quad\\\\text{and}\\\\quad r_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le \", \"Comment\": \"added 19 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-30T09:34:56.140000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24968, \"OwnerUserId\": 24968, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 286041, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"A Bernoulli mixture model with a Dirichlet prior on the parameters\", \"Tags\": \"<marginal-distribution><conjugate-prior><latent-dirichlet-alloc><finite-mixture-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$x_1,...,x_N$</span> be a set of observation coming from the f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-17T11:57:55.943000\", \"AccountId\": 1261551.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alberto\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Machine Learning Applied Researcher.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 142151, \"PostId\": 142151, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(+1) While this particular importance sampler works in principle, there exist more efficient approac\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-31T11:45:02.600000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 141915, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The answer to your first question is \\\"yes\\\": Using notation similar to <a href=\\\"https://en.wikiped\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 520112, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 142151, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-31T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 607123, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 142151, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 531767, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 142151, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 607129, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 142151, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-16T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 468882, \"PostId\": 142151, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cddeec37-04e1-4d0c-8d68-e743965e86fd\", \"Text\": \"The answer to your first question is \\\"yes\\\": Using notation similar to [Wikipedia][1], the Bayes fact\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-31T11:45:02.600000\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 400270, \"PostId\": 122157, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f3a3c7e7-bc53-487a-9a00-29d44bcba1d0\", \"Text\": \"A Bayes factor is defined in Bayesian testing of hypothesis and Bayesian model selection by the rati\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-20T15:53:31.730000\"}, {\"Id\": 469487, \"PostId\": 122157, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a53ac298-0b6e-465b-9094-8a33cda15025\", \"Text\": \"A Bayes factor is defined in Bayesian testing of hypothesis and Bayesian model selection by the rati\", \"Comment\": \"added 16 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-01T19:45:43.147000\"}, {\"Id\": 250922, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aa0dc2b4-94a6-436d-bab1-e5ed403181fb\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution><mean><moment-generating-function>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-15T17:51:49.513000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 80749, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution of $\\\\frac{\\\\sum_{i=1}^n X_iY_i}{\\\\sum_{i=1}^n X_i^2}$ where $X_i,Y_i$s are i.i.d Normal v\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution><mean><moment-generating-function>\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Suppose <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_1,\\\\ldots,X_n,Y_1,\\\\ldots,Y_n$</span> are i.i.\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 120720, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 120720, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@StubbornAtom is this self-study?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-05T10:39:01.763000\", \"AccountId\": 7195484.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sextus Empiricus\", \"Location\": \"Sion, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/martijn-weterings-7035609a/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/lShkO.jpg\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 490373, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 120720, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What do you need this variable for? What is the problem exactly with the rigour of the argument?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-10T16:00:16.050000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 194910, \"OwnerUserId\": 120720, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 26613, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<h1>You can use the multivariate Chebyshev's inequality.</h1>\\n\\n<h2>Two variables case</h2>\\n\\n<p><em>F\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-21T13:09:05.060000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 26613, \"OwnerUserId\": 9104, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can we bound the probability that a random variable is maximal?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><bounds><extreme-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>$\\\\newcommand{\\\\P}{\\\\mathbb{P}}$Suppose we have $N$ independent random variables $X_1$, $\\\\ldots$, $X\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T14:10:14.210000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 1895, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 1895, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Michael: That is still not true, unfortunately. The events $A_j = \\\\{X_i > X_j\\\\}$ for *fixed* $i$ ar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-29T21:42:27.863000\", \"AccountId\": 329305.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cardinal\", \"Location\": \"Not from around here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://none\", \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 133761, \"PostId\": 133761, \"UserId\": 1895, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"More explicitly, let $f$ be an arbitrary convex function on $[0,1]$ and consider $f(X) = f(0\\\\cdot(1-\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-13T20:40:50.243000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3922, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 286329, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximize variance of a distribution subject to constraints\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><experiment-design>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose a random variable $X$ has a distribution with support on $[0,1]$, ${\\\\rm Prob}\\\\{ X\\\\in[0,1]\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 4656, \"RelatedPostId\": 16760, \"PostId\": 133761, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-03T16:59:55.347000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4656, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 16816, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximum value of coefficient of variation for bounded data set\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><mean><standard-deviation><coefficient-of-variation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the discussion following a <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/q/18590/6633\\\">recent quest\", \"AccountId\": 900727.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dilip Sarwate\", \"Location\": \"Urbana, IL\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a retired professor of electrical and computer engineering with a lifetime of experience tea\"}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 133761, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm sure this is answered on the site. A quick search turns up closely related (and harder) questio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 271022, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"That comment appears to contradict your post. The post strongly implies there is truncation to the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-13T20:27:31.270000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137893, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 271472, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Compute truncated normal distribution with specific mean and variance\", \"Tags\": \"<r><simulation><truncation><truncated-normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a simple setting: I simulate demand patterns that are distributed according to a truncated\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 153263, \"RelatedPostId\": 271022, \"PostId\": 239877, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-09T17:02:24.673000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 153263, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to parameterise a known distribution with mean, standard deviation and fixed upper and lower bou\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><density-function><truncated-distributions>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking for something resembling the normal distribution but which is capped at 0 and some s\", \"AccountId\": 1210674.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Cameron\", \"Location\": \"Sweden\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://phys.cam\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD Student in Quantum Computing</p>\\n\"}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 51379, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 51379, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Formulas for post mean and variance in terms of pre mean and pre variance are in [wikipedia](https:/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-15T10:33:19.127000\", \"AccountId\": 3289443.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jarle Tufto\", \"Location\": \"Trondheim, Norway\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ntnu.edu/employees/jarle.tufto\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 137893, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 137893, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Definitely. I can't see how my comment contradicts my post though. Can you explain?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T07:06:11.020000\", \"AccountId\": 12100786.0, \"DisplayName\": \"chris12\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 945622, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 137893, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d54a8aae-b7b1-44e2-917c-85549f355f59\", \"Text\": \"Compute truncated normal distribution with specific mean and variance\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-13T20:27:31.270000\"}, {\"Id\": 945623, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 137893, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d54a8aae-b7b1-44e2-917c-85549f355f59\", \"Text\": \"<r><simulation><truncation><truncated-normal-distribution>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-13T20:27:31.270000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 505769, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I wonder whether mean 100 and standard deviation 240 is actually possible for the truncated distribu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-24T08:44:38.550000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1084454, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 271022, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1055019, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 271022, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-14T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1056605, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 271022, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1170849, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 271022, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-14T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 87203, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"77109f5e-cebf-4a30-9399-f8b434192572\", \"Text\": \"I have a simple setting: I simulate demand patterns that are distributed according to a truncated no\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 42 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-23T14:19:18.630000\", \"AccountId\": 8479648.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ferdi\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Being a data scientist my main programming tool is R. I am enthusiastic about Machine Learning te\"}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 486353, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 133761, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 486290, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 133761, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 865724, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 133761, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-16T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 3922, \"PostId\": 133761, \"UserId\": 3922, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ca7d4469-bf1b-4dad-8f5e-24c27f41f753\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><experiment-design>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-08-08T17:31:44.413000\", \"AccountId\": 468726.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StasK\", \"Location\": \"Columbia, MO\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://stas.kolenikov.name\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Principal Survey Scientist, Abt Associates (<a href=\\\"http://www.abtassociates.com\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow \"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 286329, \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 133761, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$f(x) = (x - \\\\mu)^2$</span>. Since <span class=\\\"math-container\\\"\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-15T12:37:15.887000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1129106, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 286329, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-12T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1181220, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 286329, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-08T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1129105, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 286329, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-12T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1000171, \"PostId\": 286329, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8bdf7cc0-6876-45cc-8e26-ef013c82b65b\", \"Text\": \"Let $f(x) = (x - \\\\mu)^2$. Since $f$ is convex, we have\\r\\n$$\\r\\nf(x)\\r\\n= f\\\\bigl( (1-x)\\\\cdot 0 + x\\\\cdot 1\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-15T12:37:15.887000\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 312199, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I may be a bit dumb here, but can you show how you use Chebyshev to derive the bound in your questio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-04T22:07:56.793000\"}, {\"Id\": 9104, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 9104, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@cardinal thanks for the help before. Unfortunately, the question did not gain any traction on math.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T13:48:30.303000\", \"AccountId\": 558849.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MLS\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 51112, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 9104, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Since it is now over a month later and I still have not found an answer I've reposted this question \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-19T10:33:05.890000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 80823, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 9104, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"71e0cedb-4984-4325-b963-392f8efbb578\", \"Text\": \"How can we bound the probability that a random variable is maximal?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T14:10:14.210000\"}, {\"Id\": 80824, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 9104, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"71e0cedb-4984-4325-b963-392f8efbb578\", \"Text\": \"<bounds><extreme-value>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T14:10:14.210000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 8363, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 8363, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@cardinal My intention was to state that P[X1=max Xj} is P[ X1>=X2 and X1>=X3... X1>=XN] I made the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-02T14:04:04.697000\", \"AccountId\": 1454110.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michael R. Chernick\", \"Location\": \"Holland, Pennsylvania, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Michael Ross Chernick --- 01-01-2021<br />\\n<a href=\\\"https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2021/\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 46436, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 8363, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Note that by independence you have P{Xi<maxXj}= P[Xi<X1]P[Xi<X2]...P[Xi<XN]. Then for i not = j bou\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T15:13:48.310000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 20440, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 20440, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"One needs some more input about the dependence, i.e. the copula between them. Eventually, the proble\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-01T11:57:59.580000\", \"AccountId\": 2973784.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Horst Grünbusch\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematician, specialized in biostatistics.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 46429, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user10525\", \"Text\": \"The event $\\\\{X_1=\\\\max_j X_j\\\\}=\\\\{X_1\\\\geq X_2\\\\}\\\\cap\\\\dots\\\\cap\\\\{X_1\\\\geq X_N\\\\}$, then in particular $P(X\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T14:29:19.833000\"}, {\"Id\": 46431, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user10525\", \"Text\": \"This bound can be tighter if you use the index $j$ that gives you the smaller upper bound instead of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T14:39:58.930000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 622327, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 26613, \"VoteTypeId\": 16, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 643847, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 26613, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 550456, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 26613, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 416186, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 26613, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-07T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 347354, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 26613, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-31T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 515550, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 26613, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-22T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 76728, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 76728, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"27019edb-8c3c-4250-ad8e-b5cb2eac811a\", \"Text\": \"$\\\\newcommand{\\\\P}{\\\\mathbb{P}}$Suppose we have $N$ independent random variables $X_1$, $\\\\ldots$, $X_n$\", \"Comment\": \"broke up a long paragraph, used bold-faced P's for probability to make questions easier to read, add\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-21T21:40:21.673000\", \"AccountId\": 8154804.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Chill2Macht\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 324378, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 24, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"496c5ba6-4122-4cd5-bfef-196946bad585\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"Proposed by 53618 approved by 11887, 35989 edit id of 10370\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-12T11:40:18\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 536301, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Xi'an I think your comment is about $Z$ (which has a square root in the denominator), whereas mine \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-31T09:49:27.030000\"}, {\"Id\": 510958, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In the special case of $n=1$ we have $X_1Y_1/X_1^2 = Y_1 / X_1$, and the ratio of two independent st\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-21T21:44:56.143000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1196580, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 250922, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-14T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 974927, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 250922, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 970803, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 250922, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-15T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1126516, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 250922, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-05T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 989909, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 250922, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-01T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 970718, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 250922, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-15T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 80749, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 80749, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cca8029a-7e6c-4406-afda-e5407eb250f5\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-08T02:10:52.273000\", \"AccountId\": 8005387.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StubbornAtom\", \"Location\": \"Kolkata, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 874696, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 80749, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cca8029a-7e6c-4406-afda-e5407eb250f5\", \"Text\": \">Suppose $X_1,\\\\ldots,X_n,Y_1,\\\\ldots,Y_n$ are i.i.d $\\\\mathcal N(0,1)$ random variables. \\r\\n\\r\\n>I am int\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-15T17:51:49.513000\"}, {\"Id\": 874697, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 80749, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cca8029a-7e6c-4406-afda-e5407eb250f5\", \"Text\": \"Distribution of $\\\\frac{\\\\sum_{i=1}^n X_iY_i}{\\\\sum_{i=1}^n X_i^2}$ where $X_i,Y_i$s are i.i.d Normal v\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-15T17:51:49.513000\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 287915, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 250922, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Although this is a conditional argument as well, using the characteristic function is faster:\\n<sp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-31T07:32:20.577000\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 304707, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 304672, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The raw moments <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\mathbb E[X^k]$</span> all admit unbiased estimator\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-10T16:29:11.367000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 575062, \"PostId\": 304707, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In the first item in the enumeration, should \\\"only exist when $k \\\\leq m$\\\" be \\\"... $k \\\\leq n$\\\"?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-16T09:19:09.797000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 205503, \"OwnerUserId\": 205503, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Number of data points needed to estimate the $nth$ moment of a distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><inference><moments>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assuming that I do not know much about an underlying distribution. How many data points does one \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-10T14:50:31.703000\", \"AccountId\": 5918359.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Steve\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}]}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 606918, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 141915, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 520134, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 141915, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-31T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 520128, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 141915, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 16926, \"PostId\": 141915, \"UserId\": 16926, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bc0ab325-693b-499f-a727-5e4d415976bb\", \"Text\": \"<bayesian><approximation><bayes-factors>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-16T11:34:50.590000\", \"AccountId\": 1192300.0, \"DisplayName\": \"beginneR\", \"Location\": \"Heidelberg, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 992740, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 122157, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-07T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 992550, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 122157, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-07T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 699782, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 122157, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-18T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 128628, \"OwnerUserId\": 128628, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 122157, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Presumably the purpose of a recursive equation for Bayes factor would be when you have already ca\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-10T03:27:26.793000\", \"AccountId\": 11521300.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ben\", \"Location\": \"Canberra, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>SE: Please <a href=\\\"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/336526/\\\">reinstate and apologise to \"}]}, {\"Id\": 20597, \"PostId\": 144021, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, I agree. But $np(1-p)>10$ also would provide such a criterion. So why 5?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-07T12:19:50.133000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 144020, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The rule provides a criteria that makes sure that p is neither close to 0 nor to 1. If it is clos\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 144020, \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 169875, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"normal approximation to the binomial distribution: why np>5?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><binomial-distribution><approximation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Nearly every text book which discusses the normal approximation to the binomial distribution ment\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-16T11:34:02.680000\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 62984, \"RelatedPostId\": 144020, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-15T15:55:23.547000\"}, {\"Id\": 63002, \"RelatedPostId\": 144020, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-16T11:48:23.657000\"}, {\"Id\": 209756, \"RelatedPostId\": 144020, \"PostId\": 325414, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-28T21:11:40.750000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 209756, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 325444, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sample size for binomial distribution for rare events\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><binomial-distribution><sample-size><poisson-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to estimate the parameter p in a binomial process but need to determine the sample s\", \"AccountId\": 9268541.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user6883405\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1021192, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 144020, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-05T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 628203, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 144020, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1105068, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 144020, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-15T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 32539, \"UserId\": 32539, \"PostId\": 144020, \"VoteTypeId\": 8, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-30T06:58:04.383000\", \"AccountId\": 2875509.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Clarinetist\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Some of my favorite Q&As:</p>\\n<ul>\\n<li><a href=\\\"http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/1140\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 475331, \"PostId\": 144020, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0cb9320e-bfe0-4fb6-832d-efb834c458bc\", \"Text\": \"<normal-distribution><binomial-distribution><approximation>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-16T11:34:02.680000\"}, {\"Id\": 475329, \"PostId\": 144020, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0cb9320e-bfe0-4fb6-832d-efb834c458bc\", \"Text\": \"Nearly every text book which discusses the normal approximation to the binomial distribution mention\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-16T11:34:02.680000\"}, {\"Id\": 475330, \"PostId\": 144020, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0cb9320e-bfe0-4fb6-832d-efb834c458bc\", \"Text\": \"normal approximation to the binomial distribution: why np>5?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-16T11:34:02.680000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 34359, \"OwnerUserId\": 34359, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 144020, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In addition to the excellent answers already posted, I thought it might be helpful to have a visu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-07T17:02:00.247000\", \"AccountId\": 3211755.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kbrose\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"AccountId\": 275888.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bach\", \"Location\": \"Seattle\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Learning to be a mediocre statistician</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 166554, \"PostId\": 166554, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I have now added a comparison to the z-test. Was this what you had in mind? Since it seemed like \\\"\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-01T22:42:00.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 165442, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is an attempt at answering the question using numerical experiments: using Monte Carlo estim\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 54452, \"PostId\": 166554, \"UserId\": 54452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Nice job. Could you please also compare the false positive rate for a Gaussian test instead of a stu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-01T09:24:16.423000\", \"AccountId\": 6496709.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Guillaume Dehaene\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>"Instructor" at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)</p>\\n<p>Interested in (m\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 165442, \"PostId\": 165442, \"UserId\": 54452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"whuber: I'm indeed looking for a \\\"small n asymptotic result\\\" which goes beyond the traditional argum\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-24T09:05:14.787000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 54452, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 166554, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Robustness of the Student t-test to non-Gaussian data\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><t-test><asymptotics><t-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X_i$ be a collection of $n$ independent identically distributed Gaussian random variables wi\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 4127, \"RelatedPostId\": 35844, \"PostId\": 165442, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-08-26T11:20:46.613000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4127, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 35860, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"t-distribution confidence intervals for non-Gaussian data but large n\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><t-distribution><confidence-interval>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a question concerning a claim I read in statistics books concerning the applicability of t\", \"AccountId\": 544479.0, \"DisplayName\": \"fabee\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 165442, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It's not sufficient that the numerator be normal and the denominator an appropriately scaled chi-dis\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 611364, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 165442, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-26T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 552197, \"PostId\": 165442, \"UserId\": 54452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b70d2b7f-8ed4-4f17-919e-759fee96b25b\", \"Text\": \"Approximate $\\\\chi^2$-ness of the sum of squared non-Gaussian variables\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-24T09:05:14.787000\"}, {\"Id\": 553353, \"PostId\": 165442, \"UserId\": 54452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 33, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"9ab5fba3-ac42-478c-8a86-8207b3f4fb67\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"4269\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-26T09:18:42.287000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 311819, \"PostId\": 166554, \"UserId\": 54452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@jochen: you did exactly what I meant. Thank you very much for running all the simulations. Like you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-03T11:36:30.463000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 47634, \"PostId\": 166554, \"UserId\": 47634, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This is a great answer, only thing that could be improved is to set the seed value to 42.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T14:46:09.923000\", \"AccountId\": 4351442.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Repmat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 614321, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 166554, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-01T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 615638, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 166554, \"VoteTypeId\": 9, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 615033, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 166554, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 615581, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 166554, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 614849, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 166554, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-02T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 556682, \"PostId\": 166554, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"13e0d91b-e4b5-4a94-a34a-3c08bd0277d1\", \"Text\": \"Here is an attempt at answering the question using numerical experiments: using Monte Carlo estimati\", \"Comment\": \"add a comparison to the z-test, as requested by the OP in a comment\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-02T17:55:09.657000\"}, {\"Id\": 556293, \"PostId\": 166554, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"98ce4223-850c-45ec-8dfb-0507e7e7d4b9\", \"Text\": \"Here is an attempt at answering the question using numerical experiments: using Monte Carlo estimati\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-01T22:42:00.880000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 277992, \"PostId\": 277992, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I agree with your supervisor, fitting a sigmoidal curve would be a good choice. The two lines you s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-22T10:27:41.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 206610, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 278409, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What kind of curve (or model) should I fit to my percentage data?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><modeling><curve-fitting><percentage>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to create a figure which shows the relationship between viral copies and genome cover\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 163420, \"RelatedPostId\": 277992, \"PostId\": 278018, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-24T09:33:57.120000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 163420, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What do I do when my model prediction exceeds the limit of 100%?\", \"Tags\": \"<generalized-linear-model><data-visualization><poisson-regression><effects>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have plotted the effects of a model <code>glm( A ~ B, family=poisson, data=data)</code> both wi\", \"AccountId\": 9898918.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sara\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 206610, \"PostId\": 277992, \"UserId\": 206610, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@BenBolker yes, this removed the extended arch on the curves - thank you!\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-22T09:53:44.757000\", \"AccountId\": 8853582.0, \"DisplayName\": \"teaelleceecee\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24388, \"PostId\": 277992, \"UserId\": 24388, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"After your edit to include the actual data, I have updated my answer with a plot of the 3-parameter \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-02T20:39:24.887000\", \"AccountId\": 2836311.0, \"DisplayName\": \"James Phillips\", \"Location\": \"Birmingham, Alabama USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://zunzun.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Run zunzun.com \\\"Open Source Python Online Curve Fitting and Surface Fitting\\\"</p>\\n\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1082501, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 277992, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-22T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1242952, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 277992, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1083083, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 277992, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1083069, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 277992, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-23T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 277992, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"33d72fa5-61ed-4441-9a5b-7082adefa24e\", \"Text\": \"<regression><modeling><curve-fitting><percentage>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\"}, {\"Id\": 82473, \"PostId\": 277992, \"UserId\": 82473, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4534e29c-0d67-4cf7-adaf-6aa4a3273d6c\", \"Text\": \"<regression><curve-fitting>\", \"Comment\": \"Edited for clarity\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-28T12:16:06.847000\", \"AccountId\": 3276256.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mkt\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Apparently, this user prefers to keep an air of mystery about them. Perhaps because that opens up\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15827, \"OwnerUserId\": 15827, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 277992, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This isn't a different answer from @mkt but graphs in particular won't fit into a comment. I fir\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T13:57:54.467000\", \"AccountId\": 2038743.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nick Cox\", \"Location\": \"Durham, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work mostly with environmental data, secondarily with social science data. My interests include\"}]}, {\"Id\": 224135, \"PostId\": 224135, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What do you mean by \\\"$X(n) = n$ and $X(n) >= 1$?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T20:36:27.170000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 154373, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Problem on the stability of discrete-time Markov chains\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-process><hidden-markov-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>There is a system which follows the equation:\\nX(n+1) = X(n) - 1 + A(n), where A(n) is a random va\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 154373, \"PostId\": 224135, \"UserId\": 154373, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"08f45039-51de-415d-8b7c-76cfd31fe9b4\", \"Text\": \"Can someone help me with this problem on Markov Chain?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T20:35:48.540000\", \"AccountId\": 10320819.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Curiosity\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 778927, \"PostId\": 224135, \"UserId\": 154373, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"524d80f4-1da8-4eea-8770-9f06fea0213d\", \"Text\": \"Problem on the stability of discrete-time Markov chains\", \"Comment\": \"edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-18T04:28:16.840000\"}]}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 391944, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-11-12T16:25:09.413000\"}, {\"Id\": 162066, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-04-16T11:51:07.103000\"}, {\"Id\": 343837, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-01-15T20:10:10.153000\"}, {\"Id\": 296760, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-04-25T02:40:36.583000\"}, {\"Id\": 372281, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Revival\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-06-22T00:10:15.413000\"}, {\"Id\": 248390, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Caucus\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-08-08T13:51:34.390000\"}, {\"Id\": 195402, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-11-02T17:55:31.763000\"}, {\"Id\": 46462, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2013-09-16T15:42:26.303000\"}, {\"Id\": 195711, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Critic\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-11-03T21:24:17.013000\"}, {\"Id\": 159395, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Teacher\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-03-31T12:21:34.930000\"}, {\"Id\": 449195, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Caucus\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-05T21:35:50.997000\"}, {\"Id\": 383668, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-09-15T16:35:20.020000\"}, {\"Id\": 251580, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Constituent\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-08-22T08:56:50.430000\"}, {\"Id\": 449235, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-05T22:26:05.293000\"}, {\"Id\": 195567, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-11-03T10:36:41.987000\"}, {\"Id\": 389873, \"UserId\": 4279, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-10-30T14:25:02.530000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 224138, \"PostId\": 224138, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ba477489-0b0a-4937-8ba2-f2430026fee7\", \"Text\": \"<cross-validation>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T20:56:16.940000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"\\\"twinning\\\" in cross validation\", \"Tags\": \"<cross-validation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)#Limitations_and_misuse\\\" \", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1176391, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 224138, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-26T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 778867, \"PostId\": 224138, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ba477489-0b0a-4937-8ba2-f2430026fee7\", \"Text\": \"\\\"twinning\\\" in cross validation\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T20:56:16.940000\"}, {\"Id\": 778868, \"PostId\": 224138, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ba477489-0b0a-4937-8ba2-f2430026fee7\", \"Text\": \"The [Wikipedia article on cross validation][1] states\\r\\n\\r\\n> [...] cross-validation can be misused [..\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T20:56:16.940000\"}, {\"Id\": 1049641, \"PostId\": 224138, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5773aa6b-655b-43d7-ba09-5c89d50a7e8d\", \"Text\": \"The [Wikipedia article on cross validation][1] states\\r\\n\\r\\n> [...] cross-validation can be misused [..\", \"Comment\": \"fix an awkward typo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-26T12:53:00.323000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 2958, \"OwnerUserId\": 2958, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 224138, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Don't have time to write a full answer right now, but here's a start. </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li><blockquote>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-05-13T10:02:56.203000\", \"AccountId\": 393422.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cbeleites unhappy with SX\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Analytical chemist, vibrational spectroscopist and chemometrician. </p>\\n\\n<p>I do professional che\"}]}, {\"Id\": 224139, \"PostId\": 224139, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f43e55b3-7654-491f-9cc5-7ccf2e1218d7\", \"Text\": \"Since there are no cycles in the career path, you can simply use the geometric distribution to work \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T21:48:25.367000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 224125, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Since there are no cycles in the career path, you can simply use the geometric distribution to wo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 154346, \"OwnerUserId\": 154346, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Markov Chain - \\\"Expected Time\\\"\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><markov-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>The Megasoft company gives each of its employees the title of programmer (P) or pr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T15:52:44.517000\", \"AccountId\": 13164158.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ab YZ\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 274963, \"PostId\": 274963, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b75f70e6-782d-452a-a8d9-d55e49a6f3c2\", \"Text\": \"I understand that this question has been sitting here for years, but still, the following ideas may \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-21T21:02:56.443000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 21961, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \" \\n<p>I understand that this question has been sitting here for years, but still, the followi\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 5045, \"PostId\": 274963, \"UserId\": 5045, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Interesting approach. Let me digest this a bit.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-26T15:10:36.547000\", \"AccountId\": 999705.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dimitriy\", \"Location\": \"Oakland, CA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Into data before it was big. Keeping the world safe from folks armed with pivot tables and people\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 21961, \"PostId\": 21961, \"UserId\": 5045, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I am breaking up the change into components in the following way: $W^{′}-W=p^{′}∗(w^{′}_{D}-w_{D})+(\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-14T21:10:56.530000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5045, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 274963, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Least stupid way to forecast a short multivariate time series\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><multivariate-analysis><vector-autoregression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need to forecast the following 4 variables for the 29th unit of time. I have roughly 2 years wo\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1191701, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 21961, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-04T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 200186, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 21961, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-01T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 785566, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 21961, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-26T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 129792, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 21961, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-03T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 65869, \"PostId\": 21961, \"UserId\": 5045, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"711b8430-1370-41d4-a2bc-d763f10cc6f8\", \"Text\": \"Least Stupid Way to Forecast a Short Multivariate Time Series\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-14T21:10:56.530000\"}, {\"Id\": 674, \"PostId\": 21961, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ccd68c09-5e61-47fa-9dd6-098b87aa08da\", \"Text\": \"Least stupid way to forecast a short multivariate time series\", \"Comment\": \"added 102 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T20:50:47.397000\", \"AccountId\": 184175.0, \"DisplayName\": \"chl\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://aliquote.org\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Bohemian scientist.</p>\\n\"}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1070567, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 274963, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-22T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1191699, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 274963, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-04T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1309172, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 274963, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-09T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1070135, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 274963, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-21T00:00:00\"}]}, {\"Id\": 224177, \"PostId\": 224177, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"976a425e-828c-44a8-9018-3ffd74e0e49d\", \"Text\": \"There is no general method which works equally well for all kinds of data. Your task will be to fin\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-18T11:11:00.677000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 224171, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is no general method which works equally well for all kinds of data. Your task will be to \", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1076910, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 224177, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-09T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 850391, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 224177, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-18T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 224171, \"OwnerUserId\": 125879, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is a good model to forecast a single variable?\", \"Tags\": \"<forecasting><excel>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have the values of a variable x for a time period of 15 years. What is a good statist\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-18T08:56:22.987000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1076911, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 224171, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-09T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 125879, \"PostId\": 224171, \"UserId\": 125879, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8506a986-1010-4c2b-8695-301a62f106e6\", \"Text\": \"Let's say I have the values of a variable x for a time period of 15 years. What is a good statistica\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-18T14:39:12.513000\", \"AccountId\": 7213090.0, \"DisplayName\": \"WorldGov\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}, {\"Id\": 286791, \"PostId\": 286791, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0a1717a1-a809-40c5-a7b2-b4f794884244\", \"Text\": \"Here is a proof of the mathematical statement at the end of your question: we can find a $Z$ which i\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-19T21:03:34.573000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 286740, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is a proof of the mathematical statement at the end of your question: we can find a <span cl\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 214230, \"OwnerUserId\": 214230, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 286791, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Proof that if covariance is zero then there is no linear relationship\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><random-variable><covariance><non-independent><linear-algebra>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I get that a zero covariance doesn´t imply independence, but everybody says that if there is depe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-19T04:15:32.950000\", \"AccountId\": 9047731.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Gilbert Ibanez\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"Id\": 4279, \"AccountId\": 326778.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jochen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://seehuhn.de/\", \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-09-06T19:42:20.070000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 122157, \"PostId\": 122157, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I believe there is a typo in the second displayed equation: should it be $m_1(x_{n-1}|x_{n-1}, \\\\ldot\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-20T15:53:31.730000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Updating a Bayes factor\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><marginal-distribution><sequential-analysis><bayes-factors>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A Bayes factor is defined in Bayesian testing of hypothesis and Bayesian model selection by the r\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 141915, \"RelatedPostId\": 122157, \"PostId\": 141915, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-29T14:46:14.770000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16926, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bayes Factor approximation\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><simulation><approximation><metropolis-hastings><bayes-factors>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A brute force method to approximate the Bayes Factor (the ratio of the denominators (normalizing \", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 24715, \"RelatedPostId\": 139463, \"PostId\": 141915, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T21:19:06.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 140127, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"ASA discusses limitations of $p$-values - what are the alternatives?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><bayesian><p-value><frequentist>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We already have multiple threads tagged as <a href=\\\"/questions/tagged/p-values\\\" class=\\\"post-tag\\\" \", \"AccountId\": 2242720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": \"Warsaw, Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Before I had studied Chan for thirty years, I saw mountains as\\nmountains, and rivers\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 311483, \"PostId\": 141915, \"UserId\": 24715, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Actually according to [this](http://stats.stackexchange.com/a/201591/35989) $p$-values are consisten\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-02T08:15:09.623000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 154728, \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Approximate Metropolis algorithm - does it make sense?\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><markov-chain-montecarlo><cumulative-distribution-function><metropolis-hastings>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Some time ago Xi'an asked <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/154946/what-is-the-e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-24T19:44:15.683000\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 110791, \"RelatedPostId\": 110791, \"PostId\": 154728, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-01T09:24:38.890000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the equivalent for cdfs of MCMC for pdfs?\", \"Tags\": \"<multivariate-analysis><simulation><markov-chain-montecarlo><copula>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In conjunction with a <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/q/153661/7224\\\">Cross Validated que\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 51888, \"RelatedPostId\": 109877, \"PostId\": 110791, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-23T02:02:59.200000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 51888, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to simulate from a log-copula function?\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><copula>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does anybody know how to simulate from a log-copula function?</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm trying to simulate $(u,\", \"AccountId\": 6352343.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andrew Lin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 238325, \"PostId\": 110791, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The link \\\"the Laplace-Stieljes transform\\\" seems to be broken now.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-13T18:42:08.840000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 412204, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 110791, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 403789, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 110791, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 463188, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 110791, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-13T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 110791, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"822a8fb3-0111-4d22-96f7-d0b09aa274f2\", \"Text\": \"In conjunction with a [Cross Validated question][1] on simulating from a specific copula, that is, a\", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\"}, {\"Id\": 5179, \"PostId\": 110791, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"05b890e1-2beb-4af8-b7b4-6397859ae2a2\", \"Text\": \"In conjunction with a [Cross Validated question][1] on simulating from a specific copula, that is, a\", \"Comment\": \"added 277 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-05T07:56:15.903000\", \"AccountId\": 844516.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Xi'an\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://xianblog.wordpress.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a professor of Statistics at Université Paris Dauphine (PSL), Paris, France, since 2000, and\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 286041, \"PostId\": 286041, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Concerning the \\\"intractability\\\" of the mixture representation, I beg to disagree. The components of \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-12T08:47:07.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 286031, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If we denote<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$m_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} x_n\\\\mathbb I_{z_{n}=k}\\\\quad\\\\tex\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 536122, \"PostId\": 286041, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is an indicator function missing in the definition of the $m_k$?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-30T08:55:52.210000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1123813, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 286041, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1123691, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 286041, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1127247, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 286041, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-07T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 999146, \"PostId\": 286041, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6d4032b2-331b-4511-b849-368ba8e628b5\", \"Text\": \"If we denote$$m_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} x_n\\\\quad\\\\text{and}\\\\quad r_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} (1-x_n) \\\\mathbb \", \"Comment\": \"added 668 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-12T12:36:43.030000\"}, {\"Id\": 999151, \"PostId\": 286041, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"08f220db-f9fb-4057-9e2d-81ac9736dd6f\", \"Text\": \"If we denote$$m_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} x_n\\\\quad\\\\text{and}\\\\quad r_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} (1-x_n) \\\\mathbb \", \"Comment\": \"added 668 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-12T12:43:56.363000\"}, {\"Id\": 999155, \"PostId\": 286041, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f0fb7408-bbb6-4f74-9751-098db814d82b\", \"Text\": \"If we denote$$m_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} x_n\\\\quad\\\\text{and}\\\\quad r_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} (1-x_n) \\\\mathbb \", \"Comment\": \"added 98 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-12T13:05:13.483000\"}, {\"Id\": 1005312, \"PostId\": 286041, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3ed9d9dd-c36e-4f8d-9c95-203ec8f1859a\", \"Text\": \"If we denote$$m_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le N} x_n\\\\mathbb I_{z_{n}=k}\\\\quad\\\\text{and}\\\\quad r_k=\\\\sum_{1\\\\le n\\\\le \", \"Comment\": \"added 19 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-30T09:34:56.140000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24968, \"OwnerUserId\": 24968, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 286041, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"A Bernoulli mixture model with a Dirichlet prior on the parameters\", \"Tags\": \"<marginal-distribution><conjugate-prior><latent-dirichlet-alloc><finite-mixture-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$x_1,...,x_N$</span> be a set of observation coming from the f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-17T11:57:55.943000\", \"AccountId\": 1261551.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alberto\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Machine Learning Applied Researcher.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 142151, \"PostId\": 142151, \"UserId\": 5179, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(+1) While this particular importance sampler works in principle, there exist more efficient approac\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-31T11:45:02.600000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 141915, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The answer to your first question is \\\"yes\\\": Using notation similar to <a href=\\\"https://en.wikiped\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 520112, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 142151, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-31T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 607123, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 142151, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 531767, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 142151, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 607129, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 142151, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-16T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 468882, \"PostId\": 142151, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cddeec37-04e1-4d0c-8d68-e743965e86fd\", \"Text\": \"The answer to your first question is \\\"yes\\\": Using notation similar to [Wikipedia][1], the Bayes fact\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-31T11:45:02.600000\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 400270, \"PostId\": 122157, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f3a3c7e7-bc53-487a-9a00-29d44bcba1d0\", \"Text\": \"A Bayes factor is defined in Bayesian testing of hypothesis and Bayesian model selection by the rati\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-20T15:53:31.730000\"}, {\"Id\": 469487, \"PostId\": 122157, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a53ac298-0b6e-465b-9094-8a33cda15025\", \"Text\": \"A Bayes factor is defined in Bayesian testing of hypothesis and Bayesian model selection by the rati\", \"Comment\": \"added 16 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-01T19:45:43.147000\"}, {\"Id\": 250922, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 5179, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aa0dc2b4-94a6-436d-bab1-e5ed403181fb\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution><mean><moment-generating-function>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-15T17:51:49.513000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 80749, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution of $\\\\frac{\\\\sum_{i=1}^n X_iY_i}{\\\\sum_{i=1}^n X_i^2}$ where $X_i,Y_i$s are i.i.d Normal v\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution><mean><moment-generating-function>\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Suppose <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_1,\\\\ldots,X_n,Y_1,\\\\ldots,Y_n$</span> are i.i.\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 120720, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 120720, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@StubbornAtom is this self-study?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-05T10:39:01.763000\", \"AccountId\": 7195484.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sextus Empiricus\", \"Location\": \"Sion, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/martijn-weterings-7035609a/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/lShkO.jpg\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 490373, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 120720, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What do you need this variable for? What is the problem exactly with the rigour of the argument?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-10T16:00:16.050000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 194910, \"OwnerUserId\": 120720, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 26613, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<h1>You can use the multivariate Chebyshev's inequality.</h1>\\n\\n<h2>Two variables case</h2>\\n\\n<p><em>F\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-21T13:09:05.060000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 26613, \"OwnerUserId\": 9104, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How can we bound the probability that a random variable is maximal?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><bounds><extreme-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>$\\\\newcommand{\\\\P}{\\\\mathbb{P}}$Suppose we have $N$ independent random variables $X_1$, $\\\\ldots$, $X\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T14:10:14.210000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 1895, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 1895, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Michael: That is still not true, unfortunately. The events $A_j = \\\\{X_i > X_j\\\\}$ for *fixed* $i$ ar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-29T21:42:27.863000\", \"AccountId\": 329305.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cardinal\", \"Location\": \"Not from around here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://none\", \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 133761, \"PostId\": 133761, \"UserId\": 1895, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"More explicitly, let $f$ be an arbitrary convex function on $[0,1]$ and consider $f(X) = f(0\\\\cdot(1-\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-13T20:40:50.243000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 3922, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 286329, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximize variance of a distribution subject to constraints\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><experiment-design>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose a random variable $X$ has a distribution with support on $[0,1]$, ${\\\\rm Prob}\\\\{ X\\\\in[0,1]\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 4656, \"RelatedPostId\": 16760, \"PostId\": 133761, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-03T16:59:55.347000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4656, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 16816, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximum value of coefficient of variation for bounded data set\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><mean><standard-deviation><coefficient-of-variation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the discussion following a <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/q/18590/6633\\\">recent quest\", \"AccountId\": 900727.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dilip Sarwate\", \"Location\": \"Urbana, IL\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a retired professor of electrical and computer engineering with a lifetime of experience tea\"}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 133761, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm sure this is answered on the site. A quick search turns up closely related (and harder) questio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 271022, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"That comment appears to contradict your post. The post strongly implies there is truncation to the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-13T20:27:31.270000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 137893, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 271472, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Compute truncated normal distribution with specific mean and variance\", \"Tags\": \"<r><simulation><truncation><truncated-normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a simple setting: I simulate demand patterns that are distributed according to a truncated\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 153263, \"RelatedPostId\": 271022, \"PostId\": 239877, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-09T17:02:24.673000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 153263, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to parameterise a known distribution with mean, standard deviation and fixed upper and lower bou\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><density-function><truncated-distributions>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking for something resembling the normal distribution but which is capped at 0 and some s\", \"AccountId\": 1210674.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Cameron\", \"Location\": \"Sweden\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://phys.cam\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD Student in Quantum Computing</p>\\n\"}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 51379, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 51379, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Formulas for post mean and variance in terms of pre mean and pre variance are in [wikipedia](https:/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-15T10:33:19.127000\", \"AccountId\": 3289443.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jarle Tufto\", \"Location\": \"Trondheim, Norway\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ntnu.edu/employees/jarle.tufto\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 137893, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 137893, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Definitely. I can't see how my comment contradicts my post though. Can you explain?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-27T07:06:11.020000\", \"AccountId\": 12100786.0, \"DisplayName\": \"chris12\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 945622, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 137893, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d54a8aae-b7b1-44e2-917c-85549f355f59\", \"Text\": \"Compute truncated normal distribution with specific mean and variance\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-13T20:27:31.270000\"}, {\"Id\": 945623, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 137893, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d54a8aae-b7b1-44e2-917c-85549f355f59\", \"Text\": \"<r><simulation><truncation><truncated-normal-distribution>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-13T20:27:31.270000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 505769, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I wonder whether mean 100 and standard deviation 240 is actually possible for the truncated distribu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-24T08:44:38.550000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1084454, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 271022, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1055019, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 271022, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-14T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1056605, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 271022, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1170849, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 271022, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-14T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 87203, \"PostId\": 271022, \"UserId\": 87203, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"77109f5e-cebf-4a30-9399-f8b434192572\", \"Text\": \"I have a simple setting: I simulate demand patterns that are distributed according to a truncated no\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 42 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-23T14:19:18.630000\", \"AccountId\": 8479648.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ferdi\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Being a data scientist my main programming tool is R. I am enthusiastic about Machine Learning te\"}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 486353, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 133761, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 486290, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 133761, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 865724, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 133761, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-16T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 3922, \"PostId\": 133761, \"UserId\": 3922, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ca7d4469-bf1b-4dad-8f5e-24c27f41f753\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><experiment-design>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-08-08T17:31:44.413000\", \"AccountId\": 468726.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StasK\", \"Location\": \"Columbia, MO\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://stas.kolenikov.name\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Principal Survey Scientist, Abt Associates (<a href=\\\"http://www.abtassociates.com\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow \"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 286329, \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 133761, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$f(x) = (x - \\\\mu)^2$</span>. Since <span class=\\\"math-container\\\"\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-15T12:37:15.887000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1129106, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 286329, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-12T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1181220, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 286329, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-08T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1129105, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 286329, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-12T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1000171, \"PostId\": 286329, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8bdf7cc0-6876-45cc-8e26-ef013c82b65b\", \"Text\": \"Let $f(x) = (x - \\\\mu)^2$. Since $f$ is convex, we have\\r\\n$$\\r\\nf(x)\\r\\n= f\\\\bigl( (1-x)\\\\cdot 0 + x\\\\cdot 1\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-15T12:37:15.887000\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 312199, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I may be a bit dumb here, but can you show how you use Chebyshev to derive the bound in your questio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-04T22:07:56.793000\"}, {\"Id\": 9104, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 9104, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@cardinal thanks for the help before. Unfortunately, the question did not gain any traction on math.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T13:48:30.303000\", \"AccountId\": 558849.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MLS\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 51112, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 9104, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Since it is now over a month later and I still have not found an answer I've reposted this question \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-19T10:33:05.890000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 80823, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 9104, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"71e0cedb-4984-4325-b963-392f8efbb578\", \"Text\": \"How can we bound the probability that a random variable is maximal?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T14:10:14.210000\"}, {\"Id\": 80824, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 9104, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"71e0cedb-4984-4325-b963-392f8efbb578\", \"Text\": \"<bounds><extreme-value>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T14:10:14.210000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 8363, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 8363, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@cardinal My intention was to state that P[X1=max Xj} is P[ X1>=X2 and X1>=X3... X1>=XN] I made the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-02T14:04:04.697000\", \"AccountId\": 1454110.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michael R. Chernick\", \"Location\": \"Holland, Pennsylvania, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Michael Ross Chernick --- 01-01-2021<br />\\n<a href=\\\"https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2021/\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 46436, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 8363, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Note that by independence you have P{Xi<maxXj}= P[Xi<X1]P[Xi<X2]...P[Xi<XN]. Then for i not = j bou\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T15:13:48.310000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 20440, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 20440, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"One needs some more input about the dependence, i.e. the copula between them. Eventually, the proble\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-01T11:57:59.580000\", \"AccountId\": 2973784.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Horst Grünbusch\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematician, specialized in biostatistics.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 46429, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user10525\", \"Text\": \"The event $\\\\{X_1=\\\\max_j X_j\\\\}=\\\\{X_1\\\\geq X_2\\\\}\\\\cap\\\\dots\\\\cap\\\\{X_1\\\\geq X_N\\\\}$, then in particular $P(X\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T14:29:19.833000\"}, {\"Id\": 46431, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user10525\", \"Text\": \"This bound can be tighter if you use the index $j$ that gives you the smaller upper bound instead of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-11T14:39:58.930000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 622327, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 26613, \"VoteTypeId\": 16, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-18T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 643847, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 26613, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 550456, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 26613, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 416186, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 26613, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-07T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 347354, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 26613, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-31T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 515550, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 26613, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-22T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 76728, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": 76728, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"27019edb-8c3c-4250-ad8e-b5cb2eac811a\", \"Text\": \"$\\\\newcommand{\\\\P}{\\\\mathbb{P}}$Suppose we have $N$ independent random variables $X_1$, $\\\\ldots$, $X_n$\", \"Comment\": \"broke up a long paragraph, used bold-faced P's for probability to make questions easier to read, add\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-21T21:40:21.673000\", \"AccountId\": 8154804.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Chill2Macht\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 324378, \"PostId\": 26613, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 24, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"496c5ba6-4122-4cd5-bfef-196946bad585\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"Proposed by 53618 approved by 11887, 35989 edit id of 10370\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-12T11:40:18\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 536301, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Xi'an I think your comment is about $Z$ (which has a square root in the denominator), whereas mine \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-31T09:49:27.030000\"}, {\"Id\": 510958, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In the special case of $n=1$ we have $X_1Y_1/X_1^2 = Y_1 / X_1$, and the ratio of two independent st\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-21T21:44:56.143000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1196580, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 250922, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-14T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 974927, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 250922, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 970803, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 250922, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-15T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1126516, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 250922, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-05T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 989909, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 250922, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-01T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 970718, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 250922, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-15T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 80749, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 80749, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cca8029a-7e6c-4406-afda-e5407eb250f5\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><normal-distribution>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-08T02:10:52.273000\", \"AccountId\": 8005387.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StubbornAtom\", \"Location\": \"Kolkata, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 874696, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 80749, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cca8029a-7e6c-4406-afda-e5407eb250f5\", \"Text\": \">Suppose $X_1,\\\\ldots,X_n,Y_1,\\\\ldots,Y_n$ are i.i.d $\\\\mathcal N(0,1)$ random variables. \\r\\n\\r\\n>I am int\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-15T17:51:49.513000\"}, {\"Id\": 874697, \"PostId\": 250922, \"UserId\": 80749, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cca8029a-7e6c-4406-afda-e5407eb250f5\", \"Text\": \"Distribution of $\\\\frac{\\\\sum_{i=1}^n X_iY_i}{\\\\sum_{i=1}^n X_i^2}$ where $X_i,Y_i$s are i.i.d Normal v\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-15T17:51:49.513000\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 287915, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 250922, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Although this is a conditional argument as well, using the characteristic function is faster:\\n<sp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-31T07:32:20.577000\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 304707, \"OwnerUserId\": 5179, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 304672, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The raw moments <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\mathbb E[X^k]$</span> all admit unbiased estimator\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-10T16:29:11.367000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 575062, \"PostId\": 304707, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In the first item in the enumeration, should \\\"only exist when $k \\\\leq m$\\\" be \\\"... $k \\\\leq n$\\\"?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-16T09:19:09.797000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 205503, \"OwnerUserId\": 205503, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Number of data points needed to estimate the $nth$ moment of a distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><inference><moments>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assuming that I do not know much about an underlying distribution. How many data points does one \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-10T14:50:31.703000\", \"AccountId\": 5918359.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Steve\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}]}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 606918, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 141915, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 520134, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 141915, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-31T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 520128, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 141915, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 16926, \"PostId\": 141915, \"UserId\": 16926, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bc0ab325-693b-499f-a727-5e4d415976bb\", \"Text\": \"<bayesian><approximation><bayes-factors>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-16T11:34:50.590000\", \"AccountId\": 1192300.0, \"DisplayName\": \"beginneR\", \"Location\": \"Heidelberg, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 992740, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 122157, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-07T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 992550, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 122157, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-07T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 699782, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 122157, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-18T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 128628, \"OwnerUserId\": 128628, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 122157, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Presumably the purpose of a recursive equation for Bayes factor would be when you have already ca\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-08-10T03:27:26.793000\", \"AccountId\": 11521300.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ben\", \"Location\": \"Canberra, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>SE: Please <a href=\\\"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/336526/\\\">reinstate and apologise to \"}]}, {\"Id\": 20597, \"PostId\": 144021, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, I agree. But $np(1-p)>10$ also would provide such a criterion. So why 5?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-07T12:19:50.133000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 144020, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The rule provides a criteria that makes sure that p is neither close to 0 nor to 1. If it is clos\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 144020, \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 169875, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"normal approximation to the binomial distribution: why np>5?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><binomial-distribution><approximation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Nearly every text book which discusses the normal approximation to the binomial distribution ment\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-16T11:34:02.680000\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 62984, \"RelatedPostId\": 144020, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-15T15:55:23.547000\"}, {\"Id\": 63002, \"RelatedPostId\": 144020, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-16T11:48:23.657000\"}, {\"Id\": 209756, \"RelatedPostId\": 144020, \"PostId\": 325414, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-28T21:11:40.750000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 209756, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 325444, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Sample size for binomial distribution for rare events\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><binomial-distribution><sample-size><poisson-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to estimate the parameter p in a binomial process but need to determine the sample s\", \"AccountId\": 9268541.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user6883405\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1021192, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 144020, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-05T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 628203, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 144020, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-30T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1105068, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 144020, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-15T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 32539, \"UserId\": 32539, \"PostId\": 144020, \"VoteTypeId\": 8, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-30T06:58:04.383000\", \"AccountId\": 2875509.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Clarinetist\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Some of my favorite Q&As:</p>\\n<ul>\\n<li><a href=\\\"http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/1140\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 475331, \"PostId\": 144020, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0cb9320e-bfe0-4fb6-832d-efb834c458bc\", \"Text\": \"<normal-distribution><binomial-distribution><approximation>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-16T11:34:02.680000\"}, {\"Id\": 475329, \"PostId\": 144020, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0cb9320e-bfe0-4fb6-832d-efb834c458bc\", \"Text\": \"Nearly every text book which discusses the normal approximation to the binomial distribution mention\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-16T11:34:02.680000\"}, {\"Id\": 475330, \"PostId\": 144020, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0cb9320e-bfe0-4fb6-832d-efb834c458bc\", \"Text\": \"normal approximation to the binomial distribution: why np>5?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-16T11:34:02.680000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 34359, \"OwnerUserId\": 34359, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 144020, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In addition to the excellent answers already posted, I thought it might be helpful to have a visu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-07T17:02:00.247000\", \"AccountId\": 3211755.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kbrose\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"AccountId\": 275888.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bach\", \"Location\": \"Seattle\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Learning to be a mediocre statistician</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 166554, \"PostId\": 166554, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I have now added a comparison to the z-test. Was this what you had in mind? Since it seemed like \\\"\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-01T22:42:00.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 165442, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is an attempt at answering the question using numerical experiments: using Monte Carlo estim\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 54452, \"PostId\": 166554, \"UserId\": 54452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Nice job. Could you please also compare the false positive rate for a Gaussian test instead of a stu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-01T09:24:16.423000\", \"AccountId\": 6496709.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Guillaume Dehaene\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>"Instructor" at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)</p>\\n<p>Interested in (m\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 165442, \"PostId\": 165442, \"UserId\": 54452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"whuber: I'm indeed looking for a \\\"small n asymptotic result\\\" which goes beyond the traditional argum\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-24T09:05:14.787000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 54452, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 166554, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Robustness of the Student t-test to non-Gaussian data\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><t-test><asymptotics><t-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X_i$ be a collection of $n$ independent identically distributed Gaussian random variables wi\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 4127, \"RelatedPostId\": 35844, \"PostId\": 165442, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-08-26T11:20:46.613000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4127, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 35860, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"t-distribution confidence intervals for non-Gaussian data but large n\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><t-distribution><confidence-interval>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a question concerning a claim I read in statistics books concerning the applicability of t\", \"AccountId\": 544479.0, \"DisplayName\": \"fabee\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 165442, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It's not sufficient that the numerator be normal and the denominator an appropriately scaled chi-dis\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 611364, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 165442, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-26T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 552197, \"PostId\": 165442, \"UserId\": 54452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b70d2b7f-8ed4-4f17-919e-759fee96b25b\", \"Text\": \"Approximate $\\\\chi^2$-ness of the sum of squared non-Gaussian variables\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-24T09:05:14.787000\"}, {\"Id\": 553353, \"PostId\": 165442, \"UserId\": 54452, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 33, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"9ab5fba3-ac42-478c-8a86-8207b3f4fb67\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"4269\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-26T09:18:42.287000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 311819, \"PostId\": 166554, \"UserId\": 54452, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@jochen: you did exactly what I meant. Thank you very much for running all the simulations. Like you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-03T11:36:30.463000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 47634, \"PostId\": 166554, \"UserId\": 47634, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This is a great answer, only thing that could be improved is to set the seed value to 42.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-17T14:46:09.923000\", \"AccountId\": 4351442.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Repmat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 614321, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 166554, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-01T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 615638, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 166554, \"VoteTypeId\": 9, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 615033, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 166554, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 615581, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 166554, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-03T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 614849, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 166554, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-02T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 556682, \"PostId\": 166554, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"13e0d91b-e4b5-4a94-a34a-3c08bd0277d1\", \"Text\": \"Here is an attempt at answering the question using numerical experiments: using Monte Carlo estimati\", \"Comment\": \"add a comparison to the z-test, as requested by the OP in a comment\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-02T17:55:09.657000\"}, {\"Id\": 556293, \"PostId\": 166554, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"98ce4223-850c-45ec-8dfb-0507e7e7d4b9\", \"Text\": \"Here is an attempt at answering the question using numerical experiments: using Monte Carlo estimati\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-01T22:42:00.880000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 277992, \"PostId\": 277992, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I agree with your supervisor, fitting a sigmoidal curve would be a good choice. The two lines you s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-22T10:27:41.703000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 206610, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 278409, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What kind of curve (or model) should I fit to my percentage data?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><modeling><curve-fitting><percentage>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to create a figure which shows the relationship between viral copies and genome cover\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 163420, \"RelatedPostId\": 277992, \"PostId\": 278018, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-24T09:33:57.120000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 163420, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What do I do when my model prediction exceeds the limit of 100%?\", \"Tags\": \"<generalized-linear-model><data-visualization><poisson-regression><effects>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have plotted the effects of a model <code>glm( A ~ B, family=poisson, data=data)</code> both wi\", \"AccountId\": 9898918.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sara\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 206610, \"PostId\": 277992, \"UserId\": 206610, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@BenBolker yes, this removed the extended arch on the curves - thank you!\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-22T09:53:44.757000\", \"AccountId\": 8853582.0, \"DisplayName\": \"teaelleceecee\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24388, \"PostId\": 277992, \"UserId\": 24388, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"After your edit to include the actual data, I have updated my answer with a plot of the 3-parameter \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-02T20:39:24.887000\", \"AccountId\": 2836311.0, \"DisplayName\": \"James Phillips\", \"Location\": \"Birmingham, Alabama USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://zunzun.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Run zunzun.com \\\"Open Source Python Online Curve Fitting and Surface Fitting\\\"</p>\\n\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1082501, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 277992, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-22T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1242952, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 277992, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-07-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1083083, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 277992, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1083069, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 277992, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-23T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 277992, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"33d72fa5-61ed-4441-9a5b-7082adefa24e\", \"Text\": \"<regression><modeling><curve-fitting><percentage>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\"}, {\"Id\": 82473, \"PostId\": 277992, \"UserId\": 82473, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4534e29c-0d67-4cf7-adaf-6aa4a3273d6c\", \"Text\": \"<regression><curve-fitting>\", \"Comment\": \"Edited for clarity\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-28T12:16:06.847000\", \"AccountId\": 3276256.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mkt\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Apparently, this user prefers to keep an air of mystery about them. Perhaps because that opens up\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15827, \"OwnerUserId\": 15827, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 277992, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This isn't a different answer from @mkt but graphs in particular won't fit into a comment. I fir\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T13:57:54.467000\", \"AccountId\": 2038743.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nick Cox\", \"Location\": \"Durham, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work mostly with environmental data, secondarily with social science data. My interests include\"}]}, {\"Id\": 224135, \"PostId\": 224135, \"UserId\": 4279, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What do you mean by \\\"$X(n) = n$ and $X(n) >= 1$?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T20:36:27.170000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 154373, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Problem on the stability of discrete-time Markov chains\", \"Tags\": \"<markov-process><hidden-markov-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>There is a system which follows the equation:\\nX(n+1) = X(n) - 1 + A(n), where A(n) is a random va\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 154373, \"PostId\": 224135, \"UserId\": 154373, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"08f45039-51de-415d-8b7c-76cfd31fe9b4\", \"Text\": \"Can someone help me with this problem on Markov Chain?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T20:35:48.540000\", 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\"<cross-validation>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T20:56:16.940000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"\\\"twinning\\\" in cross validation\", \"Tags\": \"<cross-validation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)#Limitations_and_misuse\\\" \", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1176391, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 224138, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-26T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 778867, \"PostId\": 224138, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ba477489-0b0a-4937-8ba2-f2430026fee7\", \"Text\": \"\\\"twinning\\\" in cross validation\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T20:56:16.940000\"}, {\"Id\": 778868, \"PostId\": 224138, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ba477489-0b0a-4937-8ba2-f2430026fee7\", \"Text\": \"The [Wikipedia article on cross validation][1] states\\r\\n\\r\\n> [...] cross-validation can be misused [..\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T20:56:16.940000\"}, {\"Id\": 1049641, \"PostId\": 224138, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5773aa6b-655b-43d7-ba09-5c89d50a7e8d\", \"Text\": \"The [Wikipedia article on cross validation][1] states\\r\\n\\r\\n> [...] cross-validation can be misused [..\", \"Comment\": \"fix an awkward typo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-26T12:53:00.323000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 2958, \"OwnerUserId\": 2958, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 224138, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Don't have time to write a full answer right now, but here's a start. </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li><blockquote>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-05-13T10:02:56.203000\", \"AccountId\": 393422.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cbeleites unhappy with SX\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Analytical chemist, vibrational spectroscopist and chemometrician. </p>\\n\\n<p>I do professional che\"}]}, {\"Id\": 224139, \"PostId\": 224139, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f43e55b3-7654-491f-9cc5-7ccf2e1218d7\", \"Text\": \"Since there are no cycles in the career path, you can simply use the geometric distribution to work \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T21:48:25.367000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 224125, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Since there are no cycles in the career path, you can simply use the geometric distribution to wo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 154346, \"OwnerUserId\": 154346, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Markov Chain - \\\"Expected Time\\\"\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><markov-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>The Megasoft company gives each of its employees the title of programmer (P) or pr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T15:52:44.517000\", \"AccountId\": 13164158.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ab YZ\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 274963, \"PostId\": 274963, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b75f70e6-782d-452a-a8d9-d55e49a6f3c2\", \"Text\": \"I understand that this question has been sitting here for years, but still, the following ideas may \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-21T21:02:56.443000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 21961, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \" \\n<p>I understand that this question has been sitting here for years, but still, the followi\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 5045, \"PostId\": 274963, \"UserId\": 5045, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Interesting approach. Let me digest this a bit.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-26T15:10:36.547000\", \"AccountId\": 999705.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dimitriy\", \"Location\": \"Oakland, CA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Into data before it was big. Keeping the world safe from folks armed with pivot tables and people\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 21961, \"PostId\": 21961, \"UserId\": 5045, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I am breaking up the change into components in the following way: $W^{′}-W=p^{′}∗(w^{′}_{D}-w_{D})+(\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-14T21:10:56.530000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5045, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 274963, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Least stupid way to forecast a short multivariate time series\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><multivariate-analysis><vector-autoregression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need to forecast the following 4 variables for the 29th unit of time. I have roughly 2 years wo\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1191701, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 21961, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-04T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 200186, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 21961, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-01T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 785566, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 21961, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-26T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 129792, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 21961, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-03T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 65869, \"PostId\": 21961, \"UserId\": 5045, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"711b8430-1370-41d4-a2bc-d763f10cc6f8\", \"Text\": \"Least Stupid Way to Forecast a Short Multivariate Time Series\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-14T21:10:56.530000\"}, {\"Id\": 674, \"PostId\": 21961, \"UserId\": 674, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ccd68c09-5e61-47fa-9dd6-098b87aa08da\", \"Text\": \"Least stupid way to forecast a short multivariate time series\", \"Comment\": \"added 102 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T20:50:47.397000\", \"AccountId\": 184175.0, \"DisplayName\": \"chl\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://aliquote.org\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Bohemian scientist.</p>\\n\"}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1070567, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 274963, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-22T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1191699, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 274963, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-04T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1309172, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 274963, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-09T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1070135, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 274963, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-06-21T00:00:00\"}]}, {\"Id\": 224177, \"PostId\": 224177, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"976a425e-828c-44a8-9018-3ffd74e0e49d\", \"Text\": \"There is no general method which works equally well for all kinds of data. Your task will be to fin\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-18T11:11:00.677000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 224171, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is no general method which works equally well for all kinds of data. Your task will be to \", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1076910, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 224177, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-09T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 850391, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 224177, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-18T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 224171, \"OwnerUserId\": 125879, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is a good model to forecast a single variable?\", \"Tags\": \"<forecasting><excel>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have the values of a variable x for a time period of 15 years. What is a good statist\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-18T08:56:22.987000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1076911, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 224171, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-09T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 125879, \"PostId\": 224171, \"UserId\": 125879, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8506a986-1010-4c2b-8695-301a62f106e6\", \"Text\": \"Let's say I have the values of a variable x for a time period of 15 years. What is a good statistica\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-18T14:39:12.513000\", \"AccountId\": 7213090.0, \"DisplayName\": \"WorldGov\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}, {\"Id\": 286791, \"PostId\": 286791, \"UserId\": 4279, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0a1717a1-a809-40c5-a7b2-b4f794884244\", \"Text\": \"Here is a proof of the mathematical statement at the end of your question: we can find a $Z$ which i\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-19T21:03:34.573000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 286740, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is a proof of the mathematical statement at the end of your question: we can find a <span cl\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 214230, \"OwnerUserId\": 214230, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 286791, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Proof that if covariance is zero then there is no linear relationship\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><random-variable><covariance><non-independent><linear-algebra>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I get that a zero covariance doesn´t imply independence, but everybody says that if there is depe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-19T04:15:32.950000\", \"AccountId\": 9047731.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Gilbert Ibanez\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4279, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":93,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"Id\": 49225, \"AccountId\": 6061245.0, \"DisplayName\": \"AlexR\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T12:52:10.007000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 105493, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"1-10 specimen per species, 1-8 species per genus, 9 genera.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T12:52:42.430000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 106582, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When the dependent variable and random effects 'overlap' in mixed effects models\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><phylogeny>\", \"Body\": \"<p><em>I have added a new example here for clarity, see original question below</em></p>\\n\\n<p>Eg. I h\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 22597, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It would be nice, if whoever downvoted this question would provide suggestions on specific aspects, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-11T02:36:16.763000\", \"AccountId\": 3422261.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Aleksandr Blekh\", \"Location\": \"Atlanta, GA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Management and IT Consultant, information systems researcher, data scientist, aspiring educator a\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 94079, \"PostId\": 94079, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Immortal: You're welcome. I think that 2.7% in your quote refers to measurement **precision** (as i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-13T04:09:54.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 94075, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here's my opinion on this. If you think a little about the question, the <em>intuitive</em> answe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 42339, \"OwnerUserId\": 42339, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to interpret confidence interval with accuracy phrase\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><chi-squared-test><references><accuracy>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Upon reading a peer reviewed article, I found this:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>A Chi-square test show\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-13T01:50:50.500000\", \"AccountId\": 5478909.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Immortal\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 37209, \"PostId\": 102982, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I would explore two avenues: 1) missing data imputation, probably, _multiple imputation_; 2) use _pa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-03T17:44:10.417000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 37209, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Best approach to predict significant factors without any complete cases\", \"Tags\": \"<data-mining><predictive-models><prediction><missing-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset that contains records of donors with various biographical info (city, state, zip\", \"AccountId\": 2570824.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user19754\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 93862, \"PostId\": 93862, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@histelheim: No, as I simply haven't searched since (deviated to other matters). However, I'm still \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-11T12:33:14.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 93851, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is a large number of research on <em>graph sampling</em> (easily discoverable by simple Int\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 37465, \"OwnerUserId\": 37465, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 93862, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"techniques for sampling graphs? (possibly implemented in r packages)\", \"Tags\": \"<r><sampling><graph-theory><igraph>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have a very large graph that proves impractical for visualization ends and I wanted t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-10T12:56:38.530000\", \"AccountId\": 3352083.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dario Lacan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 44534, \"PostId\": 101526, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"_Mathematica_ is definitely a nice piece of software. However, it's rather expensive. For those, who\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-25T07:24:18.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44534, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 101491, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I strongly prefer <em>Mathematica</em> for such tasks. Given data of the form $mydata = \\\\{ \\\\{ x_\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 40362, \"OwnerUserId\": 40362, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 101514, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Machine learning for discovering formulas\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><optimization><software>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a vector of desired values that I want to fit based in some generated predictors. The tric\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-07T10:20:11.400000\", \"AccountId\": 4490776.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ASantosRibeiro\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3359579.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David G. Stork\", \"Location\": \"Silicon Valley, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Stork\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Stork\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">I work in Silico\"}, {\"Id\": 105878, \"PostId\": 105878, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@AlexR: You are welcome. Good luck with your search.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T09:47:55.690000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 105493, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>My knowledge of <em>mixed effects models (MEM)</em> is rather fuzzy so far, so I will just share \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 198011, \"PostId\": 105878, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the answer, but it is not helpful. The response variable is not linked to the random effe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-20T07:42:16.400000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 539937, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 105878, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-21T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 346226, \"PostId\": 105878, \"UserId\": 22597, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2fdcc7d1-087b-4cb2-b35a-ef9ec6af171c\", \"Text\": \"My knowledge of *mixed effects models (MEM)* is rather fuzzy so far, so I will just share with you t\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T09:47:55.690000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 44131, \"PostId\": 97103, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm sure that there are many approaches to this problem. IMHO, _hierarchical [aka multilevel] struct\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-19T03:23:32.370000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44131, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to analyze data with DV only measured at the group level and moderator measured at the individua\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><mixed-model><spss><multilevel-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This may be a relatively simpleton kind of question to ask, as this forum seems to be rather stat\", \"AccountId\": 5646628.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lavish Logic\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 327439, \"UserId\": 22597, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-10-11T02:40:16.437000\"}, {\"Id\": 99128, \"UserId\": 22597, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Revival\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-02-06T03:59:37.897000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 105069, \"PostId\": 105069, \"UserId\": 22597, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"12b1b115-fa27-4fa5-83ba-24e8bc55fbbb\", \"Text\": \"In addition to the previous nice answers (+1 to both), I'd like to offer the following insights:\\r\\n\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-09T07:58:58.537000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 101350, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In addition to the previous nice answers (+1 to both), I'd like to offer the following insights:<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46440, \"OwnerUserId\": 46440, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 105065, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Change Point Analysis for Environmental Data\", \"Tags\": \"<change-point><environmental-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does anyone know of somewhere with resources on using change point analysis for determining envir\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T19:02:56.917000\", \"AccountId\": 5847562.0, \"DisplayName\": \"WaterGeek\", \"Location\": \"Corvallis, OR\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nicholas_Cook5\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hello, I am a recently graduated PhD in Biological Systems Engineering from Virginia Tech with an\"}]}, {\"Id\": 34437, \"PostId\": 79780, \"UserId\": 22597, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fca539f8-e50f-453a-9d9f-5c661ed55a28\", \"Text\": \"Matrix Factorization Recommendation Systems with Only \\\"Like\\\" Ratings\", \"Comment\": \"Improved grammar and wording.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-08T23:03:18.257000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 34437, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Matrix Factorization Recommendation Systems with Only \\\"Like\\\" Ratings\", \"Tags\": \"<recommender-system><matrix-decomposition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to build a recommendation system, but I only have data on what my users have \\\"liked\\\", \", \"AccountId\": 4720228.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user49745\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 105882, \"PostId\": 105882, \"UserId\": 22597, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"06e39859-659b-4d60-945c-6da9bfe0a327\", \"Text\": \"First of all, especially considering that your model is not that simple, I suggest you to switch for\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T10:23:46.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 105867, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>First of all, especially considering that your model is not that simple, I suggest you to switch \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 43450, \"OwnerUserId\": 43450, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 105873, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regression analysis or Structural Equation Modelling\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><dataset><structural-equation-modeling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a 26 items questionnaire refined by running Common Factor Analysis. As a result, I got 4 f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-07T04:56:56.783000\", \"AccountId\": 5587133.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ava XU\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I need a lot of help on statistics! </p>\\n\\n<p>I got my Ed.D on Education in Minnesota...Even I hav\"}]}, {\"Id\": 46810, \"PostId\": 104776, \"UserId\": 22597, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3be8f00f-3d24-4510-8e57-21618f92c76b\", \"Text\": \"I have a question regarding to the information theory. Between clean data and noisy data, which one \", \"Comment\": \"Fixed grammar and improved wording.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-03T23:18:56.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46810, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 104777, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clean data and noisy data: which one has higher entropy?\", \"Tags\": \"<entropy><information-theory>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a question regarding to the information theory. Between clean data and noisy data, which o\", \"AccountId\": 4700390.0, \"DisplayName\": \"lserlohn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 97890, \"PostId\": 97890, \"UserId\": 22597, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1f3d745e-b32e-4df3-9cf6-ece8adde11fe\", \"Text\": \"I am again using a question as an opportunity to learn more about *time series* - one of the (many) \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-26T22:43:05.417000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 97874, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I am again using a question as an opportunity to learn more about <em>time series</em> - one of t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24715, \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 97938, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Best method for short time-series\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><small-sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a question related to modeling short time-series. It is not a question <a href=\\\"https://st\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T21:19:06.223000\", \"AccountId\": 2242720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": \"Warsaw, Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Before I had studied Chan for thirty years, I saw mountains as\\nmountains, and rivers\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 103793, \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103791, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here's how I understand the distinction between the two methods (don't know what third method you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-27T05:23:36.803000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 26863, \"OwnerUserId\": 26863, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Locally weighted regression VS kernel linear regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<kernel-trick><kernel-smoothing><k-nearest-neighbour><weighted-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to make it clear the relationship of the listed three methods.</p>\\n\\n<p>According to m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-05T07:33:46.603000\", \"AccountId\": 3826802.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DQ_happy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 86292, \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Ensuring exploratory study's validity with pseudo-simple random sampling\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><cross-validation><missing-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The <em>context</em> of my questions is as follows. I'm performing a <em>cross-sectional secondar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-19T06:14:44.107000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 197533, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"1. 10 specimen per species, 1-8 species per genus, 9 genera. 2. Model failed to converge: degenerate\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-17T11:04:54.467000\"}, {\"Id\": 197223, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I have still not figured this out. I guess I should take the average and condense the data to a sing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T09:25:08.823000\"}, {\"Id\": 9049, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 9049, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"1. How big is your data? 2. What is the convergence failure message you get? 3. What you mean by \\\"*I\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-08T10:20:40.383000\", \"AccountId\": 1552146.0, \"DisplayName\": \"usεr11852\", \"Location\": \"Manchester, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Empiricist - trying to be rational.</p>\\n<p>Would like to be Stats David Mitchell but ending up Da\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 386544, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 105493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 385138, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 105493, \"VoteTypeId\": 11, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 385268, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 105493, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 540410, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 105493, \"VoteTypeId\": 16, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-22T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 434882, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 105493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 344954, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aa2da81b-a4ab-42e6-8bd3-76b71a836b6b\", \"Text\": \"I have a dependant variable that is dependant on one of my random effects, as such:\\r\\n\\r\\nDep R1\\r\\n32 \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T12:52:42.430000\"}, {\"Id\": 344955, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aa2da81b-a4ab-42e6-8bd3-76b71a836b6b\", \"Text\": \"When the dependant variable and random effects 'overlap' in mixed effects models\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T12:52:42.430000\"}, {\"Id\": 344956, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aa2da81b-a4ab-42e6-8bd3-76b71a836b6b\", \"Text\": \"<r><lme4-nlme><mixed-model>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T12:52:42.430000\"}, {\"Id\": 344972, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 12, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"3d79f997-cdd5-40ff-8c8d-5203129a2258\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":73433,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"AlexR\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"via Vote\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T13:27:23.130000\"}, {\"Id\": 345293, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bf090f1f-5208-410c-ba5b-ec2d39db96f5\", \"Text\": \"I have a dependant variable that is dependant on one of my random effects, as such:\\r\\n\\r\\n Dep R1\\r\", \"Comment\": \"added 131 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-14T07:58:40.763000\"}, {\"Id\": 344976, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 13, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"961ab0be-36d4-478b-b52d-5be33bc92552\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":73433,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"AlexR\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T13:28:37.383000\"}, {\"Id\": 344978, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ab30af81-47b2-4cce-b037-f01eb9cabd49\", \"Text\": \"I have a dependant variable that is dependant on one of my random effects, as such:\\r\\n\\r\\n Dep R1\\r\", \"Comment\": \"added 28 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T13:30:10.107000\"}, {\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aaa72f96-afc8-4c54-8bde-cf152c4d0dd1\", \"Text\": \"*I have added a new example here for clarity, see original question below*\\r\\n\\r\\nEg. I have 10 schools \", \"Comment\": \"appended answer 169447 as supplemental\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\"}, {\"Id\": 348438, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"afb883d1-7f4e-416e-9f08-838f856b0f16\", \"Text\": \"*I have added a new example here for clarity, see original question below*\\r\\n\\r\\nEg. I have 10 schools \", \"Comment\": \"added 689 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T08:29:53.370000\"}, {\"Id\": 488798, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 24, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a5615e1-894f-41d3-aaea-0045f4eab006\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"Proposed by 114327 approved by 82102, 31978 edit id of 16274\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-22T12:37:42.110000\"}, {\"Id\": 15827, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 15827, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"52ec0c2a-eb81-4b53-a6fb-07d51f9a4ccd\", \"Text\": \"When the dependent variable and random effects 'overlap' in mixed effects models\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 65 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T13:57:54.467000\", \"AccountId\": 2038743.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nick Cox\", \"Location\": \"Durham, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work mostly with environmental data, secondarily with social science data. My interests include\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 345310, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 15827, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"52ec0c2a-eb81-4b53-a6fb-07d51f9a4ccd\", \"Text\": \"I have a dependent variable that depends on one of my random effects, as such:\\r\\n\\r\\n Dep R1\\r\\n \", \"Comment\": \"deleted 65 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-14T08:57:48.930000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 77672, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a5615e1-894f-41d3-aaea-0045f4eab006\", \"Text\": \"*I have added a new example here for clarity, see original question below*\\r\\n\\r\\nEg. I have 10 schools \", \"Comment\": \"added [phylogeny] tag, although the Q takes awhile to get there, the question and answer ultimate is\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-02T22:09:45.957000\", \"AccountId\": 5834317.0, \"DisplayName\": \"SlowLoris\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 147132, \"PostId\": 147132, \"UserId\": 77672, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Well what I was suggesting was to provide the p-values for all of the models/parameters, as well as \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-15T15:50:32.230000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 147127, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If your goal is to obtain p-values for the individual predictors, then using <code>anova</code> o\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 275748, \"PostId\": 147132, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Oh ok, but reporting the p-values for all the parameters/models is a bit tedious if you are modellin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-19T07:51:09.443000\"}, {\"Id\": 275046, \"PostId\": 147132, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the clear answer. So should i use anova() for the model with all parameters or the best m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T06:13:50.713000\"}, {\"Id\": 275854, \"PostId\": 147132, \"UserId\": 77672, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If your concern is reporting a ridiculous number of results, then you can choose to only report mode\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-19T16:20:33.233000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 537826, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 147132, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 537659, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 147132, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 485912, \"PostId\": 147132, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1e5d5bcf-87ac-438f-9fe4-fbfcdd68f53b\", \"Text\": \"If your goal is to obtain p-values for the individual predictors, then using `anova` on your fitted \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-15T15:50:32.230000\"}, {\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 147132, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"859babaf-606c-46d4-a13d-d0ea387906b3\", \"Text\": \"If your goal is to obtain p-values for the individual predictors, then using `anova` on your fitted \", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 147127, \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 147132, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Model selection in PGLS?\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><generalized-least-squares><phylogeny>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using Phylogenetic General Least Squares in the R package 'caper'.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have 4 predicto\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-15T14:56:35.297000\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 10594, \"RelatedPostId\": 30977, \"PostId\": 147127, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-30T08:19:16.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 10594, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 30983, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why applying model selection using AIC gives me non-significant p-values for the variables\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><p-value><aic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have some questions about the AIC and hope you can help me. I applied model selection (backward\", \"AccountId\": 1796034.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tiantianchen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 2517, \"RelatedPostId\": 8359, \"PostId\": 147127, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-04-04T18:25:56.523000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2517, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 8366, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"AIC or p-value: which one to choose for model selection?\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><aic><stepwise-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm brand new to this R thing but am unsure which model to select.</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li><p>I did a <em>s\", \"AccountId\": 509853.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MEL\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 537675, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 147127, \"VoteTypeId\": 16, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 537662, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 147127, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 486275, \"PostId\": 147127, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d9d36b2d-aad4-43b3-af78-243504ea5909\", \"Text\": \"<model-selection><generalized-least-squares><phylogeny>\", \"Comment\": \"added [phylogeny] tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T15:10:41.483000\"}, {\"Id\": 486276, \"PostId\": 147127, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 24, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d9d36b2d-aad4-43b3-af78-243504ea5909\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"Proposed by 114327 approved by 7290, 82102 edit id of 16181\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T15:10:41.483000\"}, {\"Id\": 485895, \"PostId\": 147127, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b798474-6a4a-4efc-9c81-a444a2a10d4a\", \"Text\": \"I am using Phylogenetic General Least Squares in the R package 'caper'.\\r\\n\\r\\nI have 4 predictor variab\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-15T14:56:35.297000\"}, {\"Id\": 485896, \"PostId\": 147127, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b798474-6a4a-4efc-9c81-a444a2a10d4a\", \"Text\": \"Model selection in PGLS?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-15T14:56:35.297000\"}, {\"Id\": 485897, \"PostId\": 147127, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b798474-6a4a-4efc-9c81-a444a2a10d4a\", \"Text\": \"<model-selection><generalized-least-squares>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-15T14:56:35.297000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 79310, \"PostId\": 147897, \"UserId\": 77672, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Okay, sorry if I screwed up with the flag. I thought asking for paper suggestions was off topic rega\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-22T00:09:20.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 79310, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"convergence of geometric mean/harmonic mean\", \"Tags\": \"<references><convergence><central-limit-theorem><geometric-mean><harmonic-mean>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does any one know papers regarding the convergence of geometric mean or harmonic mean in probabil\", \"AccountId\": 8489150.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nidhin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 146641, \"PostId\": 146641, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f6d765aa-579f-4144-a625-b64ed744ed84\", \"Text\": \"The models are not nested, as you correctly reasoned. For a model A to be nested in model B, you hav\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-10T18:21:30.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 146632, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The models are not nested, as you correctly reasoned. For a model A to be nested in model B, you \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 42495, \"OwnerUserId\": 42495, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 146641, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are these glm models nested?\", \"Tags\": \"<generalized-linear-model><nested-models>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am not able to tell if these two glm models are nested within one another. This is from the &qu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-16T00:02:58.410000\", \"AccountId\": 2323454.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user60887\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 204258, \"PostId\": 204258, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"393d2b13-8533-4bdd-b504-c10819a14b90\", \"Text\": \"<regression><heteroscedasticity><phylogeny>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-13T15:47:29.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Consequences of heteroskedasticity for regression with correlated errors\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><heteroscedasticity><phylogeny>\", \"Body\": \"<p>What are the statistical consequences of heteroskedasticity for regression models where the error\"}, {\"Id\": 488800, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a5615e1-894f-41d3-aaea-0045f4eab006\", \"Text\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><phylogeny>\", \"Comment\": \"added [phylogeny] tag, although the Q takes awhile to get there, the question and answer ultimate is\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-22T12:37:42.110000\"}, {\"Id\": 146370, \"PostId\": 146370, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"87bb362f-4013-4591-ac91-414f2f454d3b\", \"Text\": \"I'm working with the survival package in R. I fit a Cox proportional hazard model (`coxph`) and did \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-08T15:41:32.350000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 148714, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Schoenfeld residual test for model with time varying coefficients?\", \"Tags\": \"<cox-model><time-varying-covariate><dynamic-regression><schoenfeld-residuals><proportional-hazards>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working with the survival package in R. I fit a Cox proportional hazard model (<code>coxph</c\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 148714, \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 146370, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I believe I have answered my own question, and it just required thinking through what Schoenfeld \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-28T18:02:43.013000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 146571, \"PostId\": 146571, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eeee47bf-582c-4a23-9b14-d3d3dce46a6e\", \"Text\": \"I'm afraid I don't understand the table you provided, but I think I understand what you are trying t\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-10T05:38:35.160000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 54495, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think I understand what you are trying to achieve (correct me if I'm wrong). You want to test t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 21316, \"OwnerUserId\": 21316, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Significance of adjacency in correlation matrix with ordered variables\", \"Tags\": \"<r><correlation><phylogeny>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using the Discrete module in BayesTraits. I have a set of 1-9 serially homologous traits. Fo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-09-01T18:50:30.400000\", \"AccountId\": 3246492.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Charcha\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 729, \"PostId\": 1799, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"66f6bdbb-bf9f-4418-9f52-5ec60778387a\", \"Text\": \"Newman's modularity clustering for graphs\", \"Comment\": \"removed 'da' that somehow got added to the title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-19T16:06:00.843000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 729, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 1801, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Newman's modularity clustering for graphs\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><networks><partitioning><igraph><modularity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am interested in running Newman's <a href=\\\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1482622/\", \"AccountId\": 58461.0, \"DisplayName\": \"laramichaels\", \"Location\": \"California\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 146542, \"PostId\": 146542, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"308a1069-7e00-4d85-8d85-1952784faebc\", \"Text\": \"Textbook approach to modeling non-proportional hazards in the Cox model\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-09T23:47:10.963000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 146589, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Textbook approach to modeling non-proportional hazards in the Cox model\", \"Tags\": \"<survival><cox-model><dynamic-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In Cox models with time varying coefficients, the effect of covariates on the hazard is allowed t\"}, {\"Id\": 16570, \"PostId\": 56437, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9faaa518-4784-4be9-8454-6acce8cbae48\", \"Text\": \"<bioinformatics><phylogeny>\", \"Comment\": \"added [phylogeny] tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-06T03:40:35.683000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16570, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 56466, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Phylogenetic tree with known historical sequences?\", \"Tags\": \"<bioinformatics><phylogeny>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a multiple sequence alignment that I'm using to construct a phylogenetic tree. Usually, ph\", \"AccountId\": 2104523.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1871183\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 147235, \"PostId\": 147235, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c203ff9b-9e55-4701-b402-1532728a830e\", \"Text\": \"for questions related to phylogenetic inference or phylogenetic comparative methods, which combine d\", \"Comment\": \"added excerpt\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T15:22:34.153000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 4, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"for questions related to phylogenetic inference or phylogenetic comparative methods\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 146977, \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 146956, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You are describing a situation in which you are fitting a model with an extra parameter (the inte\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-13T16:43:51.727000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 78516, \"OwnerUserId\": 78516, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regression specification consequences\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><self-study><regression-coefficients>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose a true model is\\n$Y_i = βX_i +u_i$\\n,\\nwhere $β$ is parameter and $u$ is the random error, a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-12T13:47:23.880000\", \"AccountId\": 8429756.0, \"DisplayName\": \"aml3\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}, {\"Id\": 346216, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ddf4aa23-56ed-4881-a7fd-8913e6423599\", \"Text\": \"I have a dependent variable that depends on one of my random effects, as such:\\r\\n\\r\\n Dep R1 R2 \", \"Comment\": \"added 146 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T09:19:38.750000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 106582, \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 105493, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I appreciate the school example, but for simplicity I stay with the original example, which was:<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T09:42:03.090000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 198477, \"PostId\": 106582, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for your response, I am not familiar with model II regressions but I will look into it. Is it\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T12:01:06.997000\"}, {\"Id\": 33484, \"PostId\": 106582, \"UserId\": 33484, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"See my modified answer\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-18T15:48:53.107000\", \"AccountId\": 2607550.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Florian Hartig\", \"Location\": \"Regensburg, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.uni-regensburg.de/biologie-vorklinische-medizin/theoretische-oekologie/mitarbeiter/hartig\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a professor at the University of Regensburg working on ecology, evolution, and statistics.</p\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 70937, \"PostId\": 137229, \"UserId\": 33484, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@larspars I've done this, thanks - if you have run the checks already, it would be interesting to he\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-17T12:40:45.487000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 70937, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 138442, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mysterious results from likelihood ratio confidence bounds on a Weibull reliability estimate\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><survival><reliability><likelihood-ratio><weibull-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to calculate a confidence interval on an estimate of the cumulative distribution of a \", \"AccountId\": 26166.0, \"DisplayName\": \"larspars\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 135683, \"PostId\": 135683, \"UserId\": 33484, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"An approximate posterior, yes. But I would say that's good news: you can do everything you want, jus\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-01T17:36:06.180000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 135069, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>OK, if I understand the problem correctly you have </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>An unknown initial state $X_i$<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 14517, \"OwnerUserId\": 14517, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Monte Carlo Simulation of Complex Dynamical System\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume that $\\\\vec{z}(t)$, the state at time $t$ of a particle in a two-dimensional space, can be \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-04T00:15:11.407000\", \"AccountId\": 36596.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Escualo\", \"Location\": \"South Pasadena, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.nablazerolabs.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I really like coding. My favorite languages are Python and C++. My favorite topic is numerical an\"}]}, {\"Id\": 171944, \"PostId\": 171944, \"UserId\": 33484, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@mdewey ah, ok, thanks! Z.Radai, the fact remains that it looks like you have a systematic misfit fo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-15T11:34:48.747000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 171871, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It is difficult to assess the fit of the Poisson (or any other integer-valued GLM for that matter\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 99401, \"OwnerUserId\": 99401, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 171944, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Resolving heteroscedasticity in Poisson GLMM\", \"Tags\": \"<r><poisson-distribution><heteroscedasticity><glmm>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have long-term collection data, and I'd like to test, whether the number of animals collected i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-14T20:29:48.973000\", \"AccountId\": 9853445.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zozi9126\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 204949, \"UserId\": 33484, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Revival\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-12-22T18:03:06.950000\"}, {\"Id\": 333214, \"UserId\": 33484, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-11-12T18:25:12.953000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 348467, \"PostId\": 106582, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b7c1d0bc-af1d-4cf3-ad2a-163dc1951d01\", \"Text\": \"I appreciate the school example, but for simplicity I stay with the original example, which was:\\r\\n\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T10:34:15.727000\"}, {\"Id\": 167923, \"PostId\": 167923, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7a9f1d9c-3a9f-4954-8628-c6a4b5be8380\", \"Text\": \"1. You are free to transform any parameter prior to MCMC sampling in a Bayesian analysis. If you wan\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-13T16:26:55.233000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 167603, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<ol>\\n<li><p>You are free to transform any parameter prior to MCMC sampling in a Bayesian analysis. I\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 167603, \"OwnerUserId\": 95193, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 167923, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bayesian parameter estimation: Transforming parameters to use uninformed priors\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><parameterization><back-transformation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>First of all: Please excuse my ignorance. There are some parts of the concept of bayesian inferen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-10T12:50:17.820000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 138441, \"PostId\": 138441, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1f97ebe2-f452-448c-81a1-5a957aa98deb\", \"Text\": \"I suppose one could draw a physical analogy, noting that the proposal length scale should be proport\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-27T13:29:25.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 136807, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I suppose one could draw a physical analogy, noting that the proposal length scale should be prop\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 69239, \"OwnerUserId\": 69239, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 138441, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Metropolis, simulated annealing and proposal distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><sampling><markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to understand the physical meaning of the proposal step generating function in Metropo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-28T14:54:56.880000\", \"AccountId\": 7398084.0, \"DisplayName\": \"filippo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 185015, \"PostId\": 185015, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7d4d2f44-922d-47b9-b5b9-d1a3fa75d73b\", \"Text\": \"Of course it doesn't make sense to have n >> effective sample size, but the other consideration is t\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-01T08:35:43.280000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 184928, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Of course it doesn't make sense to have n >> effective sample size, but the other consideration i\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 108140, \"OwnerUserId\": 108140, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Subsample from MCMC sample\", \"Tags\": \"<estimation><sampling><markov-chain-montecarlo><resampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I got a MCMC sample $S = \\\\{x_1, \\\\dots, x_n\\\\}$ from the posterior distribution $p$ and I want to e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-01T13:43:03.167000\", \"AccountId\": 3022577.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user90803\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 112258, \"PostId\": 112258, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2ede43d8-c39b-4cb5-96f8-9565ba427d0a\", \"Text\": \"As Ryan said: A and B are equally wrong!\\r\\n\\r\\nAssume we want to test for a difference in the mean of t\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-15T20:23:53.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111120, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>As Ryan said: A and B are equally wrong!</p>\\n\\n<p>Assume we want to test for a difference in the m\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 36331, \"OwnerUserId\": 36331, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 112258, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Model selection and performance evaluation with different sample sizes\", \"Tags\": \"<p-value><model-selection><aic><small-sample><out-of-sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose there are K experimental units. Each unit is associated with its own dataset consisting o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-14T17:36:09.653000\", \"AccountId\": 4891295.0, \"DisplayName\": \"James\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 278403, \"PostId\": 278403, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bf05cf79-a18b-429f-92a9-e3e7f9391ed4\", \"Text\": \"Dispersion values will never be exactly 1, due to random variation in the data. Both tests don't see\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-25T15:37:46.127000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 278119, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Dispersion values will never be exactly 1, due to random variation in the data. Both tests don't \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 206066, \"OwnerUserId\": 206066, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"DHARMA to detect overdispersion in negative binomial\", \"Tags\": \"<residuals><negative-binomial-distribution><glmm><overdispersion>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm new to negative binomial GLMMs and still trying to get a hold of checking my residuals. DHARM\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-16T13:10:55.790000\", \"AccountId\": 16328206.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dwash7\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 348551, \"PostId\": 106582, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"37ff2b68-8fa8-4fc2-ae4d-d0f042a5b5d4\", \"Text\": \"I appreciate the school example, but for simplicity I stay with the original example, which was:\\r\\n\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"Addition due to question\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T14:05:45.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 348455, \"PostId\": 106582, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f099e12d-8134-4139-92c3-98308d2fd2b4\", \"Text\": \"I appreciate the school example, but for simplicity I stay with the original example, which was:\\r\\n\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T09:42:03.090000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 277360, \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 271673, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm the developer of DHARMa. First of all: note that results are not actually conflicting - a non\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-16T14:18:43.743000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 193373, \"OwnerUserId\": 193373, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Overdispersion tests from DHARMa and sjstats: conflicting results?\", \"Tags\": \"<count-data><diagnostic><overdispersion><glmmtmb>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I ran some models for my count data, and did some diagnostics to check for overdispersion. </p>\\n\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-12T20:46:52.323000\", \"AccountId\": 14928027.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gigi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 193821, \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 193348, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>As there is no generally accepted / unique way to specify (uninformative) priors, and as differen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T10:47:33.477000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 193348, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 193838, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user145807\", \"Title\": \"Coverage probability of credible intervals if we take Bayesian model literally\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><mathematical-statistics><confidence-interval><inference>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have a Bayesian model with a proper prior $\\\\pi$, likelihood $L$, data distribution $p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-08T04:03:21.960000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 847211, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 106582, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-11T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 388851, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 106582, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T00:00:00\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 123798, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi Elvis, thanks for the response. I did fit the model you suggested, but the objective here was not\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T10:09:25.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 123812, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to correct traits for body-size across multiple species?\", \"Tags\": \"<data-transformation><bias-correction>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Accounting for body-size in morphological data sets can be solved by using the residuals of simpl\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 5875, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 5875, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I am not sure that I understand fully your problem. If your model is femur length = alpha + beta x b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-18T13:06:46.540000\", \"AccountId\": 1114905.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Elvis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>As one of my idols once did, I use the name Elvis Jagger Abdul-Jabbar when I am too shy to tell m\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 230078, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 5875, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Try for example to fit a model like femur length = alpha + beta x body size + gamma × species x body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T10:18:20.933000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 503, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\" Because of the range in size, the regression correction has predicted that the corrected femur len\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 448706, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 123798, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 406180, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f2b32c02-aaad-4e31-9f66-fd907894a409\", \"Text\": \"<data-transformation><bias-correction>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T10:09:25.693000\"}, {\"Id\": 406181, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f2b32c02-aaad-4e31-9f66-fd907894a409\", \"Text\": \"Accounting for body-size in morphological data sets can be solved by using the residuals of simple l\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T10:09:25.693000\"}, {\"Id\": 406182, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f2b32c02-aaad-4e31-9f66-fd907894a409\", \"Text\": \"How to correct traits for body-size across multiple species?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T10:09:25.693000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 123812, \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 123798, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The problem you describe comes from the following: you are anticipating relations of <em>proporti\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T12:38:31.853000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 230101, \"PostId\": 123812, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for your clear response. I agree that most morphological variables are not linear with body s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T13:05:11.627000\"}, {\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 123812, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Then I think you should give us much more details to work on!\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\"}, {\"Id\": 20286, \"PostId\": 123812, \"UserId\": 20286, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@AlexR you said \\\"when I created the data I specifically made sp A femur 1/2 of body size and sp B 1/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-26T15:11:03.380000\", \"AccountId\": 3098620.0, \"DisplayName\": \"EdM\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 429971, \"UserId\": 20286, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-05-24T16:11:56.840000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 320732, \"PostId\": 320732, \"UserId\": 20286, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fdbba567-cc7c-4fdd-ad71-65d1aba1873d\", \"Text\": \"Unlike the Cox model, the model based on the Gompertz distribution estimates parameter values descri\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-19T19:46:16.957000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 320607, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Unlike the Cox model, the model based on the Gompertz distribution estimates parameter values des\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 235519, \"OwnerUserId\": 235519, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 320732, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does the output of flexsurvreg, for a Gompertz proportional hazards model, mean?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><survival><proportional-hazards>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am estimating a Gompertz proportional hazards model in R using the package "flexsurvreg&qu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-19T17:25:09.933000\", \"AccountId\": 18627792.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Steph Berge\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 406238, \"PostId\": 123812, \"UserId\": 20286, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"369ecd7b-79ad-4948-bc08-e93da3f95e81\", \"Text\": \"The problem you describe comes from the following: you are anticipating relations of _proportionalit\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T12:38:31.853000\"}, {\"Id\": 296623, \"PostId\": 296623, \"UserId\": 20286, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f9d66fdb-0225-4df3-b954-b9c5409940a0\", \"Text\": \"For single predictors, the AIC and p-value criteria are [effectively the same](https://stats.stackex\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-27T16:27:06.240000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 296535, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For single predictors, the AIC and p-value criteria are <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 222912, \"OwnerUserId\": 222912, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clarification of the stepwise regression analysis : Bidirectional elimination\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><variable>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on a large dataset (2000 patients, 100 variable)\\nMy purpose is to identify the influ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T13:54:22.217000\", \"AccountId\": 14017400.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Logand\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 318872, \"PostId\": 318872, \"UserId\": 20286, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72d3bd56-6a66-4ab2-bd74-678f1e562efa\", \"Text\": \"With two samples from the same population, this would be the equivalent of a training set (first sam\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-03T03:13:50.637000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 318827, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>With two samples from the same population, this would be the equivalent of a training set (first \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 198994, \"OwnerUserId\": 198994, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 318872, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using an old trained model on a new data - comparing two populations\", \"Tags\": \"<nonparametric><wilcoxon-mann-whitney-test><wilcoxon-signed-rank><quality-control>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two populations with the same set of features. The range of the features' values is also t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-02T07:21:00.470000\", \"AccountId\": 13963912.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Inna \", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 234120, \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 234114, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The chi-square test examines whether the columns and rows of your table are independent. With you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-10T19:28:51.697000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 165110, \"OwnerUserId\": 165110, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Do I use chi-square test correctly for such dataset?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><chi-squared-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>As a person totally green in statistics I would greatly appreciate your help. I tried to figure t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-10T17:52:54.373000\", \"AccountId\": 13749352.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tess\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 448740, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 123812, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 451674, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 123812, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-14T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 451675, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 123812, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-14T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 448705, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 123812, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T00:00:00\"}]}, {\"Id\": 234619, \"OwnerUserId\": 234619, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 123798, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In regards to using non-linear models to represent an apparently linear relationship you must con\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-12T06:48:23.623000\", \"AccountId\": 18559163.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hunter86\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 127748, \"UserId\": 49225, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-08-31T11:57:57.133000\"}, {\"Id\": 134035, \"UserId\": 49225, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-10-14T08:03:55.800000\"}, {\"Id\": 109858, \"UserId\": 49225, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-04-22T12:06:18.980000\"}, {\"Id\": 167973, \"UserId\": 49225, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-05-23T05:56:48.750000\"}, {\"Id\": 108500, \"UserId\": 49225, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-04-13T13:34:38.630000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"Id\": 49225, \"AccountId\": 6061245.0, \"DisplayName\": \"AlexR\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T12:52:10.007000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 105493, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"1-10 specimen per species, 1-8 species per genus, 9 genera.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T12:52:42.430000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 106582, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When the dependent variable and random effects 'overlap' in mixed effects models\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><phylogeny>\", \"Body\": \"<p><em>I have added a new example here for clarity, see original question below</em></p>\\n\\n<p>Eg. I h\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 22597, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It would be nice, if whoever downvoted this question would provide suggestions on specific aspects, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-11T02:36:16.763000\", \"AccountId\": 3422261.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Aleksandr Blekh\", \"Location\": \"Atlanta, GA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Management and IT Consultant, information systems researcher, data scientist, aspiring educator a\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 94079, \"PostId\": 94079, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Immortal: You're welcome. I think that 2.7% in your quote refers to measurement **precision** (as i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-13T04:09:54.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 94075, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here's my opinion on this. If you think a little about the question, the <em>intuitive</em> answe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 42339, \"OwnerUserId\": 42339, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to interpret confidence interval with accuracy phrase\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><chi-squared-test><references><accuracy>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Upon reading a peer reviewed article, I found this:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>A Chi-square test show\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-13T01:50:50.500000\", \"AccountId\": 5478909.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Immortal\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 37209, \"PostId\": 102982, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I would explore two avenues: 1) missing data imputation, probably, _multiple imputation_; 2) use _pa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-03T17:44:10.417000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 37209, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Best approach to predict significant factors without any complete cases\", \"Tags\": \"<data-mining><predictive-models><prediction><missing-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset that contains records of donors with various biographical info (city, state, zip\", \"AccountId\": 2570824.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user19754\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 93862, \"PostId\": 93862, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@histelheim: No, as I simply haven't searched since (deviated to other matters). However, I'm still \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-11T12:33:14.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 93851, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is a large number of research on <em>graph sampling</em> (easily discoverable by simple Int\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 37465, \"OwnerUserId\": 37465, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 93862, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"techniques for sampling graphs? (possibly implemented in r packages)\", \"Tags\": \"<r><sampling><graph-theory><igraph>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have a very large graph that proves impractical for visualization ends and I wanted t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-10T12:56:38.530000\", \"AccountId\": 3352083.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dario Lacan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 44534, \"PostId\": 101526, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"_Mathematica_ is definitely a nice piece of software. However, it's rather expensive. For those, who\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-25T07:24:18.403000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44534, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 101491, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I strongly prefer <em>Mathematica</em> for such tasks. Given data of the form $mydata = \\\\{ \\\\{ x_\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 40362, \"OwnerUserId\": 40362, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 101514, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Machine learning for discovering formulas\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><optimization><software>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a vector of desired values that I want to fit based in some generated predictors. The tric\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-07T10:20:11.400000\", \"AccountId\": 4490776.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ASantosRibeiro\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3359579.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David G. Stork\", \"Location\": \"Silicon Valley, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Stork\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Stork\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">I work in Silico\"}, {\"Id\": 105878, \"PostId\": 105878, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@AlexR: You are welcome. Good luck with your search.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T09:47:55.690000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 105493, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>My knowledge of <em>mixed effects models (MEM)</em> is rather fuzzy so far, so I will just share \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 198011, \"PostId\": 105878, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the answer, but it is not helpful. The response variable is not linked to the random effe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-20T07:42:16.400000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 539937, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 105878, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-21T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 346226, \"PostId\": 105878, \"UserId\": 22597, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2fdcc7d1-087b-4cb2-b35a-ef9ec6af171c\", \"Text\": \"My knowledge of *mixed effects models (MEM)* is rather fuzzy so far, so I will just share with you t\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T09:47:55.690000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 44131, \"PostId\": 97103, \"UserId\": 22597, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm sure that there are many approaches to this problem. IMHO, _hierarchical [aka multilevel] struct\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-19T03:23:32.370000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44131, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to analyze data with DV only measured at the group level and moderator measured at the individua\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><mixed-model><spss><multilevel-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This may be a relatively simpleton kind of question to ask, as this forum seems to be rather stat\", \"AccountId\": 5646628.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lavish Logic\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 327439, \"UserId\": 22597, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-10-11T02:40:16.437000\"}, {\"Id\": 99128, \"UserId\": 22597, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Revival\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-02-06T03:59:37.897000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 105069, \"PostId\": 105069, \"UserId\": 22597, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"12b1b115-fa27-4fa5-83ba-24e8bc55fbbb\", \"Text\": \"In addition to the previous nice answers (+1 to both), I'd like to offer the following insights:\\r\\n\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-09T07:58:58.537000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 101350, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In addition to the previous nice answers (+1 to both), I'd like to offer the following insights:<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46440, \"OwnerUserId\": 46440, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 105065, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Change Point Analysis for Environmental Data\", \"Tags\": \"<change-point><environmental-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does anyone know of somewhere with resources on using change point analysis for determining envir\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T19:02:56.917000\", \"AccountId\": 5847562.0, \"DisplayName\": \"WaterGeek\", \"Location\": \"Corvallis, OR\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nicholas_Cook5\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hello, I am a recently graduated PhD in Biological Systems Engineering from Virginia Tech with an\"}]}, {\"Id\": 34437, \"PostId\": 79780, \"UserId\": 22597, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fca539f8-e50f-453a-9d9f-5c661ed55a28\", \"Text\": \"Matrix Factorization Recommendation Systems with Only \\\"Like\\\" Ratings\", \"Comment\": \"Improved grammar and wording.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-08T23:03:18.257000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 34437, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Matrix Factorization Recommendation Systems with Only \\\"Like\\\" Ratings\", \"Tags\": \"<recommender-system><matrix-decomposition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to build a recommendation system, but I only have data on what my users have \\\"liked\\\", \", \"AccountId\": 4720228.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user49745\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 105882, \"PostId\": 105882, \"UserId\": 22597, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"06e39859-659b-4d60-945c-6da9bfe0a327\", \"Text\": \"First of all, especially considering that your model is not that simple, I suggest you to switch for\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T10:23:46.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 105867, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>First of all, especially considering that your model is not that simple, I suggest you to switch \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 43450, \"OwnerUserId\": 43450, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 105873, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regression analysis or Structural Equation Modelling\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><dataset><structural-equation-modeling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a 26 items questionnaire refined by running Common Factor Analysis. As a result, I got 4 f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-07T04:56:56.783000\", \"AccountId\": 5587133.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ava XU\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I need a lot of help on statistics! </p>\\n\\n<p>I got my Ed.D on Education in Minnesota...Even I hav\"}]}, {\"Id\": 46810, \"PostId\": 104776, \"UserId\": 22597, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3be8f00f-3d24-4510-8e57-21618f92c76b\", \"Text\": \"I have a question regarding to the information theory. Between clean data and noisy data, which one \", \"Comment\": \"Fixed grammar and improved wording.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-03T23:18:56.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46810, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 104777, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clean data and noisy data: which one has higher entropy?\", \"Tags\": \"<entropy><information-theory>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a question regarding to the information theory. Between clean data and noisy data, which o\", \"AccountId\": 4700390.0, \"DisplayName\": \"lserlohn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 97890, \"PostId\": 97890, \"UserId\": 22597, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1f3d745e-b32e-4df3-9cf6-ece8adde11fe\", \"Text\": \"I am again using a question as an opportunity to learn more about *time series* - one of the (many) \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-26T22:43:05.417000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 97874, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I am again using a question as an opportunity to learn more about <em>time series</em> - one of t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24715, \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 97938, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Best method for short time-series\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><small-sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a question related to modeling short time-series. It is not a question <a href=\\\"https://st\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T21:19:06.223000\", \"AccountId\": 2242720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": \"Warsaw, Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Before I had studied Chan for thirty years, I saw mountains as\\nmountains, and rivers\"}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 103793, \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103791, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here's how I understand the distinction between the two methods (don't know what third method you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-27T05:23:36.803000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 26863, \"OwnerUserId\": 26863, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Locally weighted regression VS kernel linear regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<kernel-trick><kernel-smoothing><k-nearest-neighbour><weighted-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to make it clear the relationship of the listed three methods.</p>\\n\\n<p>According to m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-05T07:33:46.603000\", \"AccountId\": 3826802.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DQ_happy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 86292, \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Ensuring exploratory study's validity with pseudo-simple random sampling\", \"Tags\": \"<sampling><cross-validation><missing-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The <em>context</em> of my questions is as follows. I'm performing a <em>cross-sectional secondar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-19T06:14:44.107000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22597, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 197533, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"1. 10 specimen per species, 1-8 species per genus, 9 genera. 2. Model failed to converge: degenerate\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-17T11:04:54.467000\"}, {\"Id\": 197223, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I have still not figured this out. I guess I should take the average and condense the data to a sing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T09:25:08.823000\"}, {\"Id\": 9049, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 9049, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"1. How big is your data? 2. What is the convergence failure message you get? 3. What you mean by \\\"*I\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-08T10:20:40.383000\", \"AccountId\": 1552146.0, \"DisplayName\": \"usεr11852\", \"Location\": \"Manchester, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Empiricist - trying to be rational.</p>\\n<p>Would like to be Stats David Mitchell but ending up Da\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 386544, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 105493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 385138, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 105493, \"VoteTypeId\": 11, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 385268, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 105493, \"VoteTypeId\": 3, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 540410, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 105493, \"VoteTypeId\": 16, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-22T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 434882, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 105493, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-31T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 344954, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aa2da81b-a4ab-42e6-8bd3-76b71a836b6b\", \"Text\": \"I have a dependant variable that is dependant on one of my random effects, as such:\\r\\n\\r\\nDep R1\\r\\n32 \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T12:52:42.430000\"}, {\"Id\": 344955, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aa2da81b-a4ab-42e6-8bd3-76b71a836b6b\", \"Text\": \"When the dependant variable and random effects 'overlap' in mixed effects models\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T12:52:42.430000\"}, {\"Id\": 344956, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aa2da81b-a4ab-42e6-8bd3-76b71a836b6b\", \"Text\": \"<r><lme4-nlme><mixed-model>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T12:52:42.430000\"}, {\"Id\": 344972, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 12, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"3d79f997-cdd5-40ff-8c8d-5203129a2258\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":73433,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"AlexR\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"via Vote\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T13:27:23.130000\"}, {\"Id\": 345293, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bf090f1f-5208-410c-ba5b-ec2d39db96f5\", \"Text\": \"I have a dependant variable that is dependant on one of my random effects, as such:\\r\\n\\r\\n Dep R1\\r\", \"Comment\": \"added 131 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-14T07:58:40.763000\"}, {\"Id\": 344976, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 13, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"961ab0be-36d4-478b-b52d-5be33bc92552\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":73433,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"AlexR\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T13:28:37.383000\"}, {\"Id\": 344978, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ab30af81-47b2-4cce-b037-f01eb9cabd49\", \"Text\": \"I have a dependant variable that is dependant on one of my random effects, as such:\\r\\n\\r\\n Dep R1\\r\", \"Comment\": \"added 28 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-13T13:30:10.107000\"}, {\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aaa72f96-afc8-4c54-8bde-cf152c4d0dd1\", \"Text\": \"*I have added a new example here for clarity, see original question below*\\r\\n\\r\\nEg. I have 10 schools \", \"Comment\": \"appended answer 169447 as supplemental\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\"}, {\"Id\": 348438, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"afb883d1-7f4e-416e-9f08-838f856b0f16\", \"Text\": \"*I have added a new example here for clarity, see original question below*\\r\\n\\r\\nEg. I have 10 schools \", \"Comment\": \"added 689 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T08:29:53.370000\"}, {\"Id\": 488798, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 24, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a5615e1-894f-41d3-aaea-0045f4eab006\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"Proposed by 114327 approved by 82102, 31978 edit id of 16274\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-22T12:37:42.110000\"}, {\"Id\": 15827, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 15827, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"52ec0c2a-eb81-4b53-a6fb-07d51f9a4ccd\", \"Text\": \"When the dependent variable and random effects 'overlap' in mixed effects models\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 65 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T13:57:54.467000\", \"AccountId\": 2038743.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nick Cox\", \"Location\": \"Durham, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work mostly with environmental data, secondarily with social science data. My interests include\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 345310, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 15827, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"52ec0c2a-eb81-4b53-a6fb-07d51f9a4ccd\", \"Text\": \"I have a dependent variable that depends on one of my random effects, as such:\\r\\n\\r\\n Dep R1\\r\\n \", \"Comment\": \"deleted 65 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-14T08:57:48.930000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 77672, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a5615e1-894f-41d3-aaea-0045f4eab006\", \"Text\": \"*I have added a new example here for clarity, see original question below*\\r\\n\\r\\nEg. I have 10 schools \", \"Comment\": \"added [phylogeny] tag, although the Q takes awhile to get there, the question and answer ultimate is\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-02T22:09:45.957000\", \"AccountId\": 5834317.0, \"DisplayName\": \"SlowLoris\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 147132, \"PostId\": 147132, \"UserId\": 77672, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Well what I was suggesting was to provide the p-values for all of the models/parameters, as well as \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-15T15:50:32.230000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 147127, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If your goal is to obtain p-values for the individual predictors, then using <code>anova</code> o\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 275748, \"PostId\": 147132, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Oh ok, but reporting the p-values for all the parameters/models is a bit tedious if you are modellin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-19T07:51:09.443000\"}, {\"Id\": 275046, \"PostId\": 147132, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the clear answer. So should i use anova() for the model with all parameters or the best m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T06:13:50.713000\"}, {\"Id\": 275854, \"PostId\": 147132, \"UserId\": 77672, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If your concern is reporting a ridiculous number of results, then you can choose to only report mode\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-19T16:20:33.233000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 537826, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 147132, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 537659, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 147132, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 485912, \"PostId\": 147132, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1e5d5bcf-87ac-438f-9fe4-fbfcdd68f53b\", \"Text\": \"If your goal is to obtain p-values for the individual predictors, then using `anova` on your fitted \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-15T15:50:32.230000\"}, {\"Id\": 0, \"PostId\": 147132, \"UserId\": 0, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"859babaf-606c-46d4-a13d-d0ea387906b3\", \"Text\": \"If your goal is to obtain p-values for the individual predictors, then using `anova` on your fitted \", \"Comment\": \"replaced http://stats.stackexchange.com/ with https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T06:55:26.860000\", \"AccountId\": -1.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Community\", \"Location\": \"on the server farm\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://meta.stackexchange.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Hi, I'm not really a person.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!</p\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 147127, \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 147132, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Model selection in PGLS?\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><generalized-least-squares><phylogeny>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using Phylogenetic General Least Squares in the R package 'caper'.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have 4 predicto\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-15T14:56:35.297000\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 10594, \"RelatedPostId\": 30977, \"PostId\": 147127, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-30T08:19:16.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 10594, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 30983, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why applying model selection using AIC gives me non-significant p-values for the variables\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><p-value><aic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have some questions about the AIC and hope you can help me. I applied model selection (backward\", \"AccountId\": 1796034.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tiantianchen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 2517, \"RelatedPostId\": 8359, \"PostId\": 147127, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-04-04T18:25:56.523000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2517, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 8366, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"AIC or p-value: which one to choose for model selection?\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><aic><stepwise-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm brand new to this R thing but am unsure which model to select.</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li><p>I did a <em>s\", \"AccountId\": 509853.0, \"DisplayName\": \"MEL\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 537675, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 147127, \"VoteTypeId\": 16, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 537662, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 147127, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 486275, \"PostId\": 147127, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d9d36b2d-aad4-43b3-af78-243504ea5909\", \"Text\": \"<model-selection><generalized-least-squares><phylogeny>\", \"Comment\": \"added [phylogeny] tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T15:10:41.483000\"}, {\"Id\": 486276, \"PostId\": 147127, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 24, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d9d36b2d-aad4-43b3-af78-243504ea5909\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"Proposed by 114327 approved by 7290, 82102 edit id of 16181\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T15:10:41.483000\"}, {\"Id\": 485895, \"PostId\": 147127, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b798474-6a4a-4efc-9c81-a444a2a10d4a\", \"Text\": \"I am using Phylogenetic General Least Squares in the R package 'caper'.\\r\\n\\r\\nI have 4 predictor variab\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-15T14:56:35.297000\"}, {\"Id\": 485896, \"PostId\": 147127, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b798474-6a4a-4efc-9c81-a444a2a10d4a\", \"Text\": \"Model selection in PGLS?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-15T14:56:35.297000\"}, {\"Id\": 485897, \"PostId\": 147127, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b798474-6a4a-4efc-9c81-a444a2a10d4a\", \"Text\": \"<model-selection><generalized-least-squares>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-15T14:56:35.297000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 79310, \"PostId\": 147897, \"UserId\": 77672, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Okay, sorry if I screwed up with the flag. I thought asking for paper suggestions was off topic rega\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-22T00:09:20.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 79310, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"convergence of geometric mean/harmonic mean\", \"Tags\": \"<references><convergence><central-limit-theorem><geometric-mean><harmonic-mean>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Does any one know papers regarding the convergence of geometric mean or harmonic mean in probabil\", \"AccountId\": 8489150.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nidhin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 146641, \"PostId\": 146641, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f6d765aa-579f-4144-a625-b64ed744ed84\", \"Text\": \"The models are not nested, as you correctly reasoned. For a model A to be nested in model B, you hav\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-10T18:21:30.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 146632, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The models are not nested, as you correctly reasoned. For a model A to be nested in model B, you \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 42495, \"OwnerUserId\": 42495, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 146641, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are these glm models nested?\", \"Tags\": \"<generalized-linear-model><nested-models>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am not able to tell if these two glm models are nested within one another. This is from the &qu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-16T00:02:58.410000\", \"AccountId\": 2323454.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user60887\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 204258, \"PostId\": 204258, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"393d2b13-8533-4bdd-b504-c10819a14b90\", \"Text\": \"<regression><heteroscedasticity><phylogeny>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-13T15:47:29.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Consequences of heteroskedasticity for regression with correlated errors\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><heteroscedasticity><phylogeny>\", \"Body\": \"<p>What are the statistical consequences of heteroskedasticity for regression models where the error\"}, {\"Id\": 488800, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4a5615e1-894f-41d3-aaea-0045f4eab006\", \"Text\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><phylogeny>\", \"Comment\": \"added [phylogeny] tag, although the Q takes awhile to get there, the question and answer ultimate is\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-22T12:37:42.110000\"}, {\"Id\": 146370, \"PostId\": 146370, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"87bb362f-4013-4591-ac91-414f2f454d3b\", \"Text\": \"I'm working with the survival package in R. I fit a Cox proportional hazard model (`coxph`) and did \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-08T15:41:32.350000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 148714, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Schoenfeld residual test for model with time varying coefficients?\", \"Tags\": \"<cox-model><time-varying-covariate><dynamic-regression><schoenfeld-residuals><proportional-hazards>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working with the survival package in R. I fit a Cox proportional hazard model (<code>coxph</c\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 148714, \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 146370, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I believe I have answered my own question, and it just required thinking through what Schoenfeld \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-28T18:02:43.013000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 146571, \"PostId\": 146571, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eeee47bf-582c-4a23-9b14-d3d3dce46a6e\", \"Text\": \"I'm afraid I don't understand the table you provided, but I think I understand what you are trying t\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-10T05:38:35.160000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 54495, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think I understand what you are trying to achieve (correct me if I'm wrong). You want to test t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 21316, \"OwnerUserId\": 21316, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Significance of adjacency in correlation matrix with ordered variables\", \"Tags\": \"<r><correlation><phylogeny>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using the Discrete module in BayesTraits. I have a set of 1-9 serially homologous traits. Fo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-09-01T18:50:30.400000\", \"AccountId\": 3246492.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Charcha\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 729, \"PostId\": 1799, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"66f6bdbb-bf9f-4418-9f52-5ec60778387a\", \"Text\": \"Newman's modularity clustering for graphs\", \"Comment\": \"removed 'da' that somehow got added to the title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-19T16:06:00.843000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 729, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 1801, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Newman's modularity clustering for graphs\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><networks><partitioning><igraph><modularity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am interested in running Newman's <a href=\\\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1482622/\", \"AccountId\": 58461.0, \"DisplayName\": \"laramichaels\", \"Location\": \"California\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 146542, \"PostId\": 146542, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"308a1069-7e00-4d85-8d85-1952784faebc\", \"Text\": \"Textbook approach to modeling non-proportional hazards in the Cox model\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-09T23:47:10.963000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 146589, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Textbook approach to modeling non-proportional hazards in the Cox model\", \"Tags\": \"<survival><cox-model><dynamic-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In Cox models with time varying coefficients, the effect of covariates on the hazard is allowed t\"}, {\"Id\": 16570, \"PostId\": 56437, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9faaa518-4784-4be9-8454-6acce8cbae48\", \"Text\": \"<bioinformatics><phylogeny>\", \"Comment\": \"added [phylogeny] tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-06T03:40:35.683000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16570, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 56466, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Phylogenetic tree with known historical sequences?\", \"Tags\": \"<bioinformatics><phylogeny>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a multiple sequence alignment that I'm using to construct a phylogenetic tree. Usually, ph\", \"AccountId\": 2104523.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1871183\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 147235, \"PostId\": 147235, \"UserId\": 77672, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c203ff9b-9e55-4701-b402-1532728a830e\", \"Text\": \"for questions related to phylogenetic inference or phylogenetic comparative methods, which combine d\", \"Comment\": \"added excerpt\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T15:22:34.153000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 4, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"for questions related to phylogenetic inference or phylogenetic comparative methods\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 146977, \"OwnerUserId\": 77672, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 146956, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You are describing a situation in which you are fitting a model with an extra parameter (the inte\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-13T16:43:51.727000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 78516, \"OwnerUserId\": 78516, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regression specification consequences\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><self-study><regression-coefficients>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose a true model is\\n$Y_i = βX_i +u_i$\\n,\\nwhere $β$ is parameter and $u$ is the random error, a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-12T13:47:23.880000\", \"AccountId\": 8429756.0, \"DisplayName\": \"aml3\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}, {\"Id\": 346216, \"PostId\": 105493, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ddf4aa23-56ed-4881-a7fd-8913e6423599\", \"Text\": \"I have a dependent variable that depends on one of my random effects, as such:\\r\\n\\r\\n Dep R1 R2 \", \"Comment\": \"added 146 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-16T09:19:38.750000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 106582, \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 105493, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I appreciate the school example, but for simplicity I stay with the original example, which was:<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T09:42:03.090000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 198477, \"PostId\": 106582, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for your response, I am not familiar with model II regressions but I will look into it. Is it\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T12:01:06.997000\"}, {\"Id\": 33484, \"PostId\": 106582, \"UserId\": 33484, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"See my modified answer\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-18T15:48:53.107000\", \"AccountId\": 2607550.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Florian Hartig\", \"Location\": \"Regensburg, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.uni-regensburg.de/biologie-vorklinische-medizin/theoretische-oekologie/mitarbeiter/hartig\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a professor at the University of Regensburg working on ecology, evolution, and statistics.</p\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 70937, \"PostId\": 137229, \"UserId\": 33484, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@larspars I've done this, thanks - if you have run the checks already, it would be interesting to he\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-17T12:40:45.487000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 70937, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 138442, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mysterious results from likelihood ratio confidence bounds on a Weibull reliability estimate\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><survival><reliability><likelihood-ratio><weibull-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to calculate a confidence interval on an estimate of the cumulative distribution of a \", \"AccountId\": 26166.0, \"DisplayName\": \"larspars\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 135683, \"PostId\": 135683, \"UserId\": 33484, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"An approximate posterior, yes. But I would say that's good news: you can do everything you want, jus\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-01T17:36:06.180000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 135069, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>OK, if I understand the problem correctly you have </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>An unknown initial state $X_i$<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 14517, \"OwnerUserId\": 14517, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Monte Carlo Simulation of Complex Dynamical System\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume that $\\\\vec{z}(t)$, the state at time $t$ of a particle in a two-dimensional space, can be \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-04T00:15:11.407000\", \"AccountId\": 36596.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Escualo\", \"Location\": \"South Pasadena, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.nablazerolabs.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I really like coding. My favorite languages are Python and C++. My favorite topic is numerical an\"}]}, {\"Id\": 171944, \"PostId\": 171944, \"UserId\": 33484, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@mdewey ah, ok, thanks! Z.Radai, the fact remains that it looks like you have a systematic misfit fo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-15T11:34:48.747000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 171871, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It is difficult to assess the fit of the Poisson (or any other integer-valued GLM for that matter\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 99401, \"OwnerUserId\": 99401, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 171944, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Resolving heteroscedasticity in Poisson GLMM\", \"Tags\": \"<r><poisson-distribution><heteroscedasticity><glmm>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have long-term collection data, and I'd like to test, whether the number of animals collected i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-14T20:29:48.973000\", \"AccountId\": 9853445.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zozi9126\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 204949, \"UserId\": 33484, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Revival\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-12-22T18:03:06.950000\"}, {\"Id\": 333214, \"UserId\": 33484, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-11-12T18:25:12.953000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 348467, \"PostId\": 106582, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b7c1d0bc-af1d-4cf3-ad2a-163dc1951d01\", \"Text\": \"I appreciate the school example, but for simplicity I stay with the original example, which was:\\r\\n\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T10:34:15.727000\"}, {\"Id\": 167923, \"PostId\": 167923, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7a9f1d9c-3a9f-4954-8628-c6a4b5be8380\", \"Text\": \"1. You are free to transform any parameter prior to MCMC sampling in a Bayesian analysis. If you wan\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-13T16:26:55.233000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 167603, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<ol>\\n<li><p>You are free to transform any parameter prior to MCMC sampling in a Bayesian analysis. I\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 167603, \"OwnerUserId\": 95193, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 167923, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bayesian parameter estimation: Transforming parameters to use uninformed priors\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><parameterization><back-transformation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>First of all: Please excuse my ignorance. There are some parts of the concept of bayesian inferen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-10T12:50:17.820000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 138441, \"PostId\": 138441, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1f97ebe2-f452-448c-81a1-5a957aa98deb\", \"Text\": \"I suppose one could draw a physical analogy, noting that the proposal length scale should be proport\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-27T13:29:25.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 136807, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I suppose one could draw a physical analogy, noting that the proposal length scale should be prop\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 69239, \"OwnerUserId\": 69239, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 138441, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Metropolis, simulated annealing and proposal distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><sampling><markov-chain-montecarlo><monte-carlo>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to understand the physical meaning of the proposal step generating function in Metropo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-28T14:54:56.880000\", \"AccountId\": 7398084.0, \"DisplayName\": \"filippo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 185015, \"PostId\": 185015, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7d4d2f44-922d-47b9-b5b9-d1a3fa75d73b\", \"Text\": \"Of course it doesn't make sense to have n >> effective sample size, but the other consideration is t\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-01T08:35:43.280000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 184928, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Of course it doesn't make sense to have n >> effective sample size, but the other consideration i\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 108140, \"OwnerUserId\": 108140, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Subsample from MCMC sample\", \"Tags\": \"<estimation><sampling><markov-chain-montecarlo><resampling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I got a MCMC sample $S = \\\\{x_1, \\\\dots, x_n\\\\}$ from the posterior distribution $p$ and I want to e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-01T13:43:03.167000\", \"AccountId\": 3022577.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user90803\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 112258, \"PostId\": 112258, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2ede43d8-c39b-4cb5-96f8-9565ba427d0a\", \"Text\": \"As Ryan said: A and B are equally wrong!\\r\\n\\r\\nAssume we want to test for a difference in the mean of t\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-15T20:23:53.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111120, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>As Ryan said: A and B are equally wrong!</p>\\n\\n<p>Assume we want to test for a difference in the m\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 36331, \"OwnerUserId\": 36331, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 112258, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Model selection and performance evaluation with different sample sizes\", \"Tags\": \"<p-value><model-selection><aic><small-sample><out-of-sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose there are K experimental units. Each unit is associated with its own dataset consisting o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-14T17:36:09.653000\", \"AccountId\": 4891295.0, \"DisplayName\": \"James\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 278403, \"PostId\": 278403, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"bf05cf79-a18b-429f-92a9-e3e7f9391ed4\", \"Text\": \"Dispersion values will never be exactly 1, due to random variation in the data. Both tests don't see\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-25T15:37:46.127000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 278119, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Dispersion values will never be exactly 1, due to random variation in the data. Both tests don't \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 206066, \"OwnerUserId\": 206066, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"DHARMA to detect overdispersion in negative binomial\", \"Tags\": \"<residuals><negative-binomial-distribution><glmm><overdispersion>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm new to negative binomial GLMMs and still trying to get a hold of checking my residuals. DHARM\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-16T13:10:55.790000\", \"AccountId\": 16328206.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dwash7\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 348551, \"PostId\": 106582, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"37ff2b68-8fa8-4fc2-ae4d-d0f042a5b5d4\", \"Text\": \"I appreciate the school example, but for simplicity I stay with the original example, which was:\\r\\n\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"Addition due to question\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T14:05:45.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 348455, \"PostId\": 106582, \"UserId\": 33484, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f099e12d-8134-4139-92c3-98308d2fd2b4\", \"Text\": \"I appreciate the school example, but for simplicity I stay with the original example, which was:\\r\\n\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T09:42:03.090000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 277360, \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 271673, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm the developer of DHARMa. First of all: note that results are not actually conflicting - a non\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-16T14:18:43.743000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 193373, \"OwnerUserId\": 193373, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Overdispersion tests from DHARMa and sjstats: conflicting results?\", \"Tags\": \"<count-data><diagnostic><overdispersion><glmmtmb>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I ran some models for my count data, and did some diagnostics to check for overdispersion. </p>\\n\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-12T20:46:52.323000\", \"AccountId\": 14928027.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gigi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 193821, \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 193348, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>As there is no generally accepted / unique way to specify (uninformative) priors, and as differen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-12T10:47:33.477000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 193348, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 193838, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user145807\", \"Title\": \"Coverage probability of credible intervals if we take Bayesian model literally\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><mathematical-statistics><confidence-interval><inference>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have a Bayesian model with a proper prior $\\\\pi$, likelihood $L$, data distribution $p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-08T04:03:21.960000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33484, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 847211, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 106582, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-11T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 388851, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 106582, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-22T00:00:00\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 123798, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi Elvis, thanks for the response. I did fit the model you suggested, but the objective here was not\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T10:09:25.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 123812, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to correct traits for body-size across multiple species?\", \"Tags\": \"<data-transformation><bias-correction>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Accounting for body-size in morphological data sets can be solved by using the residuals of simpl\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 5875, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 5875, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I am not sure that I understand fully your problem. If your model is femur length = alpha + beta x b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-18T13:06:46.540000\", \"AccountId\": 1114905.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Elvis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>As one of my idols once did, I use the name Elvis Jagger Abdul-Jabbar when I am too shy to tell m\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 230078, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 5875, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Try for example to fit a model like femur length = alpha + beta x body size + gamma × species x body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T10:18:20.933000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 503, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\" Because of the range in size, the regression correction has predicted that the corrected femur len\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 448706, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 123798, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 406180, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f2b32c02-aaad-4e31-9f66-fd907894a409\", \"Text\": \"<data-transformation><bias-correction>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T10:09:25.693000\"}, {\"Id\": 406181, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f2b32c02-aaad-4e31-9f66-fd907894a409\", \"Text\": \"Accounting for body-size in morphological data sets can be solved by using the residuals of simple l\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T10:09:25.693000\"}, {\"Id\": 406182, \"PostId\": 123798, \"UserId\": 49225, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f2b32c02-aaad-4e31-9f66-fd907894a409\", \"Text\": \"How to correct traits for body-size across multiple species?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T10:09:25.693000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 123812, \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 123798, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The problem you describe comes from the following: you are anticipating relations of <em>proporti\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T12:38:31.853000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 230101, \"PostId\": 123812, \"UserId\": 49225, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for your clear response. I agree that most morphological variables are not linear with body s\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T13:05:11.627000\"}, {\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 123812, \"UserId\": 9081, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Then I think you should give us much more details to work on!\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\"}, {\"Id\": 20286, \"PostId\": 123812, \"UserId\": 20286, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@AlexR you said \\\"when I created the data I specifically made sp A femur 1/2 of body size and sp B 1/\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-26T15:11:03.380000\", \"AccountId\": 3098620.0, \"DisplayName\": \"EdM\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 429971, \"UserId\": 20286, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-05-24T16:11:56.840000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 320732, \"PostId\": 320732, \"UserId\": 20286, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fdbba567-cc7c-4fdd-ad71-65d1aba1873d\", \"Text\": \"Unlike the Cox model, the model based on the Gompertz distribution estimates parameter values descri\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-19T19:46:16.957000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 320607, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Unlike the Cox model, the model based on the Gompertz distribution estimates parameter values des\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 235519, \"OwnerUserId\": 235519, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 320732, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does the output of flexsurvreg, for a Gompertz proportional hazards model, mean?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><survival><proportional-hazards>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am estimating a Gompertz proportional hazards model in R using the package "flexsurvreg&qu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-19T17:25:09.933000\", \"AccountId\": 18627792.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Steph Berge\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 406238, \"PostId\": 123812, \"UserId\": 20286, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"369ecd7b-79ad-4948-bc08-e93da3f95e81\", \"Text\": \"The problem you describe comes from the following: you are anticipating relations of _proportionalit\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T12:38:31.853000\"}, {\"Id\": 296623, \"PostId\": 296623, \"UserId\": 20286, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f9d66fdb-0225-4df3-b954-b9c5409940a0\", \"Text\": \"For single predictors, the AIC and p-value criteria are [effectively the same](https://stats.stackex\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-27T16:27:06.240000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 296535, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For single predictors, the AIC and p-value criteria are <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 222912, \"OwnerUserId\": 222912, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clarification of the stepwise regression analysis : Bidirectional elimination\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><variable>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on a large dataset (2000 patients, 100 variable)\\nMy purpose is to identify the influ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-26T13:54:22.217000\", \"AccountId\": 14017400.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Logand\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 318872, \"PostId\": 318872, \"UserId\": 20286, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72d3bd56-6a66-4ab2-bd74-678f1e562efa\", \"Text\": \"With two samples from the same population, this would be the equivalent of a training set (first sam\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-03T03:13:50.637000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 318827, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>With two samples from the same population, this would be the equivalent of a training set (first \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 198994, \"OwnerUserId\": 198994, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 318872, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using an old trained model on a new data - comparing two populations\", \"Tags\": \"<nonparametric><wilcoxon-mann-whitney-test><wilcoxon-signed-rank><quality-control>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two populations with the same set of features. The range of the features' values is also t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-02T07:21:00.470000\", \"AccountId\": 13963912.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Inna \", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 234120, \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 234114, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The chi-square test examines whether the columns and rows of your table are independent. With you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-10T19:28:51.697000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 165110, \"OwnerUserId\": 165110, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Do I use chi-square test correctly for such dataset?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><chi-squared-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>As a person totally green in statistics I would greatly appreciate your help. I tried to figure t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-10T17:52:54.373000\", \"AccountId\": 13749352.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tess\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 448740, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 123812, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 451674, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 123812, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-14T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 451675, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 123812, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-14T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 448705, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 123812, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-06T00:00:00\"}]}, {\"Id\": 234619, \"OwnerUserId\": 234619, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 123798, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In regards to using non-linear models to represent an apparently linear relationship you must con\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-12T06:48:23.623000\", \"AccountId\": 18559163.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hunter86\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 127748, \"UserId\": 49225, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-08-31T11:57:57.133000\"}, {\"Id\": 134035, \"UserId\": 49225, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-10-14T08:03:55.800000\"}, {\"Id\": 109858, \"UserId\": 49225, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-04-22T12:06:18.980000\"}, {\"Id\": 167973, \"UserId\": 49225, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-05-23T05:56:48.750000\"}, {\"Id\": 108500, \"UserId\": 49225, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-04-13T13:34:38.630000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49225, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":94,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"Id\": 115238, \"AccountId\": 10747043.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Xihan MU\", \"Location\": \"中国北京市Beijing Shi\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am working in the field of remote sensing techniques (using indirectly measured data, e.g., sat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T03:43:26.153000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 187570, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 115238, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the answer. Agreed if we assume sparsely-distributed non-overlap spheres. Yet I am lookin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T04:22:08.013000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187568, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I can't comment yet, so apologies for an incomplete answer.</p>\\n\\n<p>Can you assume the existing d\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 86510, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If it's really a homogeneous Poisson (point) process, then I would think you cannot *guarantee* that\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-16T00:59:30.293000\", \"AccountId\": 1375047.0, \"DisplayName\": \"GeoMatt22\", \"Location\": \"Houston, TX, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://linkedin.com/in/matthew-wolinsky\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a geologist with a computational science background working in industry as a data scientist.\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 88487, \"PostId\": 159748, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This question is nearly identical to [this one](http://stats.stackexchange.com/q/230860/127790) whic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-07T11:49:21.720000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 88487, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 159782, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multivariate normal joint density of two correlated ($\\\\rho$ = 1) variables\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><correlation><normal-distribution><density-function><non-independent>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I cannot find a close form solution to calculate the normal joint probability of two variables as\", \"AccountId\": 8864599.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Aulin Cadeac\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 124040, \"PostId\": 196051, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think \\\"SGD classifier vs. linear SVC\\\" is more an *algorithm* selection (in scikit-learn): The unde\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-01T18:35:06.493000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 124040, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Rationale for model selection in machine learning\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Although the choice of machine learning algorithms is more of an art than a science, a few common\", \"AccountId\": 7413537.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tfovid\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 77244, \"PostId\": 158552, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I thought the argument about \\\"speed\\\" is more about how many operations/iterations are needed to conv\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-27T20:51:38.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77244, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 158550, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Short answer:</p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>In many big data setting (say several million data points), calculatin\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 55815, \"OwnerUserId\": 55815, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 158552, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How could stochastic gradient descent save time compared to standard gradient descent?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><optimization><gradient-descent><computational-statistics><stochastic-gradient-des\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Standard Gradient Descent would compute gradient for the entire training dataset.</p>\\n\\n<pre><code\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-21T16:10:54.227000\", \"AccountId\": 279438.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alina\", \"Location\": \"Washington, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 6748385.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Haitao Du\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/haitao-du-32a28220/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>My <a href=\\\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/haitao-du-32a28220/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Linkedin P\"}, {\"Id\": 91513, \"PostId\": 163413, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think you need to specify your null hypothesis, i.e. what is the alternative to \\\"mostly near moder\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-08T08:06:31.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 91513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 163473, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"geostatistics (determining persistence of roads)\", \"Tags\": \"<chi-squared-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In a study of infrastructural (archaeological) findings i want to determine if findings are found\", \"AccountId\": 9350990.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alex paz soldan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 93182, \"PostId\": 165712, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is there a particular paper you can point to that is giving you trouble? I am not familiar with the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-24T00:46:04.910000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 93182, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Background required for understanding Robust PCA and Low-Rank Sparse Decomposition\", \"Tags\": \"<pca><references><robust><sparse>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My current knowledge is Linear Algebra, basics of statistics and Machine Learning (Andrew Ng's ML\", \"AccountId\": 1002508.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anwar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 42211, \"PostId\": 159829, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Something to consider: how does a time series differ from a 1D spatial series? Perhaps the notion of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-11T02:07:53.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 42211, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the goal of a time-series model?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I recently started reading online about time series and I came up with the following definition (\", \"AccountId\": 1795207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rilcon42\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://paulweiler.com\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 97353, \"PostId\": 187443, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"[This question](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/275216/logistic-regression-with-zero-event\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-28T16:15:18.797000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 97353, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187441, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is a very good paper on this at <a href=\\\"http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v2n4/v2n4a7.pdf\\\" \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 92379, \"OwnerUserId\": 92379, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187443, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Very wide confidence intervals for odds ratios\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><odds-ratio><likelihood-ratio>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have estimated a binary logit and calculated the odds ratios and their LR confidence intervals \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-16T17:22:42.250000\", \"AccountId\": 9439918.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fred\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 9722956.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dave Harris\", \"Location\": \"Great Falls, MT, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1541471\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a financial and monetary economist. My primary area is modeling financial, physical and hum\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 90158, \"PostId\": 161893, \"UserId\": 86510, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"52152a72-f4c6-485c-a219-d82fc2e6b21e\", \"Text\": \"I am working on a project where I am implementing Lasso regression in R for feature selection and my\", \"Comment\": \"title grammar, slight image size reduce (\\\"l\\\" before .jpg)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-25T16:21:58.757000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 90158, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 161897, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does the LASSO regularization parameter affect the number of features retained?\", \"Tags\": \"<feature-selection><lasso>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on a project where I am implementing Lasso regression in R for feature selection and\", \"AccountId\": 9261594.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Harini Devulapalli\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 159941, \"PostId\": 159941, \"UserId\": 86510, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cb1b7768-4441-484a-96af-709e0c3df2a2\", \"Text\": \"As noted in the comments, it is best to write out the matrix equations and then apply the standard d\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 821 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-08T22:26:27.643000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 159912, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>As noted in the comments, it is best to write out the matrix equations and then apply the standar\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 88607, \"OwnerUserId\": 88607, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 159941, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Question with Matrix Derivative: Why do I have to transpose?\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks><optimization><backpropagation><recurrent-neural-network><gradient>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the equation for Recurrent Neural Networks:\\n$$\\nh_t = \\\\tanh(h_{t-1}W_{hh} + x_tW_{xh} + b) \\n$$<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-08T17:18:26.787000\", \"AccountId\": 8162486.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Moose\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 163359, \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 163337, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There are several good answers already, but perhaps this can add something new ...</p>\\n\\n<p>I alwa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-07T20:21:03.963000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 91440, \"OwnerUserId\": 91440, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bayes' Theorem Intuition\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><likelihood><intuition>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been trying to develop an intuition based understanding of Bayes' theorem in terms of the <b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-07T13:15:36.250000\", \"AccountId\": 5067703.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anas Ayubi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 114358, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you confirm whether or not the existing spheres can overlap with each other?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-17T08:58:30.033000\", \"AccountId\": 10485220.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jeremy Voisey\", \"Location\": \"Cyprus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.jvoisey.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work for a small school, where I maintain a comprehensive Access Database, which acts as our sc\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 351771, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Agreed. Even if you make this assumption, you also need to consider if the exclusion areas overlap. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T05:31:04.973000\"}, {\"Id\": 116369, \"PostId\": 188646, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This may help https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/3038/how-to-test-hypothesis-of-no-group-diff\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-01T14:52:08.550000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 116369, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Method for proving no difference in a set of paired samples\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><t-test><paired-data><equivalence>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to analyze a set of 15 paired samples. The elements of each pair are results of a meas\", \"AccountId\": 10805171.0, \"DisplayName\": \"n-hedus\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 100022, \"PostId\": 188139, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You often see comments and inferences (e.g. % change) made about indices from anything from the Happ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-20T20:39:31.113000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100022, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpretation of PCA Composite Index Scores\", \"Tags\": \"<pca><inference><paired-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Similar (and follow up questions) to my last posts. <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/ques\", \"AccountId\": 3802040.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BenW\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 75350, \"PostId\": 312225, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Many thanks for the illustrated answer and for confirming it is the **proportion of the pairs** (dis\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-06T21:32:38.250000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 75350, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 312168, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If you've bootstrapped out of sample performance for two models, you will obtain an approximation\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 580202, \"PostId\": 312225, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm completely in agreement about the AUC, I'm not a big fan of it. I was just using it to illustrat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-07T06:19:09.783000\"}, {\"Id\": 580203, \"PostId\": 312225, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I also understand your concerns about using significance difference. I'm in the position however, wh\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-07T06:26:10.823000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 312168, \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 312225, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Significance of Classifier Performance using Bootstrapping\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><confidence-interval><bootstrap><model-evaluation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm evaluating a classifier performance on a hold out test set, using AUC (and other metrics).</p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-06T16:41:44.947000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1092220, \"PostId\": 312168, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25eaa90b-2205-4b6f-86f9-c110dce10a79\", \"Text\": \"<statistical-significance><confidence-interval><bootstrap><model-evaluation>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-06T16:41:44.947000\"}, {\"Id\": 1092221, \"PostId\": 312168, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25eaa90b-2205-4b6f-86f9-c110dce10a79\", \"Text\": \"Significance of Classifier Performance using Bootstrapping\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-06T16:41:44.947000\"}, {\"Id\": 1092222, \"PostId\": 312168, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25eaa90b-2205-4b6f-86f9-c110dce10a79\", \"Text\": \"I'm evaluating a classifier performance on a hold out test set, using AUC (and other metrics).\\r\\n\\r\\nI'\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-06T16:41:44.947000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 3226756.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Demetri Pananos\", \"Location\": \"Toronto, ON, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>If you have further questions about a comment or answer I have posted on your question, p\"}, {\"Id\": 187635, \"PostId\": 187635, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Apologies. I wanted to just share the links as a comment, which I believed would be helpful. But I w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T18:03:36.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187625, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think this should help:</p>\\n\\n<p>Starting off with a 2D \\\"ball\\\", i.e. a circle. Points are unifor\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 646823, \"PostId\": 187635, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e43eecfb-b551-42f8-8576-60911f467cd1\", \"Text\": \"I think this should help:\\r\\n\\r\\nhttp://blogs.sas.com/content/iml/2016/03/30/generate-uniform-2d-ball.ht\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T18:03:36.880000\"}, {\"Id\": 646832, \"PostId\": 187635, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"71945cb8-71af-4c48-89fb-09d07398f5f2\", \"Text\": \"I think this should help:\\r\\n\\r\\nStarting off with a 2D \\\"ball\\\", i.e. a circle. Points are uniformly dist\", \"Comment\": \"added 186 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T18:16:59.413000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 187625, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187635, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user121387\", \"Title\": \"Uniformly distributed in the ball\", \"Tags\": \"<uniform-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X_1,...,X_n$ be $p$-vectors uniformly distributed in the ball $B_r=\\\\{x:\\\\Vert{x}\\\\Vert_2\\\\le r,\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T16:57:36.160000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 187653, \"PostId\": 187653, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"That makes more sense. I'm typing on my phone, so i won't attempt to write equations. The steps wil\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T20:25:00.020000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187640, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The negative sign of the second derivative shows that the stationary point is a maximum. A positi\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 351950, \"PostId\": 187653, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Back to my computer! I've added second derivative.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T02:46:55.063000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 646994, \"PostId\": 187653, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4c896e3e-6a12-4fa0-836f-3e1ccdf87861\", \"Text\": \"The negative sign of the second derivative shows that the stationary point is a maximum. A positive \", \"Comment\": \"Added second deriative\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T02:46:12.937000\"}, {\"Id\": 646881, \"PostId\": 187653, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5e939269-2f58-44f7-b1ba-b0271b1a1031\", \"Text\": \"The negative sign of the second derivative shows that the stationary point is a maximum. A positive \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T20:25:00.020000\"}, {\"Id\": 646883, \"PostId\": 187653, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ebd705ff-5482-4d4e-96fe-512065489df1\", \"Text\": \"The negative sign of the second derivative shows that the stationary point is a maximum. A positive \", \"Comment\": \"added 100 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T20:34:59.613000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 105955, \"OwnerUserId\": 105955, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Bernoulli distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><bernoulli-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say we have $X_1,\\\\ldots, X_n$ iid Bernoulli($p$), ask for MLE for $p$. I'm pretty struggled\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-13T04:28:33.537000\", \"AccountId\": 6929517.0, \"DisplayName\": \"FantasticAI\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 187632, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"My answer is for one new disk\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T17:39:36.073000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187568, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'll add this as a second answer, as I'll take a different approach.</p>\\n\\n<p>Here we do not make \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 351936, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 115238, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi Jeremy. The existing spheres can overlap one another. As for your new answer, only one new disc i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T01:45:21.247000\"}, {\"Id\": 473185, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 115238, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi, I post another question similar to this. I wonder if anyone is interested? https://stats.stackex\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-13T07:48:38.207000\"}, {\"Id\": 351974, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"BTW, I'm confident in the answer at low densities, as this relates to research I did on hard sphere \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T04:43:26.900000\"}, {\"Id\": 351944, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"But you can think of the problem as having the new disk already there and then adding the existing d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T02:04:17.177000\"}, {\"Id\": 351978, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 115238, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"having the new disk already there and then adding the existing disks\\\". Interesting idea! Now I unde\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T05:00:02.217000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 960071, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 702965, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187632, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 702966, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 646802, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6ed8739f-a65b-49fc-8f86-92c4c258b53d\", \"Text\": \"I'll add this as a second answer, as I'll take a different approach.\\r\\n\\r\\nHere we do not make any requ\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T17:39:36.073000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 187568, \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187632, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Any expression for the probability of a hard sphere in Boolean model\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><poisson-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working hard on a problem of Boolean model. In a example of Boolean model, points are scatte\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T03:56:15.860000\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 54724, \"RelatedPostId\": 187568, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-13T07:45:57.957000\"}, {\"Id\": 54725, \"RelatedPostId\": null, \"PostId\": 187568, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-13T07:48:38.207000\"}, {\"Id\": 216712, \"RelatedPostId\": 187568, \"PostId\": 216712, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T14:22:19.070000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The probability of disc that fully overlaps discs in a Boolean model\", \"Tags\": \"<poisson-distribution><poisson-process><point-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In a example of Boolean model, points are scattered in the plane according to a homogeneous Poiss\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 44610, \"RelatedPostId\": 216712, \"PostId\": 187568, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T14:34:10.717000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 819584, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 216712, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 752557, \"PostId\": 216712, \"UserId\": 115238, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a6448fe8-df44-4820-91d4-7e7ffa1b0df3\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\nIn a example of Boolean model, points are scattered in the plane according to a homogeneous Poisso\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T14:22:19.070000\"}, {\"Id\": 752558, \"PostId\": 216712, \"UserId\": 115238, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a6448fe8-df44-4820-91d4-7e7ffa1b0df3\", \"Text\": \"the probability of disc that fully overlaps discs in a Boolean model\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T14:22:19.070000\"}, {\"Id\": 752559, \"PostId\": 216712, \"UserId\": 115238, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a6448fe8-df44-4820-91d4-7e7ffa1b0df3\", \"Text\": \"<poisson-distribution>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T14:22:19.070000\"}, {\"Id\": 5237, \"PostId\": 216712, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8de24b7a-a8de-46ff-9261-db4911135881\", \"Text\": \"In a example of Boolean model, points are scattered in the plane according to a homogeneous Poisson \", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-09T04:43:15.613000\", \"AccountId\": 1028075.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gung - Reinstate Monica\", \"Location\": \"Kingdom of Zhao\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Long\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Stack Exchange's actions have been reprehensible. Monica Cellio, a popular and well-respected vo\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 60935, \"PostId\": 60935, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"OLR is perfectly appropriate; it is your best option in this case.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-02T23:54:31.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 60934, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>When most people think of a non-parametric equivalent of ANOVA, they think of the <a href=\\\"http:/\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24399, \"OwnerUserId\": 24399, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the non-parametric equivalent of a two-way ANOVA that can include interactions?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><anova><nonparametric><stata><interaction>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Hi I am trying to find the non-parametric equivalent of a two-way ANOVA (3x4 design) which is cap\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-02T23:44:36.350000\", \"AccountId\": 3672550.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user35595\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 30778, \"PostId\": 73349, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There are [discrete uniform](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_distribution_%28discrete%29) & [ca\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-22T15:44:33.497000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30778, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are there useful distributions for ternary variables (e.g. $-1,0,1$ data)?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><categorical-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The title says it.</p>\\n\\n<p>If one wishes to analyze ternary outcomes—that is categorical outcomes\", \"AccountId\": 3771174.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alexis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alexisdinno.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>Alexis Dinno</strong> is a social epidemiologist at the Oregon Health & Science Unive\"}, {\"Id\": 329338, \"PostId\": 329338, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You're welcome, @Lillys.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-12T16:56:04.640000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 329304, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The median survival time <s>is generally</s> <em>may be</em> defined<sup>1</sup> as the shortest \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 184549, \"OwnerUserId\": 184549, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 329338, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Median survival in Kaplan-Meier curve with plateau at .5\", \"Tags\": \"<survival><median><kaplan-meier>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given a survival curve, to find the median one can visualize a line at 0.5 and then find the time\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-21T11:45:15.327000\", \"AccountId\": 13961466.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lillys\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 47001, \"PostId\": 159770, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you clarify the situation that lies behind your question? In what sense do you mean \\\"validity\\\"? \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-06T15:40:53.790000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 47001, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 159869, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Conditions for validity of a robust-error-variance Poisson regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><self-study><poisson-regression><robust-standard-error>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A variant of a Poisson regression called the \\\"robust-error-variance Poisson regression\\\" is an app\", \"AccountId\": 5129694.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Indunil Ruhunuhewa\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Bonjour!</p>\\n\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 62556, \"PostId\": 126113, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cf594888-f312-40e4-8b74-71432601a401\", \"Text\": \"<anova><interaction><references><cohens-d>\", \"Comment\": \"changed tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-28T20:50:05.183000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62556, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Cohen's d for 2x2 anova interaction\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><interaction><references><cohens-d>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to calculate Cohen's d for 2x2 ANOVA interaction (nationality: Germany, France; gend\", \"AccountId\": 7203920.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mary\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 102567, \"PostId\": 175370, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5587c68b-bc6f-46f5-946f-b083f0257516\", \"Text\": \"Appropriate distance measure for clustering paths in a graph\", \"Comment\": \"clarified question in title; added tags; light editing & formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-17T13:38:21.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 102567, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Appropriate distance measure for clustering paths in a graph\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><references><distance-functions><graph-theory>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have many paths which come from the same graph. I am trying to cluster these paths. First, I th\", \"AccountId\": 10050827.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nordpol\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 36422, \"PostId\": 87740, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c32bdb94-8935-403a-a284-a5ee42285c5e\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression><categorical-data><heteroscedasticity><residuals>\", \"Comment\": \"added / changed tags; light formatting & editing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-17T09:44:55.540000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 36422, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 87789, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to perform residual analysis for binary/dichotomous independent predictors in linear regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multiple-regression><categorical-data><heteroscedasticity><residuals>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am performing the multiple linear regression below in R to predict returns on fund managed. </p\", \"AccountId\": 4179565.0, \"DisplayName\": \"GeorgeOfTheRF\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data Scientist</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 182678, \"PostId\": 252803, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6362244a-751e-4bab-94b2-e39a6461e89d\", \"Text\": \"Do I need to standardize my likert data for principal component analysis?\", \"Comment\": \"Principal component analysis- Do i need to standardize my data?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-04T02:10:26.057000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 182678, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Do I need to standardize my likert data for principal component analysis?\", \"Tags\": \"<pca><cross-validation><descriptive-statistics><likert>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am doing a PCA and I am analyzing 15 performance variables. All of these variables are measured\", \"AccountId\": 14875644.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Harry\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 8966, \"PostId\": 64309, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 19, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5edb6848-c9ab-49c6-9e03-1650258e5f11\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":7290,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"gung\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-04T23:08:00.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8966, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 64312, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Unequal sample sizes: When to call it quits\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><sample-size><statistical-power><group-differences>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm peer reviewing an academic journal article and the authors wrote the following as justificati\", \"AccountId\": 1541734.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Aaron Duke\", \"Location\": \"Olympia, WA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 753120, \"PostId\": 216712, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8de24b7a-a8de-46ff-9261-db4911135881\", \"Text\": \"The probability of disc that fully overlaps discs in a Boolean model\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-11T18:46:00.013000\"}, {\"Id\": 72565, \"PostId\": 72565, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4de03826-70be-4caa-89a3-b1e44bce3227\", \"Text\": \"In general, if you have outliers, they cause bias. Outliers are data that come from some other popu\", \"Comment\": \"added 1179 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-22T01:47:34.080000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 72562, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In general, if you have outliers, they cause bias. Outliers are data that come from some other p\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 30744, \"OwnerUserId\": 30744, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 72565, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Efficiency of beta estimates with heteroscedasticity\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><regression-coefficients><heteroscedasticity><efficiency>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need something clarified and that is when you have non-constant variance, estimates won't be bi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-22T01:34:41.610000\", \"AccountId\": 4361722.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stat_genius\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 122366, \"PostId\": 194537, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"03f42647-7301-4c51-a3e6-c761ded68099\", \"Text\": \"Are 0-1 thresholds always equivalent to x-axis thresholds?\", \"Comment\": \"clarified question in title; edited to bring out question\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-18T09:39:54.750000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 122366, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are 0-1 thresholds always equivalent to x-axis thresholds?\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><roc><threshold>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to understand a theoretical issue about the nature of thresholds in binary classifica\", \"AccountId\": 11142487.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Federico Cabitza\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2012-07-12T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 216712, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9944b4cf-a572-4a21-8bfb-f0315a575131\", \"Text\": \"<poisson-distribution><poisson-process><point-process>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 865776, \"PostId\": 187568, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4c9ded02-fedf-408f-b80f-24e38612b336\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><poisson-process>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T21:04:01.490000\"}, {\"Id\": 17508, \"PostId\": 46241, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1dbd1591-9f29-4b56-a240-45649902643a\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><stationarity><unit-root><structural-change>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-02T01:50:31.417000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 17508, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can time series data have both unit root and structural break?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><hypothesis-testing><stationarity><unit-root><structural-change>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My data rejects unit root, but shows structural break, is this possible? </p>\\n\", \"AccountId\": 2713531.0, \"DisplayName\": \"George\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Economics Undergrad</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 185011, \"PostId\": 255171, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eef5f964-885f-48d7-b936-740085ac9648\", \"Text\": \"<mathematical-statistics><copula>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-27T21:17:56.503000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 185011, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the preferred way to show that a 3-dimensional function is a copula?\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><copula>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently working with 3 dimensions, and have some functions <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$C\", \"AccountId\": 15018517.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bishop\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1142493, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"20882d01-56e7-4bac-a147-ffc272f2624c\", \"Text\": \"I am working on a problem where response variable is binary and my features are dummy variables. I o\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T16:22:33.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 12523, \"PostId\": 66114, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"da639199-7138-4318-86f5-c936182c76d9\", \"Text\": \"<regression><self-study><leverage>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-21T01:32:14.940000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 12523, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does the squared residual of a high leverage sample observation differ from the population's var\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><self-study><leverage>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is the high leverage sample observation considered a subset of the population, forcing its square\", \"AccountId\": 2012145.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Info5ek\", \"Location\": \"chicago\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 52970, \"PostId\": 200323, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c908cb5e-a7ef-48a1-b2a6-d498529dfa6a\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><forecasting><multivariate-analysis>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-08T15:22:02.080000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52970, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it possible to combine two time series with different frequencies for forecasting?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><multivariate-analysis><unevenly-spaced-time-series>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two macroeconomic time series with annual GDP growth rates for a given country. One series\", \"AccountId\": 6435058.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kanimbla\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 2655, \"PostId\": 12706, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d67c5f5b-f00f-4e56-8e8d-064ea5a42d0a\", \"Text\": \"I have conducted a one-way ANOVA on 8 groups. I understand that the degrees of freedom for that test\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 9 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-04-19T16:14:33.530000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2655, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Degrees of freedom for post-hoc tests\", \"Tags\": \"<degrees-of-freedom><post-hoc>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have conducted a one-way ANOVA on 8 groups. I understand that the degrees of freedom for that t\", \"AccountId\": 509891.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mog\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 280561, \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 279310, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For your three questions:</p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Since the estimation of any parameter in the model also de\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-15T10:21:26.270000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 176249, \"OwnerUserId\": 176249, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Determining Intercept for Regularized Logistic Regression\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><estimation><regression-coefficients><lasso><regularization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Going off of the standard set up, we have <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$N$</span> observations an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-04T07:33:52.210000\", \"AccountId\": 14291535.0, \"DisplayName\": \"akenny430\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 702431, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187568, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 702510, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187568, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 702574, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187568, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 646529, \"PostId\": 187568, \"UserId\": 115238, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9db2002a-c192-4940-8bbb-4c1da43a1c6e\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\n\\r\\nI am working hard on a problem of Boolean model. In a example of Boolean model, points are scatt\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T03:56:15.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 646530, \"PostId\": 187568, \"UserId\": 115238, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9db2002a-c192-4940-8bbb-4c1da43a1c6e\", \"Text\": \"Any expression for the probability of a hard sphere in Boolean model\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T03:56:15.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 646531, \"PostId\": 187568, \"UserId\": 115238, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9db2002a-c192-4940-8bbb-4c1da43a1c6e\", \"Text\": \"<distributions>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T03:56:15.860000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 187730, \"PostId\": 187730, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks. I think that might have been the source of some confusion :-)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T13:26:24.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187673, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If I'm understanding your question properly, this sounds like you need Inverse variance weighting\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 352145, \"PostId\": 187730, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't quite follow your method sorry. Can you give an example?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T17:48:33.833000\"}, {\"Id\": 352150, \"PostId\": 187730, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The inverse-variance weighted standard deviation should be smaller than any individual measure's st\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T17:59:11.107000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 647256, \"PostId\": 187730, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"15b55e72-d352-423b-81a1-c8d234a5bcde\", \"Text\": \"If I'm understanding your question properly, this sounds like you need Inverse variance weighting.\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"Clarified result of minimizing variance\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T16:03:03.657000\"}, {\"Id\": 647162, \"PostId\": 187730, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ecf3c046-eb7e-4b8f-9cc5-914bfd5db2fc\", \"Text\": \"If I'm understanding your question properly, this sounds like you need Inverse variance weighting.\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T13:26:24.247000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 1602, \"OwnerUserId\": 1602, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Combining uncertain measurements\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><repeated-measures><measurement-error><error-propagation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a ball on a table located in position $x', y'$. </p>\\n\\n<p>I am using many different rulers \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-12-22T17:43:38.063000\", \"AccountId\": 145274.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rhombidodecahedron\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 112906, \"PostId\": 187781, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There isn't enough information to answer this question. You need to know how many desks there are in\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-05T15:51:58.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 112906, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187783, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Normal distribution find the standard deviation\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The heights of school desks have a normal distribution with mean $69$ cm and standard deviation $\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 187783, \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187781, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'll start you off, but being a maths teacher, can't bring myself to do it all :-)</p>\\n\\n<p>The de\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T18:57:42.097000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 352175, \"PostId\": 187783, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Next step, find $P(Z <\\\\frac{70-69}{\\\\sigma})$ you should then be able to find the probability in a ta\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T19:24:09.270000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 647314, \"PostId\": 187783, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"18f0261a-7b69-41b8-a640-cd3c70f73240\", \"Text\": \"I'll start you off, but being a maths teacher, can't bring myself to do it all :-)\\r\\n\\r\\nThe desk heigh\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T18:57:42.097000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 7565669.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Riduan Gonzalez\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 109359, \"PostId\": 188593, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The other side to the coin is that if you do leave out predictors (e.g. by using just one) then your\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-10T01:31:55.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 109359, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How co-linearity affects the value of $\\\\beta$?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><multicollinearity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>if I have a simple linear model with 1 predictor</p>\\n\\n<p>$y = \\\\beta*x $</p>\\n\\n<p>imagine that $\\\\be\", \"AccountId\": 10426611.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user152503\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 228383, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-23T10:26:25.277000\"}, {\"Id\": 432277, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-06-07T06:21:08.037000\"}, {\"Id\": 227999, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Teacher\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-21T05:05:16.103000\"}, {\"Id\": 295079, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-04-17T09:00:51.983000\"}, {\"Id\": 251105, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Constituent\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-08-21T20:47:59.587000\"}, {\"Id\": 251113, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Caucus\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-08-21T20:47:59.587000\"}, {\"Id\": 227054, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-17T09:03:40.430000\"}, {\"Id\": 342810, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-01-09T17:20:14.227000\"}, {\"Id\": 344424, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Custodian\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-01-18T22:10:40.090000\"}, {\"Id\": 228758, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-25T04:03:37.057000\"}, {\"Id\": 361405, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-04-17T09:10:13.553000\"}, {\"Id\": 228296, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-22T19:57:31.233000\"}, {\"Id\": 449483, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Caucus\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-06T08:57:05.633000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 256784, \"PostId\": 256784, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5fbc428c-438a-4b18-a932-39f6bba2328c\", \"Text\": \"From further study of the algorithm, I'm going to make an educated guess, it the hope that someone c\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-14T09:50:52.243000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 256265, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>From further study of the algorithm, I'm going to make an educated guess, it the hope that someon\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 256265, \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 290111, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Order of Conditional Independence Tests\", \"Tags\": \"<algorithms><bayesian-network><graph-theory><networks><conditional-independence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm studying the PC algorithm for learning the structure of a Bayesian Network.</p>\\n\\n<p>One of th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-09T16:53:54.287000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 894290, \"PostId\": 256265, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a49290a0-840b-447e-b355-1310de7cb262\", \"Text\": \"I'm studying the PC algorithm for learning the structure of a Bayesian Network.\\r\\n\\r\\nOne of the steps \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-09T16:53:54.287000\"}, {\"Id\": 894291, \"PostId\": 256265, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a49290a0-840b-447e-b355-1310de7cb262\", \"Text\": \"Order of Conditional Independence Tests\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-09T16:53:54.287000\"}, {\"Id\": 894292, \"PostId\": 256265, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a49290a0-840b-447e-b355-1310de7cb262\", \"Text\": \"<bayesian-network><conditional-independence>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-09T16:53:54.287000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 187366, \"PostId\": 187366, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ac7ff3ec-191a-4701-a054-6617adfec195\", \"Text\": \"There is some correlation, but it is weak. You could calculate this with the cor() function.\\r\\n\\r\\nAdd \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-21T04:44:18.367000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187361, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is some correlation, but it is weak. You could calculate this with the cor() function.</p>\\n\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 114976, \"OwnerUserId\": 114976, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Modwary\", \"Title\": \"Does this present a linear relationship?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><exploratory-data-analysis>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have created the following graph which contains a great number of datapoints, I can see that th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-21T03:59:06.013000\", \"AccountId\": 8106117.0, \"DisplayName\": \"LoriDori\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 187641, \"PostId\": 187641, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e918ce63-ecd2-4815-8f38-5d4baabfeee6\", \"Text\": \"The null hypothesis would be \\\"Seeing facial expressions **makes no difference** to people's ability \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T18:31:35.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187634, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The null hypothesis would be \\\"Seeing facial expressions <strong>makes no difference</strong> to p\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 115001, \"OwnerUserId\": 115001, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187641, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"why is my p-value large?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><self-study><chi-squared-test><p-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a hypothesis \\\"People are better at detecting a lie when they are able to see a persons exp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-21T08:10:25.433000\", \"AccountId\": 9444755.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Velionis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>UX</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 187521, \"PostId\": 187521, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9a9a285e-9cbd-4e86-84c1-51d527044e28\", \"Text\": \"This ends up being the area above the curve\\r\\n\\\\begin{equation}\\r\\nY=(X−\\\\frac{1}{2})^2\\r\\n\\\\end{equation}\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-22T18:44:38.400000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187473, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This ends up being the area above the curve\\n\\\\begin{equation}\\nY=(X−\\\\frac{1}{2})^2\\n\\\\end{equation}</\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 115132, \"OwnerUserId\": 115132, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Find probability from uniform distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><random-variable><independence><uniform-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X$, $Y$ be two independent random variables from $U(0,1)$. Then find $P[Y>(X-1/2)^2]$.</p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-22T05:16:33.707000\", \"AccountId\": 10741755.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user158358\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 646540, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"13aa93ed-dbf0-4d26-8e4a-25ee00cea80a\", \"Text\": \"I can't comment yet, so apologies for an incomplete answer.\\r\\n\\r\\nCan you assume the existing discs do \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T04:22:08.013000\"}, {\"Id\": 646601, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d0d42a97-679b-4916-8253-54c23e1383f7\", \"Text\": \"I can't comment yet, so apologies for an incomplete answer.\\r\\n\\r\\nCan you assume the existing discs do \", \"Comment\": \"Added images to illustrate answer\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T10:24:53.053000\"}, {\"Id\": 646607, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"38aa0fc4-c459-4beb-9974-0993799ec895\", \"Text\": \"I can't comment yet, so apologies for an incomplete answer.\\r\\n\\r\\nCan you assume the existing discs do \", \"Comment\": \"added 107 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T10:41:49.590000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 405730, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 115238, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi, guys. I have a new question on a similar topic of Poisson distribution: https://stats.stackexcha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T14:34:10.717000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 702576, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187570, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T00:00:00\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 228355, \"UserId\": 115238, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-23T04:10:09.343000\"}, {\"Id\": 228523, \"UserId\": 115238, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-24T05:06:46.010000\"}, {\"Id\": 228394, \"UserId\": 115238, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-23T12:04:34.257000\"}, {\"Id\": 228525, \"UserId\": 115238, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-24T05:06:46.010000\"}, {\"Id\": 340074, \"UserId\": 115238, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Tumbleweed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-12-20T07:50:18.463000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"Id\": 115238, \"AccountId\": 10747043.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Xihan MU\", \"Location\": \"中国北京市Beijing Shi\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am working in the field of remote sensing techniques (using indirectly measured data, e.g., sat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T03:43:26.153000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 187570, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 115238, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks for the answer. Agreed if we assume sparsely-distributed non-overlap spheres. Yet I am lookin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T04:22:08.013000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187568, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I can't comment yet, so apologies for an incomplete answer.</p>\\n\\n<p>Can you assume the existing d\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 86510, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If it's really a homogeneous Poisson (point) process, then I would think you cannot *guarantee* that\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-16T00:59:30.293000\", \"AccountId\": 1375047.0, \"DisplayName\": \"GeoMatt22\", \"Location\": \"Houston, TX, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://linkedin.com/in/matthew-wolinsky\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a geologist with a computational science background working in industry as a data scientist.\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 88487, \"PostId\": 159748, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This question is nearly identical to [this one](http://stats.stackexchange.com/q/230860/127790) whic\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-07T11:49:21.720000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 88487, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 159782, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Multivariate normal joint density of two correlated ($\\\\rho$ = 1) variables\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><correlation><normal-distribution><density-function><non-independent>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I cannot find a close form solution to calculate the normal joint probability of two variables as\", \"AccountId\": 8864599.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Aulin Cadeac\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 124040, \"PostId\": 196051, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think \\\"SGD classifier vs. linear SVC\\\" is more an *algorithm* selection (in scikit-learn): The unde\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-01T18:35:06.493000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 124040, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Rationale for model selection in machine learning\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Although the choice of machine learning algorithms is more of an art than a science, a few common\", \"AccountId\": 7413537.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tfovid\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 77244, \"PostId\": 158552, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I thought the argument about \\\"speed\\\" is more about how many operations/iterations are needed to conv\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-27T20:51:38.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 77244, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 158550, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Short answer:</p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>In many big data setting (say several million data points), calculatin\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 55815, \"OwnerUserId\": 55815, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 158552, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How could stochastic gradient descent save time compared to standard gradient descent?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><optimization><gradient-descent><computational-statistics><stochastic-gradient-des\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Standard Gradient Descent would compute gradient for the entire training dataset.</p>\\n\\n<pre><code\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-21T16:10:54.227000\", \"AccountId\": 279438.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alina\", \"Location\": \"Washington, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 6748385.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Haitao Du\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/haitao-du-32a28220/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>My <a href=\\\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/haitao-du-32a28220/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Linkedin P\"}, {\"Id\": 91513, \"PostId\": 163413, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think you need to specify your null hypothesis, i.e. what is the alternative to \\\"mostly near moder\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-08T08:06:31.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 91513, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 163473, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"geostatistics (determining persistence of roads)\", \"Tags\": \"<chi-squared-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In a study of infrastructural (archaeological) findings i want to determine if findings are found\", \"AccountId\": 9350990.0, \"DisplayName\": \"alex paz soldan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 93182, \"PostId\": 165712, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is there a particular paper you can point to that is giving you trouble? I am not familiar with the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-24T00:46:04.910000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 93182, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Background required for understanding Robust PCA and Low-Rank Sparse Decomposition\", \"Tags\": \"<pca><references><robust><sparse>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My current knowledge is Linear Algebra, basics of statistics and Machine Learning (Andrew Ng's ML\", \"AccountId\": 1002508.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anwar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 42211, \"PostId\": 159829, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Something to consider: how does a time series differ from a 1D spatial series? Perhaps the notion of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-11T02:07:53.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 42211, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the goal of a time-series model?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I recently started reading online about time series and I came up with the following definition (\", \"AccountId\": 1795207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Rilcon42\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://paulweiler.com\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 97353, \"PostId\": 187443, \"UserId\": 86510, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"[This question](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/275216/logistic-regression-with-zero-event\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-28T16:15:18.797000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 97353, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187441, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is a very good paper on this at <a href=\\\"http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v2n4/v2n4a7.pdf\\\" \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 92379, \"OwnerUserId\": 92379, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187443, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Very wide confidence intervals for odds ratios\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><odds-ratio><likelihood-ratio>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have estimated a binary logit and calculated the odds ratios and their LR confidence intervals \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-16T17:22:42.250000\", \"AccountId\": 9439918.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fred\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 9722956.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dave Harris\", \"Location\": \"Great Falls, MT, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1541471\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a financial and monetary economist. My primary area is modeling financial, physical and hum\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 90158, \"PostId\": 161893, \"UserId\": 86510, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"52152a72-f4c6-485c-a219-d82fc2e6b21e\", \"Text\": \"I am working on a project where I am implementing Lasso regression in R for feature selection and my\", \"Comment\": \"title grammar, slight image size reduce (\\\"l\\\" before .jpg)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-25T16:21:58.757000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 90158, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 161897, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does the LASSO regularization parameter affect the number of features retained?\", \"Tags\": \"<feature-selection><lasso>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on a project where I am implementing Lasso regression in R for feature selection and\", \"AccountId\": 9261594.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Harini Devulapalli\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 159941, \"PostId\": 159941, \"UserId\": 86510, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cb1b7768-4441-484a-96af-709e0c3df2a2\", \"Text\": \"As noted in the comments, it is best to write out the matrix equations and then apply the standard d\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 821 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-08T22:26:27.643000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 159912, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>As noted in the comments, it is best to write out the matrix equations and then apply the standar\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 88607, \"OwnerUserId\": 88607, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 159941, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Question with Matrix Derivative: Why do I have to transpose?\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks><optimization><backpropagation><recurrent-neural-network><gradient>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the equation for Recurrent Neural Networks:\\n$$\\nh_t = \\\\tanh(h_{t-1}W_{hh} + x_tW_{xh} + b) \\n$$<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-08T17:18:26.787000\", \"AccountId\": 8162486.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Moose\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 163359, \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 163337, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There are several good answers already, but perhaps this can add something new ...</p>\\n\\n<p>I alwa\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-07T20:21:03.963000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 91440, \"OwnerUserId\": 91440, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bayes' Theorem Intuition\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><likelihood><intuition>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been trying to develop an intuition based understanding of Bayes' theorem in terms of the <b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-07T13:15:36.250000\", \"AccountId\": 5067703.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anas Ayubi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86510, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 114358, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you confirm whether or not the existing spheres can overlap with each other?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-17T08:58:30.033000\", \"AccountId\": 10485220.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jeremy Voisey\", \"Location\": \"Cyprus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.jvoisey.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work for a small school, where I maintain a comprehensive Access Database, which acts as our sc\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 351771, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Agreed. Even if you make this assumption, you also need to consider if the exclusion areas overlap. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T05:31:04.973000\"}, {\"Id\": 116369, \"PostId\": 188646, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This may help https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/3038/how-to-test-hypothesis-of-no-group-diff\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-01T14:52:08.550000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 116369, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Method for proving no difference in a set of paired samples\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><t-test><paired-data><equivalence>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to analyze a set of 15 paired samples. The elements of each pair are results of a meas\", \"AccountId\": 10805171.0, \"DisplayName\": \"n-hedus\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 100022, \"PostId\": 188139, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You often see comments and inferences (e.g. % change) made about indices from anything from the Happ\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-20T20:39:31.113000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 100022, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpretation of PCA Composite Index Scores\", \"Tags\": \"<pca><inference><paired-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Similar (and follow up questions) to my last posts. <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexchange.com/ques\", \"AccountId\": 3802040.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BenW\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 75350, \"PostId\": 312225, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Many thanks for the illustrated answer and for confirming it is the **proportion of the pairs** (dis\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-06T21:32:38.250000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 75350, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 312168, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If you've bootstrapped out of sample performance for two models, you will obtain an approximation\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 580202, \"PostId\": 312225, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm completely in agreement about the AUC, I'm not a big fan of it. I was just using it to illustrat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-07T06:19:09.783000\"}, {\"Id\": 580203, \"PostId\": 312225, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I also understand your concerns about using significance difference. I'm in the position however, wh\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-07T06:26:10.823000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 312168, \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 312225, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Significance of Classifier Performance using Bootstrapping\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><confidence-interval><bootstrap><model-evaluation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm evaluating a classifier performance on a hold out test set, using AUC (and other metrics).</p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-06T16:41:44.947000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1092220, \"PostId\": 312168, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25eaa90b-2205-4b6f-86f9-c110dce10a79\", \"Text\": \"<statistical-significance><confidence-interval><bootstrap><model-evaluation>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-06T16:41:44.947000\"}, {\"Id\": 1092221, \"PostId\": 312168, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25eaa90b-2205-4b6f-86f9-c110dce10a79\", \"Text\": \"Significance of Classifier Performance using Bootstrapping\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-06T16:41:44.947000\"}, {\"Id\": 1092222, \"PostId\": 312168, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"25eaa90b-2205-4b6f-86f9-c110dce10a79\", \"Text\": \"I'm evaluating a classifier performance on a hold out test set, using AUC (and other metrics).\\r\\n\\r\\nI'\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-06T16:41:44.947000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 3226756.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Demetri Pananos\", \"Location\": \"Toronto, ON, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>If you have further questions about a comment or answer I have posted on your question, p\"}, {\"Id\": 187635, \"PostId\": 187635, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Apologies. I wanted to just share the links as a comment, which I believed would be helpful. But I w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T18:03:36.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187625, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think this should help:</p>\\n\\n<p>Starting off with a 2D \\\"ball\\\", i.e. a circle. Points are unifor\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 646823, \"PostId\": 187635, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e43eecfb-b551-42f8-8576-60911f467cd1\", \"Text\": \"I think this should help:\\r\\n\\r\\nhttp://blogs.sas.com/content/iml/2016/03/30/generate-uniform-2d-ball.ht\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T18:03:36.880000\"}, {\"Id\": 646832, \"PostId\": 187635, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"71945cb8-71af-4c48-89fb-09d07398f5f2\", \"Text\": \"I think this should help:\\r\\n\\r\\nStarting off with a 2D \\\"ball\\\", i.e. a circle. Points are uniformly dist\", \"Comment\": \"added 186 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T18:16:59.413000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 187625, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187635, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user121387\", \"Title\": \"Uniformly distributed in the ball\", \"Tags\": \"<uniform-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X_1,...,X_n$ be $p$-vectors uniformly distributed in the ball $B_r=\\\\{x:\\\\Vert{x}\\\\Vert_2\\\\le r,\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T16:57:36.160000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 187653, \"PostId\": 187653, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"That makes more sense. I'm typing on my phone, so i won't attempt to write equations. The steps wil\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T20:25:00.020000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187640, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The negative sign of the second derivative shows that the stationary point is a maximum. A positi\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 351950, \"PostId\": 187653, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Back to my computer! I've added second derivative.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T02:46:55.063000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 646994, \"PostId\": 187653, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4c896e3e-6a12-4fa0-836f-3e1ccdf87861\", \"Text\": \"The negative sign of the second derivative shows that the stationary point is a maximum. A positive \", \"Comment\": \"Added second deriative\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T02:46:12.937000\"}, {\"Id\": 646881, \"PostId\": 187653, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5e939269-2f58-44f7-b1ba-b0271b1a1031\", \"Text\": \"The negative sign of the second derivative shows that the stationary point is a maximum. A positive \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T20:25:00.020000\"}, {\"Id\": 646883, \"PostId\": 187653, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ebd705ff-5482-4d4e-96fe-512065489df1\", \"Text\": \"The negative sign of the second derivative shows that the stationary point is a maximum. A positive \", \"Comment\": \"added 100 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T20:34:59.613000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 105955, \"OwnerUserId\": 105955, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Bernoulli distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><bernoulli-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say we have $X_1,\\\\ldots, X_n$ iid Bernoulli($p$), ask for MLE for $p$. I'm pretty struggled\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-13T04:28:33.537000\", \"AccountId\": 6929517.0, \"DisplayName\": \"FantasticAI\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 187632, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"My answer is for one new disk\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T17:39:36.073000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187568, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I'll add this as a second answer, as I'll take a different approach.</p>\\n\\n<p>Here we do not make \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 351936, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 115238, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi Jeremy. The existing spheres can overlap one another. As for your new answer, only one new disc i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T01:45:21.247000\"}, {\"Id\": 473185, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 115238, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi, I post another question similar to this. I wonder if anyone is interested? https://stats.stackex\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-13T07:48:38.207000\"}, {\"Id\": 351974, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"BTW, I'm confident in the answer at low densities, as this relates to research I did on hard sphere \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T04:43:26.900000\"}, {\"Id\": 351944, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"But you can think of the problem as having the new disk already there and then adding the existing d\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T02:04:17.177000\"}, {\"Id\": 351978, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 115238, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"\\\"having the new disk already there and then adding the existing disks\\\". Interesting idea! Now I unde\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T05:00:02.217000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 960071, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 702965, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187632, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 702966, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187632, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 646802, \"PostId\": 187632, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6ed8739f-a65b-49fc-8f86-92c4c258b53d\", \"Text\": \"I'll add this as a second answer, as I'll take a different approach.\\r\\n\\r\\nHere we do not make any requ\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T17:39:36.073000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 187568, \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187632, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Any expression for the probability of a hard sphere in Boolean model\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><poisson-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working hard on a problem of Boolean model. In a example of Boolean model, points are scatte\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T03:56:15.860000\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 54724, \"RelatedPostId\": 187568, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-13T07:45:57.957000\"}, {\"Id\": 54725, \"RelatedPostId\": null, \"PostId\": 187568, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-13T07:48:38.207000\"}, {\"Id\": 216712, \"RelatedPostId\": 187568, \"PostId\": 216712, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T14:22:19.070000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The probability of disc that fully overlaps discs in a Boolean model\", \"Tags\": \"<poisson-distribution><poisson-process><point-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In a example of Boolean model, points are scattered in the plane according to a homogeneous Poiss\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 44610, \"RelatedPostId\": 216712, \"PostId\": 187568, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T14:34:10.717000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 819584, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 216712, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 752557, \"PostId\": 216712, \"UserId\": 115238, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a6448fe8-df44-4820-91d4-7e7ffa1b0df3\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\nIn a example of Boolean model, points are scattered in the plane according to a homogeneous Poisso\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T14:22:19.070000\"}, {\"Id\": 752558, \"PostId\": 216712, \"UserId\": 115238, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a6448fe8-df44-4820-91d4-7e7ffa1b0df3\", \"Text\": \"the probability of disc that fully overlaps discs in a Boolean model\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T14:22:19.070000\"}, {\"Id\": 752559, \"PostId\": 216712, \"UserId\": 115238, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a6448fe8-df44-4820-91d4-7e7ffa1b0df3\", \"Text\": \"<poisson-distribution>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T14:22:19.070000\"}, {\"Id\": 5237, \"PostId\": 216712, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8de24b7a-a8de-46ff-9261-db4911135881\", \"Text\": \"In a example of Boolean model, points are scattered in the plane according to a homogeneous Poisson \", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-09T04:43:15.613000\", \"AccountId\": 1028075.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gung - Reinstate Monica\", \"Location\": \"Kingdom of Zhao\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Long\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Stack Exchange's actions have been reprehensible. Monica Cellio, a popular and well-respected vo\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 60935, \"PostId\": 60935, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"OLR is perfectly appropriate; it is your best option in this case.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-02T23:54:31.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 60934, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>When most people think of a non-parametric equivalent of ANOVA, they think of the <a href=\\\"http:/\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24399, \"OwnerUserId\": 24399, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the non-parametric equivalent of a two-way ANOVA that can include interactions?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><anova><nonparametric><stata><interaction>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Hi I am trying to find the non-parametric equivalent of a two-way ANOVA (3x4 design) which is cap\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-02T23:44:36.350000\", \"AccountId\": 3672550.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user35595\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 30778, \"PostId\": 73349, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There are [discrete uniform](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_distribution_%28discrete%29) & [ca\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-22T15:44:33.497000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30778, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are there useful distributions for ternary variables (e.g. $-1,0,1$ data)?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><categorical-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The title says it.</p>\\n\\n<p>If one wishes to analyze ternary outcomes—that is categorical outcomes\", \"AccountId\": 3771174.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alexis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alexisdinno.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>Alexis Dinno</strong> is a social epidemiologist at the Oregon Health & Science Unive\"}, {\"Id\": 329338, \"PostId\": 329338, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You're welcome, @Lillys.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-12T16:56:04.640000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 329304, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The median survival time <s>is generally</s> <em>may be</em> defined<sup>1</sup> as the shortest \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 184549, \"OwnerUserId\": 184549, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 329338, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Median survival in Kaplan-Meier curve with plateau at .5\", \"Tags\": \"<survival><median><kaplan-meier>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given a survival curve, to find the median one can visualize a line at 0.5 and then find the time\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-21T11:45:15.327000\", \"AccountId\": 13961466.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lillys\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 47001, \"PostId\": 159770, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you clarify the situation that lies behind your question? In what sense do you mean \\\"validity\\\"? \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-06T15:40:53.790000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 47001, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 159869, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Conditions for validity of a robust-error-variance Poisson regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><self-study><poisson-regression><robust-standard-error>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A variant of a Poisson regression called the \\\"robust-error-variance Poisson regression\\\" is an app\", \"AccountId\": 5129694.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Indunil Ruhunuhewa\", \"Location\": \"Paris, France\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Bonjour!</p>\\n\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 62556, \"PostId\": 126113, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"cf594888-f312-40e4-8b74-71432601a401\", \"Text\": \"<anova><interaction><references><cohens-d>\", \"Comment\": \"changed tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-28T20:50:05.183000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 62556, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Cohen's d for 2x2 anova interaction\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><interaction><references><cohens-d>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to calculate Cohen's d for 2x2 ANOVA interaction (nationality: Germany, France; gend\", \"AccountId\": 7203920.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mary\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 102567, \"PostId\": 175370, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5587c68b-bc6f-46f5-946f-b083f0257516\", \"Text\": \"Appropriate distance measure for clustering paths in a graph\", \"Comment\": \"clarified question in title; added tags; light editing & formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-17T13:38:21.413000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 102567, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Appropriate distance measure for clustering paths in a graph\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><references><distance-functions><graph-theory>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have many paths which come from the same graph. I am trying to cluster these paths. First, I th\", \"AccountId\": 10050827.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nordpol\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 36422, \"PostId\": 87740, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c32bdb94-8935-403a-a284-a5ee42285c5e\", \"Text\": \"<r><regression><categorical-data><heteroscedasticity><residuals>\", \"Comment\": \"added / changed tags; light formatting & editing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-17T09:44:55.540000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 36422, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 87789, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to perform residual analysis for binary/dichotomous independent predictors in linear regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multiple-regression><categorical-data><heteroscedasticity><residuals>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am performing the multiple linear regression below in R to predict returns on fund managed. </p\", \"AccountId\": 4179565.0, \"DisplayName\": \"GeorgeOfTheRF\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data Scientist</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 182678, \"PostId\": 252803, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6362244a-751e-4bab-94b2-e39a6461e89d\", \"Text\": \"Do I need to standardize my likert data for principal component analysis?\", \"Comment\": \"Principal component analysis- Do i need to standardize my data?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-04T02:10:26.057000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 182678, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Do I need to standardize my likert data for principal component analysis?\", \"Tags\": \"<pca><cross-validation><descriptive-statistics><likert>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am doing a PCA and I am analyzing 15 performance variables. All of these variables are measured\", \"AccountId\": 14875644.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Harry\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 8966, \"PostId\": 64309, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 19, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5edb6848-c9ab-49c6-9e03-1650258e5f11\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":7290,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"gung\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-04T23:08:00.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8966, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 64312, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Unequal sample sizes: When to call it quits\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><sample-size><statistical-power><group-differences>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm peer reviewing an academic journal article and the authors wrote the following as justificati\", \"AccountId\": 1541734.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Aaron Duke\", \"Location\": \"Olympia, WA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 753120, \"PostId\": 216712, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8de24b7a-a8de-46ff-9261-db4911135881\", \"Text\": \"The probability of disc that fully overlaps discs in a Boolean model\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-11T18:46:00.013000\"}, {\"Id\": 72565, \"PostId\": 72565, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4de03826-70be-4caa-89a3-b1e44bce3227\", \"Text\": \"In general, if you have outliers, they cause bias. Outliers are data that come from some other popu\", \"Comment\": \"added 1179 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-22T01:47:34.080000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 72562, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In general, if you have outliers, they cause bias. Outliers are data that come from some other p\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 30744, \"OwnerUserId\": 30744, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 72565, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Efficiency of beta estimates with heteroscedasticity\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><regression-coefficients><heteroscedasticity><efficiency>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need something clarified and that is when you have non-constant variance, estimates won't be bi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-22T01:34:41.610000\", \"AccountId\": 4361722.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stat_genius\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 122366, \"PostId\": 194537, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"03f42647-7301-4c51-a3e6-c761ded68099\", \"Text\": \"Are 0-1 thresholds always equivalent to x-axis thresholds?\", \"Comment\": \"clarified question in title; edited to bring out question\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-18T09:39:54.750000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 122366, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are 0-1 thresholds always equivalent to x-axis thresholds?\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><roc><threshold>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to understand a theoretical issue about the nature of thresholds in binary classifica\", \"AccountId\": 11142487.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Federico Cabitza\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2012-07-12T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 9081, \"PostId\": 216712, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9944b4cf-a572-4a21-8bfb-f0315a575131\", \"Text\": \"<poisson-distribution><poisson-process><point-process>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-09T22:52:37.473000\", \"AccountId\": 215207.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kjetil b halvorsen\", \"Location\": \"Tellus\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Mathematical statistician (the image is my grandfather in 1927, just returned to Tromsø after win\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 865776, \"PostId\": 187568, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4c9ded02-fedf-408f-b80f-24e38612b336\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><poisson-process>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-23T21:04:01.490000\"}, {\"Id\": 17508, \"PostId\": 46241, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1dbd1591-9f29-4b56-a240-45649902643a\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><stationarity><unit-root><structural-change>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags; edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-02T01:50:31.417000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 17508, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can time series data have both unit root and structural break?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><hypothesis-testing><stationarity><unit-root><structural-change>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My data rejects unit root, but shows structural break, is this possible? </p>\\n\", \"AccountId\": 2713531.0, \"DisplayName\": \"George\", \"Location\": \"United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Economics Undergrad</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 185011, \"PostId\": 255171, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eef5f964-885f-48d7-b936-740085ac9648\", \"Text\": \"<mathematical-statistics><copula>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-27T21:17:56.503000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 185011, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the preferred way to show that a 3-dimensional function is a copula?\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><copula>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am currently working with 3 dimensions, and have some functions <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$C\", \"AccountId\": 15018517.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Bishop\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1142493, \"PostId\": 325218, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"20882d01-56e7-4bac-a147-ffc272f2624c\", \"Text\": \"I am working on a problem where response variable is binary and my features are dummy variables. I o\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-03T16:22:33.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 12523, \"PostId\": 66114, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"da639199-7138-4318-86f5-c936182c76d9\", \"Text\": \"<regression><self-study><leverage>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-21T01:32:14.940000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 12523, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does the squared residual of a high leverage sample observation differ from the population's var\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><self-study><leverage>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is the high leverage sample observation considered a subset of the population, forcing its square\", \"AccountId\": 2012145.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Info5ek\", \"Location\": \"chicago\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 52970, \"PostId\": 200323, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c908cb5e-a7ef-48a1-b2a6-d498529dfa6a\", \"Text\": \"<time-series><forecasting><multivariate-analysis>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-08T15:22:02.080000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52970, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it possible to combine two time series with different frequencies for forecasting?\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><forecasting><multivariate-analysis><unevenly-spaced-time-series>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two macroeconomic time series with annual GDP growth rates for a given country. One series\", \"AccountId\": 6435058.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kanimbla\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 2655, \"PostId\": 12706, \"UserId\": 9081, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d67c5f5b-f00f-4e56-8e8d-064ea5a42d0a\", \"Text\": \"I have conducted a one-way ANOVA on 8 groups. I understand that the degrees of freedom for that test\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 9 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-04-19T16:14:33.530000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2655, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Degrees of freedom for post-hoc tests\", \"Tags\": \"<degrees-of-freedom><post-hoc>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have conducted a one-way ANOVA on 8 groups. I understand that the degrees of freedom for that t\", \"AccountId\": 509891.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mog\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 280561, \"OwnerUserId\": 9081, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 279310, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For your three questions:</p>\\n<ul>\\n<li>Since the estimation of any parameter in the model also de\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-15T10:21:26.270000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 176249, \"OwnerUserId\": 176249, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Determining Intercept for Regularized Logistic Regression\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><estimation><regression-coefficients><lasso><regularization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Going off of the standard set up, we have <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$N$</span> observations an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-04T07:33:52.210000\", \"AccountId\": 14291535.0, \"DisplayName\": \"akenny430\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 702431, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187568, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 702510, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187568, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 702574, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187568, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 646529, \"PostId\": 187568, \"UserId\": 115238, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9db2002a-c192-4940-8bbb-4c1da43a1c6e\", \"Text\": \"\\r\\n\\r\\nI am working hard on a problem of Boolean model. In a example of Boolean model, points are scatt\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T03:56:15.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 646530, \"PostId\": 187568, \"UserId\": 115238, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9db2002a-c192-4940-8bbb-4c1da43a1c6e\", \"Text\": \"Any expression for the probability of a hard sphere in Boolean model\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T03:56:15.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 646531, \"PostId\": 187568, \"UserId\": 115238, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9db2002a-c192-4940-8bbb-4c1da43a1c6e\", \"Text\": \"<distributions>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T03:56:15.860000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 187730, \"PostId\": 187730, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks. I think that might have been the source of some confusion :-)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T13:26:24.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187673, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If I'm understanding your question properly, this sounds like you need Inverse variance weighting\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 352145, \"PostId\": 187730, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't quite follow your method sorry. Can you give an example?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T17:48:33.833000\"}, {\"Id\": 352150, \"PostId\": 187730, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The inverse-variance weighted standard deviation should be smaller than any individual measure's st\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T17:59:11.107000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 647256, \"PostId\": 187730, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"15b55e72-d352-423b-81a1-c8d234a5bcde\", \"Text\": \"If I'm understanding your question properly, this sounds like you need Inverse variance weighting.\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": \"Clarified result of minimizing variance\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T16:03:03.657000\"}, {\"Id\": 647162, \"PostId\": 187730, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ecf3c046-eb7e-4b8f-9cc5-914bfd5db2fc\", \"Text\": \"If I'm understanding your question properly, this sounds like you need Inverse variance weighting.\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T13:26:24.247000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 1602, \"OwnerUserId\": 1602, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Combining uncertain measurements\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><repeated-measures><measurement-error><error-propagation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a ball on a table located in position $x', y'$. </p>\\n\\n<p>I am using many different rulers \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-12-22T17:43:38.063000\", \"AccountId\": 145274.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rhombidodecahedron\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 112906, \"PostId\": 187781, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There isn't enough information to answer this question. You need to know how many desks there are in\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-05T15:51:58.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 112906, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187783, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Normal distribution find the standard deviation\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The heights of school desks have a normal distribution with mean $69$ cm and standard deviation $\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 187783, \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187781, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'll start you off, but being a maths teacher, can't bring myself to do it all :-)</p>\\n\\n<p>The de\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T18:57:42.097000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 352175, \"PostId\": 187783, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Next step, find $P(Z <\\\\frac{70-69}{\\\\sigma})$ you should then be able to find the probability in a ta\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T19:24:09.270000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 647314, \"PostId\": 187783, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"18f0261a-7b69-41b8-a640-cd3c70f73240\", \"Text\": \"I'll start you off, but being a maths teacher, can't bring myself to do it all :-)\\r\\n\\r\\nThe desk heigh\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-24T18:57:42.097000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 7565669.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Riduan Gonzalez\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 109359, \"PostId\": 188593, \"UserId\": 114358, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The other side to the coin is that if you do leave out predictors (e.g. by using just one) then your\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-10T01:31:55.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 109359, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How co-linearity affects the value of $\\\\beta$?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression><multicollinearity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>if I have a simple linear model with 1 predictor</p>\\n\\n<p>$y = \\\\beta*x $</p>\\n\\n<p>imagine that $\\\\be\", \"AccountId\": 10426611.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user152503\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 228383, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-23T10:26:25.277000\"}, {\"Id\": 432277, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-06-07T06:21:08.037000\"}, {\"Id\": 227999, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Teacher\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-21T05:05:16.103000\"}, {\"Id\": 295079, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-04-17T09:00:51.983000\"}, {\"Id\": 251105, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Constituent\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-08-21T20:47:59.587000\"}, {\"Id\": 251113, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Caucus\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-08-21T20:47:59.587000\"}, {\"Id\": 227054, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-17T09:03:40.430000\"}, {\"Id\": 342810, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-01-09T17:20:14.227000\"}, {\"Id\": 344424, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Custodian\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-01-18T22:10:40.090000\"}, {\"Id\": 228758, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Commentator\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-25T04:03:37.057000\"}, {\"Id\": 361405, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-04-17T09:10:13.553000\"}, {\"Id\": 228296, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-22T19:57:31.233000\"}, {\"Id\": 449483, \"UserId\": 114358, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Caucus\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-06T08:57:05.633000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 256784, \"PostId\": 256784, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5fbc428c-438a-4b18-a932-39f6bba2328c\", \"Text\": \"From further study of the algorithm, I'm going to make an educated guess, it the hope that someone c\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-14T09:50:52.243000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 256265, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>From further study of the algorithm, I'm going to make an educated guess, it the hope that someon\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 256265, \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 290111, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Order of Conditional Independence Tests\", \"Tags\": \"<algorithms><bayesian-network><graph-theory><networks><conditional-independence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm studying the PC algorithm for learning the structure of a Bayesian Network.</p>\\n\\n<p>One of th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-09T16:53:54.287000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 894290, \"PostId\": 256265, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a49290a0-840b-447e-b355-1310de7cb262\", \"Text\": \"I'm studying the PC algorithm for learning the structure of a Bayesian Network.\\r\\n\\r\\nOne of the steps \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-09T16:53:54.287000\"}, {\"Id\": 894291, \"PostId\": 256265, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a49290a0-840b-447e-b355-1310de7cb262\", \"Text\": \"Order of Conditional Independence Tests\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-09T16:53:54.287000\"}, {\"Id\": 894292, \"PostId\": 256265, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a49290a0-840b-447e-b355-1310de7cb262\", \"Text\": \"<bayesian-network><conditional-independence>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-09T16:53:54.287000\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 187366, \"PostId\": 187366, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ac7ff3ec-191a-4701-a054-6617adfec195\", \"Text\": \"There is some correlation, but it is weak. You could calculate this with the cor() function.\\r\\n\\r\\nAdd \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-21T04:44:18.367000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187361, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is some correlation, but it is weak. You could calculate this with the cor() function.</p>\\n\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 114976, \"OwnerUserId\": 114976, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"Modwary\", \"Title\": \"Does this present a linear relationship?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><exploratory-data-analysis>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have created the following graph which contains a great number of datapoints, I can see that th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-21T03:59:06.013000\", \"AccountId\": 8106117.0, \"DisplayName\": \"LoriDori\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 187641, \"PostId\": 187641, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e918ce63-ecd2-4815-8f38-5d4baabfeee6\", \"Text\": \"The null hypothesis would be \\\"Seeing facial expressions **makes no difference** to people's ability \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T18:31:35.203000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187634, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The null hypothesis would be \\\"Seeing facial expressions <strong>makes no difference</strong> to p\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 115001, \"OwnerUserId\": 115001, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187641, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"why is my p-value large?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><self-study><chi-squared-test><p-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a hypothesis \\\"People are better at detecting a lie when they are able to see a persons exp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-21T08:10:25.433000\", \"AccountId\": 9444755.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Velionis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>UX</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 187521, \"PostId\": 187521, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9a9a285e-9cbd-4e86-84c1-51d527044e28\", \"Text\": \"This ends up being the area above the curve\\r\\n\\\\begin{equation}\\r\\nY=(X−\\\\frac{1}{2})^2\\r\\n\\\\end{equation}\\r\\n\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-22T18:44:38.400000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187473, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This ends up being the area above the curve\\n\\\\begin{equation}\\nY=(X−\\\\frac{1}{2})^2\\n\\\\end{equation}</\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 115132, \"OwnerUserId\": 115132, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Find probability from uniform distribution\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><random-variable><independence><uniform-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X$, $Y$ be two independent random variables from $U(0,1)$. Then find $P[Y>(X-1/2)^2]$.</p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-22T05:16:33.707000\", \"AccountId\": 10741755.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user158358\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 646540, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"13aa93ed-dbf0-4d26-8e4a-25ee00cea80a\", \"Text\": \"I can't comment yet, so apologies for an incomplete answer.\\r\\n\\r\\nCan you assume the existing discs do \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T04:22:08.013000\"}, {\"Id\": 646601, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d0d42a97-679b-4916-8253-54c23e1383f7\", \"Text\": \"I can't comment yet, so apologies for an incomplete answer.\\r\\n\\r\\nCan you assume the existing discs do \", \"Comment\": \"Added images to illustrate answer\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T10:24:53.053000\"}, {\"Id\": 646607, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 114358, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"38aa0fc4-c459-4beb-9974-0993799ec895\", \"Text\": \"I can't comment yet, so apologies for an incomplete answer.\\r\\n\\r\\nCan you assume the existing discs do \", \"Comment\": \"added 107 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T10:41:49.590000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114358, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 405730, \"PostId\": 187570, \"UserId\": 115238, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Hi, guys. I have a new question on a similar topic of Poisson distribution: https://stats.stackexcha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T14:34:10.717000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 702576, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 187570, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-23T00:00:00\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 228355, \"UserId\": 115238, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-23T04:10:09.343000\"}, {\"Id\": 228523, \"UserId\": 115238, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-24T05:06:46.010000\"}, {\"Id\": 228394, \"UserId\": 115238, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-23T12:04:34.257000\"}, {\"Id\": 228525, \"UserId\": 115238, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-04-24T05:06:46.010000\"}, {\"Id\": 340074, \"UserId\": 115238, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Tumbleweed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-12-20T07:50:18.463000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 115238, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":95,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"Id\": 30040, \"AccountId\": 3531038.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jaho\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T11:51:09.603000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 71329, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 30040, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@gung No, it is not for a class, but my own project.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T12:03:33.860000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Given two independent normal random variables $X$ and $Y$, what is $P(X\\\\leq x\\\\mid X>Y)$?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><conditional-probability>\", \"Body\": \"<p>As the title says, I'm looking for the distribution of $X$ given that $X>Y$.</p>\\n\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 44863, \"RelatedPostId\": 71329, \"PostId\": 195162, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-30T09:08:44.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44863, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 195224, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution of sum of two independent normals conditional on one of them\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><conditional-probability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume $X$ and $Y$ are iid $N(0,1)$. I am looking for a \\\"neat\\\" expression for\\n$$\\nP\\\\left(\\\\frac{X+Y\", \"AccountId\": 5707827.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Christoph Hanck\", \"Location\": \"Essen\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.oek.wiwi.uni-due.de/team/christoph-hanck/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Econometrician at University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.</p>\\n<p>Coauthor of <a href=\\\"https://www.\"}, {\"Id\": 1831, \"RelatedPostId\": 59981, \"PostId\": 71329, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-21T15:08:24.717000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1831, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$\\\\mathbb{E}$ and Variance of the maximum of independent $\\\\mathcal{N}(\\\\mu_i, \\\\sigma_i^2)$\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><extreme-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am interested in the expectation and the variance of the maximum of several independent, normal\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 59981, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Related: [Covariance of INID order statistics](http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/41438/covari\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 71346, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Note that $\\\\Pr(X\\\\le x|X\\\\gt Y)$ = $\\\\Pr(\\\\max(X,Y)\\\\le x)$ = $\\\\Pr(X\\\\le x\\\\text{ and }Y\\\\le x)$ = $\\\\Phi(x)^\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T14:34:59.153000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 71329, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the c\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 7007, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks! This is much simpler. How would you prove the (intuitively clear) first equality?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-23T21:59:40.227000\", \"AccountId\": 1273790.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Zen\", \"Location\": \"São Paulo, Brazil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Paulo C. Marques F.</p>\\n<p>BA in Physics. PhD in Mathematical Statistics.</p>\\n<p>Interested in Ma\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 8183, \"PostId\": 31379, \"UserId\": 7007, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What does \\\"I observe the number of events w.r.t. a parameter varying in $[0,1]$\\\" mean? Parameters ar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-23T08:00:34.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8183, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 31396, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Composition of probability density\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><estimation><random-variable><density-function><cumulative-distribution-function>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know probability distribution for parameter $\\\\phi$. I have the empirical distribution/statistic\", \"AccountId\": 1162208.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kiriloff\", \"Location\": \"Alaska, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://github.com/neqkir\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>AI, natural language processing</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 20473, \"PostId\": 111049, \"UserId\": 7007, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Maybe your question is: suppose that $\\\\mathrm{E}[X]=0$. Is it possible that $\\\\mathrm{E}[X\\\\mid Y]\\\\neq\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-02T14:24:21.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20473, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Conditional expectation everywhere non-zero while unconditional one zero?\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><conditional-expectation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a real-valued random variable $X$ that takes on positive and negative values, and </p>\\n\\n<p\", \"AccountId\": 3083068.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alecos Papadopoulos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alecospapadopoulos.wordpress.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD in Economics with a heavy dose of, and a not-so-secret love for, Econometrics and Statistics.\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 451242, \"UserId\": 7007, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Caucus\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-13T01:18:45.770000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 233386, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d846f075-dd2b-4b7f-8d18-8ac591ec214d\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"added 124 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T14:41:40.933000\"}, {\"Id\": 233387, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 12, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"feb8384a-9e34-4f2a-baad-b9dc24b667cb\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":9394,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Zen\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"via Vote\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T14:42:06.987000\"}, {\"Id\": 233515, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b0cb180-6b20-421e-9912-9cbb03092da4\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"added 3 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T20:05:54.830000\"}, {\"Id\": 233649, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"92e349c2-41db-48b8-929f-5f8f78f775c3\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"added 9 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-09T04:42:09.680000\"}, {\"Id\": 233512, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e85dfc8-effd-4257-97ef-9e712aafb2a4\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 24 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T19:51:48.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 329163, \"PostId\": 329163, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f2380387-a770-4267-8d01-e50bbf809afa\", \"Text\": \" import numpy as np\\r\\n from scipy.stats import chi2\\r\\n\\r\\n def var_test(x, va0, direction = \\\"tw\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-11T04:44:10.723000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 329159, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<pre><code>import numpy as np\\nfrom scipy.stats import chi2\\n\\ndef var_test(x, va0, direction = "t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 207341, \"OwnerUserId\": 207341, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$\\\\chi^2$ test for the variance in Python\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><python><variance><chi-squared-test><p-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking for a function in Python testing the hypothesis that the variance of a Gaussian samp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-30T00:46:49.253000\", \"AccountId\": 3628439.0, \"DisplayName\": \"marco\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 233425, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e9ed559d-eb40-4d75-a554-14fad521070e\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"added 244 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T16:12:03.533000\"}, {\"Id\": 233426, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 13, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"2f783446-c81e-4869-a0b2-75abd34b5253\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":9394,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Zen\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T16:12:10.510000\"}, {\"Id\": 233428, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 12, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"d3bcdc2f-87a1-4bd5-af1c-bfc1203f3d6d\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":9394,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Zen\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"via Vote\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T16:14:09.580000\"}, {\"Id\": 107433, \"PostId\": 107433, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6893947a-4a10-4fe6-8db0-c5377173186a\", \"Text\": \"*(Equivalent to Cabbage's answer, but a bit more concise.)*\\r\\n\\r\\nIf $\\\\{X_i\\\\}_{i\\\\geq 1}$ is an IID sequ\", \"Comment\": \"added 59 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-30T03:50:54.070000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 107405, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\{X_i\\\\}_{i\\\\geq 1}$</span> is an <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexch\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50358, \"OwnerUserId\": 50358, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 107433, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Suppose $X_1, X_2, \\\\dotsc, X_n$ are i.i.d. random variables. When is the sequence expected to decrea\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><iid>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>As suggested in the title. Suppose $X_1, X_2, \\\\dotsc, X_n$ are continuous i.i.d. random variable\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-29T21:12:41.137000\", \"AccountId\": 3329025.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hao The Cabbage\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 233432, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a53f0d7d-3fe0-45eb-b18f-6a3158562ff5\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T16:19:32.540000\"}, {\"Id\": 233436, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1c5b59be-c3e9-47ff-8bbb-16c63a7aaf86\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 30 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T16:34:16.627000\"}, {\"Id\": 85034, \"PostId\": 85034, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5372db0b-88f0-49e3-8ff1-277cf6d46f04\", \"Text\": \"Under suitable regularity conditions, if you have a sequence of IID random pairs $\\\\{(X_i,Y_i)\\\\}_{i\\\\g\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-04T01:36:19.813000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 84924, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Under suitable regularity conditions, if you have a sequence of IID random pairs $\\\\{(X_i,Y_i)\\\\}_{\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 35719, \"OwnerUserId\": 35719, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 85034, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Basic conditional sampling question\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><marginal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say that I have a method of sampling from $P(X, \\\\theta \\\\mid Y)$. It seems intuitive that if\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-03T23:22:08.900000\", \"AccountId\": 4374588.0, \"DisplayName\": \"yong\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 331210, \"PostId\": 331210, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"827ae5e6-c10c-4ae0-8e23-8537552df544\", \"Text\": \"Suggestion: draw a figure. Your integration limits are wrong. It should be\\r\\n$$\\r\\n \\\\frac{1}{500} \\\\int\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-02T03:07:45.323000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 331208, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Suggestion: draw a figure. Your integration limits are wrong. It should be\\n<span class=\\\"math-cont\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 98337, \"OwnerUserId\": 98337, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding the probability that an exponential random variable is less than a uniform random variable\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><random-variable><joint-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following statement I am trying to solve: Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$T$</span>~\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-06T05:12:02.473000\", \"AccountId\": 9790590.0, \"DisplayName\": \"TimHorton\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 130156, \"PostId\": 41338, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fc487efb-6b65-4f67-ab25-c6a92978a27e\", \"Text\": \"Very short \\\"answer\\\": we've discussed in your other question the roots of the idea of geometrization \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-03T14:53:32.690000\"}, {\"Id\": 263530, \"PostId\": 263530, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"51265334-6661-40b2-b6e0-9b29cb6afb40\", \"Text\": \"The cost function\\r\\n$$\\r\\n C_\\\\alpha(T) = \\\\sum_{m=1}^{|T|}\\\\sum_{x_i\\\\in R_m}^{}(y_i-\\\\bar{y}_m)^2 + \\\\alph\", \"Comment\": \"added 37 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-12T00:00:42.050000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 262921, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The cost function\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$\\n C_\\\\alpha(T) = \\\\sum_{m=1}^{|T|}\\\\sum_{x_i\\\\in R_\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 192627, \"OwnerUserId\": 192627, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Validity of pruning algorithm in regression trees\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><classification><random-forest>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am reading the book \\\"The elements of Statistical Learning\\\"(pdf available online for free) and i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-06T14:01:56.730000\", \"AccountId\": 1784654.0, \"DisplayName\": \"noob-mathematician\", \"Location\": \"Uk\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 233460, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"81b90264-41ba-439f-addf-0e3455e52060\", \"Text\": \"Given two independent normal random variables $X$ and $Y$, what is $P(X\\\\leq x\\\\mid X>Y)$?\", \"Comment\": \"edited body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T17:40:28.663000\"}, {\"Id\": 233461, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"81b90264-41ba-439f-addf-0e3455e52060\", \"Text\": \"As the title says, I'm looking for the distribution of $X$ given that we know $X>Y$.\", \"Comment\": \"edited body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T17:40:28.663000\"}, {\"Id\": 233463, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3543c6da-1d51-4f64-9e0a-1f37a55e1ddb\", \"Text\": \"As the title says, I'm looking for the distribution of $X$ given that $X>Y$.\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 8 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T17:46:01.700000\"}, {\"Id\": 233468, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ad2a3a76-4c32-4939-8bed-ad4865d6da66\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"added 271 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T18:13:58.937000\"}, {\"Id\": 233469, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 13, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"0a9e1c36-5834-43d1-a48d-0431d746a348\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":9394,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Zen\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T18:14:10.530000\"}, {\"Id\": 33767, \"PostId\": 33767, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e8f5509-d88a-4cc3-bbdc-003f2fa598dc\", \"Text\": \"You have random variables $X_1,\\\\dots,X_n$ that are, given that $M=\\\\mu$ and $\\\\Sigma^2=\\\\sigma^2$, cond\", \"Comment\": \"added 168 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-19T02:59:40.257000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 33393, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have random variables $X_1,\\\\dots,X_n$ that are, given that $M=\\\\mu$ and $\\\\Sigma^2=\\\\sigma^2$, c\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 10041, \"OwnerUserId\": 10041, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 33767, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Identifying a conditional posterior for $\\\\mu$ and $\\\\sigma^2$\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><normal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>My Question</strong></p>\\n<p>Consider the model <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_1, \\\\dots, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-01T19:04:13.973000\", \"AccountId\": 1612525.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Moderat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data scientist working in Charlotte, NC</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 104630, \"PostId\": 104630, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b7e76920-7930-4e7d-b713-1d9c1c4a1e81\", \"Text\": \"You have four **conditional** probabilities.\\r\\n\\r\\n$$\\\\text{tp} = \\\\Pr(\\\\text{detected}\\\\mid\\\\text{aircraft \", \"Comment\": \"added 16 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-05T00:07:16.013000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 104629, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have four <strong>conditional</strong> probabilities.</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\\\text{tp} = \\\\Pr(\\\\text{detecte\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 43879, \"OwnerUserId\": 43879, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 104630, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why the sum of true positive and false positive does not have to be equal to one?\", \"Tags\": \"<precision-recall><accuracy>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>While reading this question above, I got confused about the sum of true positive and false positi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-14T18:26:16.503000\", \"AccountId\": 4929573.0, \"DisplayName\": \"IAMTubby\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 330640, \"PostId\": 330640, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f94826b9-add3-4ba1-9160-0c433398a69d\", \"Text\": \"Suppose that $X_1,\\\\dots,X_n$ are independent and identically distibuted such that $X_1\\\\sim\\\\text{Bern\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-26T03:30:23.853000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimator when a coin is either fair or has two heads\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_1,\\\\dots,X_n$</span> are independent and identically \"}, {\"Id\": 33088, \"PostId\": 33088, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2af7ba67-3aff-4c73-9ae6-fe23ab1e4656\", \"Text\": \"The given conditionals allow you to find the joint density of the three random variables using the p\", \"Comment\": \"added 119 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-08T03:35:40.557000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 33086, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The given conditionals allow you to find the joint density of the three random variables using th\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 11437, \"OwnerUserId\": 11437, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 33088, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Properties of conditional probability distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><bayesian><self-study>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a problem from a machine learning pset that I'm self-learning from <a href=\\\"http://www.se\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-08T02:49:41.177000\", \"AccountId\": 1051580.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gjx\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 233381, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3bfb6e0a-3e1d-4731-9d8f-eee2abf99878\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T14:34:59.153000\"}, {\"Id\": 233513, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ff004c72-86fe-46ee-aea1-d1f86dae0b96\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 24 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T20:00:02.257000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 33150, \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 33144, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that you and a friend are analyzing the same set of data using a normal model. You adopt \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-09T00:33:57.167000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 11250, \"OwnerUserId\": 11250, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 33162, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is the Jeffreys prior useful?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><prior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understand that the Jeffreys prior is invariant under re-parameterization. However, what I don'\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-01T00:49:25.730000\", \"AccountId\": 428580.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tskuzzy\", \"Location\": \"United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 26112, \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 26109, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A <code>for</code> loop may be terribly slow in <code>R</code>. How about this simple vectorizati\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-02T02:10:40.883000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3580, \"OwnerUserId\": 3580, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 26110, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to sample from $\\\\{1, 2, ..., K\\\\}$ for $n$ random variables, each with different mass functions, \", \"Tags\": \"<r><markov-chain-montecarlo>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In R, I have an $N \\\\times K$ matrix $P$ where the $i$'th row of $P$ corresponds to a distribution\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-09T15:57:23.153000\", \"AccountId\": 510097.0, \"DisplayName\": \"guy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 60544, \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 60538, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$U$</span> be a <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\mathrm{U}[0,1]$</\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T13:44:17.353000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 22637, \"OwnerUserId\": 22637, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 60544, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Inverse function for a non-decreasing CDF\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><cumulative-distribution-function>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a CDF that is not strictly increasing, i.e. its inverse is not defined, define the quantile f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-12T16:48:18.213000\", \"AccountId\": 3272796.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JohnK\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Logic is barren, unless fertilized by intution.</p>\\n \\n <p>H. Poincarè</p>\\n</bloc\"}]}, {\"Id\": 22322, \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 22314, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that $X$ and $Y$ are discrete and define the probability functions\\n$$p_X(x)=P\\\\{X=x\\\\}\\\\, ,$\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-22T22:09:57.553000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 4890, \"OwnerUserId\": 4890, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 22322, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mutual information with a Dirac delta type pdf\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><entropy><information-theory><mutual-information><dirac-delta>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What does the $MI(X,Y)$ convey about $Y$, when one of the probability distributions, $X$ is trivi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-17T23:02:48.443000\", \"AccountId\": 980204.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hearse\", \"Location\": \"Anchorage, AK, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 43067, \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 43066, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Complete the margins of the table summing the probabilities like this:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code> X \\\\ Y \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-27T19:10:09.333000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16278, \"OwnerUserId\": 16278, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Given a table defining the joint probabilities, how do I calculate certain parameters of the margina\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><variance><covariance><expected-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The number of items sold on any one day in the traditional shop is a random variable X and the co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-27T18:56:21.690000\", \"AccountId\": 2554823.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sophie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 33761, \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 33758, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You're told that\\n$$\\n P(X=1)=P(X=-1)=1/2 \\\\, ,\\n$$\\nand\\n$$\\n P(Y_n=1)=\\\\frac{1}{2} + \\\\frac{1}{n+1} \\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-18T23:58:06.193000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 11705, \"OwnerUserId\": 11705, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 33761, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Convergence of random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><mathematical-statistics><convergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Trying to understand the solution given to this homework problem:</p>\\n\\n<p>Define random variables\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-18T20:29:07.580000\", \"AccountId\": 1912376.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jayb\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2012-04-12T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 131710, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You need (a) exchangeability of $X$ and $Y$ and (b) that $\\\\Pr(X=Y)=0$. It follows immediately that $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T20:11:53.870000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 268389, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71346, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-09T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 731490, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71346, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 267857, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71346, \"VoteTypeId\": 11, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T00:00:00\"}]}, {\"Id\": 131668, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This question can be solved using a result in http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/77110, whose \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T16:20:55.227000\"}, {\"Id\": 171113, \"PostId\": 241357, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What is your understanding of a \\\"uniform(0, theta) population\\\"?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-10T16:49:01.763000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 171113, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 241363, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$X_i \\\\sim \\\\text{Uniform}(0, \\\\theta)$ iid; $Y = \\\\max{(X_1,..,X_n)}$. Why is $\\\\theta$ necessarily larg\", \"Tags\": \"<inference><uniform-distribution><order-statistics><frequentist>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm going through Statistical Inference by Casella & Berger, and on page 419, in the intro se\", \"AccountId\": 3438161.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Zian\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 40839, \"PostId\": 40839, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Learning Linear dependence is the most extreme form of high correlation. To understand the meaning\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-21T22:00:53.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 40802, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This expounds upon the insightful hint provided in a comment by @ttnphns.</p>\\n\\n<p><strong>Adjoini\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15079, \"OwnerUserId\": 15079, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 40839, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should one remove highly correlated variables before doing PCA?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><pca>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm reading a paper where author discards several variables due to high correlation to other vari\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-21T16:41:19.390000\", \"AccountId\": 2397885.0, \"DisplayName\": \"type2\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 2271, \"PostId\": 7541, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is the performance measured with the training dataset or with a held-out dataset?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-03-07T17:00:53.177000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2271, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using QDA for Non-Gaussian distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><classification><discriminant-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am evaluating a Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) classifier on a high-dimensionality featu\", \"AccountId\": 304293.0, \"DisplayName\": \"benhamner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://benhamner.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data Scientist @Kaggle</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 9804, \"PostId\": 33160, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Are you saying that this is really a homework question and that you don't actually have any interest\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-20T05:34:32.613000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9804, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 73457, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical test suggestion\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><self-study>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need to find an appropriate statistical test (likelihood ratio test, t-test, etc.) on the follo\", \"AccountId\": 1517600.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CharlesM\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 6107, \"PostId\": 190338, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Although the intuitions you share are sort of on target, much of this answer is wrong. Please take \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-04T21:10:36.243000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6107, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 190329, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<h2>Definition</h2>\\n\\n<p>The sequence $a_n = o(x_n)$ if $a_n/x_n \\\\to 0$. We would read it as $a_n$ is\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 5779, \"OwnerUserId\": 5779, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Big O and little o notation explained?\", \"Tags\": \"<convergence><notation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Throughout many of my statistics classes, I've had my professors attempt to explain big \\\"O\\\" (oh) \", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-12T22:10:04.837000\", \"AccountId\": 1102567.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StatsStudent\", \"Location\": \"Good ol US of A\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant. I own a boutique statistical consulting firm that consults with bu\"}], \"AccountId\": 1148595.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Taylor\", \"Location\": \"Virginia, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://people.virginia.edu/~trb5me\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm an assistant professor of statistics at <a href=\\\"https://statistics.as.virginia.edu/\\\" rel=\\\"no\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 19, \"PostId\": 50879, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b166426f-3c70-4713-89c7-ab619a000a70\", \"Text\": \"<r><multiple-comparisons><bonferroni>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T19:09:00.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"radek\", \"Title\": \"p-value adjustment for Local Moran's I statistic (LISA)\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multiple-comparisons><bonferroni>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working with some exploratory spatial analysis in R using spdep package.</p>\\n\\n<p>I came acros\", \"AccountId\": 124416.0, \"DisplayName\": \"radek\", \"Location\": \"Brisbane QLD, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ispm.unibe.ch/about_us/staff/panczak_radoslaw\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Working with data, mainly in R, mainly on (spatial) population and health issues.</p>\\n<p>Currentl\"}, {\"Id\": 960, \"PostId\": 324594, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 16, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4b4a3b48-24c0-44ef-874e-91b30c29f3b3\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-18T10:55:08.240000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 960, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 324575, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes: <a href=\\\"/questions/tagged/prediction\\\" class=\\\"post-tag\\\" title=\\\"show questions tagged 'pr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 35525, \"OwnerUserId\": 35525, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Except estimation and testing, is there something else to statistics?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><estimation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Statistical methods can be used for hypothesis testing in various forms, such as null hypothesis \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-30T09:12:54.747000\", \"AccountId\": 2497867.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rep_ho\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 204092.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stephan Kolassa\", \"Location\": \"Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephankolassa\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><em>If you would like to <a href=\\\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephankolassa/?lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apag\"}, {\"Id\": 261, \"PostId\": 2172, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 16, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6fe6bd24-8c61-452c-a8c2-c2215669b875\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-26T20:00:03.430000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 261, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 1864, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"http://bioinformatics.mdanderson.org/Supplements/ReproRsch-Chemo/\\\">Irreproducibility of \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 155, \"OwnerUserId\": 155, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Complete substantive examples of reproducible research using R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><references><reproducible-research>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>The Question:</strong> Are there any good examples of <a href=\\\"https://reproducibleresear\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-20T02:56:34.160000\", \"AccountId\": 60581.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jeromy Anglim\", \"Location\": \"Melbourne, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://jeromyanglim.blogspot.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology at Deakin University bridging I/O psychology a\"}], \"AccountId\": 12710.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John D. Cook\", \"Location\": \"Houston\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.johndcook.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm an <a href=\\\"https://www.johndcook.com/blog/applied-math/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">applied m\"}, {\"Id\": 132648, \"PostId\": 205375, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7ab3ef45-8e21-4e00-a25b-4d8c1fd07f82\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"103\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-14T07:04:04.480000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 132648, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 205477, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution like hypergeometric distribution, but with false replacements\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><discrete-data><combinatorics><hypergeometric-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to find probabilities for a scenario that works exactly like hypergeometric distributi\", \"AccountId\": 4190364.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kristoffer\", \"Location\": \"Denmark\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I study mathematics in Århus, Denmark.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 205843, \"PostId\": 205843, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f3230183-bc2d-46d4-b72f-53803fb9667e\", \"Text\": \"A minimal set of constraints is known as [Sylvester's Criterion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylve\", \"Comment\": \"added 338 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-28T18:11:51.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 205840, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A minimal set of constraints is known as <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%27s_cri\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 106220, \"OwnerUserId\": 106220, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Boundaries on correlation coefficient given five other correlations\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><extreme-value><singular-matrix>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a general formula for the boundaries of a correlation coefficient given a set of other c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-14T20:19:33.937000\", \"AccountId\": 10250766.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Cristian\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2012-04-12T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 33200.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bayerj\", \"Location\": \"Munich\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I do research in machine learning in industry for a living . My focus is on sequence models with \"}, {\"Id\": 12540, \"RelatedPostId\": 35743, \"PostId\": 71329, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-21T19:11:30.647000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 12540, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 35745, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is $P(X_1>X_2 , X_1>X_3,... , X_1>X_n)$?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><normal-distribution><random-variable>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>All $X$ are mutually independent and from normal distributions, each with its own mean and varian\", \"AccountId\": 2067913.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Chris Idzerda\", \"Location\": \"Oakland, CA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 5237, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is this for a class? If so, please add the `[self-study]` tag.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-09T04:43:15.613000\", \"AccountId\": 1028075.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gung - Reinstate Monica\", \"Location\": \"Kingdom of Zhao\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Long\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Stack Exchange's actions have been reprehensible. Monica Cellio, a popular and well-respected vo\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 72487, \"PostId\": 282013, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The question seems to confound (a) 1 model vs 2, w/ (b) statistical tests vs. predictive ability. Wh\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-04T18:52:25.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 72487, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 282315, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should I determine whether an independent variable affects my data using regression parameter signif\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance><multiple-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say that I'm trying to understand the factors affecting heart rate and I have a series of 5\", \"AccountId\": 3910387.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3235916\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 32140, \"PostId\": 75594, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you clarify your question / the thinking behind it? Note that regularization can be seen as the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-21T17:47:01.353000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 32140, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to reduce overfitting in linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><bayesian><algorithms><regularization><overfitting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working with linear regression methods. The weakness of the method is the possibility of ove\", \"AccountId\": 4184843.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 29529, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This is too strong a claim for me. I'm OK with the claim that the network of causal forces / variabl\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 503, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 29527, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Your example seems to me to answer your question with a \\\"yes\\\".</p>\\n\\n<p>Perhaps the way to think a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 2069, \"OwnerUserId\": 2069, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Must there be \\\"an effect to be mediated\\\" in mediational analysis (i.e., must IVs & DVs be correlated\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><causality><mediation><philosophical>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Baron and Kenny outlined several steps to aid in determining if a mediational analysis is appropr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-15T18:39:47.523000\", \"AccountId\": 509706.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Behacad\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\"}, {\"Id\": 11522, \"PostId\": 68132, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Continuing on chat....\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-10T22:41:47.067000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11522, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 68228, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$\\\\chi^2$ test of significance vs. goodness of fit\", \"Tags\": \"<chi-squared-test><goodness-of-fit><independence><frequency>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 644 companies out of which 154 went bankrupt. I investigate below if the bankruptcy is re\", \"AccountId\": 136255.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Maddy\", \"Location\": \"Chicago, IL\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 16899, \"PostId\": 52841, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Are you asking about how to *use* R &/or Python to get this done, or about how such models can be fi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-15T17:51:10.127000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16899, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predicting ecommerce variables based on visitation data - R or Python\", \"Tags\": \"<r><predictive-models><forecasting><python>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 1.5 years worth of e-commerce data (orders and revenue) for 2 countries (US and UK) with d\", \"AccountId\": 2124801.0, \"DisplayName\": \"metersk\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 88956, \"PostId\": 173540, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Who says it \\\"is sensitive to unequal variances\\\"?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-13T04:17:45.557000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 88956, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is there a Welch-like correction for the standard deviation of Mann-Whitney U or Wilcoxon W?\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><nonparametric><wilcoxon-mann-whitney-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The Mann-Whitney U test or the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test is sensitive to unequal variances. Is there\", \"AccountId\": 3818781.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nick michalak\", \"Location\": \"Ann Arbor, MI, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://nickmichalak.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>social psychology PhD candidate\\ngraduate student instructor for advanced statistical methods I &a\"}, {\"Id\": 35478, \"PostId\": 81730, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you are *only* asking how to do this in R, this question would be off-topic for CV (see our [help\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-29T13:09:54.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 35478, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Obtaining the Psi Weights of a seasonal ARIMA in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><forecasting><arima>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to quantify the effect of a future random shocks on my seasonal ARIMA model. If I hav\", \"AccountId\": 4815636.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Justin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 22815, \"PostId\": 57738, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"*Note, although this question mentions using R, I see no reason to think it is off-topic. The main q\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-18T00:37:48.237000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22815, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"ANOVA using R - unsure of if analysis is appropriate, and if variables need to be numeric\", \"Tags\": \"<r><anova>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm doing an ANOVA to compare the results of two trials. </p>\\n\\n<p>Individuals had to walk towards\", \"AccountId\": 3453665.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jdodds\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 49301, \"PostId\": 175131, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9a65713e-50a8-4a51-a5cf-a1ad46427c94\", \"Text\": \"A statistical test for comparing the goodness of fit of 2 models, where the null model is a special \", \"Comment\": \"shortened\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-14T14:36:37.467000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49301, \"PostTypeId\": 4, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"A statistical test for comparing the goodness of fit of 2 models, where the null model is a special \", \"AccountId\": 2353743.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ilanman\", \"Location\": \"Brooklyn, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ilanman.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Head of Data at <a href=\\\"http://www.trialspark.com\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">TrialSpark</a>. Run\"}, {\"Id\": 166164, \"PostId\": 166164, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ee33ec7b-4059-44df-9ccc-53b3a84d531b\", \"Text\": \"You're right, they contain the same information, just represented different ways. Vertically, withi\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-29T00:56:18.540000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 159797, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You're right, they contain the same information, just represented different ways. Vertically, wi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 5938, \"OwnerUserId\": 5938, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Visualization: Difference between an absolute stacked bar chart and a spineplot?\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am not an expert on visualization, but it appears to me that the information conveyed by the tw\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-21T20:13:57.090000\", \"AccountId\": 999586.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tchakravarty\", \"Location\": \"Mumbai, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistician.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 10953, \"PostId\": 31857, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4e9b3e8b-88c2-4e99-883b-17d8938d500a\", \"Text\": \"How to avoid the problem of two-way causality?\", \"Comment\": \"added tag; light editing; formatted\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-17T18:27:08.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 10953, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to avoid the problem of two-way causality?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><causality>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am studying the effect of social capital on households' income. I am doing multiple regression \", \"AccountId\": 1852032.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user14152\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 170504, \"PostId\": 240004, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 11, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f3f2c954-bd1a-4762-8b38-733c7b917f62\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":7290,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"gung\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-03T18:47:43.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 170504, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Filtering out bursts with a consistent range from a time series\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><computational-statistics><signal-processing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have time series of bursts that look like this:</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/L7VT\", \"AccountId\": 8873828.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CodeLover\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 28683, \"PostId\": 69106, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b69d7a6-8516-43dc-80ae-ca3aac20a304\", \"Text\": \"Let's say I have two databases, in the first (DB1) there is individual data on how much people trust\", \"Comment\": \"added tags; light editing & formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-10T23:34:08.343000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 28683, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using aggregated data from a database with data from another\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><econometrics><measurement-error><endogeneity><errors-in-variables>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have two databases, in the first (DB1) there is individual data on how much people tr\", \"AccountId\": 1397783.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Pedro Forquesato\", \"Location\": \"Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Doctors student in Economics with an interest towards math.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 94421, \"PostId\": 172738, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fa62aca3-c3e9-4910-b6fa-f6ca43916b77\", \"Text\": \"<anova><repeated-measures><small-sample>\", \"Comment\": \"Improved language, added code tags around the data so formatting shows up better\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-03T16:40:33.137000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 94421, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Compare three groups with very small sample size\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><repeated-measures><small-sample>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have three treatments: control, treatment1, and treatment2. A total of four patients were exami\", \"AccountId\": 7818977.0, \"DisplayName\": \"juanli\", \"Location\": \"Rotterdam, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.realjuanli.com\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 59804, \"PostId\": 122098, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"16675298-b0da-48e8-bf6b-7db3ed9a02e3\", \"Text\": \"<multiple-regression><standard-error><intercept>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags; light editing; removed thanks\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-19T22:13:43.947000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 59804, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 122099, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What exactly is the standard error of the intercept in multiple regression analysis?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><standard-error><intercept>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understand that in multiple regression analysis, for each independent variable, you would graph\", \"AccountId\": 2076418.0, \"DisplayName\": \"EHMJ\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 211950, \"PostId\": 312717, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"368d9718-e211-4273-8bd5-22569f88403e\", \"Text\": \"A base measurement for comparison. Usually a measurement prior to treatment, of a control condition,\", \"Comment\": \"expanded somewhat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-25T05:57:01.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 211950, \"PostTypeId\": 4, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"A base measurement for comparison. Usually a measurement prior to treatment, of a control condition,\", \"AccountId\": 15498653.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Thalassophile\", \"Location\": \"Bengaluru, Karnataka, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Thalassophile, an ardent explorer of the data universe, hailing from the vibrant city of Bangalor\"}, {\"Id\": 37752, \"PostId\": 85999, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"86dc9754-59a8-4ec3-8632-0e19656f2c5e\", \"Text\": \"I have used GEE approach (log link with gamma distribution) to explore factors that are associated w\", \"Comment\": \"formatted; removed thanks / signature\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-16T14:58:06.307000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 37752, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"GEE model for repeated skewed outcome and group mean centered time varying covariates\", \"Tags\": \"<skewness><mean><generalized-estimating-equations><time-varying-covariate>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have used GEE approach (log link with gamma distribution) to explore factors that are associate\", \"AccountId\": 5038872.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andes\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 97600, \"PostId\": 97600, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5367a8cd-ccbf-45ea-a372-1874f16f4b36\", \"Text\": \"The question of the probability of an event in a survival analysis type situation is philosophically\", \"Comment\": \"added 170 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-23T17:24:49.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 96531, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The question of the probability of an event in a survival analysis type situation is philosophica\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9408, \"OwnerUserId\": 9408, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 97600, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to calculate probabilities when there is censoring?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><survival>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we have 10 patients among whom 4 readmit and 2 get censored. Then what is the probability\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-28T15:59:45.413000\", \"AccountId\": 1609799.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Blain Waan\", \"Location\": \"The Earth\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://stats.stackexchange.com/users/12603/blain-waan\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Learner.</p>\\n\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2014-07-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 268023, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71329, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 267864, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71329, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 268286, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71329, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-09T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 731488, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71329, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-23T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 233337, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 30040, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1e8527bf-d00a-4a0b-b9b4-75bc24e59a92\", \"Text\": \"Given two independent normal random variables $X$ and $Y$, what is $P(X|X>Y)$?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T12:03:33.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 233338, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 30040, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1e8527bf-d00a-4a0b-b9b4-75bc24e59a92\", \"Text\": \"As the tile says I am looking for the distribution of $X$ given that $X>Y$ is known.\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T12:03:33.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 233339, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 30040, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1e8527bf-d00a-4a0b-b9b4-75bc24e59a92\", \"Text\": \"<normal-distribution><conditional-probability>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T12:03:33.860000\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 62971, \"UserId\": 30040, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-04-08T13:34:10.110000\"}, {\"Id\": 406825, \"UserId\": 30040, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-01-07T20:25:18.257000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-07-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"Id\": 30040, \"AccountId\": 3531038.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jaho\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T11:51:09.603000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 71329, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 30040, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@gung No, it is not for a class, but my own project.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T12:03:33.860000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Given two independent normal random variables $X$ and $Y$, what is $P(X\\\\leq x\\\\mid X>Y)$?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><conditional-probability>\", \"Body\": \"<p>As the title says, I'm looking for the distribution of $X$ given that $X>Y$.</p>\\n\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 44863, \"RelatedPostId\": 71329, \"PostId\": 195162, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-30T09:08:44.590000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44863, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 195224, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution of sum of two independent normals conditional on one of them\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><conditional-probability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume $X$ and $Y$ are iid $N(0,1)$. I am looking for a \\\"neat\\\" expression for\\n$$\\nP\\\\left(\\\\frac{X+Y\", \"AccountId\": 5707827.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Christoph Hanck\", \"Location\": \"Essen\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.oek.wiwi.uni-due.de/team/christoph-hanck/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Econometrician at University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.</p>\\n<p>Coauthor of <a href=\\\"https://www.\"}, {\"Id\": 1831, \"RelatedPostId\": 59981, \"PostId\": 71329, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2011-01-21T15:08:24.717000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1831, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$\\\\mathbb{E}$ and Variance of the maximum of independent $\\\\mathcal{N}(\\\\mu_i, \\\\sigma_i^2)$\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><extreme-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am interested in the expectation and the variance of the maximum of several independent, normal\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 59981, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Related: [Covariance of INID order statistics](http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/41438/covari\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 71346, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Note that $\\\\Pr(X\\\\le x|X\\\\gt Y)$ = $\\\\Pr(\\\\max(X,Y)\\\\le x)$ = $\\\\Pr(X\\\\le x\\\\text{ and }Y\\\\le x)$ = $\\\\Phi(x)^\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T14:34:59.153000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 71329, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the c\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 7007, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks! This is much simpler. How would you prove the (intuitively clear) first equality?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-23T21:59:40.227000\", \"AccountId\": 1273790.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Zen\", \"Location\": \"São Paulo, Brazil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Paulo C. Marques F.</p>\\n<p>BA in Physics. PhD in Mathematical Statistics.</p>\\n<p>Interested in Ma\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 8183, \"PostId\": 31379, \"UserId\": 7007, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What does \\\"I observe the number of events w.r.t. a parameter varying in $[0,1]$\\\" mean? Parameters ar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-23T08:00:34.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8183, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 31396, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Composition of probability density\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><estimation><random-variable><density-function><cumulative-distribution-function>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know probability distribution for parameter $\\\\phi$. I have the empirical distribution/statistic\", \"AccountId\": 1162208.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kiriloff\", \"Location\": \"Alaska, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://github.com/neqkir\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>AI, natural language processing</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 20473, \"PostId\": 111049, \"UserId\": 7007, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Maybe your question is: suppose that $\\\\mathrm{E}[X]=0$. Is it possible that $\\\\mathrm{E}[X\\\\mid Y]\\\\neq\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-08-02T14:24:21.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20473, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Conditional expectation everywhere non-zero while unconditional one zero?\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><conditional-expectation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a real-valued random variable $X$ that takes on positive and negative values, and </p>\\n\\n<p\", \"AccountId\": 3083068.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Alecos Papadopoulos\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://alecospapadopoulos.wordpress.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD in Economics with a heavy dose of, and a not-so-secret love for, Econometrics and Statistics.\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 451242, \"UserId\": 7007, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Caucus\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-10-13T01:18:45.770000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 233386, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d846f075-dd2b-4b7f-8d18-8ac591ec214d\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"added 124 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T14:41:40.933000\"}, {\"Id\": 233387, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 12, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"feb8384a-9e34-4f2a-baad-b9dc24b667cb\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":9394,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Zen\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"via Vote\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T14:42:06.987000\"}, {\"Id\": 233515, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b0cb180-6b20-421e-9912-9cbb03092da4\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"added 3 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T20:05:54.830000\"}, {\"Id\": 233649, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"92e349c2-41db-48b8-929f-5f8f78f775c3\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"added 9 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-09T04:42:09.680000\"}, {\"Id\": 233512, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e85dfc8-effd-4257-97ef-9e712aafb2a4\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 24 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T19:51:48.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 329163, \"PostId\": 329163, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f2380387-a770-4267-8d01-e50bbf809afa\", \"Text\": \" import numpy as np\\r\\n from scipy.stats import chi2\\r\\n\\r\\n def var_test(x, va0, direction = \\\"tw\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-11T04:44:10.723000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 329159, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<pre><code>import numpy as np\\nfrom scipy.stats import chi2\\n\\ndef var_test(x, va0, direction = "t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 207341, \"OwnerUserId\": 207341, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$\\\\chi^2$ test for the variance in Python\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><python><variance><chi-squared-test><p-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking for a function in Python testing the hypothesis that the variance of a Gaussian samp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-30T00:46:49.253000\", \"AccountId\": 3628439.0, \"DisplayName\": \"marco\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 233425, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e9ed559d-eb40-4d75-a554-14fad521070e\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"added 244 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T16:12:03.533000\"}, {\"Id\": 233426, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 13, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"2f783446-c81e-4869-a0b2-75abd34b5253\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":9394,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Zen\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T16:12:10.510000\"}, {\"Id\": 233428, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 12, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"d3bcdc2f-87a1-4bd5-af1c-bfc1203f3d6d\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":9394,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Zen\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"via Vote\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T16:14:09.580000\"}, {\"Id\": 107433, \"PostId\": 107433, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6893947a-4a10-4fe6-8db0-c5377173186a\", \"Text\": \"*(Equivalent to Cabbage's answer, but a bit more concise.)*\\r\\n\\r\\nIf $\\\\{X_i\\\\}_{i\\\\geq 1}$ is an IID sequ\", \"Comment\": \"added 59 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-30T03:50:54.070000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 107405, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\{X_i\\\\}_{i\\\\geq 1}$</span> is an <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackexch\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 50358, \"OwnerUserId\": 50358, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 107433, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Suppose $X_1, X_2, \\\\dotsc, X_n$ are i.i.d. random variables. When is the sequence expected to decrea\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><iid>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>As suggested in the title. Suppose $X_1, X_2, \\\\dotsc, X_n$ are continuous i.i.d. random variable\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-29T21:12:41.137000\", \"AccountId\": 3329025.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Hao The Cabbage\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 233432, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a53f0d7d-3fe0-45eb-b18f-6a3158562ff5\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T16:19:32.540000\"}, {\"Id\": 233436, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1c5b59be-c3e9-47ff-8bbb-16c63a7aaf86\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 30 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T16:34:16.627000\"}, {\"Id\": 85034, \"PostId\": 85034, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5372db0b-88f0-49e3-8ff1-277cf6d46f04\", \"Text\": \"Under suitable regularity conditions, if you have a sequence of IID random pairs $\\\\{(X_i,Y_i)\\\\}_{i\\\\g\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-04T01:36:19.813000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 84924, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Under suitable regularity conditions, if you have a sequence of IID random pairs $\\\\{(X_i,Y_i)\\\\}_{\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 35719, \"OwnerUserId\": 35719, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 85034, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Basic conditional sampling question\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><marginal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say that I have a method of sampling from $P(X, \\\\theta \\\\mid Y)$. It seems intuitive that if\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-03T23:22:08.900000\", \"AccountId\": 4374588.0, \"DisplayName\": \"yong\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 331210, \"PostId\": 331210, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"827ae5e6-c10c-4ae0-8e23-8537552df544\", \"Text\": \"Suggestion: draw a figure. Your integration limits are wrong. It should be\\r\\n$$\\r\\n \\\\frac{1}{500} \\\\int\", \"Comment\": \"added 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-02T03:07:45.323000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 331208, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Suggestion: draw a figure. Your integration limits are wrong. It should be\\n<span class=\\\"math-cont\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 98337, \"OwnerUserId\": 98337, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding the probability that an exponential random variable is less than a uniform random variable\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><random-variable><joint-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following statement I am trying to solve: Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$T$</span>~\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-06T05:12:02.473000\", \"AccountId\": 9790590.0, \"DisplayName\": \"TimHorton\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 130156, \"PostId\": 41338, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fc487efb-6b65-4f67-ab25-c6a92978a27e\", \"Text\": \"Very short \\\"answer\\\": we've discussed in your other question the roots of the idea of geometrization \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-03T14:53:32.690000\"}, {\"Id\": 263530, \"PostId\": 263530, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"51265334-6661-40b2-b6e0-9b29cb6afb40\", \"Text\": \"The cost function\\r\\n$$\\r\\n C_\\\\alpha(T) = \\\\sum_{m=1}^{|T|}\\\\sum_{x_i\\\\in R_m}^{}(y_i-\\\\bar{y}_m)^2 + \\\\alph\", \"Comment\": \"added 37 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-12T00:00:42.050000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 262921, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The cost function\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$\\n C_\\\\alpha(T) = \\\\sum_{m=1}^{|T|}\\\\sum_{x_i\\\\in R_\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 192627, \"OwnerUserId\": 192627, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Validity of pruning algorithm in regression trees\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><classification><random-forest>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am reading the book \\\"The elements of Statistical Learning\\\"(pdf available online for free) and i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-06T14:01:56.730000\", \"AccountId\": 1784654.0, \"DisplayName\": \"noob-mathematician\", \"Location\": \"Uk\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 233460, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"81b90264-41ba-439f-addf-0e3455e52060\", \"Text\": \"Given two independent normal random variables $X$ and $Y$, what is $P(X\\\\leq x\\\\mid X>Y)$?\", \"Comment\": \"edited body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T17:40:28.663000\"}, {\"Id\": 233461, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"81b90264-41ba-439f-addf-0e3455e52060\", \"Text\": \"As the title says, I'm looking for the distribution of $X$ given that we know $X>Y$.\", \"Comment\": \"edited body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T17:40:28.663000\"}, {\"Id\": 233463, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3543c6da-1d51-4f64-9e0a-1f37a55e1ddb\", \"Text\": \"As the title says, I'm looking for the distribution of $X$ given that $X>Y$.\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 8 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T17:46:01.700000\"}, {\"Id\": 233468, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ad2a3a76-4c32-4939-8bed-ad4865d6da66\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"added 271 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T18:13:58.937000\"}, {\"Id\": 233469, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 13, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"0a9e1c36-5834-43d1-a48d-0431d746a348\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":9394,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"Zen\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T18:14:10.530000\"}, {\"Id\": 33767, \"PostId\": 33767, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e8f5509-d88a-4cc3-bbdc-003f2fa598dc\", \"Text\": \"You have random variables $X_1,\\\\dots,X_n$ that are, given that $M=\\\\mu$ and $\\\\Sigma^2=\\\\sigma^2$, cond\", \"Comment\": \"added 168 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-19T02:59:40.257000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 33393, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have random variables $X_1,\\\\dots,X_n$ that are, given that $M=\\\\mu$ and $\\\\Sigma^2=\\\\sigma^2$, c\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 10041, \"OwnerUserId\": 10041, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 33767, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Identifying a conditional posterior for $\\\\mu$ and $\\\\sigma^2$\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><normal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>My Question</strong></p>\\n<p>Consider the model <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_1, \\\\dots, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-01T19:04:13.973000\", \"AccountId\": 1612525.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Moderat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data scientist working in Charlotte, NC</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 104630, \"PostId\": 104630, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b7e76920-7930-4e7d-b713-1d9c1c4a1e81\", \"Text\": \"You have four **conditional** probabilities.\\r\\n\\r\\n$$\\\\text{tp} = \\\\Pr(\\\\text{detected}\\\\mid\\\\text{aircraft \", \"Comment\": \"added 16 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-05T00:07:16.013000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 104629, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You have four <strong>conditional</strong> probabilities.</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\\\text{tp} = \\\\Pr(\\\\text{detecte\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 43879, \"OwnerUserId\": 43879, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 104630, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why the sum of true positive and false positive does not have to be equal to one?\", \"Tags\": \"<precision-recall><accuracy>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>While reading this question above, I got confused about the sum of true positive and false positi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-14T18:26:16.503000\", \"AccountId\": 4929573.0, \"DisplayName\": \"IAMTubby\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 330640, \"PostId\": 330640, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f94826b9-add3-4ba1-9160-0c433398a69d\", \"Text\": \"Suppose that $X_1,\\\\dots,X_n$ are independent and identically distibuted such that $X_1\\\\sim\\\\text{Bern\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-11-26T03:30:23.853000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimator when a coin is either fair or has two heads\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X_1,\\\\dots,X_n$</span> are independent and identically \"}, {\"Id\": 33088, \"PostId\": 33088, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2af7ba67-3aff-4c73-9ae6-fe23ab1e4656\", \"Text\": \"The given conditionals allow you to find the joint density of the three random variables using the p\", \"Comment\": \"added 119 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-08T03:35:40.557000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 33086, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The given conditionals allow you to find the joint density of the three random variables using th\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 11437, \"OwnerUserId\": 11437, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 33088, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Properties of conditional probability distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><bayesian><self-study>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a problem from a machine learning pset that I'm self-learning from <a href=\\\"http://www.se\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-08T02:49:41.177000\", \"AccountId\": 1051580.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gjx\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 233381, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3bfb6e0a-3e1d-4731-9d8f-eee2abf99878\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T14:34:59.153000\"}, {\"Id\": 233513, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 7007, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ff004c72-86fe-46ee-aea1-d1f86dae0b96\", \"Text\": \"Assume that $X$ and $Y$ are independent $\\\\mathrm{N}(0,1)$ rv's. Denote by $\\\\phi$ and $\\\\Phi$ the corr\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 24 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T20:00:02.257000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 33150, \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 33144, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that you and a friend are analyzing the same set of data using a normal model. You adopt \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-09T00:33:57.167000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 11250, \"OwnerUserId\": 11250, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 33162, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is the Jeffreys prior useful?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><prior>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understand that the Jeffreys prior is invariant under re-parameterization. However, what I don'\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-01T00:49:25.730000\", \"AccountId\": 428580.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tskuzzy\", \"Location\": \"United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 26112, \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 26109, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A <code>for</code> loop may be terribly slow in <code>R</code>. How about this simple vectorizati\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-02T02:10:40.883000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3580, \"OwnerUserId\": 3580, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 26110, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to sample from $\\\\{1, 2, ..., K\\\\}$ for $n$ random variables, each with different mass functions, \", \"Tags\": \"<r><markov-chain-montecarlo>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In R, I have an $N \\\\times K$ matrix $P$ where the $i$'th row of $P$ corresponds to a distribution\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-09T15:57:23.153000\", \"AccountId\": 510097.0, \"DisplayName\": \"guy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 60544, \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 60538, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$U$</span> be a <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\mathrm{U}[0,1]$</\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-27T13:44:17.353000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 22637, \"OwnerUserId\": 22637, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 60544, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Inverse function for a non-decreasing CDF\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><cumulative-distribution-function>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a CDF that is not strictly increasing, i.e. its inverse is not defined, define the quantile f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-12T16:48:18.213000\", \"AccountId\": 3272796.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JohnK\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Logic is barren, unless fertilized by intution.</p>\\n \\n <p>H. Poincarè</p>\\n</bloc\"}]}, {\"Id\": 22322, \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 22314, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose that $X$ and $Y$ are discrete and define the probability functions\\n$$p_X(x)=P\\\\{X=x\\\\}\\\\, ,$\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-22T22:09:57.553000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 4890, \"OwnerUserId\": 4890, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 22322, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mutual information with a Dirac delta type pdf\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><entropy><information-theory><mutual-information><dirac-delta>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What does the $MI(X,Y)$ convey about $Y$, when one of the probability distributions, $X$ is trivi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-10-17T23:02:48.443000\", \"AccountId\": 980204.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hearse\", \"Location\": \"Anchorage, AK, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 43067, \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 43066, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Complete the margins of the table summing the probabilities like this:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code> X \\\\ Y \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-27T19:10:09.333000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16278, \"OwnerUserId\": 16278, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Given a table defining the joint probabilities, how do I calculate certain parameters of the margina\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><variance><covariance><expected-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The number of items sold on any one day in the traditional shop is a random variable X and the co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-27T18:56:21.690000\", \"AccountId\": 2554823.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sophie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 33761, \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 33758, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You're told that\\n$$\\n P(X=1)=P(X=-1)=1/2 \\\\, ,\\n$$\\nand\\n$$\\n P(Y_n=1)=\\\\frac{1}{2} + \\\\frac{1}{n+1} \\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-18T23:58:06.193000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 11705, \"OwnerUserId\": 11705, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 33761, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Convergence of random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><mathematical-statistics><convergence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Trying to understand the solution given to this homework problem:</p>\\n\\n<p>Define random variables\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-18T20:29:07.580000\", \"AccountId\": 1912376.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jayb\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2012-04-12T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 7007, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 131710, \"PostId\": 71346, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You need (a) exchangeability of $X$ and $Y$ and (b) that $\\\\Pr(X=Y)=0$. It follows immediately that $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T20:11:53.870000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 268389, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71346, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-09T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 731490, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71346, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 267857, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71346, \"VoteTypeId\": 11, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T00:00:00\"}]}, {\"Id\": 131668, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This question can be solved using a result in http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/77110, whose \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T16:20:55.227000\"}, {\"Id\": 171113, \"PostId\": 241357, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What is your understanding of a \\\"uniform(0, theta) population\\\"?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-10T16:49:01.763000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 171113, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 241363, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$X_i \\\\sim \\\\text{Uniform}(0, \\\\theta)$ iid; $Y = \\\\max{(X_1,..,X_n)}$. Why is $\\\\theta$ necessarily larg\", \"Tags\": \"<inference><uniform-distribution><order-statistics><frequentist>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm going through Statistical Inference by Casella & Berger, and on page 419, in the intro se\", \"AccountId\": 3438161.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Zian\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 40839, \"PostId\": 40839, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Learning Linear dependence is the most extreme form of high correlation. To understand the meaning\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-21T22:00:53.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 40802, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This expounds upon the insightful hint provided in a comment by @ttnphns.</p>\\n\\n<p><strong>Adjoini\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15079, \"OwnerUserId\": 15079, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 40839, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should one remove highly correlated variables before doing PCA?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><pca>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm reading a paper where author discards several variables due to high correlation to other vari\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-21T16:41:19.390000\", \"AccountId\": 2397885.0, \"DisplayName\": \"type2\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 2271, \"PostId\": 7541, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is the performance measured with the training dataset or with a held-out dataset?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-03-07T17:00:53.177000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 2271, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using QDA for Non-Gaussian distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><classification><discriminant-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am evaluating a Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) classifier on a high-dimensionality featu\", \"AccountId\": 304293.0, \"DisplayName\": \"benhamner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://benhamner.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data Scientist @Kaggle</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 9804, \"PostId\": 33160, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Are you saying that this is really a homework question and that you don't actually have any interest\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-20T05:34:32.613000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 9804, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 73457, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical test suggestion\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><self-study>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need to find an appropriate statistical test (likelihood ratio test, t-test, etc.) on the follo\", \"AccountId\": 1517600.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CharlesM\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 6107, \"PostId\": 190338, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Although the intuitions you share are sort of on target, much of this answer is wrong. Please take \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-01-04T21:10:36.243000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6107, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 190329, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<h2>Definition</h2>\\n\\n<p>The sequence $a_n = o(x_n)$ if $a_n/x_n \\\\to 0$. We would read it as $a_n$ is\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 5779, \"OwnerUserId\": 5779, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Big O and little o notation explained?\", \"Tags\": \"<convergence><notation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Throughout many of my statistics classes, I've had my professors attempt to explain big \\\"O\\\" (oh) \", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-12T22:10:04.837000\", \"AccountId\": 1102567.0, \"DisplayName\": \"StatsStudent\", \"Location\": \"Good ol US of A\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant. I own a boutique statistical consulting firm that consults with bu\"}], \"AccountId\": 1148595.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Taylor\", \"Location\": \"Virginia, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://people.virginia.edu/~trb5me\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm an assistant professor of statistics at <a href=\\\"https://statistics.as.virginia.edu/\\\" rel=\\\"no\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 19, \"PostId\": 50879, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b166426f-3c70-4713-89c7-ab619a000a70\", \"Text\": \"<r><multiple-comparisons><bonferroni>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-19T19:09:00.007000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"radek\", \"Title\": \"p-value adjustment for Local Moran's I statistic (LISA)\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multiple-comparisons><bonferroni>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working with some exploratory spatial analysis in R using spdep package.</p>\\n\\n<p>I came acros\", \"AccountId\": 124416.0, \"DisplayName\": \"radek\", \"Location\": \"Brisbane QLD, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ispm.unibe.ch/about_us/staff/panczak_radoslaw\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Working with data, mainly in R, mainly on (spatial) population and health issues.</p>\\n<p>Currentl\"}, {\"Id\": 960, \"PostId\": 324594, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 16, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4b4a3b48-24c0-44ef-874e-91b30c29f3b3\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-09-18T10:55:08.240000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 960, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 324575, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes: <a href=\\\"/questions/tagged/prediction\\\" class=\\\"post-tag\\\" title=\\\"show questions tagged 'pr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 35525, \"OwnerUserId\": 35525, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Except estimation and testing, is there something else to statistics?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><estimation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Statistical methods can be used for hypothesis testing in various forms, such as null hypothesis \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-30T09:12:54.747000\", \"AccountId\": 2497867.0, \"DisplayName\": \"rep_ho\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 204092.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stephan Kolassa\", \"Location\": \"Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephankolassa\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><em>If you would like to <a href=\\\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/stephankolassa/?lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apag\"}, {\"Id\": 261, \"PostId\": 2172, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 16, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 2.5\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6fe6bd24-8c61-452c-a8c2-c2215669b875\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-26T20:00:03.430000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 261, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 1864, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"http://bioinformatics.mdanderson.org/Supplements/ReproRsch-Chemo/\\\">Irreproducibility of \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 155, \"OwnerUserId\": 155, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Complete substantive examples of reproducible research using R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><references><reproducible-research>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>The Question:</strong> Are there any good examples of <a href=\\\"https://reproducibleresear\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-20T02:56:34.160000\", \"AccountId\": 60581.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jeromy Anglim\", \"Location\": \"Melbourne, Australia\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://jeromyanglim.blogspot.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology at Deakin University bridging I/O psychology a\"}], \"AccountId\": 12710.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John D. Cook\", \"Location\": \"Houston\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.johndcook.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm an <a href=\\\"https://www.johndcook.com/blog/applied-math/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">applied m\"}, {\"Id\": 132648, \"PostId\": 205375, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7ab3ef45-8e21-4e00-a25b-4d8c1fd07f82\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"103\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-14T07:04:04.480000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 132648, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 205477, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Distribution like hypergeometric distribution, but with false replacements\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><discrete-data><combinatorics><hypergeometric-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to find probabilities for a scenario that works exactly like hypergeometric distributi\", \"AccountId\": 4190364.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kristoffer\", \"Location\": \"Denmark\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I study mathematics in Århus, Denmark.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 205843, \"PostId\": 205843, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f3230183-bc2d-46d4-b72f-53803fb9667e\", \"Text\": \"A minimal set of constraints is known as [Sylvester's Criterion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylve\", \"Comment\": \"added 338 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-28T18:11:51.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 205840, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A minimal set of constraints is known as <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%27s_cri\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 106220, \"OwnerUserId\": 106220, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Boundaries on correlation coefficient given five other correlations\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><extreme-value><singular-matrix>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a general formula for the boundaries of a correlation coefficient given a set of other c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-14T20:19:33.937000\", \"AccountId\": 10250766.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Cristian\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2012-04-12T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 33200.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bayerj\", \"Location\": \"Munich\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I do research in machine learning in industry for a living . My focus is on sequence models with \"}, {\"Id\": 12540, \"RelatedPostId\": 35743, \"PostId\": 71329, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-21T19:11:30.647000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 12540, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 35745, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is $P(X_1>X_2 , X_1>X_3,... , X_1>X_n)$?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><normal-distribution><random-variable>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>All $X$ are mutually independent and from normal distributions, each with its own mean and varian\", \"AccountId\": 2067913.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Chris Idzerda\", \"Location\": \"Oakland, CA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 5237, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is this for a class? If so, please add the `[self-study]` tag.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-09T04:43:15.613000\", \"AccountId\": 1028075.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gung - Reinstate Monica\", \"Location\": \"Kingdom of Zhao\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Long\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Stack Exchange's actions have been reprehensible. Monica Cellio, a popular and well-respected vo\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 72487, \"PostId\": 282013, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The question seems to confound (a) 1 model vs 2, w/ (b) statistical tests vs. predictive ability. Wh\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-04T18:52:25.300000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 72487, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 282315, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Should I determine whether an independent variable affects my data using regression parameter signif\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance><multiple-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say that I'm trying to understand the factors affecting heart rate and I have a series of 5\", \"AccountId\": 3910387.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3235916\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 32140, \"PostId\": 75594, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you clarify your question / the thinking behind it? Note that regularization can be seen as the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-21T17:47:01.353000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 32140, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to reduce overfitting in linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><bayesian><algorithms><regularization><overfitting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working with linear regression methods. The weakness of the method is the possibility of ove\", \"AccountId\": 4184843.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 29529, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This is too strong a claim for me. I'm OK with the claim that the network of causal forces / variabl\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 503, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 29527, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Your example seems to me to answer your question with a \\\"yes\\\".</p>\\n\\n<p>Perhaps the way to think a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 2069, \"OwnerUserId\": 2069, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Must there be \\\"an effect to be mediated\\\" in mediational analysis (i.e., must IVs & DVs be correlated\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><causality><mediation><philosophical>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Baron and Kenny outlined several steps to aid in determining if a mediational analysis is appropr\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-02-15T18:39:47.523000\", \"AccountId\": 509706.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Behacad\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\"}, {\"Id\": 11522, \"PostId\": 68132, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Continuing on chat....\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-10T22:41:47.067000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 11522, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 68228, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"$\\\\chi^2$ test of significance vs. goodness of fit\", \"Tags\": \"<chi-squared-test><goodness-of-fit><independence><frequency>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 644 companies out of which 154 went bankrupt. I investigate below if the bankruptcy is re\", \"AccountId\": 136255.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Maddy\", \"Location\": \"Chicago, IL\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 16899, \"PostId\": 52841, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Are you asking about how to *use* R &/or Python to get this done, or about how such models can be fi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-15T17:51:10.127000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16899, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predicting ecommerce variables based on visitation data - R or Python\", \"Tags\": \"<r><predictive-models><forecasting><python>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 1.5 years worth of e-commerce data (orders and revenue) for 2 countries (US and UK) with d\", \"AccountId\": 2124801.0, \"DisplayName\": \"metersk\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 88956, \"PostId\": 173540, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Who says it \\\"is sensitive to unequal variances\\\"?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-13T04:17:45.557000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 88956, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is there a Welch-like correction for the standard deviation of Mann-Whitney U or Wilcoxon W?\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><nonparametric><wilcoxon-mann-whitney-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The Mann-Whitney U test or the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test is sensitive to unequal variances. Is there\", \"AccountId\": 3818781.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nick michalak\", \"Location\": \"Ann Arbor, MI, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://nickmichalak.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>social psychology PhD candidate\\ngraduate student instructor for advanced statistical methods I &a\"}, {\"Id\": 35478, \"PostId\": 81730, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If you are *only* asking how to do this in R, this question would be off-topic for CV (see our [help\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-29T13:09:54.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 35478, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Obtaining the Psi Weights of a seasonal ARIMA in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><forecasting><arima>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to quantify the effect of a future random shocks on my seasonal ARIMA model. If I hav\", \"AccountId\": 4815636.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Justin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 22815, \"PostId\": 57738, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"*Note, although this question mentions using R, I see no reason to think it is off-topic. The main q\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-18T00:37:48.237000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 22815, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"ANOVA using R - unsure of if analysis is appropriate, and if variables need to be numeric\", \"Tags\": \"<r><anova>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm doing an ANOVA to compare the results of two trials. </p>\\n\\n<p>Individuals had to walk towards\", \"AccountId\": 3453665.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jdodds\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 49301, \"PostId\": 175131, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9a65713e-50a8-4a51-a5cf-a1ad46427c94\", \"Text\": \"A statistical test for comparing the goodness of fit of 2 models, where the null model is a special \", \"Comment\": \"shortened\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-14T14:36:37.467000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 49301, \"PostTypeId\": 4, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"A statistical test for comparing the goodness of fit of 2 models, where the null model is a special \", \"AccountId\": 2353743.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ilanman\", \"Location\": \"Brooklyn, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ilanman.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Head of Data at <a href=\\\"http://www.trialspark.com\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">TrialSpark</a>. Run\"}, {\"Id\": 166164, \"PostId\": 166164, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ee33ec7b-4059-44df-9ccc-53b3a84d531b\", \"Text\": \"You're right, they contain the same information, just represented different ways. Vertically, withi\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-29T00:56:18.540000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 159797, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You're right, they contain the same information, just represented different ways. Vertically, wi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 5938, \"OwnerUserId\": 5938, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Visualization: Difference between an absolute stacked bar chart and a spineplot?\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am not an expert on visualization, but it appears to me that the information conveyed by the tw\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-21T20:13:57.090000\", \"AccountId\": 999586.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tchakravarty\", \"Location\": \"Mumbai, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistician.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 10953, \"PostId\": 31857, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4e9b3e8b-88c2-4e99-883b-17d8938d500a\", \"Text\": \"How to avoid the problem of two-way causality?\", \"Comment\": \"added tag; light editing; formatted\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-17T18:27:08.247000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 10953, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to avoid the problem of two-way causality?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><causality>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am studying the effect of social capital on households' income. I am doing multiple regression \", \"AccountId\": 1852032.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user14152\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 170504, \"PostId\": 240004, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 11, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f3f2c954-bd1a-4762-8b38-733c7b917f62\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":7290,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"gung\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-03T18:47:43.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 170504, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Filtering out bursts with a consistent range from a time series\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><computational-statistics><signal-processing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have time series of bursts that look like this:</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/L7VT\", \"AccountId\": 8873828.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CodeLover\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 28683, \"PostId\": 69106, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b69d7a6-8516-43dc-80ae-ca3aac20a304\", \"Text\": \"Let's say I have two databases, in the first (DB1) there is individual data on how much people trust\", \"Comment\": \"added tags; light editing & formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-10T23:34:08.343000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 28683, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using aggregated data from a database with data from another\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><econometrics><measurement-error><endogeneity><errors-in-variables>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I have two databases, in the first (DB1) there is individual data on how much people tr\", \"AccountId\": 1397783.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Pedro Forquesato\", \"Location\": \"Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Doctors student in Economics with an interest towards math.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 94421, \"PostId\": 172738, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fa62aca3-c3e9-4910-b6fa-f6ca43916b77\", \"Text\": \"<anova><repeated-measures><small-sample>\", \"Comment\": \"Improved language, added code tags around the data so formatting shows up better\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-03T16:40:33.137000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 94421, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Compare three groups with very small sample size\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><repeated-measures><small-sample>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have three treatments: control, treatment1, and treatment2. A total of four patients were exami\", \"AccountId\": 7818977.0, \"DisplayName\": \"juanli\", \"Location\": \"Rotterdam, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.realjuanli.com\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 59804, \"PostId\": 122098, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"16675298-b0da-48e8-bf6b-7db3ed9a02e3\", \"Text\": \"<multiple-regression><standard-error><intercept>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags; light editing; removed thanks\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-19T22:13:43.947000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 59804, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 122099, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What exactly is the standard error of the intercept in multiple regression analysis?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><standard-error><intercept>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understand that in multiple regression analysis, for each independent variable, you would graph\", \"AccountId\": 2076418.0, \"DisplayName\": \"EHMJ\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 211950, \"PostId\": 312717, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"368d9718-e211-4273-8bd5-22569f88403e\", \"Text\": \"A base measurement for comparison. Usually a measurement prior to treatment, of a control condition,\", \"Comment\": \"expanded somewhat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-25T05:57:01.937000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 211950, \"PostTypeId\": 4, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"A base measurement for comparison. Usually a measurement prior to treatment, of a control condition,\", \"AccountId\": 15498653.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Thalassophile\", \"Location\": \"Bengaluru, Karnataka, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Thalassophile, an ardent explorer of the data universe, hailing from the vibrant city of Bangalor\"}, {\"Id\": 37752, \"PostId\": 85999, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"86dc9754-59a8-4ec3-8632-0e19656f2c5e\", \"Text\": \"I have used GEE approach (log link with gamma distribution) to explore factors that are associated w\", \"Comment\": \"formatted; removed thanks / signature\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-16T14:58:06.307000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 37752, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"GEE model for repeated skewed outcome and group mean centered time varying covariates\", \"Tags\": \"<skewness><mean><generalized-estimating-equations><time-varying-covariate>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have used GEE approach (log link with gamma distribution) to explore factors that are associate\", \"AccountId\": 5038872.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andes\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 97600, \"PostId\": 97600, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5367a8cd-ccbf-45ea-a372-1874f16f4b36\", \"Text\": \"The question of the probability of an event in a survival analysis type situation is philosophically\", \"Comment\": \"added 170 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-23T17:24:49.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 96531, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The question of the probability of an event in a survival analysis type situation is philosophica\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9408, \"OwnerUserId\": 9408, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 97600, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to calculate probabilities when there is censoring?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><survival>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose we have 10 patients among whom 4 readmit and 2 get censored. Then what is the probability\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-28T15:59:45.413000\", \"AccountId\": 1609799.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Blain Waan\", \"Location\": \"The Earth\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://stats.stackexchange.com/users/12603/blain-waan\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Learner.</p>\\n\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2014-07-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 268023, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71329, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 267864, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71329, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 268286, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71329, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-09T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 731488, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 71329, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-23T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 233337, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 30040, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1e8527bf-d00a-4a0b-b9b4-75bc24e59a92\", \"Text\": \"Given two independent normal random variables $X$ and $Y$, what is $P(X|X>Y)$?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T12:03:33.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 233338, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 30040, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1e8527bf-d00a-4a0b-b9b4-75bc24e59a92\", \"Text\": \"As the tile says I am looking for the distribution of $X$ given that $X>Y$ is known.\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T12:03:33.860000\"}, {\"Id\": 233339, \"PostId\": 71329, \"UserId\": 30040, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1e8527bf-d00a-4a0b-b9b4-75bc24e59a92\", \"Text\": \"<normal-distribution><conditional-probability>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T12:03:33.860000\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 62971, \"UserId\": 30040, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-04-08T13:34:10.110000\"}, {\"Id\": 406825, \"UserId\": 30040, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-01-07T20:25:18.257000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-04-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-07-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30040, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":96,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"Id\": 46430, \"AccountId\": 5847048.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user69793\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T17:22:15.140000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 100779, \"PostId\": 100779, \"UserId\": 46430, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d4953f24-039f-4a4d-969b-77695c177329\", \"Text\": \"<mean><application>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T17:22:15.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to compare the means of two populations that were subject to five treatments?\", \"Tags\": \"<mean><application>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two populations that were each subject to 5 different treatments and I want to compare the\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 46428, \"PostId\": 100779, \"UserId\": 46428, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"As a small hint, search the web for propensity score matching. That might will help you.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T16:50:35.963000\", \"AccountId\": 5846859.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Metamatics\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 100764, \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 100727, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The <code>vif</code> function in the car package works like this:</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>Run an OLS regres\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T16:50:35.963000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46422, \"OwnerUserId\": 46422, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to interpret R VIF function in CAR package?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multicollinearity><variance-inflation-factor>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using the <code>vif</code> function in the R package car to test for multicollinearity. I am\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T15:15:51.503000\", \"AccountId\": 5846298.0, \"DisplayName\": \"fosulli\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 328747, \"PostId\": 100779, \"UserId\": 46430, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d4953f24-039f-4a4d-969b-77695c177329\", \"Text\": \"I have two populations that were each subject to 5 different treatments and I want to compare their \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T17:22:15.140000\"}, {\"Id\": 328745, \"PostId\": 100779, \"UserId\": 46430, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d4953f24-039f-4a4d-969b-77695c177329\", \"Text\": \"How to compare the means of two populations that were subject to five treatments?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T17:22:15.140000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 100789, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 100779, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If you are worried about type 1 errors, keep in mind that you can correct the confidence interval\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T18:13:48.310000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 822944, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 100789, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-17T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 41630, \"PostId\": 100789, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dc61d653-3a62-41eb-81fc-12f7aa386010\", \"Text\": \"If you are worried about type 1 errors, keep in mind that you can correct the confidence intervals f\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-01T14:07:13.307000\", \"AccountId\": 3917343.0, \"DisplayName\": \"matteo\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://mlisi.xyz\", \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 158231, \"PostId\": 227438, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Welcome to CV. It is difficult to guess what may be the issue without additional information (what p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-13T07:21:30.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 158231, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximizing a likelihood involving integral\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><optimization><likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wish to maximize a likelihood function and the likelihood involves an implicit integral of the \", \"AccountId\": 13356889.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Suparna\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24715, \"PostId\": 286480, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks, I like the idea of re-parameterizing the model. However there is something that doesn't seem\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T21:19:06.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 286464, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let me slightly diverge from your exact question. You are describing your intended model, where t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 286464, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 286466, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is appropriate to use empirical Bayes (EB) in this way?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><multilevel-analysis><hierarchical-bayesian><empirical-bayes>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Background.</strong> I have data from a study where participants make a series of judgmen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-16T16:27:10.047000\"}], \"AccountId\": 2242720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": \"Warsaw, Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Before I had studied Chan for thirty years, I saw mountains as\\nmountains, and rivers\"}, {\"Id\": 127560, \"PostId\": 127560, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Right, indeed I don't know if and how you could enforce it in `lmer`. I edited my response to acknow\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-11T18:58:55.667000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 127273, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The maximal structure would need to include also a random effect for the interaction between colo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 14651, \"OwnerUserId\": 14651, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 127560, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximal model for linear mixed-effects model for repeated mesaures design\", \"Tags\": \"<repeated-measures><lme4-nlme><mixed-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset of a psychological experiment with two within-subject factors. For simplicity, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-07T06:12:27.563000\", \"AccountId\": 1624820.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Trisoloriansunscreen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 216933, \"PostId\": 216933, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, sure, that would be the 'maximal' model. I'll amend the answer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-12T10:47:48.683000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 173792, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The high AIC value is not a problem in itself: the AIC is a measure of the relative quality of a \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 83104, \"OwnerUserId\": 83104, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Modeling reaction time with glmer\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><glmm>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>According to Lo and Andrews, 2015 (<a href=\\\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01171\\\" rel=\\\"nofoll\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-06T07:48:35.820000\", \"AccountId\": 501128.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mariachi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 48689, \"PostId\": 212929, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You could also just sample the residuals: add the resampled residuals to the fitted values, and then\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-04T15:01:51.547000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 48689, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Manually bootstrapping linear regression in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><bootstrap><lm>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am asking you for help as I am stucked with bootstrapping...</p>\\n\\n<p>The task is: Use the nonpa\", \"AccountId\": 6085177.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Adasz\", \"Location\": \"Czech Rep.\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 117158, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"in this context is the expected rate of correct choices at chance (when the signal, here delta, is t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 117052, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Why wouldn't you just fit a probit GLM without intercept?</p>\\n\\n<p>Then $E(Y) = \\\\Phi(0+b\\\\Delta)$ a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 117052, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 117151, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to constrain cumulative Gaussian parameters so that the function will intersect one given point?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><maximum-likelihood><optimization><probit><constraint>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am analyzing data from one study where participants had to choose (between two stimuli) the one\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-30T17:22:05.250000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 217611, \"PostId\": 117052, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"the problem with using a logistic without constant term (if I understood correctly) is that it would\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-31T11:05:12.700000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\"}, {\"Id\": 24277, \"PostId\": 286933, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks, that's helpful. In my case I think I have enough data to do a cross-validation, which should\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-28T18:29:56.067000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24277, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 286901, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes it is a valid approach in the sense that it's been proposed and used in the published literat\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 286901, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 286933, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regularization via model averaging?\", \"Tags\": \"<regularization><aic><model-averaging>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say you have the model \\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$ \\\\Phi^{-1} \\\\left(y\\\\right)=\\\\beta_0 + \\\\beta_\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-21T09:51:50.660000\"}], \"AccountId\": 3003594.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Patrick\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Bayesian Enthusiast.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 294690, \"PostId\": 294690, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Ben I have updated my answer. The plot seems OK so you might want to compare your code with mine.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-08T09:50:19.927000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 293086, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think the model you want in lme4 syntax should be written as</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>lmer( R ~ c + Manu\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 119829, \"OwnerUserId\": 119829, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 294690, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to model this mixed model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><repeated-measures><random-effects-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have following data:</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/vRS8N.png\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow norefe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-29T07:24:39.513000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 545434, \"PostId\": 293086, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't think that formula does what you want.. but just to be sure: what does `sensor` represent ex\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-12-19T15:24:33.570000\"}], \"AccountId\": 9081714.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ben\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 94978, \"PostId\": 244097, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If the out-of-sample predictive performance of your model (i.e. on future data) is not worse than th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-08T15:57:26.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 94978, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 244105, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Overfitting on purpose\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><time-series><forecasting><prediction><overfitting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Would it make sense to overfit a model on purpose?</p>\\n\\n<p>Say I have a use case where I know the\", \"AccountId\": 1079038.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Brandon\", \"Location\": \"Cork, Ireland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 268466, \"PostId\": 268466, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"They are not the same thing: the fixed effect represents systematic differences due to concentration\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-21T17:00:23.673000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 268459, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If I understood correctly, your second model should be the correct one. In the first one (<code>(\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 197886, \"OwnerUserId\": 197886, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 268466, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mixed Effect Models - choice of the random intercept\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><nested-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using the glmer function from lme4 package to model a binomial phenomena in a human DNA datas\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-21T14:58:46.700000\", \"AccountId\": 7967850.0, \"DisplayName\": \"RforLife\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 162070, \"PostId\": 162070, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Right, one could use the number of adults as a grouping factor to account for possible differences i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-27T09:38:16.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 162058, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This seems a case for simple <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression\\\" rel=\\\"nof\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 29765, \"OwnerUserId\": 29765, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 162070, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Compare two unpaired samples, each with multiple proportions\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><proportion><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two samples of 20 households, one sample from each of two different areas; the data for ea\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-03T11:11:48.823000\", \"AccountId\": 4271801.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user43018\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 18837, \"PostId\": 217420, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't think the difference is due to the amount of pooling: while I agree that it can affect shrin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-11T14:59:30.640000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18837, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 216828, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>By only using one group, you're changing the amount of pooling going on, which affects shrinkage \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 227154, \"OwnerUserId\": 18837, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 225364, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>As a rule for <code>lme4</code> and other packages with a similar parameterization (at least at t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-11T12:15:25.593000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 425714, \"PostId\": 227154, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This demonstrates why one should be suspicios of models that have random slopes without the correspo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-16T09:11:43.840000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 127389, \"OwnerUserId\": 127389, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 227154, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mixed-effect model single term deletion -- should I change my random effects?\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><mixed-model><model-comparison><sums-of-squares>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<h3>In short</h3>\\n\\n<p>I recently had a little conversation on the <code>lme4</code> project's GitHub\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-30T23:12:59.290000\", \"AccountId\": 11220954.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arthur Spoon\", \"Location\": \"Lancaster, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a PhD student in developmental psychology in Lancaster, where I test babies (cute) and run ne\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 2302272.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Livius\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 229391, \"PostId\": 303550, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think in this problem is difficult to make a precise prediction because the number of shots necess\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-01T21:39:39.217000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 229391, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 303580, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Number of Free Throws to Separate Two Players\", \"Tags\": \"<probability>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A problem I've been thinking of and want to make sure I'm on the right track. It's somewhat simil\", \"AccountId\": 18135901.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user279473\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 300763, \"PostId\": 300763, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You're welcome. Please mark the answer as accepted if it cleared up your doubts.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-04T17:40:07.970000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 300758, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think you may be confused about some concepts:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>The <strong>effect size</strong> i\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 226585, \"OwnerUserId\": 226585, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"pwr.anova.test : increasing power, decreases sample size?\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><effect-size><statistical-power>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to calculate how many samples I need for an ANOVA with 2 groups, effect size of 0.3, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-04T16:58:35.323000\", \"AccountId\": 15057485.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user134543\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 252963, \"PostId\": 252963, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The true relationship might not actually be smooth, however GAMs typically control for model complex\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-05T12:08:30.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 252957, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The main difference imho is that while \\\"classical\\\" forms of linear, or generalized linear, models\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 882322, \"PostId\": 252963, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7244319c-c112-482c-b13d-bd8a8ab7a4fe\", \"Text\": \"The main difference imho is that while \\\"classical\\\" forms of linear, or generalized linear, models as\", \"Comment\": \"added 389 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-05T13:29:20.927000\"}, {\"Id\": 882304, \"PostId\": 252963, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9e84effc-6c64-4588-b793-96ef55010e2d\", \"Text\": \"The main difference imho is that while linear, or generalized linear, models assume a fixed linear o\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-05T12:08:30.907000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 83666, \"OwnerUserId\": 83666, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 252963, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When to use a GAM vs GLM\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><generalized-linear-model><generalized-additive-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I realize this may be a potentially broad question, but I was wondering whether there are assumpt\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-12T15:32:08.910000\", \"AccountId\": 6807158.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mluerig\", \"Location\": \"Lund, Sweden\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://luerig.net\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I’m an evolutionary ecologist studying phenotypic variation within and across species to understa\"}]}, {\"Id\": 290155, \"PostId\": 290155, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The equation $\\\\hat y=\\\\beta_0 + \\\\beta_1x_1 + \\\\beta_2x_2$ describes a plane, so the predicted values $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-21T14:11:34.517000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 290152, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If you have only 2 predictors, e.g. <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$y=\\\\beta_0 + \\\\beta_1x_1 + \\\\beta_\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1013713, \"PostId\": 290155, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c7e5e37a-d3a8-40c6-b4fb-5cde25dabd1e\", \"Text\": \"If you have only 2 predictors, e.g. $y=\\\\beta_0 + \\\\beta_1x_1 + \\\\beta_2x_2+\\\\epsilon$, then yes it coul\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-21T14:11:34.517000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 134968, \"OwnerUserId\": 134968, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 290155, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Illustration of response variable plane in multiple linear regression with 2 regressors\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am pretty new in statistics and just saw the most common depiction of simple linear regression \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-05T12:29:04.083000\", \"AccountId\": 11924589.0, \"DisplayName\": \"yer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 20034, \"PostId\": 236799, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"you do not take into account how squaring $x$ \\\"stretches\\\" the interval over which the pdf takes valu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-18T17:06:13.150000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20034, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Deriving $\\\\chi^2$ density from the standard normal $Z$ density\", \"Tags\": \"<r><normal-distribution><chi-squared-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For the sake of learning, I am trying to derive a $\\\\chi^2$ density from the standard normal $Z$ d\", \"AccountId\": 3064347.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mihail\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 195083, \"UserId\": 41630, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Citizen Patrol\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-11-01T08:43:44.680000\"}, {\"Id\": 141203, \"UserId\": 41630, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-12-01T14:08:02.950000\"}, {\"Id\": 111270, \"UserId\": 41630, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-05-02T15:06:22.650000\"}, {\"Id\": 397004, \"UserId\": 41630, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-11-14T21:12:58.050000\"}, {\"Id\": 272605, \"UserId\": 41630, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-12-13T20:33:05.480000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 302923, \"PostId\": 302923, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7ede4627-396e-4dde-96e1-6ebf031eabdb\", \"Text\": \"The exact interpretation depends on how the predictor variables are coded. Recall that the logistic \", \"Comment\": \"fixed typo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-27T09:10:38.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 302912, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The exact interpretation depends on how the predictor variables are coded. Recall that the logist\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1060299, \"PostId\": 302923, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d0e044a1-bbe4-4e60-9c37-f16aece38a09\", \"Text\": \"The exact interpretation depends on how the predictor variables are coded. Recall that the logistic \", \"Comment\": \"added 21 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-27T12:39:36.293000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 228766, \"OwnerUserId\": 228766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to interpret results of GLM logistic regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/O13i6.png\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-27T07:49:12.990000\", \"AccountId\": 16357045.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tim timothy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 214368, \"PostId\": 214368, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"afd364cf-15f2-4be8-92fc-ecd9558d0797\", \"Text\": \"They correspond to different decision thresholds, however they are the proportion of correctly class\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-14T12:19:41.867000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214358, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>They correspond to different decision thresholds, however they are the proportion of correctly cl\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 744300, \"PostId\": 214368, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"50426b14-b1b0-47f1-b1d9-a7754ad1ec8d\", \"Text\": \"They correspond to different decision thresholds, however they are the proportion of correctly class\", \"Comment\": \"fixed grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-14T13:27:28.737000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 75305, \"OwnerUserId\": 75305, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 214368, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What do the thresholds on x and y axis of ROC curve represent?\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><roc><auc><decision-theory>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There is a detailed explanation of what the AUC of an ROC curve is <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackex\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-06T13:05:17.643000\", \"AccountId\": 5141757.0, \"DisplayName\": \"pd441\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 100703, \"PostId\": 100703, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c8f2936d-8489-4f42-832a-60a6c3c93a37\", \"Text\": \"It should indicate simply that the mean proportion of successes does not vary much across the eleven\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T12:55:06.163000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 100696, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It should indicate simply that the mean proportion of successes does not vary much across the 15 \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46405, \"OwnerUserId\": 46405, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random intercept turns insignificant - Interpretation\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><random-effects-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am running a intercept model with intercepts varying across people in R. My independent variabl\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T10:58:06.270000\", \"AccountId\": 5352644.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BelgStat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 216694, \"PostId\": 216694, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"97017a6a-6ecc-47f6-8d77-2914e34a5c0b\", \"Text\": \"This is sometimes called a cross-over interaction, and if you plot the data you will immediately und\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T11:43:08.953000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 216689, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is sometimes called a cross-over interaction, and if you plot the data you will immediately \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 752627, \"PostId\": 216694, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0e84ab05-1509-4f3f-b285-553fb2f93d32\", \"Text\": \"This is sometimes called a cross-over interaction, and if you plot the data you will immediately und\", \"Comment\": \"fixed grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T17:13:19.093000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 216689, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 216694, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user24544\", \"Title\": \"2x2 Anova with simple generated data\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance><anova>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have generated data to understand a (repeated measures) 2x2 Anova better, however the results l\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T10:00:43.323000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 282906, \"PostId\": 282906, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eb1edf1f-c661-4825-af7f-0581ac65e40f\", \"Text\": \"Your question reveal some confusion about generalized linear models and calculus:\\r\\n\\r\\n- Concerning th\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-09T18:08:40.523000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 282900, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Your question reveal some confusion about generalized linear models and calculus:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>C\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20295, \"OwnerUserId\": 20295, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 282906, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"CDF for a probit model\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><cumulative-distribution-function><probit>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The cdf for a probit model is:</p>\\n\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$\\n\\\\Phi(\\\\varepsilon)=\\\\int_{-\\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-26T18:05:49.923000\", \"AccountId\": 2299181.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2019886\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 302848, \"PostId\": 302848, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fe8c7654-2407-4bbc-9169-da74ebf21eeb\", \"Text\": \"This is a later answer but perhaps may be useful to someone. I have an R package on github ([`mlisi`\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-26T16:16:10.640000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 170125, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is a later answer but perhaps may be useful to someone. I have an R package on github (<a hr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 27756, \"OwnerUserId\": 27756, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence intervals of bounded variable\", \"Tags\": \"<r><normal-distribution><confidence-interval>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given 1000 observations that come from a distribution that is bounded between 0 and 1. How do you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-19T22:30:56.147000\", \"AccountId\": 3624987.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3022875\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 323193, \"PostId\": 323193, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c80c7d7c-02e0-4410-b71b-e58b95d409a1\", \"Text\": \"It seems much simpler than what you are attempting, but maybe I am missing something.\\r\\n\\r\\nYou have $N\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-12T14:29:06.670000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 145904, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It seems much simpler than what you are attempting, but maybe I am missing something.</p>\\n<p>You \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 77786, \"OwnerUserId\": 77786, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Expectation of winning numbers on lottery ticket\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A lottery consists of choosing 11 different numbered balls (the winning numbers) at random from a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-04T01:42:05.830000\", \"AccountId\": 8374573.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mico\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 754037, \"PostId\": 217124, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0266cde9-b357-4190-bd7b-747b18a2e301\", \"Text\": \"The expected value of a random variable $X\\\\sim\\\\cal N\\\\left( {1,3} \\\\right)$ is 1.\\r\\n\\r\\nHowever, as noted\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-14T17:25:51.223000\"}, {\"Id\": 288711, \"PostId\": 288711, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2f744a45-9652-40c0-8e74-eb526c71a5a9\", \"Text\": \"The formula for the standard error of the residuals ($s$) here is \\r\\n$$\\r\\ns = \\\\sqrt{\\\\frac{SS_{\\\\text{re\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-07T18:40:45.337000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 288709, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The formula for the standard error of the residuals (<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$s$</span>) her\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 216115, \"OwnerUserId\": 216115, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 288711, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding SS - Regression - ANOVA\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><self-study><anova>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Hoping someone can guide me in the right direction here because I've exhausted all of the tools t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-07T17:47:37.897000\", \"AccountId\": 14415766.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anthony\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 294169, \"PostId\": 294169, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b4520748-056c-44dd-a4b8-870a3b828448\", \"Text\": \"The probability of $X^t$ is given by a truncated normal distribution (truncation of lower tail at $t\", \"Comment\": \"added expectation calculation\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-02T17:36:02.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 293851, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The probability of <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X^t$</span> is given by a truncated normal distr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 184203, \"OwnerUserId\": 184203, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 294169, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating time remaining using conditional expectation\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><conditional-probability><expected-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm interested in the following scenario:</p>\\n\\n<p>The duration of a certain (natural) process is \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-18T07:36:24.860000\", \"AccountId\": 5048697.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Uria Mor\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a PhD candidate (applied math) at Tel-Aviv University.\\nInterested in math, computer-science.<\"}]}, {\"Id\": 304378, \"PostId\": 304378, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fd958e87-455a-4dec-96eb-7c09cf684d1e\", \"Text\": \"I think the reason is mainly conventional: If you plot FPR against TPR you obtain the same curve, ex\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-08T10:30:44.420000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 304374, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think the reason is mainly conventional: If you plot FPR against TPR you obtain the same curve,\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 230221, \"OwnerUserId\": 230221, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 304378, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is an ROC curve TPR (Y) against FPR (X)?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><roc><auc>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to thoroughly understand the ROC Curve and I was wondering why is an ROC Curve always\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-08T10:03:33.590000\", \"AccountId\": 18098510.0, \"DisplayName\": \"leph\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 150380, \"PostId\": 150380, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72e71009-3ec6-40ac-9e3e-1aa4cbbc102b\", \"Text\": \"I have a GLMM with the following form:\\r\\n\\r\\n m1 <- glmer(Y ~ A*B + (A*B|Subject), data, family=bino\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-13T11:08:47.220000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 150477, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random slopes for interactions without random slopes for main effects?\", \"Tags\": \"<lme4-nlme><glmm>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a GLMM with the following form:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>m1 <- glmer(Y ~ A*B + (A*B|Subject), da\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 497289, \"PostId\": 150380, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72e71009-3ec6-40ac-9e3e-1aa4cbbc102b\", \"Text\": \"<lme4-nlme><glmm>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-13T11:08:47.220000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 265392, \"PostId\": 265392, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5d48b123-ee2f-4783-899d-6d7438af6bef\", \"Text\": \"Whether the approach is wrong or correct depends on the specific research question she wants to ask.\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-27T14:21:15.067000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 265389, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Whether the approach is wrong or correct depends on the specific research question she wants to a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 167579, \"OwnerUserId\": 167579, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 265392, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Validity Small Sample Size\", \"Tags\": \"<small-sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A fellow working student of mine is doing her bachelor's thesis right now. \\nShe's looking into th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-05T16:11:01.643000\", \"AccountId\": 13903229.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Spurs\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 127536, \"PostId\": 127536, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5802ab40-a85b-4f15-9b3e-1cf05e49cc09\", \"Text\": \"As you say, a paired t-test is the way to go here. This is because your observations are not indepen\", \"Comment\": \"fixed grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-11T15:13:42.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 127523, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>As you say, a paired t-test is the way to go here. This is because your observations are not inde\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 63316, \"OwnerUserId\": 63316, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Students t-test\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test><descriptive-statistics><t-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In comparing B6 levels in serum vs plasma, 20 volunteers were chosen. The objective is to determi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-08T22:14:51.097000\", \"AccountId\": 4985130.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Edward\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I enjoy all things canine.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 107617, \"PostId\": 107617, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e5b460d9-6df0-42f7-a447-a19908bcd377\", \"Text\": \"regression with circular response variable\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-01T21:06:18.573000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 107623, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"regression with circular response variable\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><circular-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am analyzing some data where the variables of interests are circular (angles). I use R and the \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 351900, \"PostId\": 107617, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e5b460d9-6df0-42f7-a447-a19908bcd377\", \"Text\": \"I am analyzing some data where the variables of interests are circular (angles). I use R and the `ci\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-01T21:06:18.573000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 279475, \"PostId\": 279475, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ec2186c8-f954-4f7e-980a-3d0942fe99cc\", \"Text\": \"Your first answer is correct. \\r\\n\\r\\nThe likelihood is defined as\\r\\n$$\\r\\np \\\\left(Y \\\\mid X=1 \\\\right) = \\\\fr\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-05T21:00:37.003000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 279469, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Both answers are correct. </p>\\n\\n<p>The likelihood is defined as\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$\\np\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 207867, \"OwnerUserId\": 207867, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 279475, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correct or not? Mixed Bayes' Rule - Noisy Communication\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><random-variable>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In this problem, we study a simple noisy communication channel. Suppose that <span class=\\\"math-c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-05T19:41:18.720000\", \"AccountId\": 16453403.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mathew\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 230918, \"PostId\": 230918, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e5f10a42-c152-4d9e-b67a-d7305364d85c\", \"Text\": \"The general procedure is to compute an information theoretic criterion (e.g. AIC), and use it to com\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-11T19:51:25.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 230906, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The general procedure is to compute an information theoretic criterion (e.g. AIC), and use it to \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 161919, \"OwnerUserId\": 161919, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Model-averaged for a glm.nb\", \"Tags\": \"<negative-binomial-distribution><model-averaging>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>How can i do a model averaged for a negative binomial model. I try with the AICcmodavg but it is \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-11T15:35:04.520000\", \"AccountId\": 13552930.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Magdalena Arias\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 155789, \"PostId\": 155789, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"41e2da31-1d15-48cb-a645-9aecb279db8e\", \"Text\": \"`lmer` is used to fit *linear* mixed-effect models, so it assumes that the residual error has a Gaus\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-03T08:50:07.447000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 155744, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><code>lmer</code> is used to fit <em>linear</em> mixed-effect models, so it assumes that the resi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 85436, \"OwnerUserId\": 85436, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R - lmer vs glmer\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model><random-effects-model><lme4-nlme>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Having trouble finding straightforward information this topic.</p>\\n\\n<p>Basically, I'm trying to u\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-02T19:46:33.510000\", \"AccountId\": 4662197.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Socratease\", \"Location\": \"Boston, MA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.betteradulting.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work in vision science for Harvard Medical School. My background is in psychology and I am very\"}]}, {\"Id\": 326176, \"PostId\": 326176, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 33, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b87f7f0-46b6-47ac-8707-e94fbba152fc\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"8732\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-12T17:31:12.857000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Meaning of the weight argument in glmer and lmer\", \"Tags\": \"<r><lme4-nlme><glmm><weights><weighted-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been looking into how to use the weight argument of <code>glmer</code>/<code>lmer</code> t\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1146338, \"PostId\": 326176, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c001b213-f8a3-45d2-9f34-1e3bb59455ad\", \"Text\": \"Meaning of the weight argument in glmer and lmer\", \"Comment\": \"fixed grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-13T06:49:14.150000\"}, {\"Id\": 1146125, \"PostId\": 326176, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c730e9dc-b6ae-4156-b22e-15063543387c\", \"Text\": \"I have been looking into how to use the weight argument of `glmer`/`lmer` to represent \\\"frequency\\\" w\", \"Comment\": \"edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-12T18:57:29.930000\"}, {\"Id\": 1146336, \"PostId\": 326176, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c285c6ef-fb5e-4ebc-8bb9-456a396791a3\", \"Text\": \"I have been looking into how to use the weight argument of `glmer`/`lmer` to represent \\\"frequency\\\" w\", \"Comment\": \"fixed grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-13T06:43:26.050000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 290822, \"PostId\": 290822, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9186e616-1616-4266-ad7b-fd37c286c58e\", \"Text\": \"I am working with a model that contains a large number of coefficients, arranged in an ordered vecto\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-27T16:28:50.630000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random-walk prior with ridge-like regularizarion?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><regularization><prior><random-walk>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working with a model that contains a large number of coefficients, arranged in an ordered ve\"}, {\"Id\": 304574, \"PostId\": 304574, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"712bfb28-fc24-41fd-a067-413fd86ba2fb\", \"Text\": \"To obtain the function $f(x) = \\\\theta x^{\\\\theta - 1}$ you need to use `rbeta( , 2, 1)`, not `rbeta( \", \"Comment\": \"added 143 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-09T15:15:07.330000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 304572, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>To obtain the function <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$f(x) = \\\\theta x^{\\\\theta - 1}$</span> you nee\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 227286, \"OwnerUserId\": 227286, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 304574, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to generate random data, that's from Beta distribution with specific density function in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><data-visualization><beta-distribution><histogram>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>So, considering that <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\theta = 2$</span> and density function is <sp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-11T20:29:50.560000\", \"AccountId\": 17955242.0, \"DisplayName\": \"use1883\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 218771, \"PostId\": 218771, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4dc9d802-67b6-4f7a-b0a1-a8a493e75516\", \"Text\": \"Here is some example code to fit a mixture distribution uniform + VonMises, according to the problem\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-29T12:02:40.677000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 218720, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The mixture model (for a <em>continuous</em> response variable) has the following density functio\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 760093, \"PostId\": 218771, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b0f28ffd-3860-4be4-8b5d-4ff7eb6f058d\", \"Text\": \"Here is some example code to fit a mixture distribution uniform + VonMises, according to the problem\", \"Comment\": \"minor clarification added\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-29T12:27:55.203000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 148045, \"OwnerUserId\": 148045, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 218771, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximum Likelihood Estimation to fit Von Mises to grouped (interval) circular data\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><maximum-likelihood><fitting><circular-statistics><likelihood>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>EDIT:</strong> see below- I used the pdf instead of the cdf for my likelihood. Fixed, but\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-25T23:15:39.210000\", \"AccountId\": 12812298.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BC1\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 165348, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 165335, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Within an artificial neural network, a neuron is a mathematical function that model the functioni\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-23T15:26:18.797000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 93129, \"OwnerUserId\": 93129, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 165345, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What are neurons in neural networks / how do they work?\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>From what I found out until now:</p>\\n\\n<p>A layer in a neural network consists of a parameterizabl\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-23T13:36:20.297000\", \"AccountId\": 7214893.0, \"DisplayName\": \"H. Idden\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 215537, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 215532, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Your <code>fit2</code> does not really fit a random slope. Instead, it sets a random intercept fo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-28T09:16:08.750000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 144217, \"OwnerUserId\": 144217, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 215537, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"For what types of research designs should (Days|Subject) vs. (1|Days:Subject) random effect specific\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am learning generalized linear mixed effects model, and today I realized that there are two way\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-18T22:30:25.547000\", \"AccountId\": 11546234.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user8460166\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 232989, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 232824, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Since the mean of the simulated residuals is not <em>exactly</em> zero, the model cannot possibly\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-30T07:57:29.380000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 93734, \"OwnerUserId\": 93734, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 232989, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to simulate \\\"empirical\\\" fixed effects in linear mixed models\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><lme4-nlme><simulation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a way to simulate a linear mixed model where the estimated fixed effects match the fixed\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-28T10:34:34.070000\", \"AccountId\": 9534187.0, \"DisplayName\": \"statmerkur\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 239666, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 239654, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In your example $s$ seems to be the standard deviation of the residuals. In that case it should b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-31T22:41:11.577000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 170173, \"OwnerUserId\": 170173, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 239666, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Q: Number of AIC parameters (again)\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><aic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know very similar questions get asked a lot - but I would like to make sure that I am not missi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-31T20:19:24.773000\", \"AccountId\": 11669007.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jrmxn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 249397, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 249391, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The issue arise because your models are estimating a variance term (the variance of the random in\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-01T11:27:53.103000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 179153, \"OwnerUserId\": 179153, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 249397, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Block effect in mixed model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><anova><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><p-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a problem i really can't wrap my head around.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have a dataset from a randomised b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-01T10:04:21.373000\", \"AccountId\": 14664043.0, \"DisplayName\": \"den nis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 290157, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 290072, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In <code>lme4</code> syntax you could write the model as</p>\\n\\n<p><code>lmer(Score ~ Test + Group \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-21T14:19:43.203000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 108450, \"OwnerUserId\": 108450, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 290157, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R: LMM with covariate\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><linear>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know there have been a number of posts on lmer, but I am struggling to find my answer through r\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-03T13:46:20.230000\", \"AccountId\": 6285289.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tom\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 214149, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214139, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In linear regression, it is used when the error distribution is not normal due to the presence of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-12T19:47:33.857000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 112246, \"OwnerUserId\": 112246, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 214160, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"M-estimation for regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><robust><m-estimation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>An M-estimator $(\\\\beta,\\\\sigma)$ is defined as the parameters that minimize\\n$$\\n\\\\displaystyle \\\\sum_\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-31T13:47:02.040000\", \"AccountId\": 6405053.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bob\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 219027, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 218978, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I don't think there is any problem with the pattern you see in the residuals: it comes from the f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-31T00:00:33.343000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 26503, \"OwnerUserId\": 26503, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 219027, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Strong linear pattern in residuals of random intercept model (simulated unbalanced data)\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><lme4-nlme><residuals><random-effects-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working with an unbalanced data set where most subjects have only 1 observation, but many ha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-28T21:46:38.663000\", \"AccountId\": 3925989.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dave M\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 303273, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 302995, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If you want to give a confidence margin on the estimates, your approach of estimating the standar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-30T15:12:25.843000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 224545, \"OwnerUserId\": 224545, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimate an error bound for an estimate\", \"Tags\": \"<prediction><error><prediction-interval>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two datasets regarding historical data (say, quarterly revenues for companies over time). \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-12T18:46:51.277000\", \"AccountId\": 2499777.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Wasabi\", \"Location\": \"Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Brazilian structural engineer and software developer.\\nAs an engineer, I was involved in the widen\"}]}, {\"Id\": 303060, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 302676, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Perhaps this could be addressed using a beta-binomial model? You could have a predictor that code\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-28T16:17:16.520000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 22735, \"OwnerUserId\": 22735, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to identify outliers in a ratio X/Y where Y is a frequency, and thus implies a confidence?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mathematical-statistics><normal-distribution><conditional-probability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose every day you test a group of people for some disease. You measure the percent of people \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-15T22:38:23.577000\", \"AccountId\": 2463235.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ben\", \"Location\": \"New Orleans, LA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://gormanalysis.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Founder of <a href=\\\"https://www.practiceprobs.com/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Practice Probs</a> \"}]}, {\"Id\": 217058, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 216937, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You have a model of the form \\n$$y = a + b\\\\left( {\\\\frac{{x - {\\\\mu _x}}}{{{\\\\sigma _x}}}} \\\\right)$$\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-13T18:43:54.913000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17899, \"OwnerUserId\": 17899, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 217058, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"LMM with standardized predictor - how to retrieve intercept & slope in the original scale\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><lme4-nlme><linear-model><lm>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I fitted a LMM with random intercept and random slope by means of lmer():</p>\\n\\n<p><code>model <\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-14T11:23:34.953000\", \"AccountId\": 2765659.0, \"DisplayName\": \"00schneider\", \"Location\": \"Munich, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://moritzkoerber.github.io/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>“I write to discover what I know.”</p>\\n<p>― Flannery O'Connor</p>\\n\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"Id\": 46430, \"AccountId\": 5847048.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user69793\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T17:22:15.140000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 100779, \"PostId\": 100779, \"UserId\": 46430, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d4953f24-039f-4a4d-969b-77695c177329\", \"Text\": \"<mean><application>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T17:22:15.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to compare the means of two populations that were subject to five treatments?\", \"Tags\": \"<mean><application>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two populations that were each subject to 5 different treatments and I want to compare the\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 46428, \"PostId\": 100779, \"UserId\": 46428, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"As a small hint, search the web for propensity score matching. That might will help you.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T16:50:35.963000\", \"AccountId\": 5846859.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Metamatics\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 100764, \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 100727, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The <code>vif</code> function in the car package works like this:</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>Run an OLS regres\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T16:50:35.963000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46422, \"OwnerUserId\": 46422, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to interpret R VIF function in CAR package?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multicollinearity><variance-inflation-factor>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am using the <code>vif</code> function in the R package car to test for multicollinearity. I am\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T15:15:51.503000\", \"AccountId\": 5846298.0, \"DisplayName\": \"fosulli\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46428, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 328747, \"PostId\": 100779, \"UserId\": 46430, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d4953f24-039f-4a4d-969b-77695c177329\", \"Text\": \"I have two populations that were each subject to 5 different treatments and I want to compare their \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T17:22:15.140000\"}, {\"Id\": 328745, \"PostId\": 100779, \"UserId\": 46430, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d4953f24-039f-4a4d-969b-77695c177329\", \"Text\": \"How to compare the means of two populations that were subject to five treatments?\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T17:22:15.140000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 100789, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 100779, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If you are worried about type 1 errors, keep in mind that you can correct the confidence interval\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T18:13:48.310000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 822944, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 100789, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-17T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 41630, \"PostId\": 100789, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"dc61d653-3a62-41eb-81fc-12f7aa386010\", \"Text\": \"If you are worried about type 1 errors, keep in mind that you can correct the confidence intervals f\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-01T14:07:13.307000\", \"AccountId\": 3917343.0, \"DisplayName\": \"matteo\", \"Location\": \"London, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://mlisi.xyz\", \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 158231, \"PostId\": 227438, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Welcome to CV. It is difficult to guess what may be the issue without additional information (what p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-13T07:21:30.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 158231, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximizing a likelihood involving integral\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><optimization><likelihood>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I wish to maximize a likelihood function and the likelihood involves an implicit integral of the \", \"AccountId\": 13356889.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Suparna\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24715, \"PostId\": 286480, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks, I like the idea of re-parameterizing the model. However there is something that doesn't seem\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-10T21:19:06.223000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24715, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 286464, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let me slightly diverge from your exact question. You are describing your intended model, where t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 286464, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 286466, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is appropriate to use empirical Bayes (EB) in this way?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><multilevel-analysis><hierarchical-bayesian><empirical-bayes>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Background.</strong> I have data from a study where participants make a series of judgmen\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-16T16:27:10.047000\"}], \"AccountId\": 2242720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tim\", \"Location\": \"Warsaw, Poland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Before I had studied Chan for thirty years, I saw mountains as\\nmountains, and rivers\"}, {\"Id\": 127560, \"PostId\": 127560, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Right, indeed I don't know if and how you could enforce it in `lmer`. I edited my response to acknow\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-11T18:58:55.667000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 127273, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The maximal structure would need to include also a random effect for the interaction between colo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 14651, \"OwnerUserId\": 14651, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 127560, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximal model for linear mixed-effects model for repeated mesaures design\", \"Tags\": \"<repeated-measures><lme4-nlme><mixed-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset of a psychological experiment with two within-subject factors. For simplicity, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-07T06:12:27.563000\", \"AccountId\": 1624820.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Trisoloriansunscreen\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 216933, \"PostId\": 216933, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Yes, sure, that would be the 'maximal' model. I'll amend the answer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-12T10:47:48.683000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 173792, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The high AIC value is not a problem in itself: the AIC is a measure of the relative quality of a \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 83104, \"OwnerUserId\": 83104, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Modeling reaction time with glmer\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><glmm>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>According to Lo and Andrews, 2015 (<a href=\\\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01171\\\" rel=\\\"nofoll\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-06T07:48:35.820000\", \"AccountId\": 501128.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mariachi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 48689, \"PostId\": 212929, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You could also just sample the residuals: add the resampled residuals to the fitted values, and then\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-04T15:01:51.547000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 48689, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Manually bootstrapping linear regression in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><bootstrap><lm>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am asking you for help as I am stucked with bootstrapping...</p>\\n\\n<p>The task is: Use the nonpa\", \"AccountId\": 6085177.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Adasz\", \"Location\": \"Czech Rep.\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 117158, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"in this context is the expected rate of correct choices at chance (when the signal, here delta, is t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 117052, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Why wouldn't you just fit a probit GLM without intercept?</p>\\n\\n<p>Then $E(Y) = \\\\Phi(0+b\\\\Delta)$ a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 117052, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 117151, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to constrain cumulative Gaussian parameters so that the function will intersect one given point?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><maximum-likelihood><optimization><probit><constraint>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am analyzing data from one study where participants had to choose (between two stimuli) the one\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-30T17:22:05.250000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 217611, \"PostId\": 117052, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"the problem with using a logistic without constant term (if I understood correctly) is that it would\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-31T11:05:12.700000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\"}, {\"Id\": 24277, \"PostId\": 286933, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks, that's helpful. In my case I think I have enough data to do a cross-validation, which should\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-28T18:29:56.067000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24277, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 286901, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Yes it is a valid approach in the sense that it's been proposed and used in the published literat\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 286901, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 286933, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Regularization via model averaging?\", \"Tags\": \"<regularization><aic><model-averaging>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Say you have the model \\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$ \\\\Phi^{-1} \\\\left(y\\\\right)=\\\\beta_0 + \\\\beta_\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-21T09:51:50.660000\"}], \"AccountId\": 3003594.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Patrick\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Bayesian Enthusiast.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 294690, \"PostId\": 294690, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Ben I have updated my answer. The plot seems OK so you might want to compare your code with mine.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-08T09:50:19.927000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 293086, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think the model you want in lme4 syntax should be written as</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>lmer( R ~ c + Manu\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 119829, \"OwnerUserId\": 119829, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 294690, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to model this mixed model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><repeated-measures><random-effects-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have following data:</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/vRS8N.png\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow norefe\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-29T07:24:39.513000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 545434, \"PostId\": 293086, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't think that formula does what you want.. but just to be sure: what does `sensor` represent ex\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-12-19T15:24:33.570000\"}], \"AccountId\": 9081714.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ben\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 94978, \"PostId\": 244097, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If the out-of-sample predictive performance of your model (i.e. on future data) is not worse than th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-08T15:57:26.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 94978, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 244105, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Overfitting on purpose\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><time-series><forecasting><prediction><overfitting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Would it make sense to overfit a model on purpose?</p>\\n\\n<p>Say I have a use case where I know the\", \"AccountId\": 1079038.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Brandon\", \"Location\": \"Cork, Ireland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 268466, \"PostId\": 268466, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"They are not the same thing: the fixed effect represents systematic differences due to concentration\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-21T17:00:23.673000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 268459, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If I understood correctly, your second model should be the correct one. In the first one (<code>(\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 197886, \"OwnerUserId\": 197886, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 268466, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mixed Effect Models - choice of the random intercept\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><nested-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm using the glmer function from lme4 package to model a binomial phenomena in a human DNA datas\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-21T14:58:46.700000\", \"AccountId\": 7967850.0, \"DisplayName\": \"RforLife\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 162070, \"PostId\": 162070, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Right, one could use the number of adults as a grouping factor to account for possible differences i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-27T09:38:16.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 162058, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This seems a case for simple <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression\\\" rel=\\\"nof\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 29765, \"OwnerUserId\": 29765, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 162070, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Compare two unpaired samples, each with multiple proportions\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance><proportion><sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two samples of 20 households, one sample from each of two different areas; the data for ea\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-03T11:11:48.823000\", \"AccountId\": 4271801.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user43018\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 18837, \"PostId\": 217420, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't think the difference is due to the amount of pooling: while I agree that it can affect shrin\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-11T14:59:30.640000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 18837, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 216828, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>By only using one group, you're changing the amount of pooling going on, which affects shrinkage \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 227154, \"OwnerUserId\": 18837, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 225364, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>As a rule for <code>lme4</code> and other packages with a similar parameterization (at least at t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-11T12:15:25.593000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 425714, \"PostId\": 227154, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This demonstrates why one should be suspicios of models that have random slopes without the correspo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-04-16T09:11:43.840000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 127389, \"OwnerUserId\": 127389, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 227154, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mixed-effect model single term deletion -- should I change my random effects?\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><mixed-model><model-comparison><sums-of-squares>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<h3>In short</h3>\\n\\n<p>I recently had a little conversation on the <code>lme4</code> project's GitHub\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-30T23:12:59.290000\", \"AccountId\": 11220954.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arthur Spoon\", \"Location\": \"Lancaster, United Kingdom\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a PhD student in developmental psychology in Lancaster, where I test babies (cute) and run ne\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 2302272.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Livius\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 229391, \"PostId\": 303550, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I think in this problem is difficult to make a precise prediction because the number of shots necess\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-01T21:39:39.217000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 229391, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 303580, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Number of Free Throws to Separate Two Players\", \"Tags\": \"<probability>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A problem I've been thinking of and want to make sure I'm on the right track. It's somewhat simil\", \"AccountId\": 18135901.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user279473\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 300763, \"PostId\": 300763, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You're welcome. Please mark the answer as accepted if it cleared up your doubts.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-04T17:40:07.970000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 300758, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think you may be confused about some concepts:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>The <strong>effect size</strong> i\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 226585, \"OwnerUserId\": 226585, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"pwr.anova.test : increasing power, decreases sample size?\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><effect-size><statistical-power>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to calculate how many samples I need for an ANOVA with 2 groups, effect size of 0.3, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-04T16:58:35.323000\", \"AccountId\": 15057485.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user134543\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 252963, \"PostId\": 252963, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The true relationship might not actually be smooth, however GAMs typically control for model complex\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-05T12:08:30.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 252957, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The main difference imho is that while \\\"classical\\\" forms of linear, or generalized linear, models\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 882322, \"PostId\": 252963, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7244319c-c112-482c-b13d-bd8a8ab7a4fe\", \"Text\": \"The main difference imho is that while \\\"classical\\\" forms of linear, or generalized linear, models as\", \"Comment\": \"added 389 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-05T13:29:20.927000\"}, {\"Id\": 882304, \"PostId\": 252963, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9e84effc-6c64-4588-b793-96ef55010e2d\", \"Text\": \"The main difference imho is that while linear, or generalized linear, models assume a fixed linear o\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-05T12:08:30.907000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 83666, \"OwnerUserId\": 83666, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 252963, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When to use a GAM vs GLM\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><generalized-linear-model><generalized-additive-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I realize this may be a potentially broad question, but I was wondering whether there are assumpt\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-12T15:32:08.910000\", \"AccountId\": 6807158.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mluerig\", \"Location\": \"Lund, Sweden\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://luerig.net\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I’m an evolutionary ecologist studying phenotypic variation within and across species to understa\"}]}, {\"Id\": 290155, \"PostId\": 290155, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The equation $\\\\hat y=\\\\beta_0 + \\\\beta_1x_1 + \\\\beta_2x_2$ describes a plane, so the predicted values $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-21T14:11:34.517000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 290152, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If you have only 2 predictors, e.g. <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$y=\\\\beta_0 + \\\\beta_1x_1 + \\\\beta_\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1013713, \"PostId\": 290155, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c7e5e37a-d3a8-40c6-b4fb-5cde25dabd1e\", \"Text\": \"If you have only 2 predictors, e.g. $y=\\\\beta_0 + \\\\beta_1x_1 + \\\\beta_2x_2+\\\\epsilon$, then yes it coul\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-21T14:11:34.517000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 134968, \"OwnerUserId\": 134968, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 290155, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Illustration of response variable plane in multiple linear regression with 2 regressors\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><multiple-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am pretty new in statistics and just saw the most common depiction of simple linear regression \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-05T12:29:04.083000\", \"AccountId\": 11924589.0, \"DisplayName\": \"yer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 20034, \"PostId\": 236799, \"UserId\": 41630, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"you do not take into account how squaring $x$ \\\"stretches\\\" the interval over which the pdf takes valu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-18T17:06:13.150000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20034, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Deriving $\\\\chi^2$ density from the standard normal $Z$ density\", \"Tags\": \"<r><normal-distribution><chi-squared-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For the sake of learning, I am trying to derive a $\\\\chi^2$ density from the standard normal $Z$ d\", \"AccountId\": 3064347.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mihail\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 195083, \"UserId\": 41630, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Citizen Patrol\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-11-01T08:43:44.680000\"}, {\"Id\": 141203, \"UserId\": 41630, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-12-01T14:08:02.950000\"}, {\"Id\": 111270, \"UserId\": 41630, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-05-02T15:06:22.650000\"}, {\"Id\": 397004, \"UserId\": 41630, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-11-14T21:12:58.050000\"}, {\"Id\": 272605, \"UserId\": 41630, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Yearling\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-12-13T20:33:05.480000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 302923, \"PostId\": 302923, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7ede4627-396e-4dde-96e1-6ebf031eabdb\", \"Text\": \"The exact interpretation depends on how the predictor variables are coded. Recall that the logistic \", \"Comment\": \"fixed typo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-27T09:10:38.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 302912, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The exact interpretation depends on how the predictor variables are coded. Recall that the logist\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1060299, \"PostId\": 302923, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d0e044a1-bbe4-4e60-9c37-f16aece38a09\", \"Text\": \"The exact interpretation depends on how the predictor variables are coded. Recall that the logistic \", \"Comment\": \"added 21 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-27T12:39:36.293000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 228766, \"OwnerUserId\": 228766, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to interpret results of GLM logistic regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/O13i6.png\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-27T07:49:12.990000\", \"AccountId\": 16357045.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tim timothy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 214368, \"PostId\": 214368, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"afd364cf-15f2-4be8-92fc-ecd9558d0797\", \"Text\": \"They correspond to different decision thresholds, however they are the proportion of correctly class\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-14T12:19:41.867000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214358, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>They correspond to different decision thresholds, however they are the proportion of correctly cl\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 744300, \"PostId\": 214368, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"50426b14-b1b0-47f1-b1d9-a7754ad1ec8d\", \"Text\": \"They correspond to different decision thresholds, however they are the proportion of correctly class\", \"Comment\": \"fixed grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-14T13:27:28.737000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 75305, \"OwnerUserId\": 75305, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 214368, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What do the thresholds on x and y axis of ROC curve represent?\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><roc><auc><decision-theory>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There is a detailed explanation of what the AUC of an ROC curve is <a href=\\\"https://stats.stackex\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-06T13:05:17.643000\", \"AccountId\": 5141757.0, \"DisplayName\": \"pd441\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 100703, \"PostId\": 100703, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c8f2936d-8489-4f42-832a-60a6c3c93a37\", \"Text\": \"It should indicate simply that the mean proportion of successes does not vary much across the eleven\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 1 character in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T12:55:06.163000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 100696, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It should indicate simply that the mean proportion of successes does not vary much across the 15 \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46405, \"OwnerUserId\": 46405, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random intercept turns insignificant - Interpretation\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><random-effects-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am running a intercept model with intercepts varying across people in R. My independent variabl\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T10:58:06.270000\", \"AccountId\": 5352644.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BelgStat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 216694, \"PostId\": 216694, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"97017a6a-6ecc-47f6-8d77-2914e34a5c0b\", \"Text\": \"This is sometimes called a cross-over interaction, and if you plot the data you will immediately und\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T11:43:08.953000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 216689, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is sometimes called a cross-over interaction, and if you plot the data you will immediately \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 752627, \"PostId\": 216694, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0e84ab05-1509-4f3f-b285-553fb2f93d32\", \"Text\": \"This is sometimes called a cross-over interaction, and if you plot the data you will immediately und\", \"Comment\": \"fixed grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T17:13:19.093000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 216689, \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 216694, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user24544\", \"Title\": \"2x2 Anova with simple generated data\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance><anova>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have generated data to understand a (repeated measures) 2x2 Anova better, however the results l\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-10T10:00:43.323000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 282906, \"PostId\": 282906, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eb1edf1f-c661-4825-af7f-0581ac65e40f\", \"Text\": \"Your question reveal some confusion about generalized linear models and calculus:\\r\\n\\r\\n- Concerning th\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-09T18:08:40.523000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 282900, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Your question reveal some confusion about generalized linear models and calculus:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>C\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 20295, \"OwnerUserId\": 20295, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 282906, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"CDF for a probit model\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><cumulative-distribution-function><probit>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The cdf for a probit model is:</p>\\n\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$\\n\\\\Phi(\\\\varepsilon)=\\\\int_{-\\\\\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-26T18:05:49.923000\", \"AccountId\": 2299181.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2019886\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 302848, \"PostId\": 302848, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fe8c7654-2407-4bbc-9169-da74ebf21eeb\", \"Text\": \"This is a later answer but perhaps may be useful to someone. I have an R package on github ([`mlisi`\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-26T16:16:10.640000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 170125, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is a later answer but perhaps may be useful to someone. I have an R package on github (<a hr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 27756, \"OwnerUserId\": 27756, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Confidence intervals of bounded variable\", \"Tags\": \"<r><normal-distribution><confidence-interval>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Given 1000 observations that come from a distribution that is bounded between 0 and 1. How do you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-19T22:30:56.147000\", \"AccountId\": 3624987.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3022875\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 323193, \"PostId\": 323193, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c80c7d7c-02e0-4410-b71b-e58b95d409a1\", \"Text\": \"It seems much simpler than what you are attempting, but maybe I am missing something.\\r\\n\\r\\nYou have $N\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-12T14:29:06.670000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 145904, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It seems much simpler than what you are attempting, but maybe I am missing something.</p>\\n<p>You \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 77786, \"OwnerUserId\": 77786, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Expectation of winning numbers on lottery ticket\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A lottery consists of choosing 11 different numbered balls (the winning numbers) at random from a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-04T01:42:05.830000\", \"AccountId\": 8374573.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mico\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 754037, \"PostId\": 217124, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0266cde9-b357-4190-bd7b-747b18a2e301\", \"Text\": \"The expected value of a random variable $X\\\\sim\\\\cal N\\\\left( {1,3} \\\\right)$ is 1.\\r\\n\\r\\nHowever, as noted\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-14T17:25:51.223000\"}, {\"Id\": 288711, \"PostId\": 288711, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2f744a45-9652-40c0-8e74-eb526c71a5a9\", \"Text\": \"The formula for the standard error of the residuals ($s$) here is \\r\\n$$\\r\\ns = \\\\sqrt{\\\\frac{SS_{\\\\text{re\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-07T18:40:45.337000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 288709, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The formula for the standard error of the residuals (<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$s$</span>) her\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 216115, \"OwnerUserId\": 216115, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 288711, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding SS - Regression - ANOVA\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><self-study><anova>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Hoping someone can guide me in the right direction here because I've exhausted all of the tools t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-07T17:47:37.897000\", \"AccountId\": 14415766.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anthony\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 294169, \"PostId\": 294169, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b4520748-056c-44dd-a4b8-870a3b828448\", \"Text\": \"The probability of $X^t$ is given by a truncated normal distribution (truncation of lower tail at $t\", \"Comment\": \"added expectation calculation\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-01-02T17:36:02.227000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 293851, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The probability of <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$X^t$</span> is given by a truncated normal distr\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 184203, \"OwnerUserId\": 184203, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 294169, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating time remaining using conditional expectation\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><conditional-probability><expected-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm interested in the following scenario:</p>\\n\\n<p>The duration of a certain (natural) process is \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-18T07:36:24.860000\", \"AccountId\": 5048697.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Uria Mor\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a PhD candidate (applied math) at Tel-Aviv University.\\nInterested in math, computer-science.<\"}]}, {\"Id\": 304378, \"PostId\": 304378, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fd958e87-455a-4dec-96eb-7c09cf684d1e\", \"Text\": \"I think the reason is mainly conventional: If you plot FPR against TPR you obtain the same curve, ex\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-08T10:30:44.420000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 304374, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think the reason is mainly conventional: If you plot FPR against TPR you obtain the same curve,\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 230221, \"OwnerUserId\": 230221, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 304378, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is an ROC curve TPR (Y) against FPR (X)?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><roc><auc>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to thoroughly understand the ROC Curve and I was wondering why is an ROC Curve always\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-08T10:03:33.590000\", \"AccountId\": 18098510.0, \"DisplayName\": \"leph\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 150380, \"PostId\": 150380, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72e71009-3ec6-40ac-9e3e-1aa4cbbc102b\", \"Text\": \"I have a GLMM with the following form:\\r\\n\\r\\n m1 <- glmer(Y ~ A*B + (A*B|Subject), data, family=bino\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-13T11:08:47.220000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 150477, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random slopes for interactions without random slopes for main effects?\", \"Tags\": \"<lme4-nlme><glmm>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a GLMM with the following form:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>m1 <- glmer(Y ~ A*B + (A*B|Subject), da\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 497289, \"PostId\": 150380, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"72e71009-3ec6-40ac-9e3e-1aa4cbbc102b\", \"Text\": \"<lme4-nlme><glmm>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-13T11:08:47.220000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 265392, \"PostId\": 265392, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5d48b123-ee2f-4783-899d-6d7438af6bef\", \"Text\": \"Whether the approach is wrong or correct depends on the specific research question she wants to ask.\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-27T14:21:15.067000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 265389, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Whether the approach is wrong or correct depends on the specific research question she wants to a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 167579, \"OwnerUserId\": 167579, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 265392, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Validity Small Sample Size\", \"Tags\": \"<small-sample>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>A fellow working student of mine is doing her bachelor's thesis right now. \\nShe's looking into th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-05T16:11:01.643000\", \"AccountId\": 13903229.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Spurs\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 127536, \"PostId\": 127536, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5802ab40-a85b-4f15-9b3e-1cf05e49cc09\", \"Text\": \"As you say, a paired t-test is the way to go here. This is because your observations are not indepen\", \"Comment\": \"fixed grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-11T15:13:42.830000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 127523, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>As you say, a paired t-test is the way to go here. This is because your observations are not inde\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 63316, \"OwnerUserId\": 63316, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Students t-test\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test><descriptive-statistics><t-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In comparing B6 levels in serum vs plasma, 20 volunteers were chosen. The objective is to determi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-08T22:14:51.097000\", \"AccountId\": 4985130.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Edward\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I enjoy all things canine.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 107617, \"PostId\": 107617, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e5b460d9-6df0-42f7-a447-a19908bcd377\", \"Text\": \"regression with circular response variable\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-01T21:06:18.573000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 107623, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"regression with circular response variable\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><circular-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am analyzing some data where the variables of interests are circular (angles). I use R and the \", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 351900, \"PostId\": 107617, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e5b460d9-6df0-42f7-a447-a19908bcd377\", \"Text\": \"I am analyzing some data where the variables of interests are circular (angles). I use R and the `ci\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-01T21:06:18.573000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 279475, \"PostId\": 279475, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ec2186c8-f954-4f7e-980a-3d0942fe99cc\", \"Text\": \"Your first answer is correct. \\r\\n\\r\\nThe likelihood is defined as\\r\\n$$\\r\\np \\\\left(Y \\\\mid X=1 \\\\right) = \\\\fr\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-05T21:00:37.003000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 279469, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Both answers are correct. </p>\\n\\n<p>The likelihood is defined as\\n<span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$$\\np\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 207867, \"OwnerUserId\": 207867, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 279475, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correct or not? Mixed Bayes' Rule - Noisy Communication\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><random-variable>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In this problem, we study a simple noisy communication channel. Suppose that <span class=\\\"math-c\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-05T19:41:18.720000\", \"AccountId\": 16453403.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mathew\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 230918, \"PostId\": 230918, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e5f10a42-c152-4d9e-b67a-d7305364d85c\", \"Text\": \"The general procedure is to compute an information theoretic criterion (e.g. AIC), and use it to com\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-11T19:51:25.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 230906, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The general procedure is to compute an information theoretic criterion (e.g. AIC), and use it to \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 161919, \"OwnerUserId\": 161919, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Model-averaged for a glm.nb\", \"Tags\": \"<negative-binomial-distribution><model-averaging>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>How can i do a model averaged for a negative binomial model. I try with the AICcmodavg but it is \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-11T15:35:04.520000\", \"AccountId\": 13552930.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Magdalena Arias\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 155789, \"PostId\": 155789, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"41e2da31-1d15-48cb-a645-9aecb279db8e\", \"Text\": \"`lmer` is used to fit *linear* mixed-effect models, so it assumes that the residual error has a Gaus\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-03T08:50:07.447000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 155744, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p><code>lmer</code> is used to fit <em>linear</em> mixed-effect models, so it assumes that the resi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 85436, \"OwnerUserId\": 85436, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R - lmer vs glmer\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model><random-effects-model><lme4-nlme>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Having trouble finding straightforward information this topic.</p>\\n\\n<p>Basically, I'm trying to u\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-02T19:46:33.510000\", \"AccountId\": 4662197.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Socratease\", \"Location\": \"Boston, MA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.betteradulting.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work in vision science for Harvard Medical School. My background is in psychology and I am very\"}]}, {\"Id\": 326176, \"PostId\": 326176, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 33, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6b87f7f0-46b6-47ac-8707-e94fbba152fc\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"8732\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-12T17:31:12.857000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Meaning of the weight argument in glmer and lmer\", \"Tags\": \"<r><lme4-nlme><glmm><weights><weighted-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been looking into how to use the weight argument of <code>glmer</code>/<code>lmer</code> t\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1146338, \"PostId\": 326176, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c001b213-f8a3-45d2-9f34-1e3bb59455ad\", \"Text\": \"Meaning of the weight argument in glmer and lmer\", \"Comment\": \"fixed grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-13T06:49:14.150000\"}, {\"Id\": 1146125, \"PostId\": 326176, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c730e9dc-b6ae-4156-b22e-15063543387c\", \"Text\": \"I have been looking into how to use the weight argument of `glmer`/`lmer` to represent \\\"frequency\\\" w\", \"Comment\": \"edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-12T18:57:29.930000\"}, {\"Id\": 1146336, \"PostId\": 326176, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c285c6ef-fb5e-4ebc-8bb9-456a396791a3\", \"Text\": \"I have been looking into how to use the weight argument of `glmer`/`lmer` to represent \\\"frequency\\\" w\", \"Comment\": \"fixed grammar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-10-13T06:43:26.050000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 290822, \"PostId\": 290822, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9186e616-1616-4266-ad7b-fd37c286c58e\", \"Text\": \"I am working with a model that contains a large number of coefficients, arranged in an ordered vecto\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-27T16:28:50.630000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Random-walk prior with ridge-like regularizarion?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><regularization><prior><random-walk>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working with a model that contains a large number of coefficients, arranged in an ordered ve\"}, {\"Id\": 304574, \"PostId\": 304574, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"712bfb28-fc24-41fd-a067-413fd86ba2fb\", \"Text\": \"To obtain the function $f(x) = \\\\theta x^{\\\\theta - 1}$ you need to use `rbeta( , 2, 1)`, not `rbeta( \", \"Comment\": \"added 143 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-09T15:15:07.330000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 304572, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>To obtain the function <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$f(x) = \\\\theta x^{\\\\theta - 1}$</span> you nee\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 227286, \"OwnerUserId\": 227286, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 304574, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to generate random data, that's from Beta distribution with specific density function in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><data-visualization><beta-distribution><histogram>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>So, considering that <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\theta = 2$</span> and density function is <sp\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-11T20:29:50.560000\", \"AccountId\": 17955242.0, \"DisplayName\": \"use1883\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 218771, \"PostId\": 218771, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4dc9d802-67b6-4f7a-b0a1-a8a493e75516\", \"Text\": \"Here is some example code to fit a mixture distribution uniform + VonMises, according to the problem\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-29T12:02:40.677000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 218720, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The mixture model (for a <em>continuous</em> response variable) has the following density functio\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 760093, \"PostId\": 218771, \"UserId\": 41630, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b0f28ffd-3860-4be4-8b5d-4ff7eb6f058d\", \"Text\": \"Here is some example code to fit a mixture distribution uniform + VonMises, according to the problem\", \"Comment\": \"minor clarification added\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-29T12:27:55.203000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 148045, \"OwnerUserId\": 148045, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 218771, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximum Likelihood Estimation to fit Von Mises to grouped (interval) circular data\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><maximum-likelihood><fitting><circular-statistics><likelihood>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>EDIT:</strong> see below- I used the pdf instead of the cdf for my likelihood. Fixed, but\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-25T23:15:39.210000\", \"AccountId\": 12812298.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BC1\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 165348, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 165335, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Within an artificial neural network, a neuron is a mathematical function that model the functioni\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-23T15:26:18.797000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 93129, \"OwnerUserId\": 93129, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 165345, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What are neurons in neural networks / how do they work?\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>From what I found out until now:</p>\\n\\n<p>A layer in a neural network consists of a parameterizabl\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-23T13:36:20.297000\", \"AccountId\": 7214893.0, \"DisplayName\": \"H. Idden\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 215537, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 215532, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Your <code>fit2</code> does not really fit a random slope. Instead, it sets a random intercept fo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-28T09:16:08.750000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 144217, \"OwnerUserId\": 144217, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 215537, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"For what types of research designs should (Days|Subject) vs. (1|Days:Subject) random effect specific\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am learning generalized linear mixed effects model, and today I realized that there are two way\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-18T22:30:25.547000\", \"AccountId\": 11546234.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user8460166\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 232989, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 232824, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Since the mean of the simulated residuals is not <em>exactly</em> zero, the model cannot possibly\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-30T07:57:29.380000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 93734, \"OwnerUserId\": 93734, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 232989, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to simulate \\\"empirical\\\" fixed effects in linear mixed models\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><lme4-nlme><simulation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a way to simulate a linear mixed model where the estimated fixed effects match the fixed\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-28T10:34:34.070000\", \"AccountId\": 9534187.0, \"DisplayName\": \"statmerkur\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 239666, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 239654, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In your example $s$ seems to be the standard deviation of the residuals. In that case it should b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-31T22:41:11.577000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 170173, \"OwnerUserId\": 170173, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 239666, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Q: Number of AIC parameters (again)\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><aic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know very similar questions get asked a lot - but I would like to make sure that I am not missi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-31T20:19:24.773000\", \"AccountId\": 11669007.0, \"DisplayName\": \"jrmxn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 249397, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 249391, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The issue arise because your models are estimating a variance term (the variance of the random in\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-01T11:27:53.103000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 179153, \"OwnerUserId\": 179153, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 249397, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Block effect in mixed model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><anova><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><p-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a problem i really can't wrap my head around.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have a dataset from a randomised b\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-01T10:04:21.373000\", \"AccountId\": 14664043.0, \"DisplayName\": \"den nis\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 290157, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 290072, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In <code>lme4</code> syntax you could write the model as</p>\\n\\n<p><code>lmer(Score ~ Test + Group \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-21T14:19:43.203000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 108450, \"OwnerUserId\": 108450, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 290157, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R: LMM with covariate\", \"Tags\": \"<r><mixed-model><lme4-nlme><linear>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know there have been a number of posts on lmer, but I am struggling to find my answer through r\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-03T13:46:20.230000\", \"AccountId\": 6285289.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tom\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 214149, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214139, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In linear regression, it is used when the error distribution is not normal due to the presence of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-12T19:47:33.857000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 112246, \"OwnerUserId\": 112246, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 214160, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"M-estimation for regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><robust><m-estimation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>An M-estimator $(\\\\beta,\\\\sigma)$ is defined as the parameters that minimize\\n$$\\n\\\\displaystyle \\\\sum_\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-31T13:47:02.040000\", \"AccountId\": 6405053.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bob\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 219027, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 218978, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I don't think there is any problem with the pattern you see in the residuals: it comes from the f\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-31T00:00:33.343000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 26503, \"OwnerUserId\": 26503, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 219027, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Strong linear pattern in residuals of random intercept model (simulated unbalanced data)\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><lme4-nlme><residuals><random-effects-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working with an unbalanced data set where most subjects have only 1 observation, but many ha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-28T21:46:38.663000\", \"AccountId\": 3925989.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Dave M\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 303273, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 302995, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If you want to give a confidence margin on the estimates, your approach of estimating the standar\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-30T15:12:25.843000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 224545, \"OwnerUserId\": 224545, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimate an error bound for an estimate\", \"Tags\": \"<prediction><error><prediction-interval>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two datasets regarding historical data (say, quarterly revenues for companies over time). \", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-02-12T18:46:51.277000\", \"AccountId\": 2499777.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Wasabi\", \"Location\": \"Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Brazilian structural engineer and software developer.\\nAs an engineer, I was involved in the widen\"}]}, {\"Id\": 303060, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 302676, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Perhaps this could be addressed using a beta-binomial model? You could have a predictor that code\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-28T16:17:16.520000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 22735, \"OwnerUserId\": 22735, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to identify outliers in a ratio X/Y where Y is a frequency, and thus implies a confidence?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mathematical-statistics><normal-distribution><conditional-probability>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose every day you test a group of people for some disease. You measure the percent of people \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-15T22:38:23.577000\", \"AccountId\": 2463235.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ben\", \"Location\": \"New Orleans, LA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://gormanalysis.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Founder of <a href=\\\"https://www.practiceprobs.com/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Practice Probs</a> \"}]}, {\"Id\": 217058, \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 216937, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>You have a model of the form \\n$$y = a + b\\\\left( {\\\\frac{{x - {\\\\mu _x}}}{{{\\\\sigma _x}}}} \\\\right)$$\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-13T18:43:54.913000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17899, \"OwnerUserId\": 17899, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 217058, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"LMM with standardized predictor - how to retrieve intercept & slope in the original scale\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><lme4-nlme><linear-model><lm>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I fitted a LMM with random intercept and random slope by means of lmer():</p>\\n\\n<p><code>model <\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-14T11:23:34.953000\", \"AccountId\": 2765659.0, \"DisplayName\": \"00schneider\", \"Location\": \"Munich, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://moritzkoerber.github.io/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>“I write to discover what I know.”</p>\\n<p>― Flannery O'Connor</p>\\n\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41630, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}]}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 46430, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":97,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"Id\": 125969, \"AccountId\": 9181035.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lisa\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-19T09:33:31.543000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 197968, \"PostId\": 197968, \"UserId\": 125969, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"From my understanding, exactly thats the reason why LDA holds clustering characteristics. Of course \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-19T09:41:26.870000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 198133, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clustering with Latent dirichlet allocation (LDA): Distance Measure\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><distance><similarities><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Since a similarity/distance measure is crucial for every clustering algorithm, I wonder what this\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 5671, \"PostId\": 197968, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"LDA doesn't measure distance, and doesn't do clustering. Every word belongs to every cluster with so\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-06T08:56:19.207000\", \"AccountId\": 1058083.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Has QUIT--Anony-Mousse\", \"Location\": \"disappeared into oblivion\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/5783/reinstate-monica\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I have decided to finally <strong>QUIT StackOverflow</strong> at the end of 2019.</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>K\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 68330, \"PostId\": 68330, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"OPTICS itself will not give you partitions, but a cluster order. To get partitions, use the xi extra\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-05T13:33:37.867000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 68318, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are plenty of publications that propose methods to choose these parameters.</p>\\n\\n<p>The mos\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 26407, \"OwnerUserId\": 26407, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 68330, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"A routine to choose eps and minPts for DBSCAN\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><dbscan>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>DBSCAN is most cited clustering algorithm according to some literature and it can find arbitrary \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-27T12:17:02.797000\", \"AccountId\": 2019179.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mehraban\", \"Location\": \"Tehran, Iran\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 120767, \"PostId\": 195996, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Add example data to make your question easier to understand. As far as I can tell, you want a classi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-05T18:30:47.313000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 120767, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to predict the second most likely categorical feature?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><clustering><categorical-data><missing-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a dataset $X$ that contains both numerical and categorical features. For concreten\", \"AccountId\": 2748029.0, \"DisplayName\": \"physguy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 166728, \"PostId\": 166728, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"No, I don't have a reference for this, just my experience. It would be worth trying to find a theore\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-03T06:56:14.103000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 166679, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is very typical behavior of k-means when applies to non-continuous data. It's not what k-mea\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 90287, \"OwnerUserId\": 90287, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 166728, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"K-Means Cluster has over 50% of the points in one cluster. How to optimize it?\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><k-means><hierarchical-clustering><spark-mllib>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am running a clustering algorithm in Spark and I have to choose between\\nK-Means and Bisecting-K\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-26T21:08:57.287000\", \"AccountId\": 3189020.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mnemosyne\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Just a lurker. Don't mind me.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 115785, \"PostId\": 115785, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"IIRC this was in the original DTW publication already. It treats the series as a number of points, a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-19T19:11:52.037000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 115059, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If DTW worked for you on a single variate, then use</p>\\n\\n<p>Multivariate DTW</p>\\n\\n<p>to analyze m\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 36769, \"OwnerUserId\": 36769, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 115785, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clustering signals with multiple parameters\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><signal-processing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a measurement that contains a couple of signals, let's say Power, Speed and Pressure. I wo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-25T10:34:31.690000\", \"AccountId\": 1148768.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kobe-Wan Kenobi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 248228, \"PostId\": 248228, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"done that. obviously it was in the EM article.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-21T09:43:56.780000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 247914, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>To understand why the solutions are not as good as you imagine, make a heatmap plot of the follow\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 864710, \"PostId\": 248228, \"UserId\": 5671, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"70eca791-656c-41a2-9d81-c11beb16009a\", \"Text\": \"To understand why the solutions are not as good as you imagine, make a heatmap plot of the following\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-21T09:43:56.780000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 149953, \"OwnerUserId\": 149953, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 248043, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing K-Means and Expectation Maximization on the dataset generated - When does K-Means perform \", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><python><k-means><expectation-maximization><gaussian-mixture-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was experimenting with K-Means and Gaussian Mixture Models (Expectation-Maximization) on the da\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-10T07:57:09.393000\", \"AccountId\": 326393.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Suhail Gupta\", \"Location\": \"Bengaluru, Karnataka, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>"There's nothing more permanent than a temporary hack." - Kyle Simpson</p>\"}]}, {\"Id\": 279684, \"PostId\": 279684, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There was some work probably by Ulrike Luxbourg that stated that *if* k-means makes sense to use *th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-07T12:51:51.067000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 279615, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>K-means++ is one of the few approaches than can give you optimality guarantees. Please study the \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 123999, \"OwnerUserId\": 123999, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 279684, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to find better solutions for the k-means problem than by using the k-means/k-means++ algorithm?\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><optimization><k-means>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$k$</span>-means problem in its common form can be stated as fol\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-01T09:01:08.727000\", \"AccountId\": 6532009.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Barden\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 5911, \"PostId\": 32295, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What I'm say is that \\\"the unsupervised one\\\" is actually something quite different. It is not classif\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-20T17:47:35.700000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5911, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 32354, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are Bayesian approches used for classification (supervised) or for clustering (unsupervised)?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><classification><clustering><naive-bayes><nonparametric-bayes>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Are Bayesian approaches (static and dynamic) used for classification (which is supervised) or for\", \"AccountId\": 973400.0, \"DisplayName\": \"shn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 92077, \"PostId\": 92077, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You can easily compute this incrementally. With a low kernel width, it is O(n) total, and O(1) updat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-24T13:25:35.553000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 92045, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Consider using <strong>Kernel Density Estimation</strong> instead. It allows data to be weighted.\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 31828, \"OwnerUserId\": 31828, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 92077, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Efficient weighted 1D Clustering (Grouping)\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><k-means><group-differences>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm dealing with the simple problem of grouping a set of 1-dimensional data (1 feature) according\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-14T22:40:18.723000\", \"AccountId\": 118734.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Javierfdr\", \"Location\": \"Barcelona, Spain\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Computer Engineer and MSc. in Artificial Intelligence.</p>\\n\\n<p>Passionate about machine learning,\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 26904, \"PostId\": 26904, \"UserId\": 5671, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fa06b2c5-ffa8-4c77-bded-9f3cbc9a9dbc\", \"Text\": \"Assuming I have a data set of known size, and there is one object that I want to test for being in a\", \"Comment\": \"added 443 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-16T13:38:05.087000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimate density from neighbor distances\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><distributions><density-function><outliers><kernel-smoothing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assuming I have a data set of known size, and there is one object that I want to test for being i\"}, {\"Id\": 33032, \"PostId\": 33032, \"UserId\": 5671, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e9f6d37-fda4-4e9c-bc4f-04bf48eff725\", \"Text\": \"For microarray and gene expression data, the classic clustering algorithms such as k-means and also \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-07T10:05:47.833000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 33021, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For microarray and gene expression data, the classic clustering algorithms such as k-means and al\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7653, \"OwnerUserId\": 7653, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 33029, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpret Silhouette plot for large microarray dataset\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><distance-functions><bioinformatics><microarray>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a microarray experiment with ~40,000 probes and ~30 samples I used the clara function from R \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-27T17:33:26.773000\", \"AccountId\": 1358293.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zzk\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 165106, \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 165002, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<h1>Parameters are good!</h1>\\n\\n<p>A \\\"parameter-free\\\" method means that you only get a single shot (e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-21T06:36:10.447000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 90328, \"OwnerUserId\": 90328, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 165010, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clustering methods that do not require pre-specifying the number of clusters\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Are there any \\\"non-parametric\\\" clustering methods for which we don't need to specify the number o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-27T09:57:23.417000\", \"AccountId\": 7022789.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Learn_and_Share\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm here to learn and share the little I know!</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 284534, \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 284525, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There is no simple method.</p>\\n\\n<p>Because these values supposedly have some <em>meaning</em>, an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-26T23:23:06.197000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 95016, \"OwnerUserId\": 95016, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to handle clustering analysis of data which has different numbers of levels\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><multivariate-analysis><binary-data><ordinal-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For example, if i have data which is along the lines of </p>\\n\\n<pre><code>variable : levels within\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-08T22:03:34.610000\", \"AccountId\": 3767690.0, \"DisplayName\": \"baxx\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Late learner...</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 97551, \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 97463, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Full metric properties are rarely required if you don't need strong theoretical results. In parti\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-23T07:35:05.843000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 41082, \"OwnerUserId\": 41082, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using an asymmetric distance matrix for clustering\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><metric>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm implementing a clustering task over a precomputed distance matrix.\\nThere are several distance\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-20T15:07:33.467000\", \"AccountId\": 5290294.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Shahar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-07-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 5237, \"PostId\": 197968, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Although this question is based on a lack of understanding about LDA (which is what we're here for),\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-09T04:43:15.613000\", \"AccountId\": 1028075.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gung - Reinstate Monica\", \"Location\": \"Kingdom of Zhao\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Long\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Stack Exchange's actions have been reprehensible. Monica Cellio, a popular and well-respected vo\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 59983, \"PostId\": 122391, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is this a question from a course or textbook? If so, please add the `[self-study]`\\ntag & read its [w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-22T15:47:36.953000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 59983, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability that a random variable is k-th when ordered - simplification needed.\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><order-statistics><nonparametric>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My first post... I'm trying to simplify the following problem:</p>\\n\\n<p>Let $F_e(x)$ be a continuo\", \"AccountId\": 6996747.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zctpf72\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24373, \"PostId\": 60886, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"So you ran an ordinal logistic regression & exp(coeff) is <1? What software did you use to get these\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-02T15:13:09.710000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24373, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpreting odds ratios less than 1 with 3-category outcome\", \"Tags\": \"<interpretation><ordinal-data><odds-ratio>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a 3-category ordered outcome (food consumption: 1=no food, 2=less food, 3=more food) and a\", \"AccountId\": 3670623.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andreea\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20286, \"PostId\": 173611, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"+1, note however that Cronbach's alpha cannot be used \\\"to evaluate whether a set of items is measuri\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-26T15:11:03.380000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 173580, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>When there are multiple questions getting at the same issue in a questionnaire, these are typical\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 87519, \"OwnerUserId\": 87519, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 173611, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How are questions of similar meaning in questionnaires dealt with?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><survey><likert>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Questionnaires often contain questions which are similar but worded differently. Usually, these q\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-26T12:40:48.810000\", \"AccountId\": 6537679.0, \"DisplayName\": \"WavesWashSands\", \"Location\": \"Hong Kong\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3098620.0, \"DisplayName\": \"EdM\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 40484, \"PostId\": 96578, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you clarify what the models are? Are these time series?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-10T11:02:43.607000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40484, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are the model residuals well-behaved (homoscedasticity)?\", \"Tags\": \"<residuals><heteroscedasticity><diagnostic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can I say looking at this residuals-vs-fitted plots, that my residuals are homoscedastic?</p>\\n\\n<p\", \"AccountId\": 5308052.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kathy kinga\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>1st year student</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 8363, \"PostId\": 32199, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"+1, good info, but it's also worth mentioning that if your estimator is unbiased, you can have a sat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-02T14:04:04.697000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8363, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 32197, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Peter's rule of thumb of 10 per covariate is a reasonable rule. A straight line can be fit perfe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 11080, \"OwnerUserId\": 11080, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Minimal number of points for a linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What would be a "reasonable" minimal number of observations to look for a trend over ti\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-23T12:02:14.263000\", \"AccountId\": 1869706.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Francoise\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 1454110.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michael R. Chernick\", \"Location\": \"Holland, Pennsylvania, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Michael Ross Chernick --- 01-01-2021<br />\\n<a href=\\\"https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2021/\"}, {\"Id\": 55003, \"PostId\": 208064, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"+1, excellent answer, clear, to the point, well formatted, etc.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-09T10:47:40.283000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 55003, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 208029, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The weights in the <code>glm</code> function are</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\nw_i = \\\\left.\\\\frac{(\\\\partial \\\\mu_i/\\\\pa\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 99616, \"OwnerUserId\": 99616, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 208064, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Strange variance weights for Poisson GLM for square root link\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model><poisson-regression><link-function><irls>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a reason why all the variance weights from a Poisson GLM are equal when a square root li\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-16T13:38:31.267000\", \"AccountId\": 9858530.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anna Efron\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 6594638.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Benjamin Christoffersen\", \"Location\": \"Copenhagen, Denmark\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ph.d. student at Copenhagen Business School.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 23173, \"PostId\": 58503, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"My apologies, @su1, I didn't mean it personally. I was just pointing out that the answer will be mor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-30T14:05:10.450000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23173, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Test if a variable is a good predictor of a transition to a state\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><hypothesis-testing><vector-autoregression><hidden-markov-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset of the wealth of 10 different countries in the world since 1800, one data point \", \"AccountId\": 2214814.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sulli\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 209105, \"PostId\": 281092, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Note that removing variables always reduces $R^2$, whether or not they're relevant.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-20T22:15:33.633000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 209105, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 281099, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In stepwise regression, how to interpret non-significant variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><multivariate-analysis><mediation><stepwise-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have more than 15 IVs such as age, gender, education, first language, technology proficiency, h\", \"AccountId\": 7183749.0, \"DisplayName\": \"randomcat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1600, \"PostId\": 23712, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you say more about what you want to do? Certainly, you can use multiple regression with both con\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-12-22T16:11:53.840000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1600, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predicting with both continuous and categorical features\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><predictive-models><categorical-data><continuous-data><discrete-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Some predictive modeling techniques are more designed for handling continuous predictors, while o\", \"AccountId\": 164832.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michael McGowan\", \"Location\": \"West Chester, PA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Contact: firstname dot lastname at gmail dot com</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 48238, \"PostId\": 103868, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"R's `t.test()` function automatically takes the two-tailed nature of your hypothesis test into accou\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-27T17:57:37.053000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 48238, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Test if two means are significantly different in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><hypothesis-testing><t-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to test if two means are significantly different from each other. I am using R and I\", \"AccountId\": 6011548.0, \"DisplayName\": \"joesyc\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 10926, \"PostId\": 31792, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Welcome to the site, @CHarma. If you have a question please click on the gray \\\"ASK QUESTION\\\" in the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-16T01:00:39.260000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 10926, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 19191, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Fitting a log-normal GLM has nothing to do with the distribution nor the link option of the <code\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3531, \"OwnerUserId\": 3531, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 19198, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to specify a lognormal distribution in the glm family argument in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><distributions><generalized-linear-model><lognormal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Simple question: How to specify a lognormal distribution in the GLM family argument in R?\\nI could\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-04T11:51:55.477000\", \"AccountId\": 132828.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jens\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jens-Oldeland?ev=hdr_xprf\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 1847724.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CHarma\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 133120, \"PostId\": 204784, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't follow this. Why don't you just include the interaction term & then use OLS? That will do ex\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-18T16:50:02.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 133120, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 204798, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Approximating interactions in OLS\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><least-squares><approximation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a simple linear model with two variables and their interactions:</p>\\n\\n<p>$y = \\\\bet\", \"AccountId\": 11105046.0, \"DisplayName\": \"aht\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 206732, \"UserId\": 5237, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-01-04T07:06:52.413000\"}, {\"Id\": 164809, \"UserId\": 5237, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Booster\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-05-03T07:42:16.873000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 19177, \"PostId\": 49129, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"13370de7-eb6f-4abf-9369-251a8ec7997b\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to apply the lasso or ridge regression to my data set for the feature selection, *but di\", \"Comment\": \"clarified question in title; added / changed tags; formatted; light editing; removed thanks\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-21T16:35:22.270000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19177, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to select model when different models are preferred with different seeds?\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><references><lasso><ridge-regression><randomness>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to apply the lasso or ridge regression to my data set for the feature selection, <em>\", \"AccountId\": 2928989.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jenny\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 50068, \"PostId\": 106968, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"414e02b5-bd94-42b0-8f56-0f3b04b554a3\", \"Text\": \"1. Looking at note C in the last table, it looks like the model is missing main effects and only inc\", \"Comment\": \"de-italisized tex words; formatted links; some additional formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-25T13:22:14.933000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50068, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 106611, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<ol>\\n<li><p>Looking at note C in the last table, it looks like the model is missing main effects and\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6805, \"OwnerUserId\": 6805, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 106968, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What's the right interpretation for parameter estimates in loglinear modelling?\", \"Tags\": \"<categorical-data><generalized-linear-model><log-linear>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm doing a loglinear analysis of the following data. </p>\\n\\n<p><img src=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-13T02:09:08.377000\", \"AccountId\": 1243097.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1205901 - Слава Україні\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 6202720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eric Farng\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ericfarng.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"\\n<p>Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future.\\n-- Niels Bohr</p>\\n<p>Everybody believ\"}, {\"Id\": 24252, \"PostId\": 24252, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"41d964ed-557a-4a5a-9ba1-b78104f68935\", \"Text\": \"I think your understanding of linear regression is fine. One thing that may interest you to know is\", \"Comment\": \"added 34 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-30T22:18:25.373000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 24249, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think your understanding of linear regression is fine. One thing that may interest you to know\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 635, \"OwnerUserId\": 635, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 24252, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does $\\\\beta$ tell us in linear regression analysis?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><correlation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I came across this note from a book: \\\"..the correlation between the active and passive portfolios\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-11T05:14:30.573000\", \"AccountId\": 84520.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user862\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 16084, \"PostId\": 43473, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0200ef35-4814-4067-b05b-7e907acdee4e\", \"Text\": \"I find this topic quite interesting and current answers are unfortunately incomplete or partly misle\", \"Comment\": \"light formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-21T21:41:01.720000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16084, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 4814, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I find this topic quite interesting and current answers are unfortunately incomplete or partly mi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 318, \"OwnerUserId\": 318, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 4831, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the expected correlation between residual and the dependent variable?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><residuals>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In multiple linear regression, I can understand the correlations between residual and predictors \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-27T03:25:01.837000\", \"AccountId\": 128558.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Feng Jiang\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://fengjiang.me\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 2528010.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Majte\", \"Location\": \"Oxford\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>MSc in (Econ)ometrics (Oxon)</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 58303, \"PostId\": 58303, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7f745724-607d-44e0-9fbf-448ff3878f06\", \"Text\": \"Probability questions for statistics\", \"Comment\": \"formatted\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-27T18:05:36.960000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user31966\", \"Title\": \"Probability questions for statistics\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A set of final examination grades in a course is normally distributed with a mean of 73 and a sta\"}, {\"Id\": 217606, \"PostId\": 291591, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"acd34fb9-65bf-4de9-a53a-583c8f965ad6\", \"Text\": \"Can somebody offer an intuitive understanding of the difference in effect between measurement error \", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-22T09:29:34.533000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 217606, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Measurement error and the OLS assumptions\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><least-squares><measurement-error>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can somebody offer an intuitive understanding of the difference in effect between measurement err\", \"AccountId\": 15394925.0, \"DisplayName\": \"vsh1996\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 112641, \"PostId\": 112641, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e9e01e8e-87b1-4df7-901a-e0fd3a9887c4\", \"Text\": \"These are two ratios, and they are both associated with the [chi-squared test][1], but otherwise the\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-18T21:24:12.580000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 112638, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>These are two ratios, and they are both associated with the <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wik\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52562, \"OwnerUserId\": 52562, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 112641, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Observed / expected vs odds ratio\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><chi-squared-test><references><odds-ratio>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to understand the difference between the O/E ratio vs the odds ratio.</p>\\n\\n<p>I think\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-02T15:29:13.267000\", \"AccountId\": 3084876.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2612244\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 13515, \"PostId\": 37907, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1a138d26-2077-4746-a3d5-b5fa8a666318\", \"Text\": \"<r><clustering><rapidminer>\", \"Comment\": \"loaded figures; added tags; light formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-01T16:18:46.037000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13515, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Density Clustering\", \"Tags\": \"<r><clustering><rapidminer>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking for a clustering algorithm. My idealized dataset looks like this:<br>\\n<img src=\\\"http\", \"AccountId\": 2195366.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tom\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 89968, \"PostId\": 89968, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4da284fb-39ee-4341-901f-b0296299f36d\", \"Text\": \"<self-study><categorical-data><interaction><interpretation><regression-coefficients>\", \"Comment\": \"clarified issue in title; edited tags; formatted; light editing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-01T01:46:24.167000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 89973, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user59740\", \"Title\": \"Interpretation of interaction term\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><categorical-data><interaction><interpretation><regression-coefficients>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a model:\\n$$\\n\\\\ln({\\\\rm earnings}) = a+b_1{\\\\rm female}+b_2{\\\\rm white}+b_3{\\\\rm female}\\\\times{\\\\\"}, {\"Id\": 41435, \"PostId\": 92428, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b95123e-e27f-441c-afd1-fe30bd5da33e\", \"Text\": \"<regression><bayesian><notation>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags; light editing & formatting; removed irrelevant comments\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-27T07:22:38.243000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41435, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 92431, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Posterior of a simple Bayes linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><bayesian><notation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the context of simple linear Bayesian regression, why or when is it appropriate to define the \", \"AccountId\": 5397328.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ernest Presley\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2011-10-13T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-10-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1138243, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 197968, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-12-01T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1276016, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 197968, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 996817, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 197968, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 742616, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 197968, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-20T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1036704, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 197968, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-05T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 683919, \"PostId\": 197968, \"UserId\": 125969, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"effca795-c29b-4434-ae80-d550d6d7d31e\", \"Text\": \"Since a similarity/distance measure is crucial for every clustering algorithm, I wonder what this me\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-19T09:41:26.870000\"}, {\"Id\": 683920, \"PostId\": 197968, \"UserId\": 125969, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"effca795-c29b-4434-ae80-d550d6d7d31e\", \"Text\": \"Clustering with Latent dirichlet allocation (LDA): Distance Measure\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-19T09:41:26.870000\"}, {\"Id\": 683921, \"PostId\": 197968, \"UserId\": 125969, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"effca795-c29b-4434-ae80-d550d6d7d31e\", \"Text\": \"<clustering><distance><similarities><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-19T09:41:26.870000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 198133, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 197968, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<h3>LDA does not have a distance metric</h3>\\n\\n<p>The intuition behind the LDA topic model is that wo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-20T14:29:07.427000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1231654, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-22T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1276015, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1022005, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-07T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1113624, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-07T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 742455, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-20T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1036705, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-05T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 742493, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-20T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 105685, \"PostId\": 198133, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9303ac52-7a73-470d-9bbe-bc366a50e2d8\", \"Text\": \"###LDA does not have a distance metric\\r\\n\\r\\nThe intuition behind the LDA topic model is that words bel\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-10T15:04:27.633000\", \"AccountId\": 10222910.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kedarps\", \"Location\": \"Morrisville, NC, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Trying to learn something new and know more than yesterday</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 80203, \"PostId\": 268343, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This is a minor point and not so important from the context of your question in the post. You are co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-01T12:37:22.890000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 80203, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clarifying Dirichlet Process Mixture Probability Terms\", \"Tags\": \"<gaussian-mixture-distribution><bayesian-network><dirichlet-distribution><dirichlet-process><infinit\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a Dirichlet Process Mixture model defined as follows:</p>\\n\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-co\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 499248, \"PostId\": 268343, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Coming back to your main question, are you familiar with the Bayesian treatment of finite Gaussian m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-23T06:47:36.710000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 268705, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 268343, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's review the generative process assumed to generate data using GMM with infinite (i.e. non-fi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-23T18:14:58.810000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 500532, \"PostId\": 268705, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The main random variables governing the equations are $\\\\textbf{z}$ and $\\\\textbf{X}$, whereas $\\\\alpha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-29T03:27:57.157000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 8553307.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tisPrimeTime\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD Student.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 118057, \"PostId\": 274439, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How would you know before running inference that one topic heavily features some set of words?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-14T13:38:50.483000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 118057, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Custom topic priors in LDA\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><prior><topic-models><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been working with LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic model) for a while now and I believ\", \"AccountId\": 7338790.0, \"DisplayName\": \"yassem\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 172765, \"PostId\": 242574, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Have you tried different values of `alpha` and `beta`? Choosing hyper-parameters for topic modeling \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-28T14:38:59.090000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 172765, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"LDA and test data perplexity\", \"Tags\": \"<scikit-learn><latent-dirichlet-alloc><perplexity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've performed Latent Dirichlet Analysis on a training set of documents. </p>\\n\\n<p>At the ideal nu\", \"AccountId\": 13694371.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BHC\", \"Location\": \"Cambridge, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 213525, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Amazing answer. [Mind blown!](https://media.giphy.com/media/EldfH1VJdbrwY/giphy.gif)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 213520, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In matrix terms your models are in the usual form $E[Y]=X\\\\beta$. </p>\\n\\n<p>The first model repres\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 53086, \"OwnerUserId\": 53086, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 213525, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why are these regression anova tables identical?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><anova>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two regressions of the same Y and three-level X. Overall n=15, with n=5 in each group or l\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-10T00:21:09.887000\", \"AccountId\": 6443508.0, \"DisplayName\": \"logjammin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>He fixes the cable?</p>\\n\"}], \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\"}, {\"Id\": 95753, \"PostId\": 207326, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Just like other ML algorithms, you need to split your data for cross-validation when using neural ne\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-15T06:11:11.097000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 95753, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 207342, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it required to split the data into train and test set in Artificial Neural Networks?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><neural-networks><deep-learning>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm new to deep learning and missed some intuition while learning Artificial Neural Network model\", \"AccountId\": 7973506.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sharathchandramandadi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 181578, \"PostId\": 181578, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@AlexR. The plots are basically bar plots rotated by 90 degrees, where the x-axis is word index and \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-07T21:14:43.463000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is sparsity of topics a necessary condition for latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) to work\", \"Tags\": \"<dirichlet-distribution><topic-models><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been playing with the hyper-parameters of the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) model and \"}, {\"Id\": 123611, \"PostId\": 123611, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Although this answer is correct, it is incomplete. Going from 1d to 2d, the data becomes linearly se\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-04T09:07:36.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44533, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 123597, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let me explain by a simple example with 1D data <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$x$</span>.</p>\\n\\n<p>\"}, {\"Id\": 6600, \"PostId\": 233425, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why would `[i]` be larger than the vocabulary? The range of `i` is in `1 to V`, **NOT** `1 to N_d`. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-02T20:02:24.357000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6600, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Understanding the role of document size parameters in Latent Dirichlet Allocation\", \"Tags\": \"<natural-language><pymc><latent-dirichlet-alloc><bag-of-words>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am writing a pymc3-based implementation of Latent Dirichlet Allocation, and am referencing <a h\", \"AccountId\": 275020.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ely\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>?- love(math) is unrequited.\\n true.</p>\\n\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 420500, \"UserId\": 105685, \"Class\": 1, \"Name\": \"Famous Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-04-03T10:55:16.637000\"}, {\"Id\": 218922, \"UserId\": 105685, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-03-08T19:33:15.240000\"}, {\"Id\": 406863, \"UserId\": 105685, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-01-08T05:00:07.337000\"}, {\"Id\": 239322, \"UserId\": 105685, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-06-20T02:52:14.763000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 185436, \"PostId\": 185436, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2b2c68fa-f28d-4211-94f5-ccda281f6f11\", \"Text\": \"I think I get the general idea of both VI and MCMC including the various flavors of MCMC like Gibbs \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-04T16:35:25.430000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 185449, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variational inference versus MCMC: when to choose one over the other?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><variational-bayes><approximate-inference>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I think I get the general idea of both VI and MCMC including the various flavors of MCMC like Gib\"}, {\"Id\": 272106, \"PostId\": 272106, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6e1f7e87-cf44-435a-8f4c-7b0877809d63\", \"Text\": \"From [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables#Statistics_synony\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-23T22:18:09.743000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 272104, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>From <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables#Statistics_synony\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 67976, \"OwnerUserId\": 67976, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 272106, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is covariate?\", \"Tags\": \"<descriptive-statistics><terminology><predictor>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm confused with this term: <em>covariate</em>. What is it? Is is just the observed outcomes of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-12T20:30:43.360000\", \"AccountId\": 7623782.0, \"DisplayName\": \"caveman\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://cave.mn\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I love internet points. I come here to collect them. In fact I think Internet points are worth mo\"}]}, {\"Id\": 684511, \"PostId\": 198133, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a0acafe6-5852-4189-860c-37a1d036a8ce\", \"Text\": \"###LDA does not have a distance metric\\r\\n\\r\\nThe intuition behind the LDA topic model is that words bel\", \"Comment\": \"added 108 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-20T14:34:45\"}, {\"Id\": 180903, \"PostId\": 180903, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1d3ba39d-e3ea-4723-a456-89df711435ae\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><sampling><stochastic-processes><topic-models><nonparametric-bayes>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-02T17:42:24.077000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 181286, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Question about implementing nested Chinese Restaurant Process (nCRP)\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><sampling><stochastic-processes><topic-models><nonparametric-bayes>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to follow the original paper on nCRP by <a href=\\\"https://cocosci.berkeley.edu/tom/pap\"}, {\"Id\": 267995, \"PostId\": 267995, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"42abce32-5898-421f-897c-cef6aa871228\", \"Text\": \"You can certainly use a CNN to classify a 1D signal. Since you are interested in sleep stage classif\", \"Comment\": \"organized the details\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-17T14:06:24.023000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 267936, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can certainly use a CNN to classify a 1D signal. Since you are interested in sleep stage clas\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 197425, \"OwnerUserId\": 197425, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it a good idea to use CNN to classify 1D signal?\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks><svm><conv-neural-network><signal-processing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on the sleep stage classification. I read some research articles about this topic ma\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-17T05:47:20.503000\", \"AccountId\": 3426509.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fazla Rabbi Mashrur\", \"Location\": \"Dhaka, Bangladesh\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://frmashrur.wixsite.com/fazla-rabbi-mashrur\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a biomedical engineer with experience in basic science, research development, and full-scale\"}]}, {\"Id\": 192738, \"PostId\": 192738, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"30de61bb-69c7-4518-84e1-3713a647cb7b\", \"Text\": \"In the seminal paper on ImageNet classification with deep conv nets by [Krizhevsky et al., 2012](htt\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-02T19:18:50.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does overlapped pooling help reduce overfitting in conv nets?\", \"Tags\": \"<deep-learning><conv-neural-network><overfitting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the seminal paper on ImageNet classification with deep conv nets by <a href=\\\"https://papers.ni\"}, {\"Id\": 186378, \"PostId\": 186378, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d5352985-4560-4129-a065-287c4afc90f7\", \"Text\": \"In the seminal paper on [Latent Dirichlet Allocation](http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~blei/papers/BleiNg\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-12T16:08:14.170000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does lower perplexity indicate better generalization performance?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><model-selection><topic-models><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the seminal paper on <a href=\\\"http://www.cs.columbia.edu/%7Eblei/papers/BleiNgJordan2003.pdf\\\" \"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 271224, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 270986, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here are some resources:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>Video lectures by <a href=\\\"http://videolectures.net/mlss09\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-15T14:30:51.267000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 93120, \"OwnerUserId\": 93120, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 271224, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Prerequisites for Latent Dirichlet Allocation\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have read several \\\"intuitive\\\" introductions to LDA. However, I now want to learn it properly. <\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-23T11:59:39.670000\", \"AccountId\": 5998658.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Avatrin\", \"Location\": \"Oslo, Norway\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data scientist with background in pure mathematics</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 206973, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 206079, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The original paper on LDA gives some insights into this:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>In particular, we\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-10T17:37:00.270000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 134491, \"OwnerUserId\": 134491, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How should perplexity of LDA behave as value of the latent variable k increases?\", \"Tags\": \"<latent-variable><latent-dirichlet-alloc><perplexity>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When increasing the value of the latent variable k for LDA (latent Dirichlet allocation), how sho\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-30T23:55:55.007000\", \"AccountId\": 11891402.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user179041\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 231609, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 231295, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The LDA has the following three latent variables:</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>$\\\\phi_t$ - Topics - which are $W$\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-17T14:55:59.547000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 64147, \"OwnerUserId\": 64147, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In LDA, after collapsed Gibbs sampling, how to estimate values of other latent variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><sampling><markov-chain-montecarlo><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I watched <a href=\\\"https://www.coursera.org/learn/bayesian-methods-in-machine-learning/lecture/Rn\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-19T01:51:35.940000\", \"AccountId\": 3648370.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dontloo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>flowing into the river lake</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 218435, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 216781, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here is the general intuition behind shrinking co-efficients in linear regression. Borrowing figu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-25T21:05:34.030000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 146305, \"OwnerUserId\": 146305, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 218435, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Rationale behind shrinking regression coefficients in Ridge or LASSO regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><lasso><ridge-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understand that with Ridge or Lasso regression we are trying to shrink regression coefficients,\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-11T03:11:26.573000\", \"AccountId\": 12199674.0, \"DisplayName\": \"AjitKrish\", \"Location\": \"Buffalo, NY, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 183119, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 183114, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The <a href=\\\"http://radimrehurek.com/gensim/index.html\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">gensim</a> topi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-18T21:26:32.730000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 38193, \"OwnerUserId\": 38193, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) package that allows specifying asymmetric prior?\", \"Tags\": \"<software><topic-models><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Are there any packages there any LDA packages out there that allow you to specify the full asymme\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-25T17:41:35.943000\", \"AccountId\": 2004489.0, \"DisplayName\": \"elplatt\", \"Location\": \"Cambridge, MA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://elplatt.com\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 300623, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 300423, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<h2>Eigenvectors & Eigenvalues</h2>\\n\\n<p>The concept of eigenvectors and eigenvalues which are th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-03T15:35:47.160000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 187291, \"OwnerUserId\": 187291, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Visually interesting statistics concepts that are easy to explain\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><data-visualization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I noticed on Math Stack Exchange a <a href=\\\"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/733754/visua\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-20T22:57:46.910000\", \"AccountId\": 12455751.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David Veitch\", \"Location\": \"Toronto, ON, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://daveveitch.github.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistics PhD Student at the University of Toronto</p>\\n\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}]}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 319106, \"UserId\": 125969, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-08-24T10:25:10.197000\"}, {\"Id\": 252227, \"UserId\": 125969, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Tumbleweed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-08-23T17:03:26.623000\"}, {\"Id\": 244746, \"UserId\": 125969, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-07-20T16:04:30.870000\"}, {\"Id\": 448169, \"UserId\": 125969, \"Class\": 1, \"Name\": \"Famous Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-09-29T18:26:42.173000\"}, {\"Id\": 293551, \"UserId\": 125969, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-04-10T01:11:11.697000\"}, {\"Id\": 244729, \"UserId\": 125969, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-07-20T14:29:48.817000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"Id\": 125969, \"AccountId\": 9181035.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lisa\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-19T09:33:31.543000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 197968, \"PostId\": 197968, \"UserId\": 125969, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"From my understanding, exactly thats the reason why LDA holds clustering characteristics. Of course \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-19T09:41:26.870000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 198133, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clustering with Latent dirichlet allocation (LDA): Distance Measure\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><distance><similarities><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Since a similarity/distance measure is crucial for every clustering algorithm, I wonder what this\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 5671, \"PostId\": 197968, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"LDA doesn't measure distance, and doesn't do clustering. Every word belongs to every cluster with so\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-06T08:56:19.207000\", \"AccountId\": 1058083.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Has QUIT--Anony-Mousse\", \"Location\": \"disappeared into oblivion\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/5783/reinstate-monica\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I have decided to finally <strong>QUIT StackOverflow</strong> at the end of 2019.</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>K\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 68330, \"PostId\": 68330, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"OPTICS itself will not give you partitions, but a cluster order. To get partitions, use the xi extra\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-05T13:33:37.867000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 68318, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are plenty of publications that propose methods to choose these parameters.</p>\\n\\n<p>The mos\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 26407, \"OwnerUserId\": 26407, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 68330, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"A routine to choose eps and minPts for DBSCAN\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><dbscan>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>DBSCAN is most cited clustering algorithm according to some literature and it can find arbitrary \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-01-27T12:17:02.797000\", \"AccountId\": 2019179.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mehraban\", \"Location\": \"Tehran, Iran\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 120767, \"PostId\": 195996, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Add example data to make your question easier to understand. As far as I can tell, you want a classi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-05T18:30:47.313000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 120767, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to predict the second most likely categorical feature?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><machine-learning><clustering><categorical-data><missing-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a dataset $X$ that contains both numerical and categorical features. For concreten\", \"AccountId\": 2748029.0, \"DisplayName\": \"physguy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 166728, \"PostId\": 166728, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"No, I don't have a reference for this, just my experience. It would be worth trying to find a theore\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-03T06:56:14.103000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 166679, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>This is very typical behavior of k-means when applies to non-continuous data. It's not what k-mea\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 90287, \"OwnerUserId\": 90287, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 166728, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"K-Means Cluster has over 50% of the points in one cluster. How to optimize it?\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><k-means><hierarchical-clustering><spark-mllib>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am running a clustering algorithm in Spark and I have to choose between\\nK-Means and Bisecting-K\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-26T21:08:57.287000\", \"AccountId\": 3189020.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mnemosyne\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Just a lurker. Don't mind me.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 115785, \"PostId\": 115785, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"IIRC this was in the original DTW publication already. It treats the series as a number of points, a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-19T19:11:52.037000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 115059, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If DTW worked for you on a single variate, then use</p>\\n\\n<p>Multivariate DTW</p>\\n\\n<p>to analyze m\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 36769, \"OwnerUserId\": 36769, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 115785, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clustering signals with multiple parameters\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><signal-processing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a measurement that contains a couple of signals, let's say Power, Speed and Pressure. I wo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-25T10:34:31.690000\", \"AccountId\": 1148768.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kobe-Wan Kenobi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 248228, \"PostId\": 248228, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"done that. obviously it was in the EM article.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-21T09:43:56.780000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 247914, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>To understand why the solutions are not as good as you imagine, make a heatmap plot of the follow\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 864710, \"PostId\": 248228, \"UserId\": 5671, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"70eca791-656c-41a2-9d81-c11beb16009a\", \"Text\": \"To understand why the solutions are not as good as you imagine, make a heatmap plot of the following\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-10-21T09:43:56.780000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 149953, \"OwnerUserId\": 149953, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 248043, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Comparing K-Means and Expectation Maximization on the dataset generated - When does K-Means perform \", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><python><k-means><expectation-maximization><gaussian-mixture-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was experimenting with K-Means and Gaussian Mixture Models (Expectation-Maximization) on the da\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-10T07:57:09.393000\", \"AccountId\": 326393.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Suhail Gupta\", \"Location\": \"Bengaluru, Karnataka, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>"There's nothing more permanent than a temporary hack." - Kyle Simpson</p>\"}]}, {\"Id\": 279684, \"PostId\": 279684, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There was some work probably by Ulrike Luxbourg that stated that *if* k-means makes sense to use *th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-07T12:51:51.067000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 279615, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>K-means++ is one of the few approaches than can give you optimality guarantees. Please study the \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 123999, \"OwnerUserId\": 123999, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 279684, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to find better solutions for the k-means problem than by using the k-means/k-means++ algorithm?\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><optimization><k-means>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$k$</span>-means problem in its common form can be stated as fol\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-01T09:01:08.727000\", \"AccountId\": 6532009.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Barden\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 5911, \"PostId\": 32295, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What I'm say is that \\\"the unsupervised one\\\" is actually something quite different. It is not classif\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-20T17:47:35.700000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5911, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 32354, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are Bayesian approches used for classification (supervised) or for clustering (unsupervised)?\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><classification><clustering><naive-bayes><nonparametric-bayes>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Are Bayesian approaches (static and dynamic) used for classification (which is supervised) or for\", \"AccountId\": 973400.0, \"DisplayName\": \"shn\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 92077, \"PostId\": 92077, \"UserId\": 5671, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You can easily compute this incrementally. With a low kernel width, it is O(n) total, and O(1) updat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-24T13:25:35.553000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 92045, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Consider using <strong>Kernel Density Estimation</strong> instead. It allows data to be weighted.\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 31828, \"OwnerUserId\": 31828, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 92077, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Efficient weighted 1D Clustering (Grouping)\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><k-means><group-differences>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm dealing with the simple problem of grouping a set of 1-dimensional data (1 feature) according\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-14T22:40:18.723000\", \"AccountId\": 118734.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Javierfdr\", \"Location\": \"Barcelona, Spain\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Computer Engineer and MSc. in Artificial Intelligence.</p>\\n\\n<p>Passionate about machine learning,\"}]}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 26904, \"PostId\": 26904, \"UserId\": 5671, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fa06b2c5-ffa8-4c77-bded-9f3cbc9a9dbc\", \"Text\": \"Assuming I have a data set of known size, and there is one object that I want to test for being in a\", \"Comment\": \"added 443 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-06-16T13:38:05.087000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimate density from neighbor distances\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><distributions><density-function><outliers><kernel-smoothing>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assuming I have a data set of known size, and there is one object that I want to test for being i\"}, {\"Id\": 33032, \"PostId\": 33032, \"UserId\": 5671, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e9f6d37-fda4-4e9c-bc4f-04bf48eff725\", \"Text\": \"For microarray and gene expression data, the classic clustering algorithms such as k-means and also \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2012-10-07T10:05:47.833000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 33021, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>For microarray and gene expression data, the classic clustering algorithms such as k-means and al\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 7653, \"OwnerUserId\": 7653, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 33029, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpret Silhouette plot for large microarray dataset\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><distance-functions><bioinformatics><microarray>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a microarray experiment with ~40,000 probes and ~30 samples I used the clara function from R \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-03-27T17:33:26.773000\", \"AccountId\": 1358293.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zzk\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 165106, \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 165002, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<h1>Parameters are good!</h1>\\n\\n<p>A \\\"parameter-free\\\" method means that you only get a single shot (e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-21T06:36:10.447000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 90328, \"OwnerUserId\": 90328, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 165010, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clustering methods that do not require pre-specifying the number of clusters\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Are there any \\\"non-parametric\\\" clustering methods for which we don't need to specify the number o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-27T09:57:23.417000\", \"AccountId\": 7022789.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Learn_and_Share\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm here to learn and share the little I know!</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 284534, \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 284525, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There is no simple method.</p>\\n\\n<p>Because these values supposedly have some <em>meaning</em>, an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-26T23:23:06.197000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 95016, \"OwnerUserId\": 95016, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to handle clustering analysis of data which has different numbers of levels\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><multivariate-analysis><binary-data><ordinal-data>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For example, if i have data which is along the lines of </p>\\n\\n<pre><code>variable : levels within\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-08T22:03:34.610000\", \"AccountId\": 3767690.0, \"DisplayName\": \"baxx\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Late learner...</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 97551, \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 97463, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Full metric properties are rarely required if you don't need strong theoretical results. In parti\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-01-23T07:35:05.843000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 41082, \"OwnerUserId\": 41082, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using an asymmetric distance matrix for clustering\", \"Tags\": \"<clustering><metric>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm implementing a clustering task over a precomputed distance matrix.\\nThere are several distance\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-20T15:07:33.467000\", \"AccountId\": 5290294.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Shahar\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-07-11T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5671, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}, {\"Id\": 5237, \"PostId\": 197968, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Although this question is based on a lack of understanding about LDA (which is what we're here for),\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-09T04:43:15.613000\", \"AccountId\": 1028075.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gung - Reinstate Monica\", \"Location\": \"Kingdom of Zhao\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Long\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Stack Exchange's actions have been reprehensible. Monica Cellio, a popular and well-respected vo\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 59983, \"PostId\": 122391, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Is this a question from a course or textbook? If so, please add the `[self-study]`\\ntag & read its [w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-09-22T15:47:36.953000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 59983, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability that a random variable is k-th when ordered - simplification needed.\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><order-statistics><nonparametric>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My first post... I'm trying to simplify the following problem:</p>\\n\\n<p>Let $F_e(x)$ be a continuo\", \"AccountId\": 6996747.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zctpf72\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 24373, \"PostId\": 60886, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"So you ran an ordinal logistic regression & exp(coeff) is <1? What software did you use to get these\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-02T15:13:09.710000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24373, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Interpreting odds ratios less than 1 with 3-category outcome\", \"Tags\": \"<interpretation><ordinal-data><odds-ratio>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a 3-category ordered outcome (food consumption: 1=no food, 2=less food, 3=more food) and a\", \"AccountId\": 3670623.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andreea\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 20286, \"PostId\": 173611, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"+1, note however that Cronbach's alpha cannot be used \\\"to evaluate whether a set of items is measuri\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-26T15:11:03.380000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20286, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 173580, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>When there are multiple questions getting at the same issue in a questionnaire, these are typical\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 87519, \"OwnerUserId\": 87519, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 173611, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How are questions of similar meaning in questionnaires dealt with?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><survey><likert>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Questionnaires often contain questions which are similar but worded differently. Usually, these q\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-26T12:40:48.810000\", \"AccountId\": 6537679.0, \"DisplayName\": \"WavesWashSands\", \"Location\": \"Hong Kong\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 3098620.0, \"DisplayName\": \"EdM\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 40484, \"PostId\": 96578, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you clarify what the models are? Are these time series?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-10T11:02:43.607000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40484, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Are the model residuals well-behaved (homoscedasticity)?\", \"Tags\": \"<residuals><heteroscedasticity><diagnostic>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can I say looking at this residuals-vs-fitted plots, that my residuals are homoscedastic?</p>\\n\\n<p\", \"AccountId\": 5308052.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kathy kinga\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>1st year student</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 8363, \"PostId\": 32199, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"+1, good info, but it's also worth mentioning that if your estimator is unbiased, you can have a sat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-02T14:04:04.697000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 8363, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 32197, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Peter's rule of thumb of 10 per covariate is a reasonable rule. A straight line can be fit perfe\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 11080, \"OwnerUserId\": 11080, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Minimal number of points for a linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What would be a "reasonable" minimal number of observations to look for a trend over ti\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-23T12:02:14.263000\", \"AccountId\": 1869706.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Francoise\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 1454110.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michael R. Chernick\", \"Location\": \"Holland, Pennsylvania, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Michael Ross Chernick --- 01-01-2021<br />\\n<a href=\\\"https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2021/\"}, {\"Id\": 55003, \"PostId\": 208064, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"+1, excellent answer, clear, to the point, well formatted, etc.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-09T10:47:40.283000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 55003, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 208029, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The weights in the <code>glm</code> function are</p>\\n\\n<p>$$\\nw_i = \\\\left.\\\\frac{(\\\\partial \\\\mu_i/\\\\pa\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 99616, \"OwnerUserId\": 99616, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 208064, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Strange variance weights for Poisson GLM for square root link\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model><poisson-regression><link-function><irls>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a reason why all the variance weights from a Poisson GLM are equal when a square root li\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-16T13:38:31.267000\", \"AccountId\": 9858530.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Anna Efron\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 6594638.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Benjamin Christoffersen\", \"Location\": \"Copenhagen, Denmark\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ph.d. student at Copenhagen Business School.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 23173, \"PostId\": 58503, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"My apologies, @su1, I didn't mean it personally. I was just pointing out that the answer will be mor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-30T14:05:10.450000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23173, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Test if a variable is a good predictor of a transition to a state\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><hypothesis-testing><vector-autoregression><hidden-markov-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a dataset of the wealth of 10 different countries in the world since 1800, one data point \", \"AccountId\": 2214814.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sulli\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 209105, \"PostId\": 281092, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Note that removing variables always reduces $R^2$, whether or not they're relevant.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-20T22:15:33.633000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 209105, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 281099, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In stepwise regression, how to interpret non-significant variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><multivariate-analysis><mediation><stepwise-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have more than 15 IVs such as age, gender, education, first language, technology proficiency, h\", \"AccountId\": 7183749.0, \"DisplayName\": \"randomcat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 1600, \"PostId\": 23712, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you say more about what you want to do? Certainly, you can use multiple regression with both con\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-12-22T16:11:53.840000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1600, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Predicting with both continuous and categorical features\", \"Tags\": \"<classification><predictive-models><categorical-data><continuous-data><discrete-data>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Some predictive modeling techniques are more designed for handling continuous predictors, while o\", \"AccountId\": 164832.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michael McGowan\", \"Location\": \"West Chester, PA, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Contact: firstname dot lastname at gmail dot com</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 48238, \"PostId\": 103868, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"R's `t.test()` function automatically takes the two-tailed nature of your hypothesis test into accou\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-27T17:57:37.053000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 48238, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Test if two means are significantly different in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><hypothesis-testing><t-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would like to test if two means are significantly different from each other. I am using R and I\", \"AccountId\": 6011548.0, \"DisplayName\": \"joesyc\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 10926, \"PostId\": 31792, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Welcome to the site, @CHarma. If you have a question please click on the gray \\\"ASK QUESTION\\\" in the \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-16T01:00:39.260000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 10926, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 19191, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Fitting a log-normal GLM has nothing to do with the distribution nor the link option of the <code\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 3531, \"OwnerUserId\": 3531, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 19198, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to specify a lognormal distribution in the glm family argument in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><distributions><generalized-linear-model><lognormal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Simple question: How to specify a lognormal distribution in the GLM family argument in R?\\nI could\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-07-04T11:51:55.477000\", \"AccountId\": 132828.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jens\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jens-Oldeland?ev=hdr_xprf\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 1847724.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CHarma\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 133120, \"PostId\": 204784, \"UserId\": 5237, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't follow this. Why don't you just include the interaction term & then use OLS? That will do ex\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-18T16:50:02.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 133120, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 204798, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Approximating interactions in OLS\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><least-squares><approximation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a simple linear model with two variables and their interactions:</p>\\n\\n<p>$y = \\\\bet\", \"AccountId\": 11105046.0, \"DisplayName\": \"aht\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 206732, \"UserId\": 5237, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Answer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-01-04T07:06:52.413000\"}, {\"Id\": 164809, \"UserId\": 5237, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Booster\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-05-03T07:42:16.873000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 19177, \"PostId\": 49129, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"13370de7-eb6f-4abf-9369-251a8ec7997b\", \"Text\": \"I am trying to apply the lasso or ridge regression to my data set for the feature selection, *but di\", \"Comment\": \"clarified question in title; added / changed tags; formatted; light editing; removed thanks\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-21T16:35:22.270000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 19177, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to select model when different models are preferred with different seeds?\", \"Tags\": \"<model-selection><references><lasso><ridge-regression><randomness>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to apply the lasso or ridge regression to my data set for the feature selection, <em>\", \"AccountId\": 2928989.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jenny\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 50068, \"PostId\": 106968, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"414e02b5-bd94-42b0-8f56-0f3b04b554a3\", \"Text\": \"1. Looking at note C in the last table, it looks like the model is missing main effects and only inc\", \"Comment\": \"de-italisized tex words; formatted links; some additional formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-25T13:22:14.933000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 50068, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 106611, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<ol>\\n<li><p>Looking at note C in the last table, it looks like the model is missing main effects and\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 6805, \"OwnerUserId\": 6805, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 106968, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What's the right interpretation for parameter estimates in loglinear modelling?\", \"Tags\": \"<categorical-data><generalized-linear-model><log-linear>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm doing a loglinear analysis of the following data. </p>\\n\\n<p><img src=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-13T02:09:08.377000\", \"AccountId\": 1243097.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1205901 - Слава Україні\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 6202720.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eric Farng\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.ericfarng.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"\\n<p>Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future.\\n-- Niels Bohr</p>\\n<p>Everybody believ\"}, {\"Id\": 24252, \"PostId\": 24252, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"41d964ed-557a-4a5a-9ba1-b78104f68935\", \"Text\": \"I think your understanding of linear regression is fine. One thing that may interest you to know is\", \"Comment\": \"added 34 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-04-30T22:18:25.373000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 24249, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think your understanding of linear regression is fine. One thing that may interest you to know\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 635, \"OwnerUserId\": 635, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 24252, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does $\\\\beta$ tell us in linear regression analysis?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><correlation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I came across this note from a book: \\\"..the correlation between the active and passive portfolios\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-11T05:14:30.573000\", \"AccountId\": 84520.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user862\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 16084, \"PostId\": 43473, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"0200ef35-4814-4067-b05b-7e907acdee4e\", \"Text\": \"I find this topic quite interesting and current answers are unfortunately incomplete or partly misle\", \"Comment\": \"light formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-21T21:41:01.720000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16084, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 4814, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I find this topic quite interesting and current answers are unfortunately incomplete or partly mi\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 318, \"OwnerUserId\": 318, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 4831, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the expected correlation between residual and the dependent variable?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><residuals>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In multiple linear regression, I can understand the correlations between residual and predictors \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-07-27T03:25:01.837000\", \"AccountId\": 128558.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Feng Jiang\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://fengjiang.me\", \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 2528010.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Majte\", \"Location\": \"Oxford\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>MSc in (Econ)ometrics (Oxon)</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 58303, \"PostId\": 58303, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7f745724-607d-44e0-9fbf-448ff3878f06\", \"Text\": \"Probability questions for statistics\", \"Comment\": \"formatted\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-27T18:05:36.960000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user31966\", \"Title\": \"Probability questions for statistics\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A set of final examination grades in a course is normally distributed with a mean of 73 and a sta\"}, {\"Id\": 217606, \"PostId\": 291591, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"acd34fb9-65bf-4de9-a53a-583c8f965ad6\", \"Text\": \"Can somebody offer an intuitive understanding of the difference in effect between measurement error \", \"Comment\": \"edited tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-11-22T09:29:34.533000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 217606, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Measurement error and the OLS assumptions\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><least-squares><measurement-error>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can somebody offer an intuitive understanding of the difference in effect between measurement err\", \"AccountId\": 15394925.0, \"DisplayName\": \"vsh1996\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 112641, \"PostId\": 112641, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e9e01e8e-87b1-4df7-901a-e0fd3a9887c4\", \"Text\": \"These are two ratios, and they are both associated with the [chi-squared test][1], but otherwise the\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-18T21:24:12.580000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 112638, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>These are two ratios, and they are both associated with the <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wik\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 52562, \"OwnerUserId\": 52562, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 112641, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Observed / expected vs odds ratio\", \"Tags\": \"<logistic><chi-squared-test><references><odds-ratio>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to understand the difference between the O/E ratio vs the odds ratio.</p>\\n\\n<p>I think\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-02T15:29:13.267000\", \"AccountId\": 3084876.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user2612244\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 13515, \"PostId\": 37907, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1a138d26-2077-4746-a3d5-b5fa8a666318\", \"Text\": \"<r><clustering><rapidminer>\", \"Comment\": \"loaded figures; added tags; light formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-01-01T16:18:46.037000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 13515, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Density Clustering\", \"Tags\": \"<r><clustering><rapidminer>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am looking for a clustering algorithm. My idealized dataset looks like this:<br>\\n<img src=\\\"http\", \"AccountId\": 2195366.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Tom\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 89968, \"PostId\": 89968, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"4da284fb-39ee-4341-901f-b0296299f36d\", \"Text\": \"<self-study><categorical-data><interaction><interpretation><regression-coefficients>\", \"Comment\": \"clarified issue in title; edited tags; formatted; light editing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-01T01:46:24.167000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 89973, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user59740\", \"Title\": \"Interpretation of interaction term\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><categorical-data><interaction><interpretation><regression-coefficients>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a model:\\n$$\\n\\\\ln({\\\\rm earnings}) = a+b_1{\\\\rm female}+b_2{\\\\rm white}+b_3{\\\\rm female}\\\\times{\\\\\"}, {\"Id\": 41435, \"PostId\": 92428, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7b95123e-e27f-441c-afd1-fe30bd5da33e\", \"Text\": \"<regression><bayesian><notation>\", \"Comment\": \"edited tags; light editing & formatting; removed irrelevant comments\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-27T07:22:38.243000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 41435, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 92431, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Posterior of a simple Bayes linear regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><bayesian><notation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the context of simple linear Bayesian regression, why or when is it appropriate to define the \", \"AccountId\": 5397328.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ernest Presley\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2011-10-13T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2013-10-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 5237, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1138243, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 197968, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-12-01T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1276016, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 197968, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 996817, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 197968, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-16T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 742616, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 197968, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-20T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1036704, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 197968, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-05T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 683919, \"PostId\": 197968, \"UserId\": 125969, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"effca795-c29b-4434-ae80-d550d6d7d31e\", \"Text\": \"Since a similarity/distance measure is crucial for every clustering algorithm, I wonder what this me\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-19T09:41:26.870000\"}, {\"Id\": 683920, \"PostId\": 197968, \"UserId\": 125969, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"effca795-c29b-4434-ae80-d550d6d7d31e\", \"Text\": \"Clustering with Latent dirichlet allocation (LDA): Distance Measure\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-19T09:41:26.870000\"}, {\"Id\": 683921, \"PostId\": 197968, \"UserId\": 125969, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"effca795-c29b-4434-ae80-d550d6d7d31e\", \"Text\": \"<clustering><distance><similarities><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-19T09:41:26.870000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 198133, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 197968, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<h3>LDA does not have a distance metric</h3>\\n\\n<p>The intuition behind the LDA topic model is that wo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-20T14:29:07.427000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1231654, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-06-22T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1276015, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-09-25T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1022005, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-07T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1113624, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-10-07T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 742455, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-20T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1036705, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-05T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 742493, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 198133, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-20T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 105685, \"PostId\": 198133, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9303ac52-7a73-470d-9bbe-bc366a50e2d8\", \"Text\": \"###LDA does not have a distance metric\\r\\n\\r\\nThe intuition behind the LDA topic model is that words bel\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-10T15:04:27.633000\", \"AccountId\": 10222910.0, \"DisplayName\": \"kedarps\", \"Location\": \"Morrisville, NC, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Trying to learn something new and know more than yesterday</p>\\n\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 80203, \"PostId\": 268343, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This is a minor point and not so important from the context of your question in the post. You are co\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-01T12:37:22.890000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 80203, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Clarifying Dirichlet Process Mixture Probability Terms\", \"Tags\": \"<gaussian-mixture-distribution><bayesian-network><dirichlet-distribution><dirichlet-process><infinit\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose I have a Dirichlet Process Mixture model defined as follows:</p>\\n\\n<p><span class=\\\"math-co\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 499248, \"PostId\": 268343, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Coming back to your main question, are you familiar with the Bayesian treatment of finite Gaussian m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-23T06:47:36.710000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 268705, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 268343, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's review the generative process assumed to generate data using GMM with infinite (i.e. non-fi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-23T18:14:58.810000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 500532, \"PostId\": 268705, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The main random variables governing the equations are $\\\\textbf{z}$ and $\\\\textbf{X}$, whereas $\\\\alpha\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-29T03:27:57.157000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 8553307.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tisPrimeTime\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>PhD Student.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 118057, \"PostId\": 274439, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How would you know before running inference that one topic heavily features some set of words?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-14T13:38:50.483000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 118057, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Custom topic priors in LDA\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><prior><topic-models><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've been working with LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic model) for a while now and I believ\", \"AccountId\": 7338790.0, \"DisplayName\": \"yassem\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 172765, \"PostId\": 242574, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Have you tried different values of `alpha` and `beta`? Choosing hyper-parameters for topic modeling \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-28T14:38:59.090000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 172765, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"LDA and test data perplexity\", \"Tags\": \"<scikit-learn><latent-dirichlet-alloc><perplexity>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I've performed Latent Dirichlet Analysis on a training set of documents. </p>\\n\\n<p>At the ideal nu\", \"AccountId\": 13694371.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BHC\", \"Location\": \"Cambridge, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 213525, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Amazing answer. [Mind blown!](https://media.giphy.com/media/EldfH1VJdbrwY/giphy.gif)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 668, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 213520, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>In matrix terms your models are in the usual form $E[Y]=X\\\\beta$. </p>\\n\\n<p>The first model repres\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 53086, \"OwnerUserId\": 53086, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 213525, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why are these regression anova tables identical?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><anova>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two regressions of the same Y and three-level X. Overall n=15, with n=5 in each group or l\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-10T00:21:09.887000\", \"AccountId\": 6443508.0, \"DisplayName\": \"logjammin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>He fixes the cable?</p>\\n\"}], \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\"}, {\"Id\": 95753, \"PostId\": 207326, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Just like other ML algorithms, you need to split your data for cross-validation when using neural ne\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-11-15T06:11:11.097000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 95753, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 207342, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it required to split the data into train and test set in Artificial Neural Networks?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><neural-networks><deep-learning>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm new to deep learning and missed some intuition while learning Artificial Neural Network model\", \"AccountId\": 7973506.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sharathchandramandadi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 181578, \"PostId\": 181578, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@AlexR. The plots are basically bar plots rotated by 90 degrees, where the x-axis is word index and \", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-07T21:14:43.463000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is sparsity of topics a necessary condition for latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) to work\", \"Tags\": \"<dirichlet-distribution><topic-models><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been playing with the hyper-parameters of the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) model and \"}, {\"Id\": 123611, \"PostId\": 123611, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Although this answer is correct, it is incomplete. Going from 1d to 2d, the data becomes linearly se\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-04T09:07:36.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 44533, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 123597, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Let me explain by a simple example with 1D data <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$x$</span>.</p>\\n\\n<p>\"}, {\"Id\": 6600, \"PostId\": 233425, \"UserId\": 105685, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why would `[i]` be larger than the vocabulary? The range of `i` is in `1 to V`, **NOT** `1 to N_d`. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-02-02T20:02:24.357000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 6600, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Understanding the role of document size parameters in Latent Dirichlet Allocation\", \"Tags\": \"<natural-language><pymc><latent-dirichlet-alloc><bag-of-words>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am writing a pymc3-based implementation of Latent Dirichlet Allocation, and am referencing <a h\", \"AccountId\": 275020.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ely\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>?- love(math) is unrequited.\\n true.</p>\\n\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 420500, \"UserId\": 105685, \"Class\": 1, \"Name\": \"Famous Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-04-03T10:55:16.637000\"}, {\"Id\": 218922, \"UserId\": 105685, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-03-08T19:33:15.240000\"}, {\"Id\": 406863, \"UserId\": 105685, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-01-08T05:00:07.337000\"}, {\"Id\": 239322, \"UserId\": 105685, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Nice Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-06-20T02:52:14.763000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 185436, \"PostId\": 185436, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2b2c68fa-f28d-4211-94f5-ccda281f6f11\", \"Text\": \"I think I get the general idea of both VI and MCMC including the various flavors of MCMC like Gibbs \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-04T16:35:25.430000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 185449, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Variational inference versus MCMC: when to choose one over the other?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><bayesian><markov-chain-montecarlo><variational-bayes><approximate-inference>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I think I get the general idea of both VI and MCMC including the various flavors of MCMC like Gib\"}, {\"Id\": 272106, \"PostId\": 272106, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6e1f7e87-cf44-435a-8f4c-7b0877809d63\", \"Text\": \"From [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables#Statistics_synony\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-23T22:18:09.743000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 272104, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>From <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables#Statistics_synony\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 67976, \"OwnerUserId\": 67976, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 272106, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is covariate?\", \"Tags\": \"<descriptive-statistics><terminology><predictor>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm confused with this term: <em>covariate</em>. What is it? Is is just the observed outcomes of\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-12T20:30:43.360000\", \"AccountId\": 7623782.0, \"DisplayName\": \"caveman\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://cave.mn\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I love internet points. I come here to collect them. In fact I think Internet points are worth mo\"}]}, {\"Id\": 684511, \"PostId\": 198133, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a0acafe6-5852-4189-860c-37a1d036a8ce\", \"Text\": \"###LDA does not have a distance metric\\r\\n\\r\\nThe intuition behind the LDA topic model is that words bel\", \"Comment\": \"added 108 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-20T14:34:45\"}, {\"Id\": 180903, \"PostId\": 180903, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1d3ba39d-e3ea-4723-a456-89df711435ae\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><sampling><stochastic-processes><topic-models><nonparametric-bayes>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-02T17:42:24.077000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 181286, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Question about implementing nested Chinese Restaurant Process (nCRP)\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><sampling><stochastic-processes><topic-models><nonparametric-bayes>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to follow the original paper on nCRP by <a href=\\\"https://cocosci.berkeley.edu/tom/pap\"}, {\"Id\": 267995, \"PostId\": 267995, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"42abce32-5898-421f-897c-cef6aa871228\", \"Text\": \"You can certainly use a CNN to classify a 1D signal. Since you are interested in sleep stage classif\", \"Comment\": \"organized the details\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-17T14:06:24.023000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 267936, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>You can certainly use a CNN to classify a 1D signal. Since you are interested in sleep stage clas\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 197425, \"OwnerUserId\": 197425, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it a good idea to use CNN to classify 1D signal?\", \"Tags\": \"<neural-networks><svm><conv-neural-network><signal-processing>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on the sleep stage classification. I read some research articles about this topic ma\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-17T05:47:20.503000\", \"AccountId\": 3426509.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fazla Rabbi Mashrur\", \"Location\": \"Dhaka, Bangladesh\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://frmashrur.wixsite.com/fazla-rabbi-mashrur\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a biomedical engineer with experience in basic science, research development, and full-scale\"}]}, {\"Id\": 192738, \"PostId\": 192738, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"30de61bb-69c7-4518-84e1-3713a647cb7b\", \"Text\": \"In the seminal paper on ImageNet classification with deep conv nets by [Krizhevsky et al., 2012](htt\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-02T19:18:50.693000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does overlapped pooling help reduce overfitting in conv nets?\", \"Tags\": \"<deep-learning><conv-neural-network><overfitting>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the seminal paper on ImageNet classification with deep conv nets by <a href=\\\"https://papers.ni\"}, {\"Id\": 186378, \"PostId\": 186378, \"UserId\": 105685, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"d5352985-4560-4129-a065-287c4afc90f7\", \"Text\": \"In the seminal paper on [Latent Dirichlet Allocation](http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~blei/papers/BleiNg\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-12T16:08:14.170000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why does lower perplexity indicate better generalization performance?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><model-selection><topic-models><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In the seminal paper on <a href=\\\"http://www.cs.columbia.edu/%7Eblei/papers/BleiNgJordan2003.pdf\\\" \"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 271224, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 270986, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here are some resources:</p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>Video lectures by <a href=\\\"http://videolectures.net/mlss09\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-15T14:30:51.267000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 93120, \"OwnerUserId\": 93120, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 271224, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Prerequisites for Latent Dirichlet Allocation\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have read several \\\"intuitive\\\" introductions to LDA. However, I now want to learn it properly. <\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-23T11:59:39.670000\", \"AccountId\": 5998658.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Avatrin\", \"Location\": \"Oslo, Norway\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Data scientist with background in pure mathematics</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 206973, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 206079, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The original paper on LDA gives some insights into this:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>In particular, we\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-10T17:37:00.270000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 134491, \"OwnerUserId\": 134491, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How should perplexity of LDA behave as value of the latent variable k increases?\", \"Tags\": \"<latent-variable><latent-dirichlet-alloc><perplexity>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>When increasing the value of the latent variable k for LDA (latent Dirichlet allocation), how sho\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-30T23:55:55.007000\", \"AccountId\": 11891402.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user179041\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 231609, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 231295, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The LDA has the following three latent variables:</p>\\n\\n<ol>\\n<li>$\\\\phi_t$ - Topics - which are $W$\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-17T14:55:59.547000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 64147, \"OwnerUserId\": 64147, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"In LDA, after collapsed Gibbs sampling, how to estimate values of other latent variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><sampling><markov-chain-montecarlo><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I watched <a href=\\\"https://www.coursera.org/learn/bayesian-methods-in-machine-learning/lecture/Rn\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-19T01:51:35.940000\", \"AccountId\": 3648370.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dontloo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>flowing into the river lake</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 218435, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 216781, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here is the general intuition behind shrinking co-efficients in linear regression. Borrowing figu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-25T21:05:34.030000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 146305, \"OwnerUserId\": 146305, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 218435, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Rationale behind shrinking regression coefficients in Ridge or LASSO regression\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><lasso><ridge-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I understand that with Ridge or Lasso regression we are trying to shrink regression coefficients,\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-11T03:11:26.573000\", \"AccountId\": 12199674.0, \"DisplayName\": \"AjitKrish\", \"Location\": \"Buffalo, NY, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 183119, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 183114, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The <a href=\\\"http://radimrehurek.com/gensim/index.html\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">gensim</a> topi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-18T21:26:32.730000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 38193, \"OwnerUserId\": 38193, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) package that allows specifying asymmetric prior?\", \"Tags\": \"<software><topic-models><latent-dirichlet-alloc>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Are there any packages there any LDA packages out there that allow you to specify the full asymme\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-09-25T17:41:35.943000\", \"AccountId\": 2004489.0, \"DisplayName\": \"elplatt\", \"Location\": \"Cambridge, MA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://elplatt.com\", \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 300623, \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 300423, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<h2>Eigenvectors & Eigenvalues</h2>\\n\\n<p>The concept of eigenvectors and eigenvalues which are th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-03-03T15:35:47.160000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 187291, \"OwnerUserId\": 187291, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Visually interesting statistics concepts that are easy to explain\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><data-visualization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I noticed on Math Stack Exchange a <a href=\\\"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/733754/visua\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-01-20T22:57:46.910000\", \"AccountId\": 12455751.0, \"DisplayName\": \"David Veitch\", \"Location\": \"Toronto, ON, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://daveveitch.github.io\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Statistics PhD Student at the University of Toronto</p>\\n\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105685, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}]}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 319106, \"UserId\": 125969, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Notable Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-08-24T10:25:10.197000\"}, {\"Id\": 252227, \"UserId\": 125969, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Tumbleweed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-08-23T17:03:26.623000\"}, {\"Id\": 244746, \"UserId\": 125969, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-07-20T16:04:30.870000\"}, {\"Id\": 448169, \"UserId\": 125969, \"Class\": 1, \"Name\": \"Famous Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2020-09-29T18:26:42.173000\"}, {\"Id\": 293551, \"UserId\": 125969, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-04-10T01:11:11.697000\"}, {\"Id\": 244729, \"UserId\": 125969, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-07-20T14:29:48.817000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 125969, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":98,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"Id\": 68410, \"AccountId\": 2209337.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jaime Lopez\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Engineer & Professor / Colombian & Spaniard / Single & Happy</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-18T20:21:19.543000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 134240, \"PostId\": 134240, \"UserId\": 68410, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@MarkL.Stone Thank you. Good solution, but see that it is affected when you have big differences bet\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T01:01:08.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 134239, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is a suggested metric:\\nLet your metric be the mean of the absolute value of the \\\"diff\\\" of th\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 16159, \"PostId\": 134240, \"UserId\": 16159, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There is great power in being able to describe it so your grandma would understand it. My grandma i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-24T16:01:45.153000\", \"AccountId\": 2538419.0, \"DisplayName\": \"EngrStudent\", \"Location\": \"Midwest USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://mathbaby.blogspot.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Christian.</p>\\n<p>Dad of daughters (14yr, 10yr, 4yr, 3yr)</p>\\n<p>Husband. (20.7 years) Married to\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 250317, \"PostId\": 134240, \"UserId\": 16159, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A more general form is \\\"norm of the difference\\\". Absolute value is one norm, but the L2-norm, all e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T01:06:11.780000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 52751, \"PostId\": 134240, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@ EngrStudent , agreed. I thought of describing it as such, but decided to keep it non-technical, an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-04T15:02:07.583000\", \"AccountId\": 6304592.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mark L. Stone\", \"Location\": \"Nonlinear Multivariate Dynamic Stochastic Global Optimum\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://marklstone.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>Interests</strong>: Nonlinear multivariate dynamic stochastic global optimization (everyt\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 196152, \"PostId\": 266570, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Further along the lines of @whuber 's comment, if you think about this is in the context of an optim\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-05T21:46:04.490000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 196152, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to weight values for a weighted average\", \"Tags\": \"<mean><weighted>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 100 answers regarding production times in minutes of a certain product from 100 manufactur\", \"AccountId\": 15686882.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ryan Doherty\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 56637, \"PostId\": 143728, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"O.k., I double checked my comment, so now I made it an answer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-02T16:09:16.377000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 56637, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 143731, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Choleski decomposition of the covariance matrix\", \"Tags\": \"<matlab><linear-algebra><matrix-decomposition><cholesky-decomposition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a process described as </p>\\n\\n<p>$r_t = \\\\mu + \\\\Sigma_t^{1/2}z_t$</p>\\n\\n<p>where $z_t$ is let\", \"AccountId\": 3856969.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Masher\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 12169, \"PostId\": 146999, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"O.k., 10^8 variables is a fairly high dimensional problem. Not as easy as 4 variables. You might wan\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-07T19:45:09.217000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 12169, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Indirect solution for maximum entropy through sampling?\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><monte-carlo><expectation-maximization><maximum-entropy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a way to sample from a finite set $\\\\{A,B,C,D\\\\}$ such that the limiting empirical proport\", \"AccountId\": 512582.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sheppa28\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 71726, \"PostId\": 138227, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Given the w matrix and a fixed value of n, surely the p by n matrix is not unique. Do you wish to fi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-25T17:44:20.407000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 71726, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Inverse of ordering function\", \"Tags\": \"<order-statistics><matrix-inverse>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Lets assume we have p by n matrix.We can generate an output matrix, w (p x p) such as w_ij repres\", \"AccountId\": 6578170.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Shin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 102655, \"PostId\": 175453, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Antoni Parellada I'll let you have the honor/get the glory and points from providing the answer. Th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-18T02:31:21.713000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 102655, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 175455, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fitting least squares when number of predictors are larger than instances\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><linear-model><identifiability><underdetermined>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A statement from the book <em>Introduction to Statistical learning with applications in R</em>, d\", \"AccountId\": 9935796.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fenil\", \"Location\": \"Vasco da Gama, Goa, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://fenil.xyz\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 105582, \"PostId\": 211942, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Look at the entire objective function. It's different. The gradient is different. Therefore the algo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-10T01:11:47.700000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105582, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why do we clip the surrogate objective in PPO?\", \"Tags\": \"<deep-learning><reinforcement-learning>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to understand the justification behind clipping in Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO).\", \"AccountId\": 4558204.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BadProgrammer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 231064, \"PostId\": 231064, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Each $w_i$ is a $d$ by $1$ vector. Then $w_j$ ... $w_{j+m-1}$ are stacked vertically into a $d*m$ by\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-13T16:09:45.113000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 231062, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Per the top of p. 658 in the above linked article, $w_i\\\\in\\\\mathbb{R}^d$. So $\\\\begin{bmatrix}w_j\\\\\\\\\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 151907, \"OwnerUserId\": 151907, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 231064, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does the matrix $M = [diag(m_{:,1}),\\\\ldots,diag(m_{:,m})]$ look like?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><neural-networks><deep-learning><convolution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm reading this <a href=\\\"http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1062\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">pap\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-26T20:40:32.940000\", \"AccountId\": 12394026.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mr. President\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 169193, \"PostId\": 240108, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You don't seem to have told us what optimization problem you are solving with scipy.optimize. Despit\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-22T02:09:02.497000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 169193, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 268560, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating correlation matrix using numeric likelihood maximization\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><maximum-likelihood><optimization><numerics><cholesky-decomposition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm performing maximum likelihood estimation on jointly distributed data and I'm having some issu\", \"AccountId\": 11844004.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Felipe D.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 86244, \"PostId\": 156982, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Nice one on the \\\"or\\\". That made me think of my course in Linear Programming in which we studied seve\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-12T04:35:24.737000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86244, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 156961, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I don't like the term \\\"expected value\\\" and didn't use it when teaching probability. \\\"Arithmetic m\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 78078, \"OwnerUserId\": 78078, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 156972, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Expected value vs. most probable value (mode)\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><expected-value><chi-squared-distribution><mode>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The expected value of a distribution <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$f(x)$</span> is the mean, that\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-07T15:39:38.353000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 156972, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 156961, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a Normal distribution, the expected value, a.k.a. the mean, equals the mode.</p>\\n\\n<p>In gener\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-14T16:24:59.320000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 520882, \"PostId\": 156972, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c9727cc2-256f-48d2-b051-bbf26ccfba40\", \"Text\": \"For a Normal distribution, the expected value, a.k.a. the mean, equals the mode.\\r\\n\\r\\nIn general, not \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-14T16:24:59.320000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 8104589.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sørën\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 7025759.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ttw\", \"Location\": \"Dallas, Texas, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Retired Math Professor and Research Scientist.</p>\\n\\n<p>Amateur composer and performer. Interested\"}, {\"Id\": 199248, \"PostId\": 199248, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Ben-tal et all book deals with conic (convex) optimization, which apparently yours is not, but it ma\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-30T16:37:54.560000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 199242, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Because $y$ is random, you have to specify in what manner you want the constraint to hold.</p>\\n\\n<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17535, \"OwnerUserId\": 17535, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Question related to optimization of nature $\\\\text{min} ~~ Q(x) ~~ \\\\text{subjected to} ~~C(x, y) \\\\geq\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is little off-the-track question than the conventional ones asked in this forum. This is a p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-02T18:08:26.830000\", \"AccountId\": 1618669.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sandipan Karmakar\", \"Location\": \"Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 24904, \"PostId\": 145714, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Given that this numerically unstable code is used in an archival submission (CRAN), it is quite disc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-15T17:37:22.320000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24904, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 145719, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How is this formula for variance correct? (as seen in stats software source code)\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><computational-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to re-implement the <a href=\\\"https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Ckmeans.1d.dp\\\" re\", \"AccountId\": 3536340.0, \"DisplayName\": \"shadowtalker\", \"Location\": \"New York\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 54051, \"PostId\": 170553, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Especially if the objective function is non-convex, you are likely to see more benefit from larger m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-25T05:25:09.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 54051, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"minimum data size required for good performance of mini batch gradient descent\", \"Tags\": \"<gradient-descent><autoencoders>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been doing work on Theano based autoencoder. For data size of less than 100, it is working\", \"AccountId\": 197818.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Shyamkkhadka\", \"Location\": \"Kathmandu, Nepal\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.skkhadka.com.np\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ruby on Rails Application Developer, Interested in IP Networking, Unix system administration</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 76899, \"PostId\": 144865, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Debdatta Sinha Roy , sorry R is not my thing. But you will need to get you equation and data entere\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-24T06:59:20.593000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 76899, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding parameters of a given function\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><data-visualization><nonlinear-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have this following relation</p>\\n\\n<p>$$N = \\\\dfrac{(113834700(3000-c)(1-e^{-(Xn)/(3000-c)})}{n}$\", \"AccountId\": 1781449.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Debdatta Sinha Roy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 87845, \"PostId\": 228537, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"With discrete variables, you normally can't. Bit if the variables are \\\"continuous\\\" enough, maybe you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-30T13:20:13.233000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 87845, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Optimizing a parameters vector for an unknown system to minimize error rate\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Not sure this is the correct form for this question. If not please migrate it. </p>\\n\\n<p>I have a \", \"AccountId\": 7428503.0, \"DisplayName\": \"havakok\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 114070, \"PostId\": 114070, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The first sentence in the 2nd paragraph of my answer means \\\"invert the Fourier transform of a real M\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-02T19:56:50.913000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 112745, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Unfortunately, the definition and conventions for complex Multivariate Normal is not completely s\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 10746, \"OwnerUserId\": 10746, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 114185, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fourier transform and the multivariate normal\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><fourier-transform><multivariate-normal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am wondering about how to specify multivariate normal distributions for vectors that have under\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-07T06:47:21.270000\", \"AccountId\": 1645900.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bill_e\", \"Location\": \"Chicago\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 29483, \"PostId\": 112167, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Anyone who followed my advice in http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/33776/real-life-examples-o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-28T01:14:31.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 29483, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 112270, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Joint probability density function\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm stuck with this question: \\nSuppose I have two random variables: A and B such that \\n$$A\\\\sim N(\", \"AccountId\": 3953150.0, \"DisplayName\": \"George\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 40936, \"PostId\": 142525, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The key is that although $\\\\theta$ may be unknown, it is constant. And of course, $\\\\mathbb{E}(\\\\hat{\\\\t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-18T05:46:48.190000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40936, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is bias \\\"constant\\\" in bias variance tradeoff derivation?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><variance><bias><unbiased-estimator><mse>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know there are plenty of questions about the Bias/Variance tradeoff. I've been trying to deriv\", \"AccountId\": 3075710.0, \"DisplayName\": \"makansij\", \"Location\": \"Dockweiler, CA 90007, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a PhD Student at University of Southern California.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 158136, \"PostId\": 158136, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Backtracking line search should ensure descent, presuming that the objective function and gradient e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-24T14:39:20.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 158094, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is something \\\"wrong\\\" with the algorithm, gradient descent (its very name is an example of f\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 77244, \"OwnerUserId\": 77244, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 158136, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can I checking the correct implementation for gradient descent algorithm by looking at if the loss i\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><optimization><gradient-descent><boosting><gradient>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The tricky thing of manually implement optimization algorithm is that, even there are some errors\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-27T20:51:38.203000\", \"AccountId\": 6748385.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Haitao Du\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/haitao-du-32a28220/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>My <a href=\\\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/haitao-du-32a28220/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Linkedin P\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 153847, \"OwnerUserId\": 77244, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 153851, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why are symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrices so important?\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><optimization><covariance-matrix><intuition><linear-algebra>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know the definition of symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrix, but want to understand more. <\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-15T19:13:41.140000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 155894, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 153847, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There are already several answers explaining why symmetric positive definite matrices are so impo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-04T02:19:33.640000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 541918, \"PostId\": 155894, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"607f95ef-2895-49d7-987c-108ecb33a3e7\", \"Text\": \"There are already several answers explaining why symmetric positive definite matrices are so importa\", \"Comment\": \"added 642 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-01T18:48:28.230000\"}]}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 66724, \"PostId\": 143128, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Note that when I wrote \\\"Is objective function differentiable (smooth) everywhere, or at least most p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-22T23:29:47.010000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 66724, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Optimization of stochastic computer models\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><stochastic-processes>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a tough topic for myself to google since having the words optimization and stochastic in \", \"AccountId\": 7324035.0, \"DisplayName\": \"RustyStatistician\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 86941, \"PostId\": 157691, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You need to fix specification for $L$. Presuming there are 3 intervals for the fixed-up $L$, there a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-20T02:55:44.183000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86941, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability equation is > real positive number\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mathematical-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>(I have finally edited my question)</p>\\n\\n<p>I have one equation being compared to a number:</p>\\n\\n\", \"AccountId\": 9043830.0, \"DisplayName\": \"TheFermat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 157780, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Cliff AB So far we have no reports of results from the OP. I was referring to the results by Glen_\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 157774, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<ul>\\n<li><p>Fun fact: the 0.632 quantile of the distribution is <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\lambd\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 86999, \"OwnerUserId\": 86999, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to find initial values for Weibull MLE in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><optimization><descriptive-statistics><weibull-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to find parameter estimates using MLE for a weibull distribution to some data: </p>\\n\\n<pre>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-21T05:49:14.577000\", \"AccountId\": 9027704.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jill\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\"}, {\"Id\": 148712, \"PostId\": 219092, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What properties do you want the noise to have?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-31T15:23:36.277000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 148712, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Adding noise to a synthetic value\", \"Tags\": \"<measurement-error>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Please, could someone let me know how I can add noise to a synthetic value. I have a temperature\", \"AccountId\": 10967703.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Aby\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 65430, \"PostId\": 130496, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Unlike a Normal, a Lognormal random variable is not symmetric about its mean (or anything else), as \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-06T03:53:23.307000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 65430, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 130530, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"lognormal with very large mean, but small sample value\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><mean><lognormal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X \\\\sim N(\\\\mu, \\\\sigma^2)$, where $\\\\mu = -800$ and $\\\\sigma = 76$</p>\\n\\n<p>Let $Y = \\\\exp(X)$, so\", \"AccountId\": 2696460.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mac\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 193965, \"PostId\": 193965, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Newton methods calculate the Hessian matrix, \\\"by scratch\\\", at each iteration of the algorithm, eith\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-13T12:03:38.873000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 193682, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Basically think of L-BFGS as a way of finding a (local) minimum of an objective function, making \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 121475, \"OwnerUserId\": 121475, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 193965, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does the L-BFGS work?\", \"Tags\": \"<algorithms><optimization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The purpose of the paper was to optimize some parameters by maximizing the regularized log-likeli\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-11T02:55:07.813000\", \"AccountId\": 11091647.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Abir\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 28287, \"PostId\": 180390, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/416150/what-is-continuity-correction-in-statistics\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-03T01:21:29.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 28287, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Approximating a discrete distribution with a continuous distribution: why add/subtract 0.5/N?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><proportion>\", \"Body\": \"<p>From onlinestatbook's chapter on \\\"<a href=\\\"http://onlinestatbook.com/2/estimation/proportion_ci.h\", \"AccountId\": 3083107.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CopperKettle\", \"Location\": \"Delft, the Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>A freelance translator. Male, born in the 1970s.</p>\\n<hr />\\n<p>Why 'Copper Kettle'? Because <a hr\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 120425, \"UserId\": 52751, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Enthusiast\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-07-10T04:59:35.650000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 113207, \"PostId\": 113207, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"71d4a243-aafe-498d-83c1-99f34543f38f\", \"Text\": \"I think you need nonnegativity constraints on all the parameters (variables). MAXDET by Boyd et al,\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-24T10:05:04.997000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 113193, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think you need nonnegativity constraints on all the parameters (variables). MAXDET by Boyd et \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 53332, \"OwnerUserId\": 53332, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 113207, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"A maxdet problem with three variables - maximum likelihood estimation in Mathlab/Mata/R\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><matlab><matrix>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<h2>Problem</h2>\\n\\n<p>Given $n$ known vectors $y_j = (y_1, y_2, ..., y_{K_j})', \\\\forall j=1,n$ and a \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-14T01:20:05.583000\", \"AccountId\": 6142799.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Khan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>A learner in Economics</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 221100, \"PostId\": 221100, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f87ec585-4898-4ffd-a818-db8c1133d171\", \"Text\": \"A real matrix is a covariance matrix if and only if it is symmetric positive semi-definite. A conse\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-17T21:24:08.540000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 219644, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A real matrix is a covariance matrix if and only if it is symmetric positive semi-definite. A co\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 144306, \"OwnerUserId\": 144306, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 221100, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Doubt regarding the variance and covariance matrix\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><variance><covariance><covariance-matrix>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a general doubt regarding the variance and covariance matrix. I know that the general stru\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-19T16:52:59.033000\", \"AccountId\": 11065444.0, \"DisplayName\": \"userNoOne\", \"Location\": \"New Delhi, Delhi, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>No way, I am sharing my secrets</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 181275, \"PostId\": 181275, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"37ebb128-4a20-41a0-b406-c8d394df975a\", \"Text\": \"Because the question is self-study, I will only provide hints.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf $X$ has Normal distribution wit\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-05T20:51:10.023000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 181272, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Because the question is self-study, I will only provide hints.</p>\\n\\n<p>If $X$ has Normal distribu\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 108704, \"OwnerUserId\": 108704, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"how can calculate $E(\\\\Phi(X-1))$\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><mathematical-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>suppose X has normal distribution with $\\\\mu=\\\\sigma^2=1$. how can calculate $E(\\\\Phi(X-1))$</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-05T20:31:14.507000\", \"AccountId\": 10392327.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hadi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 112392, \"PostId\": 112392, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6a16dc43-41d1-41ab-9d4d-d78cb5fe842b\", \"Text\": \"Here is a very clean answer.\\r\\n\\r\\nOptimization consists of minimizing or maximizing an objective funct\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-16T23:03:03.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 110828, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is a very clean answer.</p>\\n\\n<p>Optimization consists of minimizing or maximizing an objecti\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 49403, \"OwnerUserId\": 49403, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 110943, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Evaluation and optimization in machine learning\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am reading the <a href=\\\"https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~pedrod/papers/cacm12.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-15T22:27:47.293000\", \"AccountId\": 2293659.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joseph Stone\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 114326, \"PostId\": 114326, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fdf6d7b9-8cec-43ec-8f7f-4552dd5e84a9\", \"Text\": \"There's nothing wrong with the Cholesky factorization. There is an error in your code. See edit belo\", \"Comment\": \"added 11 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-05T22:02:58.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 114323, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There's nothing wrong with the Cholesky factorization. There is an error in your code. See edit b\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 45140, \"OwnerUserId\": 45140, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 114327, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to use the Cholesky decomposition, or an alternative, for correlated data simulation\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><random-generation><cholesky-decomposition>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I use Cholesky decomposition to simulate correlated random variables given a correlation matrix. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-04T16:00:22.973000\", \"AccountId\": 4757969.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eli Korvigo\", \"Location\": \"St. Petersburg\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>MSc in Biology. Applied Mathematics PhD student.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 442000, \"PostId\": 134240, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"76e9231b-4e9a-4601-8bf7-d498180874ff\", \"Text\": \"Here is a suggested metric:\\r\\nLet your metric be the mean of the absolute value of the \\\"diff\\\" of the \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T01:01:08.597000\"}, {\"Id\": 144767, \"PostId\": 144767, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a384efb4-a92c-455e-b46d-61dfc4a9efa8\", \"Text\": \"No one has provided an exact answer, so I'll discuss approximations. If you're content with an appro\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-22T23:59:37.983000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 144623, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>No one has provided an exact answer, so I'll discuss approximations. If you're content with an ap\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 76697, \"OwnerUserId\": 76697, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 144767, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Need help calculating number of possible passwords with given criteria\", \"Tags\": \"<combinatorics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need help calculating the number of possible passwords with a given set of criteria. Here is th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-21T16:29:10.960000\", \"AccountId\": 8296762.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dprofancik\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 113580, \"PostId\": 113580, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a77ffc19-a081-4552-a810-96c7cbc14f9a\", \"Text\": \"Presume f_fitted(x) is your fitted function. You will have to choose a parameterization. But per you\", \"Comment\": \"added 411 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-27T13:06:18.903000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 113558, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Presume f_fitted(x) is your fitted function. You will have to choose a parameterization. But per \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 633, \"OwnerUserId\": 633, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How should I parametrize a nonlinear increasing function?\", \"Tags\": \"<nonlinear><gradient-descent><parameterization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to learn a nonlinear monotone increasing function $f$ parametrized using a set of weights \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-10T22:28:36.470000\", \"AccountId\": 35314.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Neil G\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://mila.quebec/en/person/neil-girdhar/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Interested in machine learning and Python.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 112741, \"PostId\": 112741, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e6d868d-0ee4-45dc-be90-f1b70f1ac598\", \"Text\": \"I will answer most of the bottom line questions, but not all of your individual questions.\\r\\n\\r\\nCovari\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-19T15:33:09.407000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111491, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I will answer most of the bottom line questions, but not all of your individual questions.</p>\\n\\n<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 25170, \"OwnerUserId\": 25170, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 112741, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When the sample covariance matrix becomes singular\", \"Tags\": \"<estimation><covariance><eigenvalues><regularization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume a data set $X$ which contains $k$ iid random vectors of size $p$. Denote by $S$ the sample\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-24T10:42:16.070000\", \"AccountId\": 3460778.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Christina\", \"Location\": \"Argentina\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 73037, \"PostId\": 158416, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"70e896b7-833b-401d-bdc0-e328de5b72d7\", \"Text\": \"Relation between Covariance matrix and Jacobian in Nonlinear Least Squares\", \"Comment\": \"Made the title more informative as to question\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-11T08:37:37.750000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 73037, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 158431, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Relation between Covariance matrix and Jacobian in Nonlinear Least Squares\", \"Tags\": \"<matlab><covariance-matrix><jacobian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I saw that <code>CovB = inv(J'*J)*MSE</code> in a MATLAB documentation here at \\n<a href=\\\"http://w\", \"AccountId\": 5297150.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sayantan Roy\", \"Location\": \"Munich, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Coder at Day\\nSleeper at Night</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 172132, \"PostId\": 172132, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c3341c58-c37e-4078-a9fc-0be2b339b214\", \"Text\": \"What do you mean by \\\"irregular terms\\\"? It sounds like you are just talking about the distribution of\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-16T21:35:20.367000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 172130, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>What do you mean by \\\"irregular terms\\\"? It sounds like you are just talking about the distribution\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 99661, \"OwnerUserId\": 99661, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Non-linear least squares and irregular term conditions\", \"Tags\": \"<nonlinear-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know that when estimating and using ordinary least squares, irregular terms have to be iid N(0,\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-16T19:51:49.140000\", \"AccountId\": 9867300.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Valo Krustevskij\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 151510, \"PostId\": 151510, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"346efcf6-48d9-4626-835b-48c323322bd5\", \"Text\": \"The mean (i.e., expected value) of the product of n dependent indicator random variables equals the \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-23T21:29:52.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 151292, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The mean (i.e., expected value) of the product of n dependent indicator random variables equals t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 81958, \"OwnerUserId\": 81958, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mean of the product of n dependent indicator random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mean>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>How can I simplify $E( I_1\\\\cdot I_2\\\\cdot \\\\dots \\\\cdot I_n )$, which is a mean of the product of $n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-22T01:16:50.527000\", \"AccountId\": 8680868.0, \"DisplayName\": \"weidade3721\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 76848, \"PostId\": 144785, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f99acf20-1619-410d-94f3-e6e5cde97531\", \"Text\": \"I'm running some basic R and there are a lot of great tutorials about PCA but they always stop once \", \"Comment\": \"Corrected spelling of \\\"principle\\\" to \\\"principal\\\"\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-23T13:55:28.167000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 76848, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What to do with principal components?\", \"Tags\": \"<pca>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm running some basic R and there are a lot of great tutorials about PCA but they always stop on\", \"AccountId\": 8308540.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dataddodo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 219568, \"PostId\": 219568, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5514466d-5ab2-446b-8812-e86896708b85\", \"Text\": \"What @Xi'an wrote is true, but let me add further, which hopefully resolves the OP's confusion.\\r\\n\\r\\nT\", \"Comment\": \"added 70 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-04T13:07:39.627000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 219549, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>What @Xi'an wrote is true, but let me add further, which hopefully resolves the OP's confusion.</\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 131912, \"OwnerUserId\": 131912, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 219568, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does covariance matrix of conditional Gaussian random variable depend on $X_2$?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>On Wikipedia, it states that the covariance matrix of the conditional Gaussian random variable, $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-07T19:00:20.413000\", \"AccountId\": 11465493.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Norman\", \"Location\": \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Noir Night…</p>\\n<p>Curling smoke, old cigar,</p>\\n<p>Dusty ashtray, familiar bar,</p>\\n<p>Hey barke\"}]}, {\"Id\": 161437, \"PostId\": 161437, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f9b9af77-230f-453b-9f52-144f4baf2fdc\", \"Text\": \"**Scenario**:\\r\\n\\r\\nConsider the use of bootstrapping to estimate the distribution of model parameters \", \"Comment\": \"Corrected typo and tag change\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-21T19:44:11.473000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bootstrapping Generalized Least Squares\", \"Tags\": \"<bootstrap><generalized-least-squares><research-design>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Scenario</strong>:</p>\\n\\n<p>Consider the use of bootstrapping to estimate the distribution\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 147187, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 147167, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Define the states 1,2,3,4,5,6,2a,6a, where states 2a and 6a are absorbing, and all other states a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T04:00:36.693000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 78749, \"OwnerUserId\": 78749, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Use Markov chains to compute probability of rolling a 1 followed by a 2 before rolling two consecuti\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><markov-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was curious about how to apply the concept of Markov chains to the following problem:</p>\\n\\n<p>R\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T00:22:45.453000\", \"AccountId\": 7341692.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user5590942\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 112136, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 112133, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Hint (really, really good hint):</p>\\n<p>The <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_compleme\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-14T12:33:22.787000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 39791, \"OwnerUserId\": 39791, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Prove that the distribution of $Q$ is chi-squared with $p_2$ degrees of freedom\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><multivariate-analysis><multivariate-normal-distribution><chi-squared-distribution><q\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Suppose $X$ is a $p$-dimensional vector following $N_p(\\\\mu,\\\\Sigma)$ distribution, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-28T14:20:28.017000\", \"AccountId\": 4196455.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Landon Carter\", \"Location\": \"Washington, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a student interested in Mathematics and Statistics.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 155148, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 155131, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>rank(A) = $9$, which means that the null space of $A$ has dimension $7$. So $Ax=B$ has a 7-fold \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-27T23:01:28.307000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 51399, \"OwnerUserId\": 51399, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to get non-negative solutions to matrix in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><matrix><linear-algebra>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to solve the equation <code>AX = B</code> in R.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have two matrices, <code>A<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-15T15:52:27.537000\", \"AccountId\": 3645145.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ultimate8\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 113191, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 96710, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If Poisson Process A, having intensity function lambda_A(t), is independent of Poisson Process B,\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-24T07:59:11.327000\"}, {\"Id\": 154492, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 154482, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let p = probability of array element i being a 1, independent and identical for all i from 1 to k\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-21T23:18:00.573000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 84449, \"OwnerUserId\": 84449, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"exact value runtime for coin flip algorithm\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><expected-value><algorithms>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I have an algorithm like this:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>inc = 10 \\nfor num in Array:\\n if num == 1:\\n \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-21T22:04:07.880000\", \"AccountId\": 8867718.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user124094\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 236211, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 236208, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Pick a gradient component, call it $g_a$. Let $g_{a,i}$ denote measured gradient on iteration i.<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-29T23:28:14.657000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 147549, \"OwnerUserId\": 147549, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 236211, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is gradient descent with momentum considered an exponentially weighted average?\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><gradient-descent><stochastic-gradient-descent>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I recently watched <a href=\\\"https://www.coursera.org/learn/deep-neural-network/lecture/y0m1f/grad\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-22T00:24:59.597000\", \"AccountId\": 10725107.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zucchinifries\", \"Location\": \"Toronto, ON, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 234683, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 234678, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The components of a Multivariate Normal distribution are independent if and only if they are unco\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-15T11:50:12.240000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 162017, \"OwnerUserId\": 162017, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The lack of correlation determines the second-degree cross-moments (covariances) of a multivariate d\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><covariance><independence><moments><independent-component-analysis>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>It is given in the following image that</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>lack of correlation determines the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-12T14:48:49.977000\", \"AccountId\": 11219816.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ironman\", \"Location\": \"India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Enthusiast</strong>\\n<a href=\\\"https://i.stack\"}]}, {\"Id\": 112087, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 29649, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Buy and read at least the first 6 chapters (first 218 pages) of William J. Feller \\\"An Introductio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-13T20:56:06.040000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 10106, \"OwnerUserId\": 10106, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Real-life examples of common distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><references><gamma-distribution><beta-distribution><application>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am a grad student developing an interest for statistics. I like the material over-all, but I so\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-06T17:03:51.533000\", \"AccountId\": 1724968.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Roark\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 488858, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 134240, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 488545, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 134240, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 134239, \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 134240, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Highest values changes on vector\", \"Tags\": \"<distance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need a statistic or metric to obtain which vector has the highest changes between its values, I\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:41:42.070000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 488689, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 134239, \"VoteTypeId\": 16, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 441996, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ccccec04-513f-4812-b76a-48183b78d6ca\", \"Text\": \"I need a statistic or metric to obtain which vector has the highest changes between its values, I me\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:41:42.070000\"}, {\"Id\": 441997, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ccccec04-513f-4812-b76a-48183b78d6ca\", \"Text\": \"<statistical>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:41:42.070000\"}, {\"Id\": 441998, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ccccec04-513f-4812-b76a-48183b78d6ca\", \"Text\": \"highest values changes on vector\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:41:42.070000\"}, {\"Id\": 34360, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 34360, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2a49eef7-d425-4c7b-9d26-108aaf59ec0e\", \"Text\": \"I need a statistic or metric to obtain which vector has the highest changes between its values, I me\", \"Comment\": \"improved formatting for code sample\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-07T17:08:27.837000\", \"AccountId\": 1621759.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Gilles\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>signal/noise models + theorem = optimal algorithm.</p>\\n</blockquote>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 442097, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 24, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2a49eef7-d425-4c7b-9d26-108aaf59ec0e\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"Proposed by 49647 approved by 7224, 13680 edit id of 15089\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T09:58:14.077000\"}, {\"Id\": 5237, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"26845da2-8dc3-4043-992e-9297253af754\", \"Text\": \"I need a statistic or metric to obtain which vector has the highest changes between its values, I me\", \"Comment\": \"changed tag; light editing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-09T04:43:15.613000\", \"AccountId\": 1028075.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gung - Reinstate Monica\", \"Location\": \"Kingdom of Zhao\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Long\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Stack Exchange's actions have been reprehensible. Monica Cellio, a popular and well-respected vo\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 703648, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"26845da2-8dc3-4043-992e-9297253af754\", \"Text\": \"Highest values changes on vector\", \"Comment\": \"changed tag; light editing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-07T13:13:51.303000\"}, {\"Id\": 703649, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"26845da2-8dc3-4043-992e-9297253af754\", \"Text\": \"<distance>\", \"Comment\": \"changed tag; light editing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-07T13:13:51.303000\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 214597, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 68410, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I add information about three (averaged) values. I hope it helps to be clearer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T17:29:48.253000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"significant difference between few averaged values\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need to determine if one value is better significantly over others few values. I mean, I use a \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Questions of statistical significance require information about the variability of the statistics yo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 745054, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"9130929f-6470-461c-96c2-b2cea88392ec\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"103\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T18:01:34.277000\"}, {\"Id\": 745223, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 11, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"33c7b932-e3af-466a-9f00-4e1153b17521\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":11887,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"kjetil b halvorsen\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":7555,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"jbowman\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\"\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-17T14:16:37.447000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 810876, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 214597, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-17T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 745043, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a9b9540-321a-4d9f-9f6d-0a0ff0be9b22\", \"Text\": \"<statistical-significance>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T17:29:48.253000\"}, {\"Id\": 745044, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a9b9540-321a-4d9f-9f6d-0a0ff0be9b22\", \"Text\": \"significance difference\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T17:29:48.253000\"}, {\"Id\": 745045, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a9b9540-321a-4d9f-9f6d-0a0ff0be9b22\", \"Text\": \"I have a question about how to determine if one value is better significantly over others few values\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T17:29:48.253000\"}, {\"Id\": 745092, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d115d96-cb10-4b17-b934-d3422104a392\", \"Text\": \"I need to determine if one value is better significantly over others few values. I mean, I use a met\", \"Comment\": \"added 195 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T21:22:12.757000\"}, {\"Id\": 745093, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d115d96-cb10-4b17-b934-d3422104a392\", \"Text\": \"significant difference between few averaged values\", \"Comment\": \"added 195 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T21:22:12.757000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 214704, \"OwnerUserId\": 143309, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214597, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Your sample sizes are rather small, but you could cut up images into sub-parts in order to fix th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-18T05:39:34.400000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 402271, \"PostId\": 214704, \"UserId\": 68410, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks @Cristian_Rau, I thinks your idea could work. I am going to split images to have a more infor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-19T14:22:45.243000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 143309, \"PostId\": 214704, \"UserId\": 143309, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1b8b2e96-72b4-4583-9e32-e0712888d610\", \"Text\": \"Your sample sizes are rather small, but you could cut up images into sub-parts in order to fix this \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-10T23:23:01.493000\", \"AccountId\": 12474432.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Christian Rau\", \"Location\": \"Mainz, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Independent researcher, environmentalist, amateur (poet and satirist).</p>\\n<p>Link to my research\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 309643, \"PostId\": 309643, \"UserId\": 143309, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eacb2519-a036-4852-9d47-614d03b7579e\", \"Text\": \"A minor issue first, but one which may have caused you confusion: the lower index in your first sum \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-17T15:39:24.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 143309, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 308238, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A minor issue first, but one which may have caused you confusion: the lower index in your first s\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 229378, \"OwnerUserId\": 229378, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Markov chains derivation for absorbing states\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><markov-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am given that the probability to reach a specific absorbing state <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-01T20:01:46.173000\", \"AccountId\": 7836365.0, \"DisplayName\": \"roulette01\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 224240, \"PostId\": 224240, \"UserId\": 143309, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c244fca0-ac22-4555-9121-56902e860444\", \"Text\": \"The random variables X,Y in c) are indeed dependent, as per your explanation below the formula \\\"P(X,\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-18T20:50:37.560000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 143309, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 224075, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The random variables X,Y in c) are indeed dependent, as per your explanation below the formula \\\"P\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 154297, \"OwnerUserId\": 154297, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pictorial explanation of Statistical Independence\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><independence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/QxtqR.jpg\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T03:23:49.553000\", \"AccountId\": 3774766.0, \"DisplayName\": \"beginner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 214219, \"OwnerUserId\": 143309, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214211, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Your formula is correct, at least according to what is taught in most classical textbooks. One ca\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-13T10:07:56.990000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 122849, \"OwnerUserId\": 122849, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 214219, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using parameter estimate for estimating errors in software\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><estimation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In our online system, we run 1000 tests (where each test presents one piece of functionality) and\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-22T06:13:48.547000\", \"AccountId\": 942921.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John V\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 143309, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 143309, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}]}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 147744, \"UserId\": 68410, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-01-18T20:21:49.047000\"}, {\"Id\": 273201, \"UserId\": 68410, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-12-17T14:19:00.063000\"}, {\"Id\": 147918, \"UserId\": 68410, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-01-19T22:59:32.970000\"}, {\"Id\": 273134, \"UserId\": 68410, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-12-16T21:24:45.520000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"Id\": 68410, \"AccountId\": 2209337.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jaime Lopez\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Engineer & Professor / Colombian & Spaniard / Single & Happy</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-18T20:21:19.543000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 134240, \"PostId\": 134240, \"UserId\": 68410, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@MarkL.Stone Thank you. Good solution, but see that it is affected when you have big differences bet\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T01:01:08.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 134239, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is a suggested metric:\\nLet your metric be the mean of the absolute value of the \\\"diff\\\" of th\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 16159, \"PostId\": 134240, \"UserId\": 16159, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There is great power in being able to describe it so your grandma would understand it. My grandma i\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-24T16:01:45.153000\", \"AccountId\": 2538419.0, \"DisplayName\": \"EngrStudent\", \"Location\": \"Midwest USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://mathbaby.blogspot.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Christian.</p>\\n<p>Dad of daughters (14yr, 10yr, 4yr, 3yr)</p>\\n<p>Husband. (20.7 years) Married to\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 250317, \"PostId\": 134240, \"UserId\": 16159, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"A more general form is \\\"norm of the difference\\\". Absolute value is one norm, but the L2-norm, all e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T01:06:11.780000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 52751, \"PostId\": 134240, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@ EngrStudent , agreed. I thought of describing it as such, but decided to keep it non-technical, an\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-04T15:02:07.583000\", \"AccountId\": 6304592.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mark L. Stone\", \"Location\": \"Nonlinear Multivariate Dynamic Stochastic Global Optimum\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://marklstone.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>Interests</strong>: Nonlinear multivariate dynamic stochastic global optimization (everyt\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 196152, \"PostId\": 266570, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Further along the lines of @whuber 's comment, if you think about this is in the context of an optim\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-04-05T21:46:04.490000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 196152, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to weight values for a weighted average\", \"Tags\": \"<mean><weighted>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have 100 answers regarding production times in minutes of a certain product from 100 manufactur\", \"AccountId\": 15686882.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ryan Doherty\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 56637, \"PostId\": 143728, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"O.k., I double checked my comment, so now I made it an answer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-02T16:09:16.377000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 56637, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 143731, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Choleski decomposition of the covariance matrix\", \"Tags\": \"<matlab><linear-algebra><matrix-decomposition><cholesky-decomposition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a process described as </p>\\n\\n<p>$r_t = \\\\mu + \\\\Sigma_t^{1/2}z_t$</p>\\n\\n<p>where $z_t$ is let\", \"AccountId\": 3856969.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Masher\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 12169, \"PostId\": 146999, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"O.k., 10^8 variables is a fairly high dimensional problem. Not as easy as 4 variables. You might wan\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-07T19:45:09.217000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 12169, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Indirect solution for maximum entropy through sampling?\", \"Tags\": \"<simulation><monte-carlo><expectation-maximization><maximum-entropy>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is there a way to sample from a finite set $\\\\{A,B,C,D\\\\}$ such that the limiting empirical proport\", \"AccountId\": 512582.0, \"DisplayName\": \"sheppa28\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 71726, \"PostId\": 138227, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Given the w matrix and a fixed value of n, surely the p by n matrix is not unique. Do you wish to fi\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-02-25T17:44:20.407000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 71726, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Inverse of ordering function\", \"Tags\": \"<order-statistics><matrix-inverse>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Lets assume we have p by n matrix.We can generate an output matrix, w (p x p) such as w_ij repres\", \"AccountId\": 6578170.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Shin\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 102655, \"PostId\": 175453, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Antoni Parellada I'll let you have the honor/get the glory and points from providing the answer. Th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-01-18T02:31:21.713000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 102655, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 175455, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fitting least squares when number of predictors are larger than instances\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><linear-model><identifiability><underdetermined>\", \"Body\": \"<p>A statement from the book <em>Introduction to Statistical learning with applications in R</em>, d\", \"AccountId\": 9935796.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Fenil\", \"Location\": \"Vasco da Gama, Goa, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://fenil.xyz\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 105582, \"PostId\": 211942, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Look at the entire objective function. It's different. The gradient is different. Therefore the algo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-02-10T01:11:47.700000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 105582, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why do we clip the surrogate objective in PPO?\", \"Tags\": \"<deep-learning><reinforcement-learning>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to understand the justification behind clipping in Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO).\", \"AccountId\": 4558204.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BadProgrammer\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 231064, \"PostId\": 231064, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Each $w_i$ is a $d$ by $1$ vector. Then $w_j$ ... $w_{j+m-1}$ are stacked vertically into a $d*m$ by\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-13T16:09:45.113000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 231062, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Per the top of p. 658 in the above linked article, $w_i\\\\in\\\\mathbb{R}^d$. So $\\\\begin{bmatrix}w_j\\\\\\\\\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 151907, \"OwnerUserId\": 151907, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 231064, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What does the matrix $M = [diag(m_{:,1}),\\\\ldots,diag(m_{:,m})]$ look like?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><neural-networks><deep-learning><convolution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm reading this <a href=\\\"http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1062\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">pap\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-26T20:40:32.940000\", \"AccountId\": 12394026.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mr. President\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 169193, \"PostId\": 240108, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You don't seem to have told us what optimization problem you are solving with scipy.optimize. Despit\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-07-22T02:09:02.497000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 169193, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 268560, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating correlation matrix using numeric likelihood maximization\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><maximum-likelihood><optimization><numerics><cholesky-decomposition>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm performing maximum likelihood estimation on jointly distributed data and I'm having some issu\", \"AccountId\": 11844004.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Felipe D.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 86244, \"PostId\": 156982, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Nice one on the \\\"or\\\". That made me think of my course in Linear Programming in which we studied seve\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-12T04:35:24.737000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86244, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 156961, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I don't like the term \\\"expected value\\\" and didn't use it when teaching probability. \\\"Arithmetic m\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 78078, \"OwnerUserId\": 78078, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 156972, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Expected value vs. most probable value (mode)\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><expected-value><chi-squared-distribution><mode>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The expected value of a distribution <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$f(x)$</span> is the mean, that\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-07T15:39:38.353000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 156972, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 156961, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a Normal distribution, the expected value, a.k.a. the mean, equals the mode.</p>\\n\\n<p>In gener\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-14T16:24:59.320000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 520882, \"PostId\": 156972, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c9727cc2-256f-48d2-b051-bbf26ccfba40\", \"Text\": \"For a Normal distribution, the expected value, a.k.a. the mean, equals the mode.\\r\\n\\r\\nIn general, not \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-14T16:24:59.320000\"}]}], \"AccountId\": 8104589.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sørën\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 7025759.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ttw\", \"Location\": \"Dallas, Texas, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Retired Math Professor and Research Scientist.</p>\\n\\n<p>Amateur composer and performer. Interested\"}, {\"Id\": 199248, \"PostId\": 199248, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Ben-tal et all book deals with conic (convex) optimization, which apparently yours is not, but it ma\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-07-30T16:37:54.560000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 199242, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Because $y$ is random, you have to specify in what manner you want the constraint to hold.</p>\\n\\n<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 17535, \"OwnerUserId\": 17535, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Question related to optimization of nature $\\\\text{min} ~~ Q(x) ~~ \\\\text{subjected to} ~~C(x, y) \\\\geq\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is little off-the-track question than the conventional ones asked in this forum. This is a p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-05-02T18:08:26.830000\", \"AccountId\": 1618669.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sandipan Karmakar\", \"Location\": \"Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 24904, \"PostId\": 145714, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Given that this numerically unstable code is used in an archival submission (CRAN), it is quite disc\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-15T17:37:22.320000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 24904, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 145719, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How is this formula for variance correct? (as seen in stats software source code)\", \"Tags\": \"<variance><computational-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to re-implement the <a href=\\\"https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Ckmeans.1d.dp\\\" re\", \"AccountId\": 3536340.0, \"DisplayName\": \"shadowtalker\", \"Location\": \"New York\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 54051, \"PostId\": 170553, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Especially if the objective function is non-convex, you are likely to see more benefit from larger m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-25T05:25:09.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 54051, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"minimum data size required for good performance of mini batch gradient descent\", \"Tags\": \"<gradient-descent><autoencoders>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have been doing work on Theano based autoencoder. For data size of less than 100, it is working\", \"AccountId\": 197818.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Shyamkkhadka\", \"Location\": \"Kathmandu, Nepal\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.skkhadka.com.np\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Ruby on Rails Application Developer, Interested in IP Networking, Unix system administration</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 76899, \"PostId\": 144865, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Debdatta Sinha Roy , sorry R is not my thing. But you will need to get you equation and data entere\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-24T06:59:20.593000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 76899, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Finding parameters of a given function\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><data-visualization><nonlinear-regression>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have this following relation</p>\\n\\n<p>$$N = \\\\dfrac{(113834700(3000-c)(1-e^{-(Xn)/(3000-c)})}{n}$\", \"AccountId\": 1781449.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Debdatta Sinha Roy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 87845, \"PostId\": 228537, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"With discrete variables, you normally can't. Bit if the variables are \\\"continuous\\\" enough, maybe you\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-30T13:20:13.233000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 87845, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Optimizing a parameters vector for an unknown system to minimize error rate\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Not sure this is the correct form for this question. If not please migrate it. </p>\\n\\n<p>I have a \", \"AccountId\": 7428503.0, \"DisplayName\": \"havakok\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 114070, \"PostId\": 114070, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The first sentence in the 2nd paragraph of my answer means \\\"invert the Fourier transform of a real M\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-02T19:56:50.913000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 112745, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Unfortunately, the definition and conventions for complex Multivariate Normal is not completely s\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 10746, \"OwnerUserId\": 10746, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 114185, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fourier transform and the multivariate normal\", \"Tags\": \"<time-series><fourier-transform><multivariate-normal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am wondering about how to specify multivariate normal distributions for vectors that have under\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-09-07T06:47:21.270000\", \"AccountId\": 1645900.0, \"DisplayName\": \"bill_e\", \"Location\": \"Chicago\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 29483, \"PostId\": 112167, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Anyone who followed my advice in http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/33776/real-life-examples-o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-28T01:14:31.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 29483, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 112270, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Joint probability density function\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm stuck with this question: \\nSuppose I have two random variables: A and B such that \\n$$A\\\\sim N(\", \"AccountId\": 3953150.0, \"DisplayName\": \"George\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 40936, \"PostId\": 142525, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The key is that although $\\\\theta$ may be unknown, it is constant. And of course, $\\\\mathbb{E}(\\\\hat{\\\\t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-11-18T05:46:48.190000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 40936, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is bias \\\"constant\\\" in bias variance tradeoff derivation?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><variance><bias><unbiased-estimator><mse>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know there are plenty of questions about the Bias/Variance tradeoff. I've been trying to deriv\", \"AccountId\": 3075710.0, \"DisplayName\": \"makansij\", \"Location\": \"Dockweiler, CA 90007, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a PhD Student at University of Southern California.</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 158136, \"PostId\": 158136, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Backtracking line search should ensure descent, presuming that the objective function and gradient e\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-24T14:39:20.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 158094, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There is something \\\"wrong\\\" with the algorithm, gradient descent (its very name is an example of f\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 77244, \"OwnerUserId\": 77244, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 158136, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can I checking the correct implementation for gradient descent algorithm by looking at if the loss i\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><optimization><gradient-descent><boosting><gradient>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The tricky thing of manually implement optimization algorithm is that, even there are some errors\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-27T20:51:38.203000\", \"AccountId\": 6748385.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Haitao Du\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://www.linkedin.com/in/haitao-du-32a28220/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>My <a href=\\\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/haitao-du-32a28220/\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\">Linkedin P\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 153847, \"OwnerUserId\": 77244, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 153851, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why are symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrices so important?\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><optimization><covariance-matrix><intuition><linear-algebra>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know the definition of symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrix, but want to understand more. <\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-15T19:13:41.140000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 155894, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 153847, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There are already several answers explaining why symmetric positive definite matrices are so impo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-04T02:19:33.640000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 541918, \"PostId\": 155894, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"607f95ef-2895-49d7-987c-108ecb33a3e7\", \"Text\": \"There are already several answers explaining why symmetric positive definite matrices are so importa\", \"Comment\": \"added 642 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-01T18:48:28.230000\"}]}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 66724, \"PostId\": 143128, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Note that when I wrote \\\"Is objective function differentiable (smooth) everywhere, or at least most p\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-22T23:29:47.010000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 66724, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Optimization of stochastic computer models\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><stochastic-processes>\", \"Body\": \"<p>This is a tough topic for myself to google since having the words optimization and stochastic in \", \"AccountId\": 7324035.0, \"DisplayName\": \"RustyStatistician\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 86941, \"PostId\": 157691, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You need to fix specification for $L$. Presuming there are 3 intervals for the fixed-up $L$, there a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-20T02:55:44.183000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 86941, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probability equation is > real positive number\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mathematical-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>(I have finally edited my question)</p>\\n\\n<p>I have one equation being compared to a number:</p>\\n\\n\", \"AccountId\": 9043830.0, \"DisplayName\": \"TheFermat\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 157780, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Cliff AB So far we have no reports of results from the OP. I was referring to the results by Glen_\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 157774, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<ul>\\n<li><p>Fun fact: the 0.632 quantile of the distribution is <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">$\\\\lambd\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 86999, \"OwnerUserId\": 86999, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to find initial values for Weibull MLE in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><optimization><descriptive-statistics><weibull-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to find parameter estimates using MLE for a weibull distribution to some data: </p>\\n\\n<pre>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-08-21T05:49:14.577000\", \"AccountId\": 9027704.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jill\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\"}, {\"Id\": 148712, \"PostId\": 219092, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"What properties do you want the noise to have?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-31T15:23:36.277000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 148712, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Adding noise to a synthetic value\", \"Tags\": \"<measurement-error>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Please, could someone let me know how I can add noise to a synthetic value. I have a temperature\", \"AccountId\": 10967703.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Aby\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 65430, \"PostId\": 130496, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Unlike a Normal, a Lognormal random variable is not symmetric about its mean (or anything else), as \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-06T03:53:23.307000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 65430, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 130530, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"lognormal with very large mean, but small sample value\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions><mean><lognormal-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let $X \\\\sim N(\\\\mu, \\\\sigma^2)$, where $\\\\mu = -800$ and $\\\\sigma = 76$</p>\\n\\n<p>Let $Y = \\\\exp(X)$, so\", \"AccountId\": 2696460.0, \"DisplayName\": \"mac\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 193965, \"PostId\": 193965, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Newton methods calculate the Hessian matrix, \\\"by scratch\\\", at each iteration of the algorithm, eith\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-13T12:03:38.873000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 193682, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Basically think of L-BFGS as a way of finding a (local) minimum of an objective function, making \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 121475, \"OwnerUserId\": 121475, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 193965, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How does the L-BFGS work?\", \"Tags\": \"<algorithms><optimization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The purpose of the paper was to optimize some parameters by maximizing the regularized log-likeli\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-11T02:55:07.813000\", \"AccountId\": 11091647.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Abir\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 28287, \"PostId\": 180390, \"UserId\": 52751, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/416150/what-is-continuity-correction-in-statistics\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-03T01:21:29.923000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 28287, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Approximating a discrete distribution with a continuous distribution: why add/subtract 0.5/N?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><proportion>\", \"Body\": \"<p>From onlinestatbook's chapter on \\\"<a href=\\\"http://onlinestatbook.com/2/estimation/proportion_ci.h\", \"AccountId\": 3083107.0, \"DisplayName\": \"CopperKettle\", \"Location\": \"Delft, the Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>A freelance translator. Male, born in the 1970s.</p>\\n<hr />\\n<p>Why 'Copper Kettle'? Because <a hr\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 120425, \"UserId\": 52751, \"Class\": 2, \"Name\": \"Enthusiast\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-07-10T04:59:35.650000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 113207, \"PostId\": 113207, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"71d4a243-aafe-498d-83c1-99f34543f38f\", \"Text\": \"I think you need nonnegativity constraints on all the parameters (variables). MAXDET by Boyd et al,\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-24T10:05:04.997000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 113193, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I think you need nonnegativity constraints on all the parameters (variables). MAXDET by Boyd et \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 53332, \"OwnerUserId\": 53332, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 113207, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"A maxdet problem with three variables - maximum likelihood estimation in Mathlab/Mata/R\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><matlab><matrix>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<h2>Problem</h2>\\n\\n<p>Given $n$ known vectors $y_j = (y_1, y_2, ..., y_{K_j})', \\\\forall j=1,n$ and a \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-14T01:20:05.583000\", \"AccountId\": 6142799.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Khan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>A learner in Economics</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 221100, \"PostId\": 221100, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f87ec585-4898-4ffd-a818-db8c1133d171\", \"Text\": \"A real matrix is a covariance matrix if and only if it is symmetric positive semi-definite. A conse\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-17T21:24:08.540000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 219644, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A real matrix is a covariance matrix if and only if it is symmetric positive semi-definite. A co\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 144306, \"OwnerUserId\": 144306, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 221100, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Doubt regarding the variance and covariance matrix\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><variance><covariance><covariance-matrix>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a general doubt regarding the variance and covariance matrix. I know that the general stru\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-19T16:52:59.033000\", \"AccountId\": 11065444.0, \"DisplayName\": \"userNoOne\", \"Location\": \"New Delhi, Delhi, India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>No way, I am sharing my secrets</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 181275, \"PostId\": 181275, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"37ebb128-4a20-41a0-b406-c8d394df975a\", \"Text\": \"Because the question is self-study, I will only provide hints.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf $X$ has Normal distribution wit\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-05T20:51:10.023000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 181272, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Because the question is self-study, I will only provide hints.</p>\\n\\n<p>If $X$ has Normal distribu\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 108704, \"OwnerUserId\": 108704, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"how can calculate $E(\\\\Phi(X-1))$\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><self-study><mathematical-statistics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>suppose X has normal distribution with $\\\\mu=\\\\sigma^2=1$. how can calculate $E(\\\\Phi(X-1))$</p>\\n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-03-05T20:31:14.507000\", \"AccountId\": 10392327.0, \"DisplayName\": \"hadi\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 112392, \"PostId\": 112392, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"6a16dc43-41d1-41ab-9d4d-d78cb5fe842b\", \"Text\": \"Here is a very clean answer.\\r\\n\\r\\nOptimization consists of minimizing or maximizing an objective funct\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-16T23:03:03.880000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 110828, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here is a very clean answer.</p>\\n\\n<p>Optimization consists of minimizing or maximizing an objecti\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 49403, \"OwnerUserId\": 49403, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 110943, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Evaluation and optimization in machine learning\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am reading the <a href=\\\"https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~pedrod/papers/cacm12.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-04-15T22:27:47.293000\", \"AccountId\": 2293659.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Joseph Stone\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 114326, \"PostId\": 114326, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"fdf6d7b9-8cec-43ec-8f7f-4552dd5e84a9\", \"Text\": \"There's nothing wrong with the Cholesky factorization. There is an error in your code. See edit belo\", \"Comment\": \"added 11 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-05T22:02:58.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 114323, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There's nothing wrong with the Cholesky factorization. There is an error in your code. See edit b\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 45140, \"OwnerUserId\": 45140, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 114327, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to use the Cholesky decomposition, or an alternative, for correlated data simulation\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><random-generation><cholesky-decomposition>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I use Cholesky decomposition to simulate correlated random variables given a correlation matrix. \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-04T16:00:22.973000\", \"AccountId\": 4757969.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Eli Korvigo\", \"Location\": \"St. Petersburg\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>MSc in Biology. Applied Mathematics PhD student.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 442000, \"PostId\": 134240, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"76e9231b-4e9a-4601-8bf7-d498180874ff\", \"Text\": \"Here is a suggested metric:\\r\\nLet your metric be the mean of the absolute value of the \\\"diff\\\" of the \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T01:01:08.597000\"}, {\"Id\": 144767, \"PostId\": 144767, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a384efb4-a92c-455e-b46d-61dfc4a9efa8\", \"Text\": \"No one has provided an exact answer, so I'll discuss approximations. If you're content with an appro\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-22T23:59:37.983000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 144623, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>No one has provided an exact answer, so I'll discuss approximations. If you're content with an ap\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 76697, \"OwnerUserId\": 76697, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 144767, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Need help calculating number of possible passwords with given criteria\", \"Tags\": \"<combinatorics>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need help calculating the number of possible passwords with a given set of criteria. Here is th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-21T16:29:10.960000\", \"AccountId\": 8296762.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dprofancik\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 113580, \"PostId\": 113580, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"a77ffc19-a081-4552-a810-96c7cbc14f9a\", \"Text\": \"Presume f_fitted(x) is your fitted function. You will have to choose a parameterization. But per you\", \"Comment\": \"added 411 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-27T13:06:18.903000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 113558, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Presume f_fitted(x) is your fitted function. You will have to choose a parameterization. But per \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 633, \"OwnerUserId\": 633, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How should I parametrize a nonlinear increasing function?\", \"Tags\": \"<nonlinear><gradient-descent><parameterization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to learn a nonlinear monotone increasing function $f$ parametrized using a set of weights \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-10T22:28:36.470000\", \"AccountId\": 35314.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Neil G\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"https://mila.quebec/en/person/neil-girdhar/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Interested in machine learning and Python.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 112741, \"PostId\": 112741, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"3e6d868d-0ee4-45dc-be90-f1b70f1ac598\", \"Text\": \"I will answer most of the bottom line questions, but not all of your individual questions.\\r\\n\\r\\nCovari\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-19T15:33:09.407000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 111491, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>I will answer most of the bottom line questions, but not all of your individual questions.</p>\\n\\n<\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 25170, \"OwnerUserId\": 25170, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 112741, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"When the sample covariance matrix becomes singular\", \"Tags\": \"<estimation><covariance><eigenvalues><regularization>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Assume a data set $X$ which contains $k$ iid random vectors of size $p$. Denote by $S$ the sample\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-24T10:42:16.070000\", \"AccountId\": 3460778.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Christina\", \"Location\": \"Argentina\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 73037, \"PostId\": 158416, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"70e896b7-833b-401d-bdc0-e328de5b72d7\", \"Text\": \"Relation between Covariance matrix and Jacobian in Nonlinear Least Squares\", \"Comment\": \"Made the title more informative as to question\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-03-11T08:37:37.750000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 73037, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 158431, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Relation between Covariance matrix and Jacobian in Nonlinear Least Squares\", \"Tags\": \"<matlab><covariance-matrix><jacobian>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I saw that <code>CovB = inv(J'*J)*MSE</code> in a MATLAB documentation here at \\n<a href=\\\"http://w\", \"AccountId\": 5297150.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sayantan Roy\", \"Location\": \"Munich, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Coder at Day\\nSleeper at Night</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 172132, \"PostId\": 172132, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c3341c58-c37e-4078-a9fc-0be2b339b214\", \"Text\": \"What do you mean by \\\"irregular terms\\\"? It sounds like you are just talking about the distribution of\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-16T21:35:20.367000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 172130, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>What do you mean by \\\"irregular terms\\\"? It sounds like you are just talking about the distribution\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 99661, \"OwnerUserId\": 99661, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Non-linear least squares and irregular term conditions\", \"Tags\": \"<nonlinear-regression>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I know that when estimating and using ordinary least squares, irregular terms have to be iid N(0,\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-12-16T19:51:49.140000\", \"AccountId\": 9867300.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Valo Krustevskij\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 151510, \"PostId\": 151510, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"346efcf6-48d9-4626-835b-48c323322bd5\", \"Text\": \"The mean (i.e., expected value) of the product of n dependent indicator random variables equals the \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-23T21:29:52.147000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 151292, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The mean (i.e., expected value) of the product of n dependent indicator random variables equals t\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 81958, \"OwnerUserId\": 81958, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Mean of the product of n dependent indicator random variables\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><mean>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>How can I simplify $E( I_1\\\\cdot I_2\\\\cdot \\\\dots \\\\cdot I_n )$, which is a mean of the product of $n\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-06-22T01:16:50.527000\", \"AccountId\": 8680868.0, \"DisplayName\": \"weidade3721\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 76848, \"PostId\": 144785, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f99acf20-1619-410d-94f3-e6e5cde97531\", \"Text\": \"I'm running some basic R and there are a lot of great tutorials about PCA but they always stop once \", \"Comment\": \"Corrected spelling of \\\"principle\\\" to \\\"principal\\\"\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-04-23T13:55:28.167000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 76848, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What to do with principal components?\", \"Tags\": \"<pca>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm running some basic R and there are a lot of great tutorials about PCA but they always stop on\", \"AccountId\": 8308540.0, \"DisplayName\": \"dataddodo\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 219568, \"PostId\": 219568, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5514466d-5ab2-446b-8812-e86896708b85\", \"Text\": \"What @Xi'an wrote is true, but let me add further, which hopefully resolves the OP's confusion.\\r\\n\\r\\nT\", \"Comment\": \"added 70 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-02-04T13:07:39.627000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 219549, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>What @Xi'an wrote is true, but let me add further, which hopefully resolves the OP's confusion.</\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 131912, \"OwnerUserId\": 131912, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 219568, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does covariance matrix of conditional Gaussian random variable depend on $X_2$?\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>On Wikipedia, it states that the covariance matrix of the conditional Gaussian random variable, $\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-07T19:00:20.413000\", \"AccountId\": 11465493.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Norman\", \"Location\": \"Amsterdam, Netherlands\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Noir Night…</p>\\n<p>Curling smoke, old cigar,</p>\\n<p>Dusty ashtray, familiar bar,</p>\\n<p>Hey barke\"}]}, {\"Id\": 161437, \"PostId\": 161437, \"UserId\": 52751, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"f9b9af77-230f-453b-9f52-144f4baf2fdc\", \"Text\": \"**Scenario**:\\r\\n\\r\\nConsider the use of bootstrapping to estimate the distribution of model parameters \", \"Comment\": \"Corrected typo and tag change\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-09-21T19:44:11.473000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Bootstrapping Generalized Least Squares\", \"Tags\": \"<bootstrap><generalized-least-squares><research-design>\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Scenario</strong>:</p>\\n\\n<p>Consider the use of bootstrapping to estimate the distribution\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 147187, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 147167, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Define the states 1,2,3,4,5,6,2a,6a, where states 2a and 6a are absorbing, and all other states a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T04:00:36.693000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 78749, \"OwnerUserId\": 78749, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Use Markov chains to compute probability of rolling a 1 followed by a 2 before rolling two consecuti\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><markov-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was curious about how to apply the concept of Markov chains to the following problem:</p>\\n\\n<p>R\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-05-16T00:22:45.453000\", \"AccountId\": 7341692.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user5590942\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 112136, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 112133, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Hint (really, really good hint):</p>\\n<p>The <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_compleme\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-14T12:33:22.787000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 39791, \"OwnerUserId\": 39791, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Prove that the distribution of $Q$ is chi-squared with $p_2$ degrees of freedom\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><multivariate-analysis><multivariate-normal-distribution><chi-squared-distribution><q\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Suppose $X$ is a $p$-dimensional vector following $N_p(\\\\mu,\\\\Sigma)$ distribution, \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-28T14:20:28.017000\", \"AccountId\": 4196455.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Landon Carter\", \"Location\": \"Washington, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a student interested in Mathematics and Statistics.</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 155148, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 155131, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>rank(A) = $9$, which means that the null space of $A$ has dimension $7$. So $Ax=B$ has a 7-fold \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-27T23:01:28.307000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 51399, \"OwnerUserId\": 51399, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to get non-negative solutions to matrix in R?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><matrix><linear-algebra>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to solve the equation <code>AX = B</code> in R.</p>\\n\\n<p>I have two matrices, <code>A<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-05-15T15:52:27.537000\", \"AccountId\": 3645145.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ultimate8\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 113191, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 96710, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If Poisson Process A, having intensity function lambda_A(t), is independent of Poisson Process B,\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-24T07:59:11.327000\"}, {\"Id\": 154492, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 154482, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let p = probability of array element i being a 1, independent and identical for all i from 1 to k\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-21T23:18:00.573000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 84449, \"OwnerUserId\": 84449, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"exact value runtime for coin flip algorithm\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><expected-value><algorithms>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>So I have an algorithm like this:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>inc = 10 \\nfor num in Array:\\n if num == 1:\\n \", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-07-21T22:04:07.880000\", \"AccountId\": 8867718.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user124094\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 236211, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 236208, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Pick a gradient component, call it $g_a$. Let $g_{a,i}$ denote measured gradient on iteration i.<\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-29T23:28:14.657000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 147549, \"OwnerUserId\": 147549, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 236211, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why is gradient descent with momentum considered an exponentially weighted average?\", \"Tags\": \"<optimization><gradient-descent><stochastic-gradient-descent>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I recently watched <a href=\\\"https://www.coursera.org/learn/deep-neural-network/lecture/y0m1f/grad\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-01-22T00:24:59.597000\", \"AccountId\": 10725107.0, \"DisplayName\": \"zucchinifries\", \"Location\": \"Toronto, ON, Canada\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 234683, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 234678, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>The components of a Multivariate Normal distribution are independent if and only if they are unco\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-06-15T11:50:12.240000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 162017, \"OwnerUserId\": 162017, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"The lack of correlation determines the second-degree cross-moments (covariances) of a multivariate d\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><covariance><independence><moments><independent-component-analysis>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>It is given in the following image that</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>lack of correlation determines the\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-05-12T14:48:49.977000\", \"AccountId\": 11219816.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ironman\", \"Location\": \"India\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><strong>Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Enthusiast</strong>\\n<a href=\\\"https://i.stack\"}]}, {\"Id\": 112087, \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 29649, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Buy and read at least the first 6 chapters (first 218 pages) of William J. Feller \\\"An Introductio\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-06-13T20:56:06.040000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 10106, \"OwnerUserId\": 10106, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Real-life examples of common distributions\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><references><gamma-distribution><beta-distribution><application>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am a grad student developing an interest for statistics. I like the material over-all, but I so\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-06T17:03:51.533000\", \"AccountId\": 1724968.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Roark\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 52751, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 488858, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 134240, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 488545, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 134240, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 134239, \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 134240, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Highest values changes on vector\", \"Tags\": \"<distance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need a statistic or metric to obtain which vector has the highest changes between its values, I\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:41:42.070000\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 488689, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 134239, \"VoteTypeId\": 16, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 441996, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ccccec04-513f-4812-b76a-48183b78d6ca\", \"Text\": \"I need a statistic or metric to obtain which vector has the highest changes between its values, I me\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:41:42.070000\"}, {\"Id\": 441997, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ccccec04-513f-4812-b76a-48183b78d6ca\", \"Text\": \"<statistical>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:41:42.070000\"}, {\"Id\": 441998, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ccccec04-513f-4812-b76a-48183b78d6ca\", \"Text\": \"highest values changes on vector\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T00:41:42.070000\"}, {\"Id\": 34360, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 34360, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2a49eef7-d425-4c7b-9d26-108aaf59ec0e\", \"Text\": \"I need a statistic or metric to obtain which vector has the highest changes between its values, I me\", \"Comment\": \"improved formatting for code sample\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-07T17:08:27.837000\", \"AccountId\": 1621759.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Gilles\", \"Location\": \"Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>signal/noise models + theorem = optimal algorithm.</p>\\n</blockquote>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 442097, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": null, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 24, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2a49eef7-d425-4c7b-9d26-108aaf59ec0e\", \"Text\": null, \"Comment\": \"Proposed by 49647 approved by 7224, 13680 edit id of 15089\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-01-19T09:58:14.077000\"}, {\"Id\": 5237, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"26845da2-8dc3-4043-992e-9297253af754\", \"Text\": \"I need a statistic or metric to obtain which vector has the highest changes between its values, I me\", \"Comment\": \"changed tag; light editing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-11-09T04:43:15.613000\", \"AccountId\": 1028075.0, \"DisplayName\": \"gung - Reinstate Monica\", \"Location\": \"Kingdom of Zhao\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Long\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Stack Exchange's actions have been reprehensible. Monica Cellio, a popular and well-respected vo\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 703648, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"26845da2-8dc3-4043-992e-9297253af754\", \"Text\": \"Highest values changes on vector\", \"Comment\": \"changed tag; light editing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-07T13:13:51.303000\"}, {\"Id\": 703649, \"PostId\": 134239, \"UserId\": 5237, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"26845da2-8dc3-4043-992e-9297253af754\", \"Text\": \"<distance>\", \"Comment\": \"changed tag; light editing\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-09-07T13:13:51.303000\"}]}]}]}, {\"Id\": 214597, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 68410, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I add information about three (averaged) values. I hope it helps to be clearer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T17:29:48.253000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"significant difference between few averaged values\", \"Tags\": \"<statistical-significance>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I need to determine if one value is better significantly over others few values. I mean, I use a \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 668, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 668, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Questions of statistical significance require information about the variability of the statistics yo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-13T15:29:47.140000\", \"AccountId\": 449752.0, \"DisplayName\": \"whuber\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Consultant, expert witness, and teacher.</p>\\n<blockquote>\\n<p>The mathematics are not there for th\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 745054, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 10, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"9130929f-6470-461c-96c2-b2cea88392ec\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":919,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"whuber\\\"}]}\", \"Comment\": \"103\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T18:01:34.277000\"}, {\"Id\": 745223, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 668, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 11, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": null, \"RevisionGUID\": \"33c7b932-e3af-466a-9f00-4e1153b17521\", \"Text\": \"{\\\"Voters\\\":[{\\\"Id\\\":11887,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"kjetil b halvorsen\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\":7555,\\\"DisplayName\\\":\\\"jbowman\\\"},{\\\"Id\\\"\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-17T14:16:37.447000\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 810876, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 214597, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-17T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 745043, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a9b9540-321a-4d9f-9f6d-0a0ff0be9b22\", \"Text\": \"<statistical-significance>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T17:29:48.253000\"}, {\"Id\": 745044, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a9b9540-321a-4d9f-9f6d-0a0ff0be9b22\", \"Text\": \"significance difference\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T17:29:48.253000\"}, {\"Id\": 745045, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8a9b9540-321a-4d9f-9f6d-0a0ff0be9b22\", \"Text\": \"I have a question about how to determine if one value is better significantly over others few values\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T17:29:48.253000\"}, {\"Id\": 745092, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d115d96-cb10-4b17-b934-d3422104a392\", \"Text\": \"I need to determine if one value is better significantly over others few values. I mean, I use a met\", \"Comment\": \"added 195 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T21:22:12.757000\"}, {\"Id\": 745093, \"PostId\": 214597, \"UserId\": 68410, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"9d115d96-cb10-4b17-b934-d3422104a392\", \"Text\": \"significant difference between few averaged values\", \"Comment\": \"added 195 characters in body; edited title\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-16T21:22:12.757000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 214704, \"OwnerUserId\": 143309, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214597, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Your sample sizes are rather small, but you could cut up images into sub-parts in order to fix th\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-18T05:39:34.400000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 402271, \"PostId\": 214704, \"UserId\": 68410, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks @Cristian_Rau, I thinks your idea could work. I am going to split images to have a more infor\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-19T14:22:45.243000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 143309, \"PostId\": 214704, \"UserId\": 143309, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1b8b2e96-72b4-4583-9e32-e0712888d610\", \"Text\": \"Your sample sizes are rather small, but you could cut up images into sub-parts in order to fix this \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-10T23:23:01.493000\", \"AccountId\": 12474432.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Christian Rau\", \"Location\": \"Mainz, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Independent researcher, environmentalist, amateur (poet and satirist).</p>\\n<p>Link to my research\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 309643, \"PostId\": 309643, \"UserId\": 143309, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"eacb2519-a036-4852-9d47-614d03b7579e\", \"Text\": \"A minor issue first, but one which may have caused you confusion: the lower index in your first sum \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-05-17T15:39:24.060000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 143309, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 308238, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>A minor issue first, but one which may have caused you confusion: the lower index in your first s\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 229378, \"OwnerUserId\": 229378, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Markov chains derivation for absorbing states\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><markov-process>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am given that the probability to reach a specific absorbing state <span class=\\\"math-container\\\">\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-01T20:01:46.173000\", \"AccountId\": 7836365.0, \"DisplayName\": \"roulette01\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 224240, \"PostId\": 224240, \"UserId\": 143309, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c244fca0-ac22-4555-9121-56902e860444\", \"Text\": \"The random variables X,Y in c) are indeed dependent, as per your explanation below the formula \\\"P(X,\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-18T20:50:37.560000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 143309, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 224075, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>The random variables X,Y in c) are indeed dependent, as per your explanation below the formula \\\"P\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 154297, \"OwnerUserId\": 154297, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pictorial explanation of Statistical Independence\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><independence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/QxtqR.jpg\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow noreferrer\\\"><img src=\\\"https://i.stack\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-03-17T03:23:49.553000\", \"AccountId\": 3774766.0, \"DisplayName\": \"beginner\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 214219, \"OwnerUserId\": 143309, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 214211, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Your formula is correct, at least according to what is taught in most classical textbooks. One ca\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-12-13T10:07:56.990000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 122849, \"OwnerUserId\": 122849, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 214219, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using parameter estimate for estimating errors in software\", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval><estimation>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>In our online system, we run 1000 tests (where each test presents one piece of functionality) and\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-22T06:13:48.547000\", \"AccountId\": 942921.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John V\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 143309, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 143309, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}]}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 147744, \"UserId\": 68410, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Autobiographer\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-01-18T20:21:49.047000\"}, {\"Id\": 273201, \"UserId\": 68410, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-12-17T14:19:00.063000\"}, {\"Id\": 147918, \"UserId\": 68410, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-01-19T22:59:32.970000\"}, {\"Id\": 273134, \"UserId\": 68410, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2017-12-16T21:24:45.520000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 68410, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. \n"},"label":{"kind":"number","value":0,"string":"0"}}},{"rowIdx":99,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":"{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"Id\": 33248, \"AccountId\": 3338561.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ML_Dev\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T19:31:21.377000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 281276, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 33248, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks both! @BruceET, I have attempted to update my question to address your questions. This is ver\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T21:11:33.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 281286, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical Test for Employee Engagement Relative to Benchmark\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance><survey>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a set of employee engagement survey results scored on a Likert scale from one company. The\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 17249, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Those are reasonable ideas (though I would scratch the second one because engagement proportions cou\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-25T03:55:58.393000\", \"AccountId\": 2664437.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Patrick Coulombe\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 36871, \"PostId\": 100172, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I tried to find the PDF you're referring to--what's the URL?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-27T12:58:37.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 36871, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) in R: Exploratory Specification Model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><structural-equation-modeling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Thanks in advance for your help. I have been trying to developed ESEM in R, and am hoping to gen\", \"AccountId\": 4600856.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3731653\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 12544, \"PostId\": 61562, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(+1) Surely you mean \\\"endogenous\\\" in the first paragraph instead of exogenous?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-21T21:55:31.517000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 12544, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 61316, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are methods for analyzing rank based endogenous variables in SEM. These are based on either\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24585, \"OwnerUserId\": 24585, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What happens when SEM is conducted with a rank-based DV?\", \"Tags\": \"<nonparametric><structural-equation-modeling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can SEM be conducted with a rank-based dependent variable? If so, which software package would be\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-07T22:10:20.273000\", \"AccountId\": 3697874.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Googs.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a 4th year PhD student studying accounting judgment and decision making. I'm an R user and am\"}], \"AccountId\": 980225.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jeremy Miles\", \"Location\": \"Los Angeles, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://jeremymiles.co.uk\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Opinions and errors stated here are mine, not my employer's.</p>\\n<p>Sometimes I know what I'm tal\"}, {\"Id\": 23517, \"PostId\": 59742, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It looks like what you need are linear mixed-effects models (aka random-effects models, multilevel m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-08T09:18:08.280000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23517, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"anova, t-test, linear models: run on individual data points or per-person means?\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><t-test><mean><repeated-measures><linear-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p><em>The format of my studies is testing 10 individuals in 5 conditions 100 times per condition (t\", \"AccountId\": 2132875.0, \"DisplayName\": \"TheChymera\", \"Location\": \"Cambridge, MA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://chymera.eu\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 253216, \"PostId\": 331732, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"no I don't know, but wait, are you saying that there's no regions of significance provided or that t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-07T18:00:26.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 253216, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probing 3-Way MLM Interactions in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multilevel-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a significant 3-way multilevel model interaction with the lmer package in r. When I probe \", \"AccountId\": 10407908.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ben\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 32273, \"PostId\": 75812, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't understand the question at all... what are you trying to do?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-23T20:46:18.367000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 32273, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 75815, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"categorical variables in factorial design\", \"Tags\": \"<categorical-data><experiment-design>\", \"Body\": \"<p>One dependent variable, One independent continuous variable and One independent categorical varia\", \"AccountId\": 4515311.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kinformationist\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 35850, \"PostId\": 82470, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This doesn't work, the OP said the two analyses don't even use the same samples. The two models are \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-06T06:58:06.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 35850, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 29680, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>to find the best fit model do frequency test like chi square\\nif ur using R here is the sample cod\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 10114, \"OwnerUserId\": 10114, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"how do I compare two logistic regression models?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two logistic regression models, using the same data set and same dependent binary variable\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-07T00:29:44.243000\", \"AccountId\": 1725933.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stats34534\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 4850815.0, \"DisplayName\": \"pavan kancharala\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 60012, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(+1) To clarify, multilevel modeling software handle missing data on the dependent-variable side, bu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 503, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 60006, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If by \\\"mixed model\\\" you mean a multilevel model (which is known by a variety of terms) that is, a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 23958, \"OwnerUserId\": 23958, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which statistical analyses should I use?\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><repeated-measures>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to compare data from a treatment group vs a control group over time (baseline, 1 yr, 2 yr)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T15:00:31.253000\", \"AccountId\": 3613077.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user35068\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\"}, {\"Id\": 45769, \"PostId\": 99635, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you show an example of what the data look like?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-13T22:47:28.073000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 45769, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating the highest of overlapping sets\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><mean><descriptive-statistics><median>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My data set looks like the following:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>I have information about a large num\", \"AccountId\": 5786171.0, \"DisplayName\": \"matnewbie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 155377, \"UserId\": 17249, \"Class\": 1, \"Name\": \"Marshal\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-03-07T06:55:22.250000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 30083, \"PostId\": 71386, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2e061cd0-dae0-4619-b0cf-8f5a142dfcfe\", \"Text\": \"I was wondering if anyone could help me on how to interpret the coefficient from an analysis I have \", \"Comment\": \"Output formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T19:47:26.353000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30083, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R Interpret coefficient from Survreg(dist=\\\"gaussian\\\")\", \"Tags\": \"<r><survival><regression-coefficients>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was wondering if anyone could help me on how to interpret the coefficient from an analysis I ha\", \"AccountId\": 4298102.0, \"DisplayName\": \"C_S\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 28237, \"PostId\": 71591, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"67908933-4031-4e82-93ef-1c897d0feaa3\", \"Text\": \"<r><repeated-measures><data-transformation><normalization>\", \"Comment\": \"Added repeated-measures tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-01T14:25:44.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 28237, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pre-stimulus baseline removal in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><repeated-measures><data-transformation><normalization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following scenario: </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>trials were conducted where participants were expos\", \"AccountId\": 4103642.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tau.reti\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 23227, \"PostId\": 60248, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"54c8e013-5fd7-473c-9f3d-82e8c4492c64\", \"Text\": \"Maximal frequent and closed frequent\", \"Comment\": \"Fixed title (removed square brackets)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-31T19:14:29.873000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23227, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 60271, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximal & closed frequent -- Answer Included\", \"Tags\": \"<data-mining><dataset><association-rules>\", \"Body\": \"<p>$$My \\\\ \\\\ dataset:$$\\n$$1: A,B,C,E$$\\n$$2:A,C,D,E$$ \\n$$3:\\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ B,C,E$$\\n$$4:A,C,D,E$$\\n$$5:\\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \", \"AccountId\": 2379815.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mike John\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 27508, \"PostId\": 66647, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8acc59a6-50ad-4b84-abc9-b838ebd44a3c\", \"Text\": \"I have the following question to answer:\\r\\n\\r\\n> The total thickness X of the four pads of 36 half-ring\", \"Comment\": \"Added tags, improved formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-14T21:31:15.530000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 27508, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Determine number of runs is significant at 5% level of significance\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><statistical-significance><median>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following question to answer:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>The total thickness X of the four\", \"AccountId\": 4021808.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ERocket\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 50187, \"PostId\": 50187, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"be62fc9a-0063-4ed6-a38c-fecce2aefb98\", \"Text\": \"If what you want is to predict scores using your resulting regression equation, you can construct th\", \"Comment\": \"added 3 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-08T03:39:12.337000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 17249, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50186, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If what you want is to predict scores using your resulting regression equation, you can construct\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19654, \"OwnerUserId\": 19654, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to translate the results from lm() to an equation?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><lm>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We can use <code>lm()</code> to predict a value, but we still need the equation of the result for\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-08T03:11:14.503000\", \"AccountId\": 3017555.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user27736\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 28747, \"PostId\": 68927, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"214aebf3-da4b-4890-b2c6-cc89dd0418a0\", \"Text\": \"My reseach topic is modeling the Inflation Process in Liberia, a SARIMA approach. I need to determin\", \"Comment\": \"Improved English\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-12T06:12:21.213000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 28747, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can someone help me with the derive the MLE for the parameter in the SARIMA model?\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><extreme-value>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My reseach topic is modeling the Inflation Process in Liberia, a SARIMA approach. I need to deter\", \"AccountId\": 4158646.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Roland Fannoh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 92495, \"PostId\": 164555, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"83913b9c-9706-4fc7-afa2-8d9bae87485b\", \"Text\": \"<self-study><t-test><z-test>\", \"Comment\": \"Added self-study tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-17T17:42:32.757000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 92495, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Student t-test and z test are equivalent as $\\\\nu \\\\rightarrow \\\\infty$\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><t-test><z-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would very much appreciate if someone can give me an idea of how to solve this exercise.</p>\\n\\n<\", \"AccountId\": 6094947.0, \"DisplayName\": \"GM Andrea\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 17249, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 17249, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 17249, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 57214, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 57214, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There probably are several useful approaches. But I would need more info to give a recommendation. T\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-11T17:22:01.590000\", \"AccountId\": 5902228.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BruceET\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco Bay Area\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Bruce E. Trumbo, 12 December 1937 – 8 July 2022</p>\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://www.dignitymemorial.com/o\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 242789, \"PostId\": 242789, \"UserId\": 57214, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In the 20-spin test, I could combine green and red, to have categories 'black' and 'not black'. Then\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-31T08:17:52.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 242733, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>After reading @whuber's impressive and comprehensive link, it occurs to me that an explanation fo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 122919, \"OwnerUserId\": 122919, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 242789, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Goodness of fit test\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><goodness-of-fit>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What is the intuition behind pooling frequencies that are less than five in a Chi-squared goodnes\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-22T16:38:08.550000\", \"AccountId\": 11174666.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sanket Agrawal\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 33094, \"PostId\": 310453, \"UserId\": 57214, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@StupidWolf. Thanks for comment. Mentioned R in my Answer. Also thanks for your Answer (+1) which I'\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-10T13:51:59.463000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33094, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 310463, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating Bootsrap (Mean and Variance) if samples has non equal weight\", \"Tags\": \"<bootstrap>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How to calculating Bootsrap (Mean and Variance) if samples have not equal weight?</p>\\n\", \"AccountId\": 2273997.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michael D\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 199700, \"PostId\": 278935, \"UserId\": 57214, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm not saying that _you_ misused 'true negative' and 'true positive'. I'm suggesting that more prec\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-09T03:01:21.860000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 199700, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 279028, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to get the false positive? \\\"1 - true negative\\\" or \\\"1 - true positive\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><bayesian><mathematical-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>wiki gives this Drug testing <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem#Drug_testing\", \"AccountId\": 14457964.0, \"DisplayName\": \"czlsws\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 265348, \"PostId\": 265348, \"UserId\": 57214, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If the line has positive slope, then innovation increases with profits. You can't automatically inte\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-27T05:26:43.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user218970\", \"Title\": \"OLS Graph interpretation\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><least-squares><interpretation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In a graph containing the data points of different industries, there is an OLS line passing throu\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 281286, \"PostId\": 281286, \"UserId\": 57214, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c9278711-1786-43eb-85ea-e827ecdf23ae\", \"Text\": \"Here are fake data for Q1 for illustration at the benchmark company (200 responses) and at one of th\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T22:41:30.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 281276, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here are fake data for Q1 for illustration at the benchmark company (200 responses) and at one of\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1095557, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 281286, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1096074, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 281286, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1096020, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 281286, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-23T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 981812, \"PostId\": 281286, \"UserId\": 57214, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7df18f1c-0e22-441e-87ae-c472a15b11a9\", \"Text\": \"Here are fake data for Q1 for illustration at the benchmark company (200 responses) and at one of th\", \"Comment\": \"added 27 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T22:47:37.693000\"}, {\"Id\": 981879, \"PostId\": 281286, \"UserId\": 57214, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"15fb9318-18e2-42a3-909f-e6813c93d9d1\", \"Text\": \"Here are fake data for Q1 for illustration at the benchmark company (200 responses) and at one of th\", \"Comment\": \"added 317 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-23T04:58:24.650000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 276351, \"PostId\": 276351, \"UserId\": 57214, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1b8bc3a7-6359-43e6-97d7-394b1afbeddb\", \"Text\": \"Comment:\\r\\n\\r\\nI think you have a good start on this (+1), but it seems some of the counts in your PDF \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-06T08:10:10.377000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 276348, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Comment:</p>\\n\\n<p>I think you have a good start on this (+1), but it seems some of the counts in y\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 182584, \"OwnerUserId\": 182584, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 276350, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"how to obtain the distribution of random variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If we have two independent random variables modeled as triangular distribution centered around a \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-03T09:18:20.437000\", \"AccountId\": 11302646.0, \"DisplayName\": \"engineer1155\", \"Location\": \"Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 332569, \"PostId\": 332569, \"UserId\": 57214, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b28eaa44-e380-4900-9989-5e909d54b1fe\", \"Text\": \"Some examples: Salaries within an organization may be right-skewed. Mode is the most common salary, \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T08:42:13.280000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 332563, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Three examples:</p>\\n<p><strong>Right-skewed data.</strong> Salaries within an organization may be\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 254021, \"OwnerUserId\": 254021, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does it ever make sense to average the median, mean, and mode?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><mean><skewness><median><mode>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider four subjects (A,B,C,D) competing 12 times in a game with 5 possible scores (5,6,7,8,9):\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T04:14:33.503000\", \"AccountId\": 533641.0, \"DisplayName\": \"octosquidopus\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 318956, \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 318920, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I think you have the core of a reasonable idea, but it needs more structure in order\\nto be of pra\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-04T02:12:52.667000\"}, {\"Id\": 252116, \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 252100, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Data summaries:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>Descriptive Statistics: A, B, C, D \\n\\nVariable N Mean SE Mean \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-28T02:57:41.383000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 181983, \"OwnerUserId\": 181983, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 252217, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Appropriate hypothesis contrast between 4 different car brands (fuel consumption)\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><hypothesis-testing><anova>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><em>Is there any significant difference between the manufacturers regarding fuel consumption?</em\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-27T22:36:11.147000\", \"AccountId\": 14215410.0, \"DisplayName\": \"fina\", \"Location\": \"Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 319612, \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 319578, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here is some 'low-hanging fruit' where auto-correlation\\nplots and perhaps a runs test reveal mark\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-09T22:10:21.730000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 243257, \"OwnerUserId\": 243257, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do you test for independence of a process?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><mathematical-statistics><independence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working on a research project for one of my professors. He wants to know whether a variable t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-09T14:09:33.920000\", \"AccountId\": 17976336.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stephbadger\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1095609, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 281276, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 981779, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5470d488-c9ca-43d0-a276-610efaaa5560\", \"Text\": \"<hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance><survey>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T21:11:33.973000\"}, {\"Id\": 981780, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5470d488-c9ca-43d0-a276-610efaaa5560\", \"Text\": \"Statistical Test for Employee Engagement Relative to Benchmark\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T21:11:33.973000\"}, {\"Id\": 981781, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5470d488-c9ca-43d0-a276-610efaaa5560\", \"Text\": \"I have a set of employee engagement survey results scored on a Likert scale from one company. I have\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T21:11:33.973000\"}, {\"Id\": 981789, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"843e21c6-fce4-48ac-b53e-e540b8e18ea5\", \"Text\": \"I have a set of employee engagement survey results scored on a Likert scale from one company. There \", \"Comment\": \"added 123 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T21:40:22.200000\"}]}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 153858, \"UserId\": 33248, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-02-26T02:42:19.797000\"}, {\"Id\": 334893, \"UserId\": 33248, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Popular Question\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-11-21T12:35:08.593000\"}, {\"Id\": 107061, \"UserId\": 33248, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Tumbleweed\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-04-01T14:46:59.207000\"}, {\"Id\": 68940, \"UserId\": 33248, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2014-06-12T20:03:58.637000\"}, {\"Id\": 371794, \"UserId\": 33248, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Editor\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-06-18T20:20:20.877000\"}, {\"Id\": 380762, \"UserId\": 33248, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Scholar\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2019-08-23T21:00:27.697000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 103577, \"PostId\": 103577, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"89f0ec3d-33b6-4659-863a-733eca990bd4\", \"Text\": \"I am working on a project using Cox models with time varying covariates. My questions are:\\r\\n\\r\\n1. Wha\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T14:40:09.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Best packages for Cox models with time varying covariates\", \"Tags\": \"<survival><cox-model><time-varying-covariate>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on a project using Cox models with time varying covariates. My questions are:</p>\\n\\n<\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 68955, \"RelatedPostId\": 103577, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-20T16:46:26.267000\"}, {\"Id\": 126013, \"RelatedPostId\": 103577, \"PostId\": 126013, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-27T21:33:56.070000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 126080, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user76943\", \"Title\": \"Precisely how does R's coxph() handle repeated measures?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><repeated-measures><survival><cox-model><frailty>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Context</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>I'm attempting to understand how R's coxph() accepts and handles\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 21598, \"RelatedPostId\": 126013, \"PostId\": 103577, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-27T21:34:36.417000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 777494, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 126013, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-09T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 55100, \"OwnerUserId\": 55100, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 126013, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here's an answer from a <code>survival</code> package vignette I found helpful - it's linked in t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-10T15:15:15.580000\", \"AccountId\": 6492219.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BLT\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Getting started with R, working to help bring data science into HR</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 124280, \"RelatedPostId\": 103577, \"PostId\": 124280, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-10T19:33:25.807000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user76943\", \"Title\": \"Survival analysis, repeated measurements, large samples\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><survival><panel-data><stochastic-processes><cox-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>My basic question</strong> </p>\\n\\n<p>What are some standard time-dependent, repeated measu\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 338410, \"PostId\": 103577, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"89f0ec3d-33b6-4659-863a-733eca990bd4\", \"Text\": \"Best packages for Cox models with time varying covariates\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T14:40:09.827000\"}, {\"Id\": 338411, \"PostId\": 103577, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"89f0ec3d-33b6-4659-863a-733eca990bd4\", \"Text\": \"<survival><cox-model><time-varying-covariate>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T14:40:09.827000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 191764, \"OwnerUserId\": 114773, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103577, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<pre><code>coxph(formula = Surv(tstart, tstop, event) ~ Treatment + cluster(ID), data=data))\\n</code>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-25T22:47:03.163000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 114773, \"PostId\": 191764, \"UserId\": 114773, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"df898587-61d2-48eb-afa0-123cfd11d0b4\", \"Text\": \"coxph(formula = Surv(tstart, tstop, event) ~ Treatment + cluster(ID), data=data))\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-19T21:15:53.047000\", \"AccountId\": 1791439.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nasim\", \"Location\": \"USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 23900, \"PostId\": 65042, \"UserId\": 114773, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I have the same question. Did you find an answer?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-19T09:32:07.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23900, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to use Cox proportional hazards model in interval-censored data with time-dependent variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><survival><cox-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The question is self-explanatory. I have survival data (n=156) which, in about half of the observ\", \"AccountId\": 3024103.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JMarcelino\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 305990, \"UserId\": 114773, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-06-10T18:21:34.777000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 187212, \"PostId\": 187212, \"UserId\": 114773, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"344df1b8-3f2d-4dd5-a496-7b8c412d37d6\", \"Text\": \"<r><time-series><survival><cox-model><glmnet>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-19T22:47:45.697000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114773, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"how to work with time-dependent data in Lasso Cox regression in glmnet R package?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><survival><cox-model><glmnet>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to reproduce this study: <a href=\\\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/7/299/299ra122\\\" r\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114773, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 23984, \"PostId\": 191764, \"UserId\": 23984, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ee5d35a4-073f-4239-8eb7-2900ceef81ad\", \"Text\": \" coxph(formula = Surv(tstart, tstop, event) ~ Treatment + cluster(ID), data=data))\", \"Comment\": \"added 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-21T00:40:11.893000\", \"AccountId\": 3473749.0, \"DisplayName\": \"lennon310\", \"Location\": \"New York, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Working on large scale distribute systems</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 116086, \"OwnerUserId\": 55868, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103577, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm also working with data that involves including a time varying covariate.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'll start o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-22T10:36:08.057000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 234611, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user76943\", \"Text\": \"http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/178944/precisely-how-does-rs-coxph-handle-repeated-measures\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-27T21:34:36.417000\"}, {\"Id\": 234299, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user76943\", \"Text\": \"Nice example. Question: in what sense does coxph() distinguish between ID's if there are repeated me\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-26T19:08:34.907000\"}, {\"Id\": 55868, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": 55868, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Ivan After much panicking over your question (I did this analysis for an MSc) I began to investigat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-22T10:35:44.930000\", \"AccountId\": 6451405.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lb93\", \"Location\": \"U.K.\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a Statistician at a University in England, in a department where everyone prefers Stata and \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 234440, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": 55868, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"more input on this from another source would be great as I don't understand it.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-27T11:27:26.883000\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 130169, \"UserId\": 55868, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-09-17T12:53:29.330000\"}, {\"Id\": 124565, \"UserId\": 55868, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Teacher\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-08-08T04:07:30.143000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 380109, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": 55868, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"87a37de8-4708-4f16-bfed-6dddb036181e\", \"Text\": \"I'm also working with data that involves including a time varying covariate.\\r\\n\\r\\nI'll start off this \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-22T10:36:08.057000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 55868, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 234598, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user76943\", \"Text\": \"@Lb: thanks for your response. It seems that once the time variables, covariates, and event variable\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-27T20:43:13.330000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1099810, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 116086, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 427305, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 116086, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-08T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 427290, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 116086, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-08T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1412, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": 1412, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"738c41cb-6df7-404c-8d83-da48fd9e7590\", \"Text\": \"I'm also working with data that involves including a time varying covariate.\\r\\n\\r\\nI'll start off this \", \"Comment\": \"corrected various spelling and capitalization errors\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-11-24T23:59:25.473000\", \"AccountId\": 58121.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DWin\", \"Location\": \"Alameda, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Frustrated about the SO environment. Suggestions for change on Meta are met with hostile response\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 77532, \"PostId\": 77532, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e52bcf25-9fe0-4f14-9ed4-788504aa25e6\", \"Text\": \"I have a data set relating to credit defaults. The data set contains around 100 predictors (some cat\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T19:40:42.727000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Censored data when censoring time is uneven\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><survival><censoring>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a data set relating to credit defaults. The data set contains around 100 predictors (some \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 77532, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In the usual models where censoring arises (like survival models), there's generally no requirement \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 4462, \"PostId\": 92631, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(ctd) ... The first thing is a statistical problem. The second thing relates to - at a given complai\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-09-21T07:49:04.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4462, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"measure for jobs/complaints ratio\", \"Tags\": \"<descriptive-statistics><computational-statistics><measurement><rating><percentage>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a number of jobs in a database which can receive complaints. A job can receive several com\", \"AccountId\": 106438.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cs0815\", \"Location\": \"Somewhere\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 72969, \"PostId\": 72969, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How is increasing the chance of failing to pick up a difference doing it \\\"correctly\\\"? If you think t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-25T12:16:02.647000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 72915, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here's some data that looks vaguely something like yours:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>n=16000\\nm1=rbinom(n,1,.\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 5913, \"OwnerUserId\": 5913, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 72969, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R: result of Levene test correct?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><variance><density-function><levenes-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to use the Levene test to quantify the homo/heterogeneity of the variances of two samples.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-20T18:26:08.413000\", \"AccountId\": 27594.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andreas\", \"Location\": \"Munich, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 39819, \"PostId\": 152794, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You mention calculators -- are these ones that do basic statistics or are they the most basic kind? \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-28T21:49:26.217000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 39819, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Very specific kind of textbook needed\", \"Tags\": \"<references>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I will (if I can find a good text) be teaching very basic stats to prisoners at a local med/high \", \"AccountId\": 520310.0, \"DisplayName\": \"The _traveler\", \"Location\": \"Maryland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://lewlortonphoto.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Retired health care exec</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 43683, \"PostId\": 43683, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Silverfish Well, yes (mostly) and no (a bit). If the intent (in the question) of '*a t-test perform\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-05T23:03:08.733000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 43682, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Does that mean they just test the same hypothesis/are useful in the same situation\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15806, \"OwnerUserId\": 15806, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 43683, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Equivalence of Mann-Whitney U-test and t-test on ranks\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test><wilcoxon-mann-whitney-test><ranks>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What does it mean when people say that a <em>t</em>-test performed on ranked data is equivalent t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T02:06:10.923000\", \"AccountId\": 2495808.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jimj\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 16152, \"PostId\": 42800, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Should this be community wiki?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-24T10:08:16.200000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16152, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"“The statistician should set the probability of Type I error as low as possible”\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><mathematical-statistics><descriptive-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Do you agree with the following statement? Why or why not?</p>\\n\\n<p>I disagree with this statement\", \"AccountId\": 2055475.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jacob Tan Tan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 65962, \"PostId\": 131425, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The problem may arise because of how you *interpret* the resulting CI. If you take a CI for a mean a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-11T19:53:37.087000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 65962, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does invertible monotone transformation of a confidence interval give you a confidence interval (at \", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose </p>\\n\\n<p>$$ (a,b) $$ </p>\\n\\n<p>is a $(1-\\\\alpha)$ level confidence interval for a parameter\", \"AccountId\": 7457524.0, \"DisplayName\": \"SASsy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 220254, \"PostId\": 293352, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The normal distribution assigns non-zero probability to negative values. Elapsed times are strictly \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-12-22T19:08:03.103000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 220254, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 293590, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating a distribution from sums of samples\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><estimation><exponential-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to figure out the parameters of a distribution from real data, but I only get their su\", \"AccountId\": 874261.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lally Singh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 16034, \"PostId\": 42595, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I fear that without some heroic assumptions (unverifiable from this data and possibly difficult to j\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-20T19:49:17.660000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16034, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Seasonal component for a series that is only one and a half years\", \"Tags\": \"<trend><seasonality>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a times series for temperature and I am trying to decompose it into a </p>\\n\\n<p>seasonal + \", \"AccountId\": 1727515.0, \"DisplayName\": \"l3win\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 15827, \"PostId\": 49892, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"+1 and the final note was definitely worth mentioning.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T13:57:54.467000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15827, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 49890, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It depends what you mean by \\\"normalised\\\"; it also depends on your software's choices. </p>\\n\\n<p>\\\"N\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19540, \"OwnerUserId\": 19540, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 49892, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Label on the y-axis in a normalised histogram\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><python><normalization><histogram><matplotlib>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If you have a histogram with frequency on the y-axis and bins for different ranges of values on t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-03T14:05:36.870000\", \"AccountId\": 1631766.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1506145\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 2038743.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nick Cox\", \"Location\": \"Durham, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work mostly with environmental data, secondarily with social science data. My interests include\"}, {\"Id\": 28231, \"PostId\": 82440, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why would you expect symmetry in this situation? You've done several things that might result in asy\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-01T09:13:33.263000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 28231, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using glm(family = guassian) on data that is actually Poisson. Strange non-symmetrical bias\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model><poisson-distribution><bias>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I want test the consequences of assuming a normally distributed response variable in a \", \"AccountId\": 2559100.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John Waller\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 40551, \"PostId\": 40551, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I have made some minor edits to my answer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-17T22:57:51.187000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 40549, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>I just came across when rechecking my test for normality, that the p value for most \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 14951, \"OwnerUserId\": 14951, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can non normal data be used for factor analysis and multiple regression? If so what is the procedure\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><spss><pca><factor-analysis><normality-assumption>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>While I was writing up the analysis in my thesis, I just came across when rechecking my test for \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-17T22:48:01.580000\", \"AccountId\": 2378998.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arosha\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 43101, \"PostId\": 200223, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"please note that the word \\\"data\\\" is already plural (so you should not add an \\\"s\\\"). Something to keep\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-30T15:49:34.433000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 43101, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Testing \\\"homogeneity\\\", strong correlation and low p-value\", \"Tags\": \"<r><correlation><t-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following data :</p>\\n\\n<pre><code> a=c(107,135,122,67,65,53,19,32)\\n b=c(35.5,26,9,4.5,5\", \"AccountId\": 559290.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ranell\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 42517, \"PostId\": 42517, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1d50281d-7afd-49cd-a461-3ee46545d298\", \"Text\": \"Of course, why not? \\r\\n\\r\\n![histogram with mean][1]\\r\\n\\r\\nHere's an example (one of dozens I found with a\", \"Comment\": \"added 377 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-19T21:39:28.337000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 42513, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Of course, why not? </p>\\n\\n<p><img src=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/xNNl9.png\\\" alt=\\\"histogram with m\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15991, \"OwnerUserId\": 15991, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 42517, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it appropriate to plot the mean in a histogram?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><data-visualization><mean><histogram>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is it \\\"okay\\\" to add a vertical line to a histogram to visualize the mean value? </p>\\n\\n<p>It seems\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-19T21:23:49.697000\", \"AccountId\": 2517310.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Guest\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 102298, \"PostId\": 102298, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"778834be-4faa-4e8d-a66d-60bd67f91999\", \"Text\": \"It's important to start off with properly defined variables and events, and to develop the calculati\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 6 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-13T04:16:59.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 102291, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It's important to start off with properly defined variables and events, and to develop the calcul\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46438, \"OwnerUserId\": 46438, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"probability distribution of the maximum\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><exponential-distribution><order-statistics><extreme-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Let T be a random variable giving the time to failure of led lights that follow expo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T18:46:54.277000\", \"AccountId\": 5834520.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user218698\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>n/a</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 187220, \"PostId\": 187220, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1d21136e-e924-4bbc-b1a0-e48cd13b514e\", \"Text\": \"Here's the unflipped version of your plot:\\r\\n\\r\\n[![plot of data from question][1]][1]\\r\\n\\r\\nNo choices of\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-20T00:54:59.557000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187211, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here's the unflipped version of your plot:</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/J0m4P.png\\\" \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 63092, \"OwnerUserId\": 63092, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187220, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fitting a power law to the relationship between two variables\", \"Tags\": \"<fitting><power-law>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a small set of data that I need to fit a curve to (see image and data below).</p>\\n\\n<p><a \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-05T10:59:29.120000\", \"AccountId\": 7233346.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Renata Dis\", \"Location\": \"Brazil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Biologist working with digital photogrametry and remote sensing of the environment by day, and te\"}]}, {\"Id\": 20191, \"PostId\": 102350, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aed819ec-acfd-4fc8-b2f1-9480a0ac4c53\", \"Text\": \"<regression><correlation><data-visualization><dataset><history>\", \"Comment\": \"added additional meaningful tags, rephrased the OP with more precise terms and fixed typos\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-23T18:44:38.070000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20191, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 102352, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the famous data set that looks totally different but has similar summary stats?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><correlation><data-visualization><dataset><history>\", \"Body\": \"<p>There is a famous example of a collection of datasets with similar summary statistics like mean, \", \"AccountId\": 1404760.0, \"DisplayName\": \"raco\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>:) </p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 1122, \"PostId\": 3503, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8609429d-0b4f-4c05-ba7f-32ab25e73d48\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><descriptive-statistics><proof><empirical><history>\", \"Comment\": \"formatting, tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-10-20T08:22:36.267000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1122, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 3506, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Empirical relationship between mean, median and mode\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><mathematical-statistics><descriptive-statistics><history>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a unimodal distribution that is moderately skewed, we have the following empirical relationsh\", \"AccountId\": 288687.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sara\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 78665, \"PostId\": 78665, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"848c9dc7-125d-4193-b151-05c920370a7e\", \"Text\": \"One possibility:\\r\\n\\r\\nYou can divide both numerator and denominator by $n$, so the numerator become an\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-25T11:45:42.350000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 78646, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>One possibility:</p>\\n\\n<p>You can divide both numerator and denominator by $n$, so the numerator b\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16665, \"OwnerUserId\": 16665, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 78700, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation coefficient: If $\\\\rho = 0$, then $r$ is normally distributed with mean 0. Why?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><mathematical-statistics><variance><covariance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>From <a href=\\\"http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~whitlock/bio300/overheads/overheads16.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-09T11:06:49.033000\", \"AccountId\": 2339529.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Remi.b\", \"Location\": \"Lausanne, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 79493, \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 25881, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There are circumstances where such a thing might be made to work - assuming you can supply suitab\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-05T05:11:57.203000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 8789, \"OwnerUserId\": 8789, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Could logistic regression be used to detect large errors in least squares regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><logistic><least-squares><misspecification>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following linear model:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$w^*=\\\\text{arg min}_w\\\\sum_{i=1}^N \\\\bigg(Y_i-\\\\sum_{j=1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-25T15:59:51.870000\", \"AccountId\": 1516755.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ion Caciula\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 48284, \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 48282, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>\\\"Division\\\" is really very broad because there's all sorts of things we divide by other things, fo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-08T08:57:19.830000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9603, \"OwnerUserId\": 9603, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why do we divide?\", \"Tags\": \"<intuition><arithmetic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This may seem like a rather simple concept, but I'm trying to get an intuitive understanding of w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-09T19:28:15.217000\", \"AccountId\": 1147919.0, \"DisplayName\": \"luciano\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-01-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 287827, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 77532, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 287449, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 77532, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 253084, \"PostId\": 77532, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e52bcf25-9fe0-4f14-9ed4-788504aa25e6\", \"Text\": \"Censored data when censoring time is uneven\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T19:40:42.727000\"}, {\"Id\": 253085, \"PostId\": 77532, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e52bcf25-9fe0-4f14-9ed4-788504aa25e6\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><survival><censoring>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T19:40:42.727000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-07-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}"},"textWPrompt":{"kind":"string","value":"You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.\n\n# Database\nName: Stack Exchange\nDescription: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. The database includes detailed records of activity including user biographies, posts and comments (with raw text), edit histories, voting, and related posts. In our benchmark, we use the stats-exchange site.\n\n# Task\nName: user-engagement\nDescription: This task is to predict if this user will make any votes, posts, or comments in the next 3 months or not.\n\n# Input\n- Database serialization starting from the target instance, expanding context by including rows reached via f2p (foreign→primary) and p2f (primary→foreign) relationships.\n- The first timestamp in the sequence denotes the prediction time t0.\n\n# Database serialization for the target entity\n{\"timestamp\": \"2021-01-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"Id\": 33248, \"AccountId\": 3338561.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ML_Dev\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T19:31:21.377000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 281276, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 33248, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Thanks both! @BruceET, I have attempted to update my question to address your questions. This is ver\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T21:11:33.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 281286, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Statistical Test for Employee Engagement Relative to Benchmark\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance><survey>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a set of employee engagement survey results scored on a Likert scale from one company. The\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 17249, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Those are reasonable ideas (though I would scratch the second one because engagement proportions cou\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-25T03:55:58.393000\", \"AccountId\": 2664437.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Patrick Coulombe\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 36871, \"PostId\": 100172, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I tried to find the PDF you're referring to--what's the URL?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-27T12:58:37.823000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 36871, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) in R: Exploratory Specification Model\", \"Tags\": \"<r><structural-equation-modeling>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Thanks in advance for your help. I have been trying to developed ESEM in R, and am hoping to gen\", \"AccountId\": 4600856.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user3731653\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 12544, \"PostId\": 61562, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(+1) Surely you mean \\\"endogenous\\\" in the first paragraph instead of exogenous?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-11-21T21:55:31.517000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 12544, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 61316, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>There are methods for analyzing rank based endogenous variables in SEM. These are based on either\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 24585, \"OwnerUserId\": 24585, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What happens when SEM is conducted with a rank-based DV?\", \"Tags\": \"<nonparametric><structural-equation-modeling>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Can SEM be conducted with a rank-based dependent variable? If so, which software package would be\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-12-07T22:10:20.273000\", \"AccountId\": 3697874.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Googs.\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a 4th year PhD student studying accounting judgment and decision making. I'm an R user and am\"}], \"AccountId\": 980225.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jeremy Miles\", \"Location\": \"Los Angeles, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://jeremymiles.co.uk\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Opinions and errors stated here are mine, not my employer's.</p>\\n<p>Sometimes I know what I'm tal\"}, {\"Id\": 23517, \"PostId\": 59742, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"It looks like what you need are linear mixed-effects models (aka random-effects models, multilevel m\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-08T09:18:08.280000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23517, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"anova, t-test, linear models: run on individual data points or per-person means?\", \"Tags\": \"<anova><t-test><mean><repeated-measures><linear-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p><em>The format of my studies is testing 10 individuals in 5 conditions 100 times per condition (t\", \"AccountId\": 2132875.0, \"DisplayName\": \"TheChymera\", \"Location\": \"Cambridge, MA, USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://chymera.eu\", \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 253216, \"PostId\": 331732, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"no I don't know, but wait, are you saying that there's no regions of significance provided or that t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-07T18:00:26.597000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 253216, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Probing 3-Way MLM Interactions in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><multilevel-analysis>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a significant 3-way multilevel model interaction with the lmer package in r. When I probe \", \"AccountId\": 10407908.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ben\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 32273, \"PostId\": 75812, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I don't understand the question at all... what are you trying to do?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-05-23T20:46:18.367000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 32273, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 75815, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"categorical variables in factorial design\", \"Tags\": \"<categorical-data><experiment-design>\", \"Body\": \"<p>One dependent variable, One independent continuous variable and One independent categorical varia\", \"AccountId\": 4515311.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Kinformationist\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 35850, \"PostId\": 82470, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"This doesn't work, the OP said the two analyses don't even use the same samples. The two models are \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-08-06T06:58:06.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 35850, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 29680, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>to find the best fit model do frequency test like chi square\\nif ur using R here is the sample cod\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 10114, \"OwnerUserId\": 10114, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"how do I compare two logistic regression models?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><logistic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have two logistic regression models, using the same data set and same dependent binary variable\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-08-07T00:29:44.243000\", \"AccountId\": 1725933.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Stats34534\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 4850815.0, \"DisplayName\": \"pavan kancharala\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 503, \"PostId\": 60012, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(+1) To clarify, multilevel modeling software handle missing data on the dependent-variable side, bu\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-03T19:42:40.907000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 503, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 60006, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If by \\\"mixed model\\\" you mean a multilevel model (which is known by a variety of terms) that is, a\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 23958, \"OwnerUserId\": 23958, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Which statistical analyses should I use?\", \"Tags\": \"<mixed-model><repeated-measures>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to compare data from a treatment group vs a control group over time (baseline, 1 yr, 2 yr)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-20T15:00:31.253000\", \"AccountId\": 3613077.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user35068\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 80800.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Peter Flom\", \"Location\": \"New York, NY\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://www.statisticalanalysisconsulting.com/\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I'm a statistical consultant to graduate students and researchers in fields including the behavio\"}, {\"Id\": 45769, \"PostId\": 99635, \"UserId\": 17249, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Can you show an example of what the data look like?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-13T22:47:28.073000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 45769, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating the highest of overlapping sets\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><mean><descriptive-statistics><median>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My data set looks like the following:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>I have information about a large num\", \"AccountId\": 5786171.0, \"DisplayName\": \"matnewbie\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 155377, \"UserId\": 17249, \"Class\": 1, \"Name\": \"Marshal\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2016-03-07T06:55:22.250000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 30083, \"PostId\": 71386, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"2e061cd0-dae0-4619-b0cf-8f5a142dfcfe\", \"Text\": \"I was wondering if anyone could help me on how to interpret the coefficient from an analysis I have \", \"Comment\": \"Output formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-08T19:47:26.353000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 30083, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R Interpret coefficient from Survreg(dist=\\\"gaussian\\\")\", \"Tags\": \"<r><survival><regression-coefficients>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I was wondering if anyone could help me on how to interpret the coefficient from an analysis I ha\", \"AccountId\": 4298102.0, \"DisplayName\": \"C_S\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 28237, \"PostId\": 71591, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"67908933-4031-4e82-93ef-1c897d0feaa3\", \"Text\": \"<r><repeated-measures><data-transformation><normalization>\", \"Comment\": \"Added repeated-measures tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-01T14:25:44.993000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 28237, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Pre-stimulus baseline removal in R\", \"Tags\": \"<r><repeated-measures><data-transformation><normalization>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following scenario: </p>\\n\\n<ul>\\n<li>trials were conducted where participants were expos\", \"AccountId\": 4103642.0, \"DisplayName\": \"tau.reti\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 23227, \"PostId\": 60248, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 4, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"54c8e013-5fd7-473c-9f3d-82e8c4492c64\", \"Text\": \"Maximal frequent and closed frequent\", \"Comment\": \"Fixed title (removed square brackets)\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-10-31T19:14:29.873000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23227, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 60271, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Maximal & closed frequent -- Answer Included\", \"Tags\": \"<data-mining><dataset><association-rules>\", \"Body\": \"<p>$$My \\\\ \\\\ dataset:$$\\n$$1: A,B,C,E$$\\n$$2:A,C,D,E$$ \\n$$3:\\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \\\\ B,C,E$$\\n$$4:A,C,D,E$$\\n$$5:\\\\ \\\\ \\\\ \", \"AccountId\": 2379815.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Mike John\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 27508, \"PostId\": 66647, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8acc59a6-50ad-4b84-abc9-b838ebd44a3c\", \"Text\": \"I have the following question to answer:\\r\\n\\r\\n> The total thickness X of the four pads of 36 half-ring\", \"Comment\": \"Added tags, improved formatting\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-02-14T21:31:15.530000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 27508, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Determine number of runs is significant at 5% level of significance\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><statistical-significance><median>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following question to answer:</p>\\n\\n<blockquote>\\n <p>The total thickness X of the four\", \"AccountId\": 4021808.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ERocket\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 50187, \"PostId\": 50187, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"be62fc9a-0063-4ed6-a38c-fecce2aefb98\", \"Text\": \"If what you want is to predict scores using your resulting regression equation, you can construct th\", \"Comment\": \"added 3 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-08T03:39:12.337000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 17249, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 50186, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>If what you want is to predict scores using your resulting regression equation, you can construct\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19654, \"OwnerUserId\": 19654, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to translate the results from lm() to an equation?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><lm>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>We can use <code>lm()</code> to predict a value, but we still need the equation of the result for\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-08T03:11:14.503000\", \"AccountId\": 3017555.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user27736\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 28747, \"PostId\": 68927, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"214aebf3-da4b-4890-b2c6-cc89dd0418a0\", \"Text\": \"My reseach topic is modeling the Inflation Process in Liberia, a SARIMA approach. I need to determin\", \"Comment\": \"Improved English\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-12T06:12:21.213000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 28747, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can someone help me with the derive the MLE for the parameter in the SARIMA model?\", \"Tags\": \"<maximum-likelihood><extreme-value>\", \"Body\": \"<p>My reseach topic is modeling the Inflation Process in Liberia, a SARIMA approach. I need to deter\", \"AccountId\": 4158646.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Roland Fannoh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 92495, \"PostId\": 164555, \"UserId\": 17249, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"83913b9c-9706-4fc7-afa2-8d9bae87485b\", \"Text\": \"<self-study><t-test><z-test>\", \"Comment\": \"Added self-study tag\", \"CreationDate\": \"2016-10-17T17:42:32.757000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 92495, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Student t-test and z test are equivalent as $\\\\nu \\\\rightarrow \\\\infty$\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><t-test><z-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I would very much appreciate if someone can give me an idea of how to solve this exercise.</p>\\n\\n<\", \"AccountId\": 6094947.0, \"DisplayName\": \"GM Andrea\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 17249, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 17249, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 17249, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 57214, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 57214, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"There probably are several useful approaches. But I would need more info to give a recommendation. T\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-11T17:22:01.590000\", \"AccountId\": 5902228.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BruceET\", \"Location\": \"San Francisco Bay Area\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Bruce E. Trumbo, 12 December 1937 – 8 July 2022</p>\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://www.dignitymemorial.com/o\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 242789, \"PostId\": 242789, \"UserId\": 57214, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In the 20-spin test, I could combine green and red, to have categories 'black' and 'not black'. Then\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-08-31T08:17:52.437000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 242733, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>After reading @whuber's impressive and comprehensive link, it occurs to me that an explanation fo\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 122919, \"OwnerUserId\": 122919, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 242789, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Goodness of fit test\", \"Tags\": \"<mathematical-statistics><goodness-of-fit>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What is the intuition behind pooling frequencies that are less than five in a Chi-squared goodnes\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-06-22T16:38:08.550000\", \"AccountId\": 11174666.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sanket Agrawal\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 33094, \"PostId\": 310453, \"UserId\": 57214, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@StupidWolf. Thanks for comment. Mentioned R in my Answer. Also thanks for your Answer (+1) which I'\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-10T13:51:59.463000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33094, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 310463, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Calculating Bootsrap (Mean and Variance) if samples has non equal weight\", \"Tags\": \"<bootstrap>\", \"Body\": \"<p>How to calculating Bootsrap (Mean and Variance) if samples have not equal weight?</p>\\n\", \"AccountId\": 2273997.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Michael D\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 199700, \"PostId\": 278935, \"UserId\": 57214, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I'm not saying that _you_ misused 'true negative' and 'true positive'. I'm suggesting that more prec\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-05-09T03:01:21.860000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 199700, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 279028, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to get the false positive? \\\"1 - true negative\\\" or \\\"1 - true positive\\\"?\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><bayesian><mathematical-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>wiki gives this Drug testing <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem#Drug_testing\", \"AccountId\": 14457964.0, \"DisplayName\": \"czlsws\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 265348, \"PostId\": 265348, \"UserId\": 57214, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"If the line has positive slope, then innovation increases with profits. You can't automatically inte\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-03-27T05:26:43.543000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user218970\", \"Title\": \"OLS Graph interpretation\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><least-squares><interpretation>\", \"Body\": \"<p>In a graph containing the data points of different industries, there is an OLS line passing throu\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 281286, \"PostId\": 281286, \"UserId\": 57214, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"c9278711-1786-43eb-85ea-e827ecdf23ae\", \"Text\": \"Here are fake data for Q1 for illustration at the benchmark company (200 responses) and at one of th\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T22:41:30.973000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 281276, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here are fake data for Q1 for illustration at the benchmark company (200 responses) and at one of\", \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1095557, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 281286, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1096074, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 281286, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-23T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 1096020, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 281286, \"VoteTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-23T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 981812, \"PostId\": 281286, \"UserId\": 57214, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"7df18f1c-0e22-441e-87ae-c472a15b11a9\", \"Text\": \"Here are fake data for Q1 for illustration at the benchmark company (200 responses) and at one of th\", \"Comment\": \"added 27 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T22:47:37.693000\"}, {\"Id\": 981879, \"PostId\": 281286, \"UserId\": 57214, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"15fb9318-18e2-42a3-909f-e6813c93d9d1\", \"Text\": \"Here are fake data for Q1 for illustration at the benchmark company (200 responses) and at one of th\", \"Comment\": \"added 317 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-23T04:58:24.650000\"}]}, {\"Id\": 276351, \"PostId\": 276351, \"UserId\": 57214, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1b8bc3a7-6359-43e6-97d7-394b1afbeddb\", \"Text\": \"Comment:\\r\\n\\r\\nI think you have a good start on this (+1), but it seems some of the counts in your PDF \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-07-06T08:10:10.377000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 276348, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Comment:</p>\\n\\n<p>I think you have a good start on this (+1), but it seems some of the counts in y\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 182584, \"OwnerUserId\": 182584, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 276350, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"how to obtain the distribution of random variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<probability><distributions>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If we have two independent random variables modeled as triangular distribution centered around a \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-12-03T09:18:20.437000\", \"AccountId\": 11302646.0, \"DisplayName\": \"engineer1155\", \"Location\": \"Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 332569, \"PostId\": 332569, \"UserId\": 57214, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"b28eaa44-e380-4900-9989-5e909d54b1fe\", \"Text\": \"Some examples: Salaries within an organization may be right-skewed. Mode is the most common salary, \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T08:42:13.280000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 332563, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Three examples:</p>\\n<p><strong>Right-skewed data.</strong> Salaries within an organization may be\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 254021, \"OwnerUserId\": 254021, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does it ever make sense to average the median, mean, and mode?\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><mean><skewness><median><mode>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Consider four subjects (A,B,C,D) competing 12 times in a game with 5 possible scores (5,6,7,8,9):\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-12-16T04:14:33.503000\", \"AccountId\": 533641.0, \"DisplayName\": \"octosquidopus\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 318956, \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 318920, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I think you have the core of a reasonable idea, but it needs more structure in order\\nto be of pra\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-04T02:12:52.667000\"}, {\"Id\": 252116, \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 252100, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Data summaries:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>Descriptive Statistics: A, B, C, D \\n\\nVariable N Mean SE Mean \", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-28T02:57:41.383000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 181983, \"OwnerUserId\": 181983, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 252217, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Appropriate hypothesis contrast between 4 different car brands (fuel consumption)\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><hypothesis-testing><anova>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><em>Is there any significant difference between the manufacturers regarding fuel consumption?</em\", \"CreationDate\": \"2018-11-27T22:36:11.147000\", \"AccountId\": 14215410.0, \"DisplayName\": \"fina\", \"Location\": \"Belgium\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 319612, \"OwnerUserId\": 57214, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 319578, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here is some 'low-hanging fruit' where auto-correlation\\nplots and perhaps a runs test reveal mark\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-09T22:10:21.730000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 243257, \"OwnerUserId\": 243257, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How do you test for independence of a process?\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><mathematical-statistics><independence>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm working on a research project for one of my professors. He wants to know whether a variable t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2020-08-09T14:09:33.920000\", \"AccountId\": 17976336.0, \"DisplayName\": \"stephbadger\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1095609, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 281276, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 981779, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5470d488-c9ca-43d0-a276-610efaaa5560\", \"Text\": \"<hypothesis-testing><statistical-significance><survey>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T21:11:33.973000\"}, {\"Id\": 981780, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5470d488-c9ca-43d0-a276-610efaaa5560\", \"Text\": \"Statistical Test for Employee Engagement Relative to Benchmark\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T21:11:33.973000\"}, {\"Id\": 981781, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"5470d488-c9ca-43d0-a276-610efaaa5560\", \"Text\": \"I have a set of employee engagement survey results scored on a Likert scale from one company. I have\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-08-22T21:11:33.973000\"}, {\"Id\": 981789, \"PostId\": 281276, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"843e21c6-fce4-48ac-b53e-e540b8e18ea5\", \"Text\": \"I have a set of employee engagement survey results scored on a Likert scale from one company. 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My questions are:\\r\\n\\r\\n1. Wha\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T14:40:09.827000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Best packages for Cox models with time varying covariates\", \"Tags\": \"<survival><cox-model><time-varying-covariate>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am working on a project using Cox models with time varying covariates. My questions are:</p>\\n\\n<\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 68955, \"RelatedPostId\": 103577, \"PostId\": null, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2020-04-20T16:46:26.267000\"}, {\"Id\": 126013, \"RelatedPostId\": 103577, \"PostId\": 126013, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-27T21:33:56.070000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 126080, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user76943\", \"Title\": \"Precisely how does R's coxph() handle repeated measures?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><repeated-measures><survival><cox-model><frailty>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>Context</strong></p>\\n\\n<p>I'm attempting to understand how R's coxph() accepts and handles\", \"add_postLinks\": [{\"Id\": 21598, \"RelatedPostId\": 126013, \"PostId\": 103577, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-27T21:34:36.417000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 777494, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 126013, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-10-09T00:00:00\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 55100, \"OwnerUserId\": 55100, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 126013, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Here's an answer from a <code>survival</code> package vignette I found helpful - it's linked in t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-10T15:15:15.580000\", \"AccountId\": 6492219.0, \"DisplayName\": \"BLT\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Getting started with R, working to help bring data science into HR</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 124280, \"RelatedPostId\": 103577, \"PostId\": 124280, \"LinkTypeId\": 1, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-10T19:33:25.807000\", \"OwnerUserId\": null, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": \"user76943\", \"Title\": \"Survival analysis, repeated measurements, large samples\", \"Tags\": \"<bayesian><survival><panel-data><stochastic-processes><cox-model>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p><strong>My basic question</strong> </p>\\n\\n<p>What are some standard time-dependent, repeated measu\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 338410, \"PostId\": 103577, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"89f0ec3d-33b6-4659-863a-733eca990bd4\", \"Text\": \"Best packages for Cox models with time varying covariates\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T14:40:09.827000\"}, {\"Id\": 338411, \"PostId\": 103577, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"89f0ec3d-33b6-4659-863a-733eca990bd4\", \"Text\": \"<survival><cox-model><time-varying-covariate>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-25T14:40:09.827000\"}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 191764, \"OwnerUserId\": 114773, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103577, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<pre><code>coxph(formula = Surv(tstart, tstop, event) ~ Treatment + cluster(ID), data=data))\\n</code>\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-05-25T22:47:03.163000\", \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 114773, \"PostId\": 191764, \"UserId\": 114773, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"df898587-61d2-48eb-afa0-123cfd11d0b4\", \"Text\": \"coxph(formula = Surv(tstart, tstop, event) ~ Treatment + cluster(ID), data=data))\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-19T21:15:53.047000\", \"AccountId\": 1791439.0, \"DisplayName\": \"nasim\", \"Location\": \"USA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null, \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 23900, \"PostId\": 65042, \"UserId\": 114773, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I have the same question. Did you find an answer?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-19T09:32:07.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 23900, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"How to use Cox proportional hazards model in interval-censored data with time-dependent variables?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><survival><cox-model>\", \"Body\": \"<p>The question is self-explanatory. I have survival data (n=156) which, in about half of the observ\", \"AccountId\": 3024103.0, \"DisplayName\": \"JMarcelino\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 305990, \"UserId\": 114773, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Student\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2018-06-10T18:21:34.777000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 187212, \"PostId\": 187212, \"UserId\": 114773, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"344df1b8-3f2d-4dd5-a496-7b8c412d37d6\", \"Text\": \"<r><time-series><survival><cox-model><glmnet>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-19T22:47:45.697000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114773, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"how to work with time-dependent data in Lasso Cox regression in glmnet R package?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><time-series><survival><cox-model><glmnet>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I am trying to reproduce this study: <a href=\\\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/7/299/299ra122\\\" r\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 114773, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 23984, \"PostId\": 191764, \"UserId\": 23984, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"ee5d35a4-073f-4239-8eb7-2900ceef81ad\", \"Text\": \" coxph(formula = Surv(tstart, tstop, event) ~ Treatment + cluster(ID), data=data))\", \"Comment\": \"added 4 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-11-21T00:40:11.893000\", \"AccountId\": 3473749.0, \"DisplayName\": \"lennon310\", \"Location\": \"New York, United States\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Working on large scale distribute systems</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 116086, \"OwnerUserId\": 55868, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 103577, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm also working with data that involves including a time varying covariate.</p>\\n\\n<p>I'll start o\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-22T10:36:08.057000\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 234611, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user76943\", \"Text\": \"http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/178944/precisely-how-does-rs-coxph-handle-repeated-measures\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-27T21:34:36.417000\"}, {\"Id\": 234299, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user76943\", \"Text\": \"Nice example. Question: in what sense does coxph() distinguish between ID's if there are repeated me\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-26T19:08:34.907000\"}, {\"Id\": 55868, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": 55868, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Ivan After much panicking over your question (I did this analysis for an MSc) I began to investigat\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-22T10:35:44.930000\", \"AccountId\": 6451405.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lb93\", \"Location\": \"U.K.\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I am a Statistician at a University in England, in a department where everyone prefers Stata and \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 234440, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": 55868, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"more input on this from another source would be great as I don't understand it.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-27T11:27:26.883000\"}], \"add_badges\": [{\"Id\": 130169, \"UserId\": 55868, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Supporter\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-09-17T12:53:29.330000\"}, {\"Id\": 124565, \"UserId\": 55868, \"Class\": 3, \"Name\": \"Teacher\", \"TagBased\": false, \"Date\": \"2015-08-08T04:07:30.143000\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 380109, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": 55868, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"87a37de8-4708-4f16-bfed-6dddb036181e\", \"Text\": \"I'm also working with data that involves including a time varying covariate.\\r\\n\\r\\nI'll start off this \", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-07-22T10:36:08.057000\"}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 55868, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}, {\"Id\": 234598, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": \"user76943\", \"Text\": \"@Lb: thanks for your response. It seems that once the time variables, covariates, and event variable\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-10-27T20:43:13.330000\"}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 1099810, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 116086, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2019-09-02T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 427305, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 116086, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-08T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 427290, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 116086, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2015-08-08T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 1412, \"PostId\": 116086, \"UserId\": 1412, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"738c41cb-6df7-404c-8d83-da48fd9e7590\", \"Text\": \"I'm also working with data that involves including a time varying covariate.\\r\\n\\r\\nI'll start off this \", \"Comment\": \"corrected various spelling and capitalization errors\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-11-24T23:59:25.473000\", \"AccountId\": 58121.0, \"DisplayName\": \"DWin\", \"Location\": \"Alameda, CA\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Frustrated about the SO environment. Suggestions for change on Meta are met with hostile response\"}]}]}, {\"Id\": 77532, \"PostId\": 77532, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e52bcf25-9fe0-4f14-9ed4-788504aa25e6\", \"Text\": \"I have a data set relating to credit defaults. The data set contains around 100 predictors (some cat\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T19:40:42.727000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Censored data when censoring time is uneven\", \"Tags\": \"<machine-learning><survival><censoring>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a data set relating to credit defaults. The data set contains around 100 predictors (some \", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 594, \"PostId\": 77532, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"In the usual models where censoring arises (like survival models), there's generally no requirement \", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-08-07T08:40:07.287000\", \"AccountId\": 131001.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Glen_b\", \"Location\": \"I'm right here\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p><sup>I was elected Moderator 31 March 2015 and <a href=\\\"https://stats.meta.stackexchange.com/q/57\", \"add_comments\": [{\"Id\": 4462, \"PostId\": 92631, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"(ctd) ... The first thing is a statistical problem. The second thing relates to - at a given complai\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-09-21T07:49:04.967000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 4462, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"measure for jobs/complaints ratio\", \"Tags\": \"<descriptive-statistics><computational-statistics><measurement><rating><percentage>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a number of jobs in a database which can receive complaints. A job can receive several com\", \"AccountId\": 106438.0, \"DisplayName\": \"cs0815\", \"Location\": \"Somewhere\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 72969, \"PostId\": 72969, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"How is increasing the chance of failing to pick up a difference doing it \\\"correctly\\\"? If you think t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-04-25T12:16:02.647000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 72915, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here's some data that looks vaguely something like yours:</p>\\n\\n<pre><code>n=16000\\nm1=rbinom(n,1,.\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 5913, \"OwnerUserId\": 5913, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 72969, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"R: result of Levene test correct?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><variance><density-function><levenes-test>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I want to use the Levene test to quantify the homo/heterogeneity of the variances of two samples.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2011-12-20T18:26:08.413000\", \"AccountId\": 27594.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Andreas\", \"Location\": \"Munich, Germany\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 39819, \"PostId\": 152794, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"You mention calculators -- are these ones that do basic statistics or are they the most basic kind? \", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-10-28T21:49:26.217000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 39819, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Very specific kind of textbook needed\", \"Tags\": \"<references>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I will (if I can find a good text) be teaching very basic stats to prisoners at a local med/high \", \"AccountId\": 520310.0, \"DisplayName\": \"The _traveler\", \"Location\": \"Maryland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": \"http://lewlortonphoto.com\", \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Retired health care exec</p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 43683, \"PostId\": 43683, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"@Silverfish Well, yes (mostly) and no (a bit). If the intent (in the question) of '*a t-test perform\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-05T23:03:08.733000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 43682, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n <p>Does that mean they just test the same hypothesis/are useful in the same situation\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15806, \"OwnerUserId\": 15806, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 43683, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Equivalence of Mann-Whitney U-test and t-test on ranks\", \"Tags\": \"<t-test><wilcoxon-mann-whitney-test><ranks>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>What does it mean when people say that a <em>t</em>-test performed on ranked data is equivalent t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T02:06:10.923000\", \"AccountId\": 2495808.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jimj\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 16152, \"PostId\": 42800, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Should this be community wiki?\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-24T10:08:16.200000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16152, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"“The statistician should set the probability of Type I error as low as possible”\", \"Tags\": \"<hypothesis-testing><mathematical-statistics><descriptive-statistics>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Do you agree with the following statement? Why or why not?</p>\\n\\n<p>I disagree with this statement\", \"AccountId\": 2055475.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Jacob Tan Tan\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 65962, \"PostId\": 131425, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The problem may arise because of how you *interpret* the resulting CI. If you take a CI for a mean a\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-12-11T19:53:37.087000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 65962, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Does invertible monotone transformation of a confidence interval give you a confidence interval (at \", \"Tags\": \"<confidence-interval>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Suppose </p>\\n\\n<p>$$ (a,b) $$ </p>\\n\\n<p>is a $(1-\\\\alpha)$ level confidence interval for a parameter\", \"AccountId\": 7457524.0, \"DisplayName\": \"SASsy\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 220254, \"PostId\": 293352, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"The normal distribution assigns non-zero probability to negative values. Elapsed times are strictly \", \"CreationDate\": \"2019-12-22T19:08:03.103000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 220254, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 293590, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Estimating a distribution from sums of samples\", \"Tags\": \"<normal-distribution><estimation><exponential-distribution>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I'm trying to figure out the parameters of a distribution from real data, but I only get their su\", \"AccountId\": 874261.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Lally Singh\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 16034, \"PostId\": 42595, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I fear that without some heroic assumptions (unverifiable from this data and possibly difficult to j\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-20T19:49:17.660000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 16034, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Seasonal component for a series that is only one and a half years\", \"Tags\": \"<trend><seasonality>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a times series for temperature and I am trying to decompose it into a </p>\\n\\n<p>seasonal + \", \"AccountId\": 1727515.0, \"DisplayName\": \"l3win\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 15827, \"PostId\": 49892, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"+1 and the final note was definitely worth mentioning.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-15T13:57:54.467000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 15827, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 49890, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It depends what you mean by \\\"normalised\\\"; it also depends on your software's choices. </p>\\n\\n<p>\\\"N\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 19540, \"OwnerUserId\": 19540, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 49892, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Label on the y-axis in a normalised histogram\", \"Tags\": \"<data-visualization><python><normalization><histogram><matplotlib>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>If you have a histogram with frequency on the y-axis and bins for different ranges of values on t\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-03T14:05:36.870000\", \"AccountId\": 1631766.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user1506145\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"AccountId\": 2038743.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Nick Cox\", \"Location\": \"Durham, UK\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>I work mostly with environmental data, secondarily with social science data. My interests include\"}, {\"Id\": 28231, \"PostId\": 82440, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"Why would you expect symmetry in this situation? You've done several things that might result in asy\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-03-01T09:13:33.263000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 28231, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Using glm(family = guassian) on data that is actually Poisson. Strange non-symmetrical bias\", \"Tags\": \"<r><generalized-linear-model><poisson-distribution><bias>\", \"Body\": \"<p>Let's say I want test the consequences of assuming a normally distributed response variable in a \", \"AccountId\": 2559100.0, \"DisplayName\": \"John Waller\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 40551, \"PostId\": 40551, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"I have made some minor edits to my answer.\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-17T22:57:51.187000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 40549, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>I just came across when rechecking my test for normality, that the p value for most \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 14951, \"OwnerUserId\": 14951, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Can non normal data be used for factor analysis and multiple regression? If so what is the procedure\", \"Tags\": \"<multiple-regression><spss><pca><factor-analysis><normality-assumption>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>While I was writing up the analysis in my thesis, I just came across when rechecking my test for \", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-02-17T22:48:01.580000\", \"AccountId\": 2378998.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Arosha\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 43101, \"PostId\": 200223, \"UserId\": 594, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"Text\": \"please note that the word \\\"data\\\" is already plural (so you should not add an \\\"s\\\"). Something to keep\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-12-30T15:49:34.433000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 43101, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Testing \\\"homogeneity\\\", strong correlation and low p-value\", \"Tags\": \"<r><correlation><t-test>\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following data :</p>\\n\\n<pre><code> a=c(107,135,122,67,65,53,19,32)\\n b=c(35.5,26,9,4.5,5\", \"AccountId\": 559290.0, \"DisplayName\": \"ranell\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 42517, \"PostId\": 42517, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1d50281d-7afd-49cd-a461-3ee46545d298\", \"Text\": \"Of course, why not? \\r\\n\\r\\n![histogram with mean][1]\\r\\n\\r\\nHere's an example (one of dozens I found with a\", \"Comment\": \"added 377 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-19T21:39:28.337000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 42513, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Of course, why not? </p>\\n\\n<p><img src=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/xNNl9.png\\\" alt=\\\"histogram with m\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 15991, \"OwnerUserId\": 15991, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 42517, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Is it appropriate to plot the mean in a histogram?\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><data-visualization><mean><histogram>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>Is it \\\"okay\\\" to add a vertical line to a histogram to visualize the mean value? </p>\\n\\n<p>It seems\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-03-19T21:23:49.697000\", \"AccountId\": 2517310.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Guest\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 102298, \"PostId\": 102298, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 4.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"778834be-4faa-4e8d-a66d-60bd67f91999\", \"Text\": \"It's important to start off with properly defined variables and events, and to develop the calculati\", \"Comment\": \"deleted 6 characters in body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-03-13T04:16:59.393000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 102291, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>It's important to start off with properly defined variables and events, and to develop the calcul\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 46438, \"OwnerUserId\": 46438, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"probability distribution of the maximum\", \"Tags\": \"<self-study><exponential-distribution><order-statistics><extreme-value>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<blockquote>\\n<p>Let T be a random variable giving the time to failure of led lights that follow expo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-02-25T18:46:54.277000\", \"AccountId\": 5834520.0, \"DisplayName\": \"user218698\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>n/a</p>\\n\"}]}, {\"Id\": 187220, \"PostId\": 187220, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 5, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"1d21136e-e924-4bbc-b1a0-e48cd13b514e\", \"Text\": \"Here's the unflipped version of your plot:\\r\\n\\r\\n[![plot of data from question][1]][1]\\r\\n\\r\\nNo choices of\", \"Comment\": \"edited body\", \"CreationDate\": \"2017-04-20T00:54:59.557000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 187211, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>Here's the unflipped version of your plot:</p>\\n\\n<p><a href=\\\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/J0m4P.png\\\" \", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 63092, \"OwnerUserId\": 63092, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 187220, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Fitting a power law to the relationship between two variables\", \"Tags\": \"<fitting><power-law>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have a small set of data that I need to fit a curve to (see image and data below).</p>\\n\\n<p><a \", \"CreationDate\": \"2015-11-05T10:59:29.120000\", \"AccountId\": 7233346.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Renata Dis\", \"Location\": \"Brazil\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>Biologist working with digital photogrametry and remote sensing of the environment by day, and te\"}]}, {\"Id\": 20191, \"PostId\": 102350, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"aed819ec-acfd-4fc8-b2f1-9480a0ac4c53\", \"Text\": \"<regression><correlation><data-visualization><dataset><history>\", \"Comment\": \"added additional meaningful tags, rephrased the OP with more precise terms and fixed typos\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-07-23T18:44:38.070000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 20191, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 102352, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"What is the famous data set that looks totally different but has similar summary stats?\", \"Tags\": \"<regression><correlation><data-visualization><dataset><history>\", \"Body\": \"<p>There is a famous example of a collection of datasets with similar summary statistics like mean, \", \"AccountId\": 1404760.0, \"DisplayName\": \"raco\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": \"<p>:) </p>\\n\"}, {\"Id\": 1122, \"PostId\": 3503, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 6, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"8609429d-0b4f-4c05-ba7f-32ab25e73d48\", \"Text\": \"<distributions><descriptive-statistics><proof><empirical><history>\", \"Comment\": \"formatting, tags\", \"CreationDate\": \"2010-10-20T08:22:36.267000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 1122, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 3506, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Empirical relationship between mean, median and mode\", \"Tags\": \"<distributions><mathematical-statistics><descriptive-statistics><history>\", \"Body\": \"<p>For a unimodal distribution that is moderately skewed, we have the following empirical relationsh\", \"AccountId\": 288687.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Sara\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}, {\"Id\": 78665, \"PostId\": 78665, \"UserId\": 594, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 2, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"848c9dc7-125d-4193-b151-05c920370a7e\", \"Text\": \"One possibility:\\r\\n\\r\\nYou can divide both numerator and denominator by $n$, so the numerator become an\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-25T11:45:42.350000\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 78646, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"Body\": \"<p>One possibility:</p>\\n\\n<p>You can divide both numerator and denominator by $n$, so the numerator b\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 16665, \"OwnerUserId\": 16665, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": 78700, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Correlation coefficient: If $\\\\rho = 0$, then $r$ is normally distributed with mean 0. Why?\", \"Tags\": \"<correlation><mathematical-statistics><variance><covariance>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>From <a href=\\\"http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~whitlock/bio300/overheads/overheads16.pdf\\\" rel=\\\"nofollow\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-04-09T11:06:49.033000\", \"AccountId\": 2339529.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Remi.b\", \"Location\": \"Lausanne, Switzerland\", \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 79493, \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 25881, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>There are circumstances where such a thing might be made to work - assuming you can supply suitab\", \"CreationDate\": \"2014-07-05T05:11:57.203000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 8789, \"OwnerUserId\": 8789, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Could logistic regression be used to detect large errors in least squares regression?\", \"Tags\": \"<r><regression><logistic><least-squares><misspecification>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>I have the following linear model:</p>\\n\\n<p>$$w^*=\\\\text{arg min}_w\\\\sum_{i=1}^N \\\\bigg(Y_i-\\\\sum_{j=1\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-05-25T15:59:51.870000\", \"AccountId\": 1516755.0, \"DisplayName\": \"Ion Caciula\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}, {\"Id\": 48284, \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"PostTypeId\": 2, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": 48282, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": null, \"Tags\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>\\\"Division\\\" is really very broad because there's all sorts of things we divide by other things, fo\", \"CreationDate\": \"2013-06-08T08:57:19.830000\", \"add_posts\": [{\"Id\": 9603, \"OwnerUserId\": 9603, \"PostTypeId\": 1, \"AcceptedAnswerId\": null, \"ParentId\": null, \"OwnerDisplayName\": null, \"Title\": \"Why do we divide?\", \"Tags\": \"<intuition><arithmetic>\", \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"Body\": \"<p>This may seem like a rather simple concept, but I'm trying to get an intuitive understanding of w\", \"CreationDate\": \"2012-07-09T19:28:15.217000\", \"AccountId\": 1147919.0, \"DisplayName\": \"luciano\", \"Location\": null, \"ProfileImageUrl\": null, \"WebsiteUrl\": null, \"AboutMe\": null}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-01-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 594, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}]}], \"add_votes\": [{\"Id\": 287827, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 77532, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-13T00:00:00\"}, {\"Id\": 287449, \"UserId\": null, \"PostId\": 77532, \"VoteTypeId\": 2, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T00:00:00\"}], \"add_postHistory\": [{\"Id\": 253084, \"PostId\": 77532, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 1, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e52bcf25-9fe0-4f14-9ed4-788504aa25e6\", \"Text\": \"Censored data when censoring time is uneven\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T19:40:42.727000\"}, {\"Id\": 253085, \"PostId\": 77532, \"UserId\": 33248, \"PostHistoryTypeId\": 3, \"UserDisplayName\": null, \"ContentLicense\": \"CC BY-SA 3.0\", \"RevisionGUID\": \"e52bcf25-9fe0-4f14-9ed4-788504aa25e6\", \"Text\": \"<machine-learning><survival><censoring>\", \"Comment\": null, \"CreationDate\": \"2014-06-12T19:40:42.727000\"}]}], \"add_user-engagement\": [{\"timestamp\": \"2016-01-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-01-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-10-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-10-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-01-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-01-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-10-08T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-01-03T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-07-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-04-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-07-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-04-06T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-07-10T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-04-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-04-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2014-10-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2019-07-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"yes\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-07-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-10-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2016-04-07T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2017-01-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2015-04-09T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-10-04T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-10-01T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2020-07-02T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}, {\"timestamp\": \"2018-07-05T00:00:00\", \"OwnerUserId\": 33248, \"contribution\": \"no\"}]}\n\n# Output\n- Output exactly one word on a single line: yes or no.\n- No units, no punctuation, no spaces, no commas, no extra text, no extra symbols, no new lines.\n\nMake your prediction for the target entity at t0 using database serilization, database description, and task description. 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# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 97794, "Id": 97794, "AccountId": 2203095.0, "DisplayName": "user1946989", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2016-12-01T16:17:33.023000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 181067, "PostId": 181067, "UserId": 97794, "... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 102244, "Id": 102244, "AccountId": 6442250.0, "DisplayName": "Sergii Zaskaleta", "Location": "Kyiv, Ukraine", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>MSc in CS and MSc in Economic analysis. Trying to apply both in a team building analytical IT sol"... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 77687, "Id": 77687, "AccountId": 4248671.0, "DisplayName": "Luis", "Location": "Argentina", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>Economics student at Buenos Aires University (Argentina).</p>\n", "CreationDate": "2016-05-03T02:39:21.123000", "add... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 93671, "Id": 93671, "AccountId": 36670.0, "DisplayName": "Andy", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2016-10-27T19:12:57.340000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 218434, "UserId": 93671, "Class": 3, "Name": "Supporter... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 178899, "Id": 178899, "AccountId": 14649253.0, "DisplayName": "Zbigniew", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2018-10-30T10:04:00.883000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 330832, "UserId": 178899, "Class": 3, "Name": ... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 180002, "Id": 180002, "AccountId": 1848172.0, "DisplayName": "Abdo Saied Anwar", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2018-11-09T12:26:25.923000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 250269, "PostId": 250269, "UserId": 1... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 139466, "Id": 139466, "AccountId": 12209464.0, "DisplayName": "era", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-11-09T06:01:52.013000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 211181, "PostId": 211181, "UserId": 139466, "Cont... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 157340, "Id": 157340, "AccountId": 13309990.0, "DisplayName": "Ellyn", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>environmental science graduate student</p>\n", "CreationDate": "2018-04-06T16:18:24.683000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 22... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 184310, "Id": 184310, "AccountId": 14972906.0, "DisplayName": "shitshimugi", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2018-12-19T04:24:07.460000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 254478, "PostId": 254478, "UserId": 18431... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 163992, "Id": 163992, "AccountId": 13680171.0, "DisplayName": "NoName", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2018-05-30T13:56:46.080000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 233042, "PostId": 233042, "UserId": 163992, "C... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 33720, "Id": 33720, "AccountId": 4652966.0, "DisplayName": "user3769300", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2014-06-24T01:03:15.987000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 113935, "UserId": 33720, "Class": 3, "Name": "... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 136583, "Id": 136583, "AccountId": 11580921.0, "DisplayName": "Kevin Liu", "Location": "San Francisco, CA, United States", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-10-17T00:01:19.503000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 407961, "UserId... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 86738, "Id": 86738, "AccountId": 1694559.0, "DisplayName": "Jared", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2016-08-17T22:47:48.287000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 165839, "PostId": 165839, "UserId": 86738, "Conten... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 144872, "Id": 144872, "AccountId": 4443291.0, "DisplayName": "TiRune", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-12-26T18:57:14.637000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 274514, "UserId": 144872, "Class": 3, "Name": "Ed... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 164777, "Id": 164777, "AccountId": 9537601.0, "DisplayName": "PyRaider", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2018-06-07T04:20:13.893000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 408410, "UserId": 164777, "Class": 3, "Name": "... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 125751, "Id": 125751, "AccountId": 11348035.0, "DisplayName": "Kirsten Morehouse", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-07-17T13:45:15.737000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 197743, "PostId": 197743, "UserId":... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 204862, "Id": 204862, "AccountId": 7234789.0, "DisplayName": "Rich H", "Location": "Hull, MA", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": "http://www.db-geek.com", "AboutMe": "<p>By Day: Data Scientist / Data Analyst / Business Intelligence, currently seeking my next grea... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 177585, "Id": 177585, "AccountId": 13097368.0, "DisplayName": "Reza Rafiee", "Location": "Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>I am an Artificial Intelligence (AI) expert and machine learning scientist. I am curre... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 14272, "Id": 14272, "AccountId": 2291058.0, "DisplayName": "user20117", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2013-01-26T15:53:19.063000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 39286, "PostId": 39286, "UserId": 14272, "Cont... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 53889, "Id": 53889, "AccountId": 6511255.0, "DisplayName": "Mr Anderson", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2015-06-23T02:40:12.410000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 118778, "UserId": 53889, "Class": 3, "Name": "... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 48220, "Id": 48220, "AccountId": 6010007.0, "DisplayName": "Connor3351", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2015-03-27T12:48:48.987000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 103820, "PostId": 103820, "UserId": 48220, "C... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 14931, "Id": 14931, "AccountId": 2376847.0, "DisplayName": "Abhinav Maurya", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2013-02-17T06:46:09.100000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 104192, "UserId": 14931, "Class": 3, "Name"... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 36198, "Id": 36198, "AccountId": 4880492.0, "DisplayName": "user1357", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2014-08-12T16:49:31.203000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 75343, "UserId": 36198, "Class": 3, "Name": "Stud... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 193327, "Id": 193327, "AccountId": 15428865.0, "DisplayName": "user11130854", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2019-03-12T15:13:43.637000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 282685, "PostId": 282685, "UserId": 1933... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 1 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 129540, "Id": 129540, "AccountId": 5018541.0, "DisplayName": "EJoshuaS - Stand with Ukraine", "Location": "Chicago, IL, United States", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>I am currently displaying the Ukrainian flag in light of the vicious and... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 218798, "Id": 218798, "AccountId": 17243970.0, "DisplayName": "Megan Lantz", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2019-12-05T12:20:53.350000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 401528, "UserId": 218798, "Class": 3, "Name... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 60765, "Id": 60765, "AccountId": 2130431.0, "DisplayName": "Stev", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2015-10-03T16:04:51.177000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 123572, "PostId": 123572, "UserId": 60765, "Content... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 36465, "Id": 36465, "AccountId": 2892792.0, "DisplayName": "John", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>CS master in the making and bodybuilder... hehe ty men.</p>\n", "CreationDate": "2014-08-18T11:08:34.207000", "add_badges":... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 86427, "Id": 86427, "AccountId": 2492936.0, "DisplayName": "Superpronker", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2016-08-14T21:14:27.303000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 171693, "PostId": 171693, "UserId": 86427, ... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 20097, "Id": 20097, "AccountId": 3071766.0, "DisplayName": "user2602256", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2013-07-20T13:57:31.517000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 51301, "PostId": 51301, "UserId": 20097, "Co... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 126775, "Id": 126775, "AccountId": 6744741.0, "DisplayName": "Joseph Konan", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-07-25T17:56:25.343000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 276164, "PostId": 276164, "UserId": 12677... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 115420, "Id": 115420, "AccountId": 2751362.0, "DisplayName": "Jwan622", "Location": "New York, United States", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": "http://www.linkedin.com/pub/jeffrey-wan/18/23/a1b", "AboutMe": "<ul>\n<li>Ruby on Rails and Javascript developer in N... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 147599, "Id": 147599, "AccountId": 12630122.0, "DisplayName": "Daman", "Location": "India", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>Hello i am new here.</p>\n", "CreationDate": "2018-01-22T11:40:57.737000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 231684, "PostId":... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 72130, "Id": 72130, "AccountId": 88046.0, "DisplayName": "Mister Cook", "Location": "Brighton, United Kingdom", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2016-03-01T15:14:06.577000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 52239, "PostId": 52239, ... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 21602, "Id": 21602, "AccountId": 2495764.0, "DisplayName": "haiy", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2013-09-11T04:34:48.787000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 294532, "UserId": 21602, "Class": 3, "Name": "Teacher... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 162147, "Id": 162147, "AccountId": 13564763.0, "DisplayName": "user208176", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2018-05-13T20:10:30.207000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 300724, "UserId": 162147, "Class": 3, "Name"... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 192868, "Id": 192868, "AccountId": 1964887.0, "DisplayName": "zina", "Location": "Potsdam, Germany", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": "http://technology-with-sense.blogspot.de", "AboutMe": "<p>I'm enthusiastic data scientist looking for new opportunities in Berl... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 138572, "Id": 138572, "AccountId": 228687.0, "DisplayName": "Jesús Zazueta", "Location": "Somerville, MA", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": "http://unsungstories.net", "AboutMe": "<p>Software designer. Pro audio addict. Video games addict. It's pretty boss ;)</p... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 34389, "Id": 34389, "AccountId": 4715980.0, "DisplayName": "djinndustries", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2014-07-08T06:31:23.017000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 79709, "PostId": 79709, "UserId": 34389, "... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 214785, "Id": 214785, "AccountId": 16965901.0, "DisplayName": "StrictlyStationaryPoster", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2019-10-25T02:17:37.523000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 286915, "PostId": 286915, "U... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 119452, "Id": 119452, "AccountId": 9339945.0, "DisplayName": "ducks17", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-05-25T15:39:13.783000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 191717, "PostId": 191717, "UserId": 119452, "C... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 14337, "Id": 14337, "AccountId": 1245949.0, "DisplayName": "Bobak Digital", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2013-01-28T19:59:32.260000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 93137, "PostId": 93137, "UserId": 14337, "... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 9075, "Id": 9075, "AccountId": 339740.0, "DisplayName": "Christian", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2012-06-09T14:50:41.277000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 49537, "UserId": 9075, "Class": 3, "Name": "Nice Qu... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 170828, "Id": 170828, "AccountId": 12807770.0, "DisplayName": "PsychoCom", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2018-08-08T02:31:37.483000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 240530, "PostId": 240530, "UserId": 170828,... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 55193, "Id": 55193, "AccountId": 6543696.0, "DisplayName": "Devesh", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2015-07-12T14:42:08.477000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 163392, "UserId": 55193, "Class": 3, "Name": "Edito... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 180627, "Id": 180627, "AccountId": 4127799.0, "DisplayName": "dyao", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2018-11-15T06:27:45.667000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 250858, "PostId": 250858, "UserId": 180627, "Cont... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 25698, "Id": 25698, "AccountId": 1610802.0, "DisplayName": "iliasfl", "Location": "Sydney, Australia", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": "http://None", "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2014-01-11T12:22:08.620000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 32862, "PostId": 76915, ... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 211945, "Id": 211945, "AccountId": 13697959.0, "DisplayName": "Aritra Roy gosthipaty", "Location": "Kolkata, West Bengal, India", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": "http://ariG23498.github.io", "AboutMe": "<p>I am a freelancer who writes about Deep Learning and M... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 29014, "Id": 29014, "AccountId": 66968.0, "DisplayName": "Revious", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2014-03-17T11:58:35.857000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 102277, "PostId": 102277, "UserId": 29014, "Conten... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 240084, "Id": 240084, "AccountId": 18989971.0, "DisplayName": "Akylas Stratigakos", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2020-07-03T12:27:12.927000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 323867, "PostId": 323867, "UserId"... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 81095, "Id": 81095, "AccountId": 8620884.0, "DisplayName": "Nazz", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2016-06-12T10:15:21.267000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 150288, "PostId": 150288, "UserId": 81095, "Content... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 223461, "Id": 223461, "AccountId": 12593825.0, "DisplayName": "Jack", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2020-02-01T18:40:15.640000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 297241, "PostId": 297241, "UserId": 223461, "Con... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 36123, "Id": 36123, "AccountId": 3888488.0, "DisplayName": "user3219301", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2014-08-11T12:04:33.637000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 83010, "PostId": 83010, "UserId": 36123, "Co... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 84868, "Id": 84868, "AccountId": 8897903.0, "DisplayName": "Landa", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2016-07-27T00:54:57.423000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 178280, "UserId": 84868, "Class": 3, "Name": "Inform... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 77574, "Id": 77574, "AccountId": 4604013.0, "DisplayName": "Fabrício", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2016-05-02T01:31:18.080000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 1135, "PostId": 1135, "UserId": 77574, "Content... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 28423, "Id": 28423, "AccountId": 385770.0, "DisplayName": "shripati007", "Location": "India", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>Programming is my ultimate passion.....</p>\n", "CreationDate": "2014-03-05T16:05:43.967000", "add_badges": [{"Id"... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 87323, "Id": 87323, "AccountId": 9071015.0, "DisplayName": "Steve-O", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2016-08-24T19:55:18.347000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 182989, "UserId": 87323, "Class": 3, "Name": "Teac... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 220878, "Id": 220878, "AccountId": 6434015.0, "DisplayName": "Ronny Efronny", "Location": "Israel", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>MsC student at the Faculty of Life Sciences in TLV University, Israel. Working on downscaling of ", "Creatio... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 135619, "Id": 135619, "AccountId": 8745465.0, "DisplayName": "Vish Iyer", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-10-09T01:36:27.230000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 206766, "PostId": 206766, "UserId": 135619, ... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 109054, "Id": 109054, "AccountId": 4148146.0, "DisplayName": "Jun Tian", "Location": "Beijing, China", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": "https://www.tianjun.me", "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-03-08T03:49:03.010000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 423053, "UserId... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 3821, "Id": 3821, "AccountId": 510150.0, "DisplayName": "Li-aung Yip", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>I am an electrical power engineer.</p>\n\n<p>Any information I post while participating on the Stac", "CreationDate": "... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 54496, "Id": 54496, "AccountId": 6560028.0, "DisplayName": "Greg Becker", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2015-07-01T21:53:16.003000", "add_postHistory": [{"Id": 113974, "PostId": 113974, "UserId": 54496... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 195655, "Id": 195655, "AccountId": 15657295.0, "DisplayName": "NB12", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2019-04-02T06:07:54.730000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 275474, "PostId": 275474, "UserId": 195655, "Con... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 30383, "Id": 30383, "AccountId": 2376286.0, "DisplayName": "Srikkanth Govindaraajan", "Location": "Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2014-04-14T21:59:29.803000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 63507, "Us... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 136788, "Id": 136788, "AccountId": 3668674.0, "DisplayName": "KoenBal", "Location": "Belgium", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": "https://koenbal.com", "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-10-18T14:22:37.343000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 262148, "UserId": 136788, ... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 250729, "Id": 250729, "AccountId": 19928356.0, "DisplayName": "Alex", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2020-11-08T23:28:48.953000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 456592, "UserId": 250729, "Class": 3, "Name": "Stu... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 22039, "Id": 22039, "AccountId": 3348808.0, "DisplayName": "Aaron Lu", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2013-09-25T01:33:11.030000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 215563, "UserId": 22039, "Class": 3, "Name": "Pop... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 150658, "Id": 150658, "AccountId": 69429.0, "DisplayName": "Ozooha Ozooha", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2018-02-15T19:01:11.303000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 326213, "UserId": 150658, "Class": 3, "Name"... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 108853, "Id": 108853, "AccountId": 10400262.0, "DisplayName": "Nahal Kamkar", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-03-06T20:52:23.047000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 219951, "UserId": 108853, "Class": 3, "Nam... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 41994, "Id": 41994, "AccountId": 4319141.0, "DisplayName": "user3527975", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2014-12-07T17:29:24.657000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 92485, "UserId": 41994, "Class": 3, "Name": "E... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 101941, "Id": 101941, "AccountId": 5295098.0, "DisplayName": "Brett Warren", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-01-11T14:22:14.217000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 208043, "UserId": 101941, "Class": 3, "Name... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 62601, "Id": 62601, "AccountId": 7207658.0, "DisplayName": "Mario F.", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2015-10-29T12:00:32.083000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 136296, "UserId": 62601, "Class": 3, "Name": "Inf... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 244776, "Id": 244776, "AccountId": 13755842.0, "DisplayName": "Francesco Ladogana", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2020-08-27T23:00:21.183000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 321582, "PostId": 321582, "UserId"... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 1 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 137897, "Id": 137897, "AccountId": 11130221.0, "DisplayName": "Abhinandan Srivastava", "Location": "Bengaluru, Karnataka, India", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>I write code...</p>\n", "CreationDate": "2017-10-27T08:09:56.320000", "add_bad... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 147761, "Id": 147761, "AccountId": 12795030.0, "DisplayName": "Motumbo", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2018-01-23T18:06:16.360000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 278855, "UserId": 147761, "Class": 3, "Name": "... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 62052, "Id": 62052, "AccountId": 7162681.0, "DisplayName": "qg_jinn", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2015-10-21T20:58:02.727000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 135210, "UserId": 62052, "Class": 3, "Name": "Stud... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 23962, "Id": 23962, "AccountId": 2102192.0, "DisplayName": "CattusNsLuna", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2013-11-20T17:20:20.057000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 60552, "PostId": 60552, "UserId": 23962, "C... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 222930, "Id": 222930, "AccountId": 17621134.0, "DisplayName": "user271931", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2020-01-26T19:06:26.140000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 409766, "UserId": 222930, "Class": 3, "Name"... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 188043, "Id": 188043, "AccountId": 14658285.0, "DisplayName": "IamKnull", "Location": "Primordial void", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2019-01-27T10:56:23.320000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 326826, "PostId": 326826, "User... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 156979, "Id": 156979, "AccountId": 8617869.0, "DisplayName": "can't stop me now", "Location": "Somewhere behind you", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": "https://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/~hwolkowi/matrixcookbook.pdf", "AboutMe": "<p>Nothing</p>\n", "CreationDate": "2... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 157856, "Id": 157856, "AccountId": 4491708.0, "DisplayName": "Iustinian Olaru", "Location": "Denmark", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2018-04-10T19:20:22.453000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 236231, "PostId": 236231, "UserId... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 24778, "Id": 24778, "AccountId": 1918287.0, "DisplayName": "Steve Samuels", "Location": "Hudson Valley, New York, USA", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>I'm a statistician with interests in survival analysis and survey sampling. After 18 yea... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 243325, "Id": 243325, "AccountId": 16408439.0, "DisplayName": "CheeseBurger", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2020-08-10T11:07:53.977000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 333378, "PostId": 333378, "UserId": 2433... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 1 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 13573, "Id": 13573, "AccountId": 2202391.0, "DisplayName": "Mutlaq Al-Enezi", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2013-01-03T18:22:55.560000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 29907, "UserId": 13573, "Class": 3, "Name"... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 121569, "Id": 121569, "AccountId": 348756.0, "DisplayName": "malina", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-06-12T08:03:22.903000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 193813, "PostId": 193813, "UserId": 121569, "Con... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 19620, "Id": 19620, "AccountId": 3012200.0, "DisplayName": "semibruin", "Location": "Los Angeles, CA", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2013-07-06T02:23:16.343000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 10950, "PostId": 31842, "UserId":... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 145220, "Id": 145220, "AccountId": 12243668.0, "DisplayName": "Neil New", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-12-30T16:38:39.183000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 215722, "PostId": 215722, "UserId": 145220, ... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 231245, "Id": 231245, "AccountId": 10754021.0, "DisplayName": "Davide", "Location": "Milano, MI, Italia", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2020-04-16T07:20:59.213000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 305425, "PostId": 305425, "Use... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 147163, "Id": 147163, "AccountId": 4755606.0, "DisplayName": "user3844454", "Location": "Seville, Spain", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2018-01-18T11:48:27.160000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 220325, "PostId": 220325, "Use... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 18513, "Id": 18513, "AccountId": 2076911.0, "DisplayName": "goldisfine", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2013-05-31T21:17:53.117000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 102772, "PostId": 102772, "UserId": 18513, "C... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 82153, "Id": 82153, "AccountId": 5085359.0, "DisplayName": "DOMiguel", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2016-06-23T22:12:44.063000", "add_badges": [{"Id": 313965, "UserId": 82153, "Class": 3, "Name": "Stu... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 4279, "Id": 4279, "AccountId": 326778.0, "DisplayName": "jochen", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": "http://seehuhn.de/", "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2011-09-06T19:42:20.070000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 122157, "PostId": 122157, "UserId": ... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 49225, "Id": 49225, "AccountId": 6061245.0, "DisplayName": "AlexR", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2015-04-13T12:52:10.007000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 105493, "PostId": 105493, "UserId": 49225, "Conten... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 115238, "Id": 115238, "AccountId": 10747043.0, "DisplayName": "Xihan MU", "Location": "中国北京市Beijing Shi", "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>I am working in the field of remote sensing techniques (using indirectly measured data, e.g., sat", "C... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 30040, "Id": 30040, "AccountId": 3531038.0, "DisplayName": "Jaho", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2014-04-08T11:51:09.603000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 71329, "PostId": 71329, "UserId": 30040, "ContentLi... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 46430, "Id": 46430, "AccountId": 5847048.0, "DisplayName": "user69793", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2015-02-25T17:22:15.140000", "add_postHistory": [{"Id": 100779, "PostId": 100779, "UserId": 46430, ... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 125969, "Id": 125969, "AccountId": 9181035.0, "DisplayName": "Lisa", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2017-07-19T09:33:31.543000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 197968, "PostId": 197968, "UserId": 125969, "Cont... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 68410, "Id": 68410, "AccountId": 2209337.0, "DisplayName": "Jaime Lopez", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": "<p>Engineer & Professor / Colombian & Spaniard / Single & Happy</p>\n", "CreationDate": "2016-01-18T20:21:1... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
{"timestamp": "2021-01-01T00:00:00", "OwnerUserId": 33248, "Id": 33248, "AccountId": 3338561.0, "DisplayName": "ML_Dev", "Location": null, "ProfileImageUrl": null, "WebsiteUrl": null, "AboutMe": null, "CreationDate": "2014-06-12T19:31:21.377000", "add_comments": [{"Id": 281276, "PostId": 281276, "UserId": 33248, "Conte... | You are a strict prediction assistant. Follow the instructions exactly.
# Database
Name: Stack Exchange
Description: Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer websites on different topics, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to ... | 0 |
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